The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year, 1861-1865, vols. 1-5. New York: Appleton & Co., 1868.

United States Army Operations, 1862, Part 6

The next morning found General King's division fallen back from Warrenton turnpike toward Manassas Junction. It had been driven back by the forces of General Jackson. The passage of the Gap was no longer disputed, and reënforcements to General Jackson were passing' through during the whole day. General Lee, in his despatch to Richmond, says that General Longstreet reached General Jackson on the 29th. The posture of affairs was now changed. The overwhelming forces of General Leo were at hand, and it became a question with General Pope what the consequences to him might be. He seems to have apprehended the facts. He cautioned General Porter, in his order, not to go farther in his march to effect a junction with General Heintzelman than might be necessary, adding, "as he might be obliged to retire behind Bull Run that night for subsistence, if nothing else." It is worthy of notice that the movements of General Jackson for the last two days had been in the direction of Thoroughfare Gap, in order to be nearer the approaching reënforcements, which he was confident would surely come. Soon after daylight on the next morning, the 29th, the contest began on the part of Generals Sigel and Reynolds's divisions of General McDowell's corps and the Confederate forces. The divisions were on the west toward Gainesville. The plan of General Pope was for General Heintzelman, with Generals Hooker, Kearny, and Reno, to proceed from Centreville toward Gainesville and attack the enemy on that side, and General Porter, with General King's division, to make another attack from the south, and Generals McDowell and Sigel Page 135 from the west, thus attacking them on three sides. The contest, as has been stated, commenced early in the morning on the part of Generals Sigel and Reynolds, and was continued rather feebly until the afternoon, when General Heintzelman's corps joined General Sigel, and soon after General Longstreet had joined General Jackson. Here General Grover's brigade of General Hooker's division made a brilliant bayonet charge through two lines of the enemy and into a third one, losing thirty per cent, of its force in twenty minutes. General McDowell also brought his whole corps into the field in the afternoon, and, as General Pope says, " taking a conspicuous part in that day's operations." General Porter, reduced by the withdrawal of General King's division, was on the direct road to Gainesville, along the railroad from Manassas Junction, holding in check a large' force of the enemy's right wing, strongly posted to guard the Hank of that portion confronting General Pope's right. About 7 p. m. General Heintzelman's right division under General Kearny turned the enemy's left toward Sudley Springs and went into action, driving them back fully a mile. Thus the day ended successfully for the Federal arms. The entire force of General Pope, except General Banks's corps, was thus engaged with the two wings of General Lee's army. The loss on this day by General Pope was reported at eight thousand, which was an overstatement. Both parties slept upon their arms that night on the same spot, near the old battle ground of Bull Run. The contest was renewed the next day, the 30th. The object now with General Pope was, if possible, to maintain his position. The design of the enemy appeared to be to accumulate such a force on his right as to crush the Federal left and occupy the road to Centreville in its rear. General Lee, of the Confederate army, thus reports the action of this day: "The enemy, being reenforced, renewed the attack on the afternoon of the 30th, when a general advance of both wings of the army was ordered, and after a fierce combat, which raged until after nine o'clock, he was completely defeated and driven beyond Bull Run. The darkness of the night, his destruction of the stone bridge after crossing, and the uncertainty of the fords, stopped the pursuit." The only additional force brought into this part of the field on this day by General Pope was the corps of General Porter, which was moved from the extreme left to the centre, travelling a distance of six miles. General Pope, in his report, thus describes the conflict of the 30th: "The enemy's heavy reinforcements having reached him on Friday afternoon and night, he began to mass on his right for the purpose of crushing our left, and occupying the road to Centreville in our rear. His heaviest assault was made about five o'clock in the afternoon, when, after overwhelming Fitz John Porter, and driving his forces back on the centre and left, mass after mass of his forces was pushed against our left. A terrible contest, with great slaughter, was carried on for several hours, our men behaving with firmness and gallantry under the immediate command of General McDowell. When night closed our left had been forced back about half a mile, but still remained firm and unshaken, while our right held its ground. General Franklin, with his corps, arrived after dark at Centreville, six miles in our rear, whilst Sumner was four miles behind Franklin. I could have brought up these corps in the morning in time to have renewed the action, but starvation stared both men and horses in the face, and, broken and exhausted as they were, they were in no condition to bear hunger also. I accordingly retired to Centreville that night in perfect order."

It appears that the contest with artillery commenced early in the day, and but little damage was done on either side. Early in the afternoon an attempt was made to break the line of General Porter stationed on General Pope's centre. This was unsuccessful, but caused a severe loss to General Porter. In the latter part of the afternoon the enemy's forces were concentrated upon the corps of General McDowell on the left of the centre. The batteries there, Lapine's 5th Maine, Thompson's New York, and Howell's, not being sufficiently supported by infantry, were soon captured, and McDowell's troops were driven irresistibly back. the right and centre still maintained their positions, but the disaster on the left, and the apprehended design of the enemy to occupy the road to Centreville in their rear, made it necessary for them to fall back. In doing so the bridge across Bull Run was destroyed. The field of battle with its dead and wounded was left in the hands of the enemy. The right wing of the army was this day commanded by General Heintzelman, and did not give one inch of ground to the enemy until ordered so to do after the repulse received by the left wing. The losses on both sides were severe, but have never been officially made public. The report of General Pope was made before the reports of his subordinate officers were received. These, in consequence of his absence in the West, had not been made near the close of the year. The entire loss of General Pope was estimated at between 15,000 and 20,000.

At Richmond the following despatch was received from General Lee:

HEADQUARTERS ARMY NORTHERN VIRGINIA, GROVE-

TOWN, AUGUST 30, P. M., via RAPIDAN. 

To President Davis:

This army achieved to-day, on the plains of Manassas, a signal victory over the combined forces of Generals McClellan and Pope. On the 28th and 29th each wing, under Generals Longstreet and Jackson, repulsed with valor attacks made on them separately. We mourn the loss of our gallant dead in every conflict, yet our gratitude to Almighty God for His mercies rises higher each day. To Him and to the valor of our troops a. nation's gratitude is due.                                               R. E. LEE.

This was followed on the 2d of September by the following Message of President Davis to the Confederate Congress:

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Confederate States:

I have the gratification of presenting to Congress Page 136 two despatches from General Robert E. Lee, commanding the army of Northern Virginia, communicating the result of the operations north of the Rappahannock.

From these despatches it will be seen that God has again extended Ilia shield over our patriotic army, and has blessed the cause of the Confederacy with a second signal victory on the field already memorable by the gallant achievement of our troops.

Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon the skill and daring of the commanding general who conceived, and the valor and bravery of the troops who executed, the brilliant movement whose result is now communicated. After having driven from their intrenchmcnts an enemy superior in numbers, and relieved from siege the city of Richmond, as heretofore communicated, our toilworn troops advanced to meet another invading army, reenforced not only by the defeated army of General McClellan, but by the fresh corps of Generals Burnside and Heintzelman.

After forced marches, with inadequate transportation, and across streams swollen to unusual height, by repeated combats, they turned the position of the enemy, and, forming a junction of their columns in the face of greatly superior forces, they fought the decisive battle of the 30th, the crowning triumph of their toil and valor.

                                                                         JEFFERSON DAVIS.

At Washington, on Saturday, the 30th, the War Department invited the citizens to go out to the battle field and assist in taking care of the wounded soldiers. A large number responded to the invitation. From three to seven o'clock p. m. the streets swarmed with people and conveyances loaded with blankets and baskets and rolls of lint. Every public carriage and vehicle was impressed into the service. A thousand persons at least went out. More would have gone on Saturday morning, but the invitation was recalled, and passes refused. The entire movement turned out as ill advised. Very few persons were allowed to go far enough to find the wounded they sought, and some were made prisoners by the Confederates. The movement thus begun at Washington instantly extended through all the principal cities of the Northern States. In Boston, Massachusetts, which will serve as an illustration of the others, the greatest excitement prevailed on Sunday, the 31st. A despatch had been received on the previous evening from Washington, by Governor Andrew, asking that the surgeon-general of the State should send on twenty surgeons with hospital supplies as soon as possible. This demand was made public at an early hour in the morning, with the notice that contributions would be received at Tremont Temple. Those notices were also read from pulpits, which is the usual manner of advertising on Sunday in New England, and many congregations were immediately dismissed to procure contributions. At an early hour these contributions began to be received at the Temple, and continued to pour in during the whole day—old sheets for bandages, shirts, dressing gowns, pillows, liquors, jellies and sweetmeats of all kinds—in a word, every variety of article which could suggest itself to a kind heart as necessary to the comfort of the wounded soldier. Bundles and packages of every conceivable size and shape were momentarily arriving. Ladies brought bundles, who were never seen to carry bundles before, and stout gentlemen in gold spectacles were seen driving heavy laden carts through the 6treets, or lending a hand at the boxes. All these articles were received at the side doors of the Temple and taken within, where corps of packers inclosed them in boxes, which were then taken out of the main entrance to the express wagons, which crowded the streets. Thus twenty-one hundred cases were packed, and all sent forward by the evening train, except about one hundred and fifty. At the same time subscriptions were taken at stands on the sidewalks, and over five thousand dollars collected.

Meantime the following correspondence took place between Generals Pope and Lee:

                                                  CENTERVILLE, August 31,1862.

SIR: Many of the wounded of this army have been left on the field, for whom I desire to send ambulances. Will you please to inform me whether you consent to a truce until they are cared for?

I am, sir, your obedient servant,        JOHN POPE.

                                     Major-General U. S. Army, Commanding.

To Commanding Officer Confed. forces, near Groveton.

HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,

                                                                August 31, l862.

Major-General Pope, U. S. A., Commanding, etc.

Sir: Consideration for your wounded induces me to consent to your sending ambulances to convey them within your lines. I cannot consent to a truce nor a suspension of the military operations of this army. If you desire to send for your wounded, should your ambulances report to Dr. Guilet, Medical Director of this army, he will give directions for their transportation. The wounded will be paroled, and it is understood that no delay will take place in their removal.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

                                             R. E. LEE, General.

On Sunday, the 31st, the Confederate army was put in motion toward the Little River turnpike for the purpose of turning the right of General Pope. During Sunday night and Monday morning, General Pope, anticipating this design of the enemy, changed his front by causing his right wing to fall back to the heights of Germantown. Thus when the enemy reached Ox Hill on Monday, he discovered General Pope's army in his front on these heights. The ultimate design of the enemy was to cut the rear of General Pope in the direction of Fairfax Court House. The Little River turnpike runs from Middleburg to Alexandria, and intersect* the Centreville turnpike about a mile east of Fairfax Court House. Germantown is a small village between Fairfax Court House and Centreville, and about one fourth of the whole distance beyond the former.

Meanwhile, during the conflict on Friday and Saturday, General Banks, with his command, was covering the extreme left of General Pope's line, to keep off reinforcements for the enemy, and to be used as a reserve. He crossed to Bristow's Station, on the railroad four miles beyond Manassas Junction, and on Sunday was approached by a large Confederate force, before which he fell back and joined General Pope. The bridge at Bristow's Station having been destroyed by the enemy at the time of their attack upon it, and that over Bull Run not having Page 137 been repaired, he destroyed the property of the United States before retiring. This consisted of some 200 railroad cars, 5 locomotives, and a large quantity of fixed ammunition, ordnance stores, &c. The enemy, however, obtained great spoil. On the same day, Sunday, September 1, Fredericksburg was evacuated by General Burnside. Falmouth Station was burned, and a quantity of commissary stores. The bridge erected in place of the old railroad bridge, the wire bridge, and the boat bridge were destroyed. The evacuation of Aquia Creek followed.

General Pope states that by the reports of the commanders of corps of his army it consisted, on the 1st of September, of less than 60,000 men. The position taken by his orders on this day was as follows: The division of General Couch and ono brigade of General Sumner's corps were at Fairfax Court House. General Hooker was posted at or in front of Germantown, and had command of his own troops and those at Fairfax. General McDowell's corps was stationed on the Warrenton turnpike about two miles west of Fairfax. General Reno was pushed north of the turnpike at a point about two and a half miles east of Centreville, and supported by General Kearny's division of General Heintzelman's corps.

Late in the afternoon, the Confederates, composed of infantry and cavalry, approached Germantown by the Little River turnpike, and were met by General Hooker at that place and by General Reno farther west. The conflict raged for an hour, when they concentrated their force on the left of General Reno's line, which was commanded by General Stevens. Their intention was to turn his left flank. General Stevens was soon killed by a bullet through his head, and his troops were driven back. The Confederate force now began to advance on the main body of General Reno, which was short of ammunition, when the division of General Kearny came up and took the position occupied by the troops of General Stevens. Night had now set in, rendered thickly dark by a thunder storm. The rain fell in torrents, and the position of the contending armies was revealed only by the flashes of lightning. At this time, General Kearny, anxious to know the nature of the ground upon which he expected so soon to fight, rode out to examine it. Inadvertently he passed the line of his own pickets and approached those of the Confederate force, when he was shot by one of them. He was soon missed from his camp, and not being found, General Birney took command of the division. During the next day, his body was brought in under a Confederate flag of truce. Thus two most valuable officers and brave soldiers were slain in this conflict. After General Birney had taken command, he ordered a bayonet charge to be made by Colonel Egan, commanding the 1st and 40th, and Colonel Ward, of the 38th New York regiments, before which the Confederate force retired.

By morning, on the 2d of September, the whole of General Pope's army was massed behind Difficult Creek, between Germantown, Flint Hill, and Fairfax. On that day orders were issued by the general-in-chief for the Army of Virginia to fall back within the defences of Washington. The object of the general-in-chief in giving this order was "to reorganize the different corps, to get the stragglers back into the ranks, and to supply deficiencies of ammunition, clothing, &c." This movement was executed on the 2d and 3d of September. During these days might be seen on the roads leading to Alexandria and the fortifications around Washington, the worn and bleeding fragments of the once proud armies of the North, as they straggled in from their fifteen bloody days of fighting and retreating. There were the remnants of the decimated regiments of Maine, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan—stragglers belonging to every army corps, wounded, weak, and dispirited, retiring before a victorious enemy to obtain safety in the fortifications. Many of them had fought their way up the peninsula, contesting almost every inch from Williamsburg against bullets and bayonets until they stood in sight of the spires of Richmond at a distance of four miles, and then were required to abandon their position and withdraw.

The Confederate force which was repulsed near Centreville, on Monday night, September 2, moved toward Vienna, about twelve miles west from Washington, for the purpose of making a demonstration near the Chain Bridge, and the fords of the Potomac above Washington. The chief object in this movement was to divert the attention of the Federal officers from what General Lee was doing elsewhere. The withdrawal of the army of General Pope left the field clear for the Confederate army to follow it, and assault the strong fortifications of Washington, or to pass over the Potomac into Maryland. The assault upon the fortifications of Washington was not to be thought of. But the invasion of Maryland might be followed by such a welcome from the mass of the citizens, and such cooperation, as to enable General Lee not only to hold a portion of the State, but to attack Washington in the rear, and perhaps invade Pennsylvania, In any event it would be a demonstration to the Federal Government, and to nations in Europe, of the vigorous energy and strength of the Confederate Government. Accordingly, on the 31st of August, while General Pope was resting his exhausted forces at Centreville, General Lee drew oft" the main body of the Confederate army and moved to Leesburg. Thence he moved to the Potomac, near Point of Rocks, and crossed at Noland's Ford, five miles below, and at a ford three miles above on the 5th. His force consisted of the divisions of Generals Longstreet, Jackson, Ewell, A. P. Hill, and D. H. Hill. It proceeded along the eastern slope of the Catoctin Mountains, in the direction of Frederick, Maryland. On the night of the 5th the advance reached White Oak Springs, about three miles from that city, which is fifty Page 138 miles from Centreville. On the same night information was received at Frederick of the approach of the Confederate force, and it produced much excitement. A large number of the inhabitants fled toward Pennsylvania and Baltimore. Frederick, the capital of the State of Maryland, is forty-four miles northwest of Washington, and sixty miles west of Baltimore. It is the second city of the State in wealth and commercial importance, and the third in population, containing 8,143 inhabitants. The military force in the city consisted of only one company, which could make no opposition. The Federal provost marshal removed all the military stores possible, and, leaving enough for the hospitals, in which there were about six hundred patients, burned the remainder. About ten o'clock the next morning, the 6th, the Confederate troops quietly entered the city. These soldiers were in a destitute condition, in respect to clothes and shoes, yet the most scrupulous regard was had to private property. They had no tents, nor were burdened with any baggage. Their only trains were ammunition trains. If enduring great hardships without a murmur, and most bravely and heroically fighting, are evidences of good soldiers, seldom has the world witnessed better than those who composed the army of General Lee. A Confederate provost marshal was appointed (Bradley Johnson), and a proclamation issued to the citizens, stating that the army came as friends, and not as enemies, to relieve the people of Maryland from the tyranny by which they were oppressed; that they did not purpose to interfere with any non-combatants, or to disturb private property, or to inquire into the opinions of citizens; and that whatever stores they required would be paid for, either in Confederate notes or United States Treasury notes, as the seller might prefer. At night the soldiers were all ordered to their camps outside of the city. Meantime foraging parties were sent out in various directions, which returned at evening with droves of sheep, cattle, hogs, and horses. These droves were all taken toward the Potomac. Pickets were thrown out from Frederick both east and west for considerable distances. On Sunday they were reported to have advanced within seven miles of Westminster, causing a great excitement in the town, but disappeared during the night. No Confederate force, however, came farther east at that time than Uniontown, twenty miles from Westminster. The main body encamped for some days on a line between Frederick and the Potomac river. Recruiting offices were opened in the city, and citizens invited to enlist. Very few volunteers, however, were obtained.

On the 8th, General Lee issued the following address to the people of Maryland:

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,

NEAR FREDERICKTOWN, September 8, 1862.

To the People of Maryland:

It is right that you should know the purpose that has brought the army under my command within the limits of your State, so far as that purpose concerns yourselves.

The people of the Confederate States have long watched with the deepest sympathy the wrongs and outrages that have been inflicted upon the citizens of a Commonwealth allied to the States of the South by the strongest social, political, and commercial ties, and reduced to the condition of a conquered province.

Under the pretence of supporting the Constitutor, but in violation of its most valuable provisions, your citizens have been arrested and imprisoned, upon no charge, and contrary to all the forms of law.

A faithful and manly protest against this outrage, made by a venerable and illustrious Marylander, to whom in his better days no citizen appealed for right in vain, was treated with scorn and contempt.

The government of your chief city has been usurped by armed strangers; your Legislature has been dissolved by the unlawful arrest of its members; freedom of the press and of speech has been suppressed; words have been declared offences by on arbitrary decree of the Federal executive; and citizens ordered to be tried by military commissions for what they may dare to speak.

Believing that the people of Maryland possess a spirit too lofty to submit to such a government, the people of the South have long wishes to aid you in throwing off this foreign yoke, to enable you again to enjoy the inalienable rights of freemen, and restore the independence and sovereignty of your State.

In obedience to this wish, our army has come among; you, and is prepared to assist yon with the power ot its arms in regaining the rights of which you have been be unjustly despoiled.

This, citizens of Maryland, is our mission so far as you are concerned. No restraint upon your free will is intended—no intimidation w ill be allowed within the limits of this army at least. Marylanders shall once more enjoy their ancient freedom of thought and speech. We know no enemies among you, and will protect all of you in every opinion.

It is for you to decide your destiny freely and without constraint. This army will respect your choice, whatever it may be; and, while the Southern people will rejoice to welcome you to your natural position among them, they will only welcome you when you come of your own free will.

                                            R. E. LEE, General Commanding.

On the 10th General Lee began to evacuate Frederick, and by the 12th his entire force had loft. His forces moved in the direction of 11agorstown. That same night the city was occupied by the advance of General McClellan’s army, under General Hooker.

On the afternoon of the 10th, Hagerstown was entered by a Confederate force. On the 6th and 7th the banks of the town, anticipating this approach, removed their specie to Harrisburg and other places east for safety. The Government stores there were also removed.

Meantime, on the first approach of the Confederate army across the Potomac, the greatest excitement prevailed in Pennsylvania, especially in York and Adams counties, and through the Susquehanna and Cumberland valleys. The farmers sent away their wives, children, and cattle, and hastened to take up arms. In many of the towns of the State stores were closed, bells rung, guns fired, public meetings held, and citizens in their excitement assembled in mass to drill. On the 10th Governor Curtin issued an order calling upon all the able bodied men of Pennsylvania to organize immediately for the defence of the State, and to be ready Page 139 for marching orders upon an hour's notice. On the 11th he issued a call for fifty thousand of the freemen of the State to enter immediate service to repel the imminent danger of invasion. On the same day he addressed the following despatch to the mayor of Philadelphia:

We have reliable information this evening that the rebel generals have moved their entire army from Frederick to Cumberland Valley, and their destination is now Harrisburg and Philadelphia. We need every available man immediately. Stir up your population to-night. Form them into companies, and send us twenty thousand to-morrow. No time can be lost in massing a force on the Susquehanna to defend the State and your city. Arouse every man possible and send him here.

Governor Bradford, of Maryland, also issued a proclamation calling upon the citizens to organize without delay such a force as might effectually assist in defending their homes and firesides. The effect of these appeals, especially in Pennsylvania, was to bring to the governor a response from more than seventy-five thousand men. Harrisburg, the capital, overflowed with troops. The excitement, however, was not confined to Pennsylvania. In the adjacent States, troops under the first call for three hundred thousand men were hurried to Washington and to Harrisburg. It created another military excitement, and volunteers promptly came forward in all the States to fill up the call of the President.

On the 2d of September, the following order was issued by the general-in-chief:

WAR DEPARTMENT, ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE, 

                                  WASHINGTON, September 2,1862.

General Orders, No. 122.

Major-General McClellan will have command of the fortifications of Washington, and of all the troops for the defence of the capital.

                       By command of Major-General HALLECK.

    E. D. Townsend, Assist. Adj.-General

When General McClellan arrived at Washington from Harrison's Landing, he was in the department of General Pope, which included the District of Columbia. This was about the middle of August. Subsequent to that time he was without a command, excepting a body of ninety-six men, until this order was issued. Each corps of his army had been sent forward to General Pope. In fact the active forces under the command of General Pope consisted of the Army of Virginia, embracing the corps of Generals McDowell, Banks, Sigel, a portion of General Cox's force from western Virginia, a part of General Burnside's force from North Carolina, about ten regiments from Port Royal in South Carolina, under General Stevens, and the Army of the Potomac, consisting of the corps of Generals Heintzelman, Sumner, Porter, and Franklin, and the divisions of Generals McCall and Conch, without including the troops stationed in the fortifications around Washington. With this force he was not able to withstand the overwhelming march of the Confederate army. Yet this same Confederate army was the force which the Army of the Potomac, under General McClellan, single handed and unaided, was re quired to meet and conquer, and thus obtain the capital of the Confederacy, which was in their possession. In this unequal struggle no dishonor ever tarnished the Army of the Potomac.

On the 4th of September, General McClellan, having received the order above stated, issued another assuming command of the forces above mentioned, together with some new levies which had arrived at Washington under the call of the President for three hundred thousand men. His order assuming the command acted like an electric shock upon these dispirited, defeated masses. It was as follows:

HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, September 4,1862.

General Orders, No. 1.

1. Pursuant to General Orders No. 122, from the War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, of the 2d instant, the undersigned hereby assumes command of the fortifications of Washington and of all troops for the defence of the capital.

2. The heads of the staff departments of the Army of the Potomac will be in charge of their respective departments at these headquarters.

3. In addition to the consolidated morning reports required by circular of this date from these headquarters, reports will be made by corps commanders as to their compliance with the assignment to positions heretofore given them, stating definitely the ground occupied and covered by their command, and as to what progress has been made in obedience to orders already issued to place their commands in condition for immediate service.

                                      GEO. B. McCLELLAN, Major-General

     Official: S. Williams, Assist. Adj.-General.

It was now known that General Lee had marched into Maryland, and the orders given to General McClellan were to pursue him with all the troops which were not required for the defence of Washington. On the next day most of his army was in motion, and rapidly advanced into Maryland. General Couch's division, consisting of three brigades, commanded by Generals Howe, Devens, and Cochrane, on the morning of the 6th had reached the road from Rockville to Great Falls, eight miles beyond Tenallytown. Other corps were rapidly pressing on. Three days after assuming command, on the 7th, at six p. m., he left Washington to take the field. That night he passed through Rockville, fifteen miles from Washington, stopping only long enough to refresh his horses. On the morning of the 10th, the army had advanced to Damascus, thirty-four miles from Washington and sixteen miles from Frederick. The first movements of the army were such as to occupy positions which commanded all the lower fords of the Potomac, thus presenting to the Confederate army the alternative of meeting him in battle, or retiring before him, and crossing the Potomac higher up, which would take them further from Washington, and oblige them to retreat through the Shenandoah Valley.

Meantime General Lee, after his successes against General Pope, had no reason to apprehend that the same army would soon be in pursuit of him; yet, like a prudent commander, ho, upon learning of the approach of General McClellan, immediately took precautions to secure his own safety. His army had met with no such Page 140 welcome from the citizens of Maryland as to give any hope that the State would, under any circumstances, rise in opposition to the Federal Government. On the contrary the people had shown that it was the Government of their choice. Very few recruits had joined the Confederate army, and no contributions of importance had been made to it. The following is a copy of General Lee's order of march, found at Frederick, on the 13th of September. It discloses his plans:

[CONFIDENTIAL.]

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OR NORTHERN VIRGINIA,

                                                          September 9, 1862.

Special Order, No. 191.

III. The army will resume its march to-morrow, taking the Hagerstown road. General Jackson's command will form the advance, and after passing Middleton with such portion as he may select, take the route toward Sharpsburg, cross the Potomac at the most convenient point, and by Friday morning take possession of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, capture such of the enemy as may be at Martinsburg, and intercept such as may attempt to escape from Harper's Ferry.

IV. General Longstreet's command will pursue the main road as far as Boonsboro', where it will halt with reserve, supply, and baggage trains of the army.

V. General McLaws, with his own division and that of General II. II. Anderson, will follow General Longstreet, on reaching Middleton will take the route to Harper's Ferry, and by Friday morning possess himself of the Maryland Heights, and endeavor to capture the enemy at Harper's Ferry and vicinity.

VI. General Walker with his division, after accomplishing the object in which he is now engaged, will cross the Potomac at Check's Ford, ascend its right bank to Lovettsville, take possession of Loudon Heights, if practicable, by Friday morning, keep the ford on his left, and the road between the end of mountain and the Potomac on his right. He will, as far as practicable, cooperate with General McLaws and General Jackson in intercepting; the retreat of the enemy.

VII. General A. P. Hill's division will form the rear guard of the army, pursuing the road taken by the main body. The reserve artillery, ordnance, and supply trains will precede General Hill.

VIII. General Stuart will detach a squadron of cavalry to accompany the commands of Generals Longstreet, Jackson, and McLaws, and with the main body of the cavalry will cover the route of the army, and bring up all stragglers that may have been left behind.

IX. The commands of Generals Jackson, McLaws, and Walker, after accomplishing the objects for which they have attached [been detached ?1, will join the main body of the army at Boonsboro' or Hagerstown.

X. Each regiment on the march, will habitually carry its axes in the regimental ordnance wagons for use of the men at their encampments to procure wood, &c.

                             By command of General R. E. LEE.

     (Signed)                      R. U. Chilton. A. A.-General.

For Major-General D. H. Hill, Comd'g Division.

It is clear from this order that General Lee intended first to capture the garrison at Harper's Ferry, and then to enter Pennsylvania by the Cumberland Valley; at all events, that he had no idea of abandoning Maryland until forced to do so by the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. He evacuated Frederick, and taking the road to Hagerstown crossed the Catoctin Mountains, passed through the valley in which Middletown is situated, and drew up his forces along the crest of South Mountain there to await the advance of General McClellan. At the same time he detached a portion of his force, amounting to twenty-five thousand men, and sent them to Harper's Ferry by the route of Williamsport, where they crossed the Potomac. The chief command of this force was given to General Jackson. It embraced his division with those of Generals A. P. Hill and Walker, and one or two others. By this route, although longer, they were more certain to reach Harper's Ferry without the knowledge of the Federal Government than if their movement had been more direct. The distance from Frederick to Williamsport was thirty miles, and from Williamsport to Harper's Ferry thirty miles.

The advance of General McClellan entered Frederick on the 12th, and he immediately sent forward cavalry and artillery to follow and harass the Confederate rear. General Pleasanton was in command of the cavalry, and several skirmishes took place during the succeeding days. The line of the Federal army extended from the Potomac river in the region of Point of Rocks in a northeasterly direction to the region near Frederick, and thence in an easterly and southerly direction along the Baltimore and Ohio railroad to Baltimore. On Saturday the 13th, the main column of General McClellan's army reached Frederick, and was received with the highest demonstrations and encamped two miles beyond. The same afternoon the Confederate rear was driven by his advance out of Middletown, which was held by the latter during the night. West of Frederick and running nearly duo south is the Catoctin range of mountains, a continuation of the Blue Ridge. On the south it terminates in Maryland at Point of Rocks, but still continuous in Virginia. On the north it unites at the Pennsylvania State line with the South Mountain range, which, tending to the southwest, slopes down to the Potomac at Knoxville four miles east of Harper's Ferry. Between these two ranges, nestles the loveliest valley in Maryland—the valley of Catoctin. The village of Middle town, ten miles from Frederick, is in the centre of this valley. On Sunday morning, the 14th, the Confederate army were found posted on the east side of the South Blue Ridge Mountain and stretching on a line from north to south from points immediately opposite Middletown and Jefferson, both of which villages are about eight miles from Frederick. Middletown is on the road to Hagerstown and Jefferson on the direct road to Harper's Ferry. The right of the Federal army, at that time under General Burnside, rested on Middletown, and the left under General Franklin on Jefferson. Early in the morning, the advance beyond Middletown overtook the Confederate rear, who retreated slowly, contesting the road toward Boonsboro' step by step. The conflict that ensued during the morning was chiefly with artillery, and came to closer quarters in the afternoon. At this time the Confederate line of battle was formed with the left resting upon Turner's Gap and the turnpike road toward Hagerstown which passes through the gap, and the right covering Crampton's Gap. Page 141 Preparations for moving the main body of the Federal army had commenced at daylight, and shortly after the whole army was advancing rapidly toward the mountains followed by the ambulances, artillery, and baggage wagons. Middletown was reached with ease, beyond which was now the scene of conflict. As they approached the field the long black lines of infantry were halted and opened to make way for the artillery and ammunition trains which advanced to their positions.

The battle of South Mountain really commenced at a bridge over Catoctin Creek half a mile west of Middletown, where Confederate artillery had been posted to dispute the passage. Dislodged from this position it retreated to a stronger one up the mountain side. The main body was massed on wooded bluffs to the right and left for a distance of more than two miles. On the right of Turner's Gap they were stormed out of their stronghold by General Burnside's corps. General Cox's Kanawha division in General Reno's corps, attacked and carried the crest on the left of the gap. Of this division, the 23d Ohio, known as the "psalm singers of the Western Reserve," here came in contact with the 23d South Carolina, and the encounter was most stormy. So desperate were the Carolinians in the fight that before a single man surrendered he would beat his gun against a rock or tree to render it useless to his enemy. The Kanawha division was supported by the divisions of Generals "Wilcox, Rodman, and Sturgess. After very severe fighting they repulsed several attacks of the enemy, and retained entire possession of the crest. About 3 p. m., General Hooker attacked the heights on the right of the pass, the Pennsylvania reserves leading, and after a desperate resistance carried the crest about dark, and held it. Shortly before dark General Gibbon's brigade of General Hooker's corps, attacked by the main road, and after an obstinate conflict gained the entrance to the pass some time after dark. Only by a display of equal valor in all the other regiments, and often at close quarters, was the enemy driven over the crest of the mountain into the valley on the west side of the South Mountain. In the centre and on the left, equally desperate was the battle. A severe fire of artillery had been opened all along the front. Under cover of this, the infantry advanced, and poured in a fire of musketry; this continued until 8 o'clock p. m. when the battle raged at its height. Success being soon gained on the right, desperate charges were made with the bayonet before which the Confederate troops wavered, broke, and fell back in confusion. The loss sustained by the Union forces was 2,325 killed and wounded. Among the killed was General Reno, who was shot through the body. Turner's Gap, where the last desperate stand of the Confederate force on the right was made, is two miles from the base of the mountain. Six miles south is Crampton's Gap, through which passes the road from Jefferson to Roherville. This strong position on the left was carried by General Franklin's corps, after a succession of brilliant bayonet charges. General Franklin had followed the line of the Potomac closely. On Saturday he reached Sugar Loaf Mountain, and drove out the Confederate cavalry occupying it for a signal station. On Sunday, he passed through the 6mall village of Burkitsville, and advanced about a mile, when he met the Confederate pickets at the South Mountain range, and near Crampton's Gap. The gap was strongly held by a Confederate force under General Howell Cobb, and his artillery immediately opened fire upon the Federal advance, which was under the command of General Henry W. Slocum. The division of General Slocum consisted of three brigades under Generals Bartlett, Torbert, and Newton. Those were formed in line of battle and ordered to advance up the side of the mountain. They had proceeded only a short distance before they came under the fire of a strong Confederate force concealed behind a stone wall running along the base of the gap. At this point a desperate hand to hand fight ensued which lasted nearly an hour, when the Confederate troops were routed. They did not attempt to make a stand again until they reached the crest of the mountain, where they turned and prepared to hold the Federal advance at bay. It came rushing up, composed of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania regiments, until the top of the mountain was gained, when another bloody struggle ensued. The Confederate force finally gave way and fell back in disorder down into the valley, leaving four hundred prisoners, three regimental colors, two pieces of artillery, and three thousand stand of arms. The Federal loss in this affair was one hundred and five killed, and four hundred and forty-eight wounded. The Confederate loss was still larger. The seizure of this gap exposed the flank of General Lee's army, and brought the Federal left into Pleasant Valley, and within five miles of Harper's Ferry. That night the Federal army occupied the battle ground, and the Confederate army fell behind Antietam Creek and took a position admirably adapted for defence.

Meantime the Federal garrison at Winchester and Martinsburg had been ordered to Harper's Ferry, and the commanding officer at that post had been advised to confine his defence, in case he was attacked by a superior force, mainly to the position of Maryland Heights, which could be held a long time against overwhelming numbers. A large amount of artillery and stores had been collected at Harper's Ferry by the Federal Government, which it would have been necessary to destroy or leave to the enemy if the troops there had been withdrawn. It was therefore determined by the general-in-chief (Halleck) to hold the position until General McClellan could relieve it, or open communication so that it could be evacuated in safety.

On Friday, the 12th of September, two days before the battle of South Mountain, the Confederate Page 142 force of General Jackson, which had been ordered to Williamsport and thence to Harper's Ferry, commenced an attack on Maryland Heights. As early as the 15th of August Colonel Miles, then in command, received orders from General Wool, commanding the department, to fortify Maryland Heights, which is considered to be the key of the position. He, however, disobeyed the orders, and did nothing to improve its defences. On the 5th of September Colonel Thomas H. Ford took command of the force stationed on the heights, and, apprehending an attack from the Confederate army, sent a requisition to Colonel Miles for reënforcements and for tools necessary to erect defensive works. He received reënforcements, but not the tools; and with a few borrowed axes constructed a slight breastwork of trees near the crest of the hill on the same day upon which the advance of General Jackson appeared. The forces at Harper's Ferry had been increased that day to about thirteen thousand men, of whom twenty-five hundred were cavalry, by the arrival of General Julius White with the garrison from Martinsburg. General White, although entitled to the command, waived his right in favor of Colonel Miles. The only position fortified by Colonel Miles was Bolivar Heights behind the town of Harper's Ferry. This is commanded by Maryland Heights and by Loudon Heights situated on the Virginia side of the Potomac and on the right bank of the Shenandoah.

The attack of the Confederate force was renewed, on the morning of the 13th, on the forces stationed on Maryland Heights, and they were driven behind the breastwork. This was soon after attacked, and the enemy were repulsed. Subsequently, through the precipitate flight of a portion of the troops and the premature retreat of the remainder, in consequence of a mistake of orders, the heights were about midday entirely abandoned. Colonel Miles, who had visited the position early in the morning, left Colonel Ford with permission to exercise his discretion in determining whether to hold or abandon the heights. Subsequently Colonel Miles sent to him the following order.

                                 HARPER'S FERRY, September 13, 1862.

Colonel Ford, Commanding Maryland Heights:

Since I returned to tola side, on close inspection I find your position more defensible than it appears when at your station, covered as it is at all points by the cannon of Camp Hill. You will hold od, and can hold on until the cows' tails drop off.

      Yours,           D. S. MILES, Colonel 21st Infantry.

The answer of Colonel Ford to this order, as stated by Colonel Miles, did not indicate that he had the slightest intention of giving up the heights.

Colonel Ford, after the events above mentioned, disobeyed this order of Colonel Miles, abandoned the position, and withdrew his forces across the river. It was only necessary, after this disgraceful retreat, for the enemy to plant their batteries and the position of Harper's Ferry must surely fall. The heights were not, however, immediately occupied by the enemy, and on the next morning a detachment of the 39th volunteers, sent there by Colonel D'Utassy, returned with four field pieces and a wagon load of ammunition. On the 13th the Confederate force began to establish batteries on Loudon Heights, and on the next day opened fire from those heights and also from Maryland Heights. On the night of the 13th, Colonel Miles sent a despatch to General McClellan that the position could not be held forty-eight hours longer without reënforcements. This was the night before the battle of South Mountain. On the night of the 14th, the cavalry force under Colonel Davis cut their way through the enemy's lines and reached Greencastle, Penn., in safety on the next morning, having captured by the way an ammunition train belonging to the corps of the Confederate general Longstreet. Early in the morning of the 15th Colonel Miles surrendered. At that time General McClellan's left wing was in Pleasant Valley, within five miles of him. It has been stated that the ammunition for the batteries was nearly exhausted, and for this reason the place became no longer tenable. The enemy, not perceiving the white flag that had been raised, continued their fire some time afterward, by which Colonel Miles was mortally wounded by the fragment of a shell. The principal fighting took place on Saturday; there was very little on Sunday, and none worthy of mention on Monday, when the surrender took place. The military mistake was in abandoning Maryland Heights. No enemy could have occupied the village, or disturbed the railroad or pontoon bridges so long as they were held. Provisions and forage for a siege of four or five days could have been readily transferred to the heights by a road made some months previous. There are abundant springs of good and cool water gushing out from its rocky and wooded sides. When these and the other heights came into the possession of the enemy, surrender or destruction were the only alternatives to Colonel Miles. If his entire force had been transferred to Maryland Heights, the Confederate force present could not for many days have taken Harper's Ferry. By the terms arranged for the surrender, the officers were allowed to go on parole with side arms and private property, and the privates with everything except equipments and guns. The forces which surrendered were as follows:

Colonel Downye, 3d Maryland Home Brigade Colonel Maulsby, 1st Maryland Home Brigade 115th New York... 120th New York... 39th New York.... 111th New York... 125th New York... 32d Ohio... 12th New York S.M. 37th Ohio 6th Vermont 65th Illinois Graham's battery. McGrath's battery. 15th Indiana batt'y. Phillips's New York  battery Potts's battery.... Rigby's battery . . Scatt'd companies. Officers connected with Headquarters and Commissary Department

Total 11,583

The following guns were surrendered: 155 Page 143 12-inch rifles, 6 James's rifles, 6 24-pound howitzers, 4 20-ponnd Parrott gnns,4 12-pounders, 4 12-ponnd howitzers, 2 10-inch Dahlgrens, 1 50-pound Parrott, and 6 6-pound guns.

The Federal loss in killed and wounded was reported at about two hundred; the Confederate loss has not been stated. In the latter part of the year the circumstances attending this surrender were examined by a court of inquiry at Washington, in accordance with whose suggestions Col. Ford and other officers were dismissed from the United States army. The conduct of Colonel Miles was stated in their report to have exhibited "an incapacity amounting almost to imbecility."

The surrender of this position with so little resistance was followed by serious consequences. It took place on the 15th. On the next day, the 16th, most of the Confederate force left it in great haste, crossed the pontoon bridge into Maryland, and joined General Lee at Antietam in time to engage in the great battle on the next day, the 17th. Without the assistance of this force General Lee's army would undoubtedly have been badly defeated and his retreat into Virginia probably cut off. That the importance of their aid was known to their commander, is manifest from the haste of the evacuation and the subsequent celerity of their movements. By their arrival the Confederate army outnumbered the Federal army in the battle of Antietam.

The battle on which was staked "the invasion of Maryland " in the view of the Federal, and "the deliverance of Maryland" in the view of the Confederate Government, but in reality the sovereignty of the Union, was now near at hand.

On the morning of the 15th the whole right wing and centre of General McClellan's forces were pushed forward in pursuit of the enemy, who were found in the strong position made memorable by the battle of the Antietam. The troops were not up in sufficient force to make the attack on that day; but soon after night fell the greater part were in bivouac behind the heights on the left bank of the Antietam, sheltered from, but within range of the enemy's batteries.

On the left the three divisions of General Franklin were ordered to occupy Roherville, and to push in the direction of Brownsville in order to relieve Harper's Ferry if possible. During the morning General Franklin received intelligence of the surrender of Harper's Ferry, and found the enemy in force in a strong position near Brownsville. As he had but two divisions with him, the third not having yet arrived, he was not in sufficient force to dislodge the enemy, and was obliged to content himself with watching them and endeavoring to hold them in check.

The morning of the 16th was occupied in reconnoissances of the enemy's position, in rectifying the position of the Federal troops, and perfecting the arrangements for the attack. Very sharp artillery firing took place without any material loss on the Federal side. the position of General McClellan's forces on that morning was as follows: General Hooker's corps was on the right, next that of General Sumner, with General Mansfield's corps in the rear; in the centre was General Porter's corps, only two divisions being present; on the left was General Burnside's ninth corps. General Franklin was still in Pleasant Valley.

At about 3 p. m., General Hooker crossed the Antietam by the bridge in the village on the Hagerstown road and an adjacent ford, and soon gained the crest of the height on the right bank of the stream. He then turned to his left and followed down the ridge under a strong opposition, until brought to a stand still by the darkness. During the evening General Mansfield was ordered to follow General Hooker so as to be in a position to support him at daybreak.

At daylight on the 17th, General Hooker attacked the forces in his front, and for a time drove them before him. The enemy however rallying, and strengthened from their supporting columns, repulsed him. General Mansfield's corps was then drawn to General Hooker's support, and the two masses repelled the enemy. General Mansfield was killed and General Hooker wounded at this crisis, and obliged to withdraw from the field. Shortly afterward General Sumner's corps reached this portion of the field and soon became hotly engaged. This corps suffered greatly at this period of the contest, Generals Sedgwick and Crawford being wounded, and portions of the line were compelled to fall back. The enemy were here, however, checked by the Federal artillery. General Franklin shortly arrived to the relief of General Sumner's line with two divisions of his corps, one of which, that of General W. F. Smith, drove back the enemy and recovered the lost ground. The enemy did not retake it. Generals Richardson's and French's divisions held the extreme left of the Federal right with tenacity during the day. General Richardson was wounded.

In the centre General Porter's corps was held as a reserve with cavalry and horse artillery.

The contest on the right had been most obstinate, and the several corps which participated in it had lost heavily.

General Burnside's corps on the left was ordered early in the day to carry the bridge across the Antietam at Rohrback's farm, and to attack the enemy's right. The approaches to the bridge being in the nature of a defile, and being swept by batteries of the enemy, the opposite bank of the Antietam was only reached after a severe struggle. It was afternoon before the heights were in his possession. The enemy were driven back, and a portion of their line in disorder. By the most desperate efforts, however, the enemy rallied their retreating regiments, strengthened their line with all their available fresh troops, and opened batteries on the hills, from positions which the amphitheatrical character of the ground, it seems, abundantly furnished. General Burnside Page 144 could not maintain his advantage, and was obliged to withdraw from the extreme position which he had gained near Sharpsburg to one slightly in rear of it. He, however, held his bank of the river completely, and maintained much ground beyond it which he had taken from the enemy. During the advance on the left General Rodman was wounded.

The Federal artillery is represented to have played an important part during this battle.

Notwithstanding substantial and decided successes of the day, the Federal forces had suffered so severely during the conflict, having lost 11,426 in killed and wounded, and among them many general and superior officers, that it was deemed prudent by General McClellan to reorganize and give rest and refreshment to the troops before renewing the attack. The 18th was accordingly devoted to those objects. On the night of the 18th, however, General Lee withdrew his forces hastily across the Potomac, abandoning further contest with the Union forces, and yielding all hope of further remaining on the Maryland soil.

The Confederate army is supposed to have lost nearly 30,000 men during its brief campaign in Maryland. The Federal forces captured 39 colors, 18 guns, more than 15,000 small arms, and more than 6,000 prisoners.

On the 20th, Harper's Ferry was evacuated by the Confederate troops, which fell back in the direction of Charlestown and Winchester. General McClellan took a position along the left bank of the Potomac, and active movements were suspended for a short time in order to prepare for a vigorous advance.

Early in June the guerilla operations became troublesome in some of the lower counties of Kentucky. At Madisonville, in Hopkins county, a descent was made by a small body of them at night. The county clerk's office was broken open and the records of the court carried off or destroyed. In other cases horses and other property were taken. Their own friends, equally with Union citizens, were robbed. In Jessamine, Mercer, Boyle, and Garrard counties bridges over the streams were burned. On the 5th of July Lebanon was taken. It is at the termination of the Lebanon branch of the Louisville and Nashville road. About the same time Murfreesborough in Tennessee was captured by a strong guerilla force under Colonel Forrest. Vigorous opposition was however made by the small body of Federal troops stationed there. The 9th Michigan regiment, however, was captured entirely by surprise, with Brigadier-Generals Duffield and Crittenden, of Indiana. On the 18th of July an attack was made by Colonel John Morgan on a small Federal force stationed at Cynthiana, Ky. Subsequently he was overtaken near Paris by (Jen. Groen C. Smith and defeated. About the same time Henderson was occupied by citizens of Kentucky and other States, acting the part of guerillas, and the hospital and other stores carried off. At the same time Newburg, in Indiana, on the Ohio river, was occupied by a band from Kentucky. They soon, however, left. The activity of the bands under Colonel Morgan produced a great excitement in the interior of the State. Many towns were visited and much plunder obtained. It had been his conviction that large numbers of the citizens would flock to his standard. In this he was greatly mistaken, and the indifference and hostility of the people, together with the preparations to resist him, checked his movements. Active operations continued in Tennessee, whither Colonel Morgan retired. Clarksville was captured with large military stores, and about the 22d of August a considerable body of Confederate cavalry attacked the Federal force at Gallatin, aud after a severe contest repulsed the latter.

The increase of guerilla operations in Kentucky about the 1st of September, with the manifestations of the existence of a Confederate force, indicated some hostile movements. It was soon known that the Confederate general E. Kirby Smith was approaching from Knoxville in Tennessee. On the 22d of August he left Jacksborough with a train of one hundred and fifty wagons, and passed through Big Creek Gap. So difficult were some parts of the route in Tennessee that for two or three days the rear of the trains was only able to reach at night the point from which the advance started in the morning. Rations failed, and the men were obliged for several days to subsist on green corn. Hungry, thirsty, footsore, and choking with dust, his men marched steadily on to a land of plenty. The ordnance stores wore brought safely through without the loss of a wagon. On Saturday, August 30, a battle took place between his forces and a Federal force near Richmond, Kentucky, in which the latter were defeated. Richmond is the capital of Madison county, situated about fifty miles south-southeast of Frankfort, the capital of the State. The Federal force there consisted of one Ohio regiment and five Indiana regiments and part of a sixth, two Kentucky regiments, all raw troops, and a squadron of Kentucky cavalry, under the command of Brigadier-Generals Mahlon D. Manson and Crufts, with nine field pieces. It made an attack upon this Confederate column under General Smith at Rogersville about four miles from Richmond, and after a severe battle, continuing from six o'clock in the morning until night, it was entirely defeated, with a large number killed and wounded and with the loss of eight field pieces. General Nelson, who had come from Lexington, arrived at the commencement of the retreat, and endeavored to rally the troops, was wounded and obliged to retire. At that time the Legislature of the State was in session, and it met on Sunday evening, and passed resolutions adjourning to Louisville, &c. The archives of the State and about one million of treasure from the banks of Richmond, Lexington, and Frankfort were transferred during the night to Louisville. Page 145 At the same time the governor of the State issued the following proclamation:

                                    FRANKFORT, KY., August 31,1862.

To the People of Kentucky:

A crisis has arisen in the history of the commonwealth which demands of every loyal citizen of Kentucky prompt and efficient action. The State has been invaded by an insolent foe, her honor insulted, her peace disturbed, and her integrity imperilled. The small but gallant army, raised upon the emergency of the occasion for her defence, under the brave and chivalric Nelson, has met with a temporary reverse, and the enemy is advancing for the accomplishment of his purpose—the subjugation of the State. He must be met and driven from our border, and it is in your power to do so. I, therefore, as Governor of the Commonwealth, deem it my duty to call upon every loyal citizen of Kentucky to rally to the defence of the State; not a moment is to be lost. I appeal to you as Kentuckians, as worthy sons of those who rescued the dark and bloody ground from savage barbarity, by the memories of the past of your history, and by the future of your fame, if you are but true to yourselves, to rise in the majesty of your strength and drive the insolent invader of your soil from your midst. Now is the time for Kentuckians to defend themselves. Each man mast constitute himself a soldier, arm himself as best he can, and meet the foe at every step of his advance. The day and the hour, the safety of your homes and firesides, patriotism and duty, alike demand that you rush to the rescue. I call upon the people, then, to rise up as one man, and strike a blow for the defence of their native land, their property, and their homes. Rally to the standard, wherever it may be nearest, place yourselves under the commanders, obey orders, trust to your own right arm and the God of battle, and the foe will be driven back, discomfited and annihilated. To arms! to arms!! and never lay them down till the Stars and Stripes float in triumph throughout Kentucky. I but perform my duty in thus summoning you to the defence of your State, and I am assured that it will be promptly responded to. I promise that I will share with you the glory of the triumph which surely awaits you.

Done in the city of Frankfort, this 31st day of August, 1862.

    (Signed)                 JAMES F. ROBINSON.

By the Governor,

      D. C. Wickliffe, Secretary of State.

On the 2d the Confederate advance guard entered Lexington. All the Government stores had been previously safely removed. The stock of horses and mules had also been sent off, and all the cars withdrawn from the railroad.

In explanation of the object of the invasion, General Smith issued the following proclamation:

KENTUCKIANS: The army of the Confederate States has again entered your territory under my command.

Let no one make you believe we come ns invaders, to coerce your will, or to exorcise control over your soil. Far from it. The principle we maintain is, that government derives its just powers from the consent of the governed.

I shall enforce the strictest discipline, in order that the property of citizens and non-combatants may be protected. I shall be compelled to procure subsistence for my troops among you, and this shall be paid for.

Kentuckians: We come not as invaders, but liberators. We invoke the spirit of your resolutions of 1798. We come to arouse you from the lethargy which enshrouds your free thought, and forebodes the political death of your State.

We come to test the truth of what we believe to be a foul aspersion, that Kentuckians willingly join the attempt to subjugate us, and to deprive us of our property, our liberty, and our dearest rights.

We come to strike off the chains which arc riveted upon vou. We call upon you to unite your arms, and join with ns in hurling back from our fair and sunny plains the Northern hordes who would deprive us of our liberty, that they may enjoy our substance. Are we deceived ? Can you treat us as enemies ? Our hearts answer NO!       E. KIRBY SMITH,   

                                                               Major-General C. S. A.

On the 6th Frankfort, the capital of the State, was quietly occupied by about fifteen hundred Confederate cavalry. The government of the city was reorganized, and recruiting stations opened. The guerilla force, under Colonel Morgan, also joined General Smith.

Meanwhile, on the first approach of the Confederate force toward Lexington, excitement commenced in Cincinnati, and preparations for defence began to be made. General Lewis Wallace took command of Cincinnati, Covington, and Newport on the 1st of September. Martial law was declared, and on the next day all places of business in Cincinnati were ordered to be closed at nine o'clock in the morning, and the citizens were required to assemble at ten o'clock and organize for defence. The street railroad cars were stopped, and no male citizen was allowed to leave. Preparations to throw up intrenchments and to fortify the city were immediately commenced. This excitement extended into the interior of the State and into the adjoining State of Indiana. The governor of Ohio issued the following proclamation:

                                               CINCINNATI, September 2,1862.

To the Loyal People of the River Counties:

Our southern border is threatened with invasion. I have, therefore, to recommend that all the loyal men of your counties at once form themselves into military companies and regiments to beat back the enemy at any and all points he may attempt to invade our State. Gather up all the arms in the country, and furnish yourselves with ammunition for the same. The service will be of but few days' duration. The soil of Ohio must not be invaded by the enemies of our glorious Government.                     

                                            DAVID TOD,   Governor.

About the 10th of June General Buell left Corinth with the main body of his army for Chattanooga. On reaching Huntsville he appointed General Rousseau to command the division of his army previously under General Mitchell, and completely reorganized the state of affairs in that part of his department. Depredations by soldiers were stopped, discipline restored, and order established. His army then took positions at Battle Creek, Huntsville, and McMinnville. At the same time the Confederate general Bragg massed his army at Chattanooga and Knoxville. This was done by suddenly moving his force from Tupello, in Mississippi, through the States of Alabama and Georgia, and thus reaching Chattanooga in advance of General Buell. It was divided into three corps under Major-Generals Wm. J. Hardee, Leonidas Polk, and E. Kirby Smith, each of which numbered about fifteen thousand men. The two former of these officers had , been at Corinth, and their forces consisted of some of the troops which evacuated that place, increased by new levies under the conscription law. The division of General Smith was stationed at Knoxville, where it safely remained while Chattanooga was occupied by the corps of Page 146 Generals Hardee and Polk. General Smith moving from Knoxville succeeded in flanking the Federal general G. W. Morgan, and with no battle of any consequence, except at Tazewell, effected the design of getting into his rear, and thence advanced into Kentucky as above stated. The next movement was made by the other two corps, for the purpose of forming a junction with General Smith after he had reached Lexington. Accordingly, on the 21st of August, General Bragg crossed the Tennessee river at Harrison, a few miles above Chattanooga, and turning the left of General Buell he marched westward by the mountain road to Dunlap, which he reached on the 27th. His force then consisted of five regiments of cavalry, thirty-six of infantry, with forty pieces of field artillery. Thence he moved up the Sequatchie Valley, and reached Pikeville on the 30th. On the same day he threw a large force forward toward McMinnville, the capital of Warren county, Tennessee, and seventy-five miles southeast of Nashville. The Confederate cavalry advanced far toward McMinnville, and one or two smart skirmishes took place with the Federal cavalry thrown forward from that point. In the mean time the rest of the Confederate army moved northeast toward Crossville, and on the 1st of September reached the mountains at that place, having ascended the Grassy Cave road, while the force thrown toward McMinnville was suddenly withdrawn, and followed the main army. On the 6th of September this Confederate force entered Kentucky, and moved on toward Bowling Green. On the 13th of September an advance of this force appeared before Munfordsville, at the crossing of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, over Green river, and demanded its surrender. Colonel "Wilder then in command refused, and early on the next morning an attack was made by the Confederate force, under General Duncan, who after a struggle of seven hours was repulsed. The force at Munfordsville, which had been stationed there for the protection of the bridge, consisted of three thousand one hundred infantry with four pieces of artillery. The Federal loss was eight killed and twenty wounded. The Confederate loss was larger. The attack was renewed again on the 16th with great spirit, and on the next day the place was surrendered by Colonel C. L. Dunham, who had arrived with his regiment, and then had command. The troops surrendered consisted of the 17th, 60th, 67th, 68th, 69th Indiana, a company of Louisville cavalry, a part of the 4th Ohio, and a section of the 13th Indiana battery; amounting in all to about four thousand five hundred men, and ten guns. The bridge over the Green river was burned at this time.

During this period General Buell had not been idle. "While on the Tennessee river, near Chattanooga, his army was dependent on Louisville as its base for the supply of provisions and munitions. To render this available it was necessary to protect over three hundred miles of railroad, over which every pound of these supplies had to be transported. Every care which prudence could suggest was exercised to retain the command of this road. Stockades were built, and guards were stationed at the places most liable to attack, but they were not able to resist the dashes of the Confederate cavalry, who in many cases were aided by the sympathies of the local residents. In the meanwhile the Confederate conscription act had been rigidly enforced, and a large army under General Bragg was massed near Chattanooga, as above stated, the definite object of which was long unknown. For several weeks the utmost vigilance was exercised over the enemy at Dechard, McMinnville Page 147, and the valley of the Sequatchie before it was assuredly ascertained where he intended to strike his blow. It was expected that Nashville was the point he desired to reach, but subsequent movements soon made it evident that was not the projected point of attack. Finally despatches to General Bragg were intercepted, which proved conclusively that Louisville in Kentucky was the point toward which the Confederate strategy was directed. This was to be effected by forced marches of the Confederate force without supplies, subsisting on the country, and reaching the city when in a condition unprepared for defence. It was then intended to destroy the canal around the falls of the Ohio, to seize all the public stores, and to hold the city, under the impression that the Federal army would make no effort to recover it, for fear of injuring it by a bombardment.

While General Bragg made his way slowly toward the Cumberland river, which he struck at Carthage, General Buell was on his left flank, at Lebanon, guarding against his approach to the city of Nashville. The march of General Bragg was commenced on the 21st of August, as above stated, and all the way he was felt by General Buell, whose object was to guard the railroad as much as possible, and allow his enemy to get no distant start of him. All this time General Buell was drawing his supplies from the depots, collecting at Nashville and Bowling Green; but General Bragg was warmly received in many places, and bountifully supplied by friends. General Buell harassed his rear as long as possible, shelled him out of Woodsonville, and forded the Green river and drove him out of Munfordsville, and followed him along the turnpike road from Nashville to Louisville, until the road through Hodgenville to the east was reached, into which General Bragg's forces defiled. It was evident from the movement of General Bragg that he was hurrying in a direction in which he expected to find General E. K. Smith, General Humphrey Marshall, and Colonel Morgan with their forces, with whom he could unite and make a combined attack on Louisville. General Buell, however, was forced by the need of supplies to move directly to the city, around which his army encamped.

The chief object of this Confederate movement upon the State of Kentucky was to obtain supplies of meat. There were more hogs and cattle in the State available for general consumption, two or three to one, than were left in all the South besides. The grain growing and provision raising country which stretched from the Potomac at Harper's Ferry to Memphis, on the Mississippi, was now exhausted of its provisions. Much of the productive portions of North Carolina, and of the Gulf States, were also exhausted, and a general scarcity existed. Wheat was two dollars and a half per bushel in the heart of a fine wheat country, and cattle sold for seven cents gross per pound in the chief cattle-raising region of the whole South. Pork could not be had at an advance of four hundred per cent. At the same time it was thought that a powerful force might secure the State to the Southern Confederacy.

On the 18th of September General Bragg issued the following address to the people of the State:

                               GLASGOW, KENTUCKY, September 18,1862.

Kentuckians! I have entered your State with the Confederate army of the West, and offer you an opportunity to free yourselves from the tyranny of a despotic ruler. We come, not as conquerors or despoilers, but to restore to you the liberties of which you hare been deprived by a cruel and relentless foe. We come to guarantee to all the sanctity of their homes and altars; to punish with a rod of iron the despoilers of your peace, and to avenge the cowardly insults to your women. With all non-combatants the past shall be forgotten. Needful supplies must be had for my army, but they shall be paid for at fair and remunerating prices.

Believing that the heart of Kentucky is with us in our great straggle for Constitutional Freedom, we have transferred from our own soil to yours, not a band of marauders, but a powerful and well-disciplined army. Your gallant Buckner leads the van. Marshall is on the right, while Breckinridge, dear to us as to you, is advancing with Kentucky's valiant sons, to receive the honor and applause due to their heroism. The strong hands which in part hare sent Shiloh down to history, and the nerved arms which have kept at bay from our own homes the boastful army of the enemy, are hero to assist, to sustain, to liberate you. Will you remain indifferent to our call, or will you not rather vindicate the fair fame of your once free and envied State? We believe that you will, and that the memory of your gallant dead who fell at Shiloh, their faces turned homeward, will rouse you to a manly effort for yourselves and posterity.

Kentuckians! We have come with joyous hopes. Let us not depart in sorrow, as we shall if we find you wedded in your choice to your present lot. If you prefer Federal rule, show it by your frowns, and we shall return whence we came. It you choose rather to come within the folds of our brotherhood, then cheer us with the smiles of your women, and lend your willing hands to secure you in your heritage of liberty. Women of Kentucky! Your persecutions and heroic bearing have reached our ear. Banish henceforth, forever, from your minds the fear of loathsome prisons or insulting visitations. Let your enthusiasm have free rein. Buckle on the armor of your kindred, your husbands, sons, and brothers, and scoff with shame him who would prove recreant in his duty to you, his country, and his God.                     BRAXTON BRAGG,

                                                                    General Commanding.

From Munfordsville the Confederate force moved toward Bardstown, Glasgow, and the central part of the State. Thence guerillas in large and small bands scoured almost every other portion, penetrating in various places to the Ohio river, and even making dashes to within four or five miles of Louisville. Every day, during which they continued these operations, was estimated to afford them a gain of a hundred thousand dollars, and to bring a loss to the loyal people of at least two hundred thousand. Everything which could be of use to the army or to the Southern people was seized. Hundreds of drovers almost daily took away horses, cattle, and hogs, and almost interminable trains were hauling away bacon, pork, and all kinds of breadstuffs. Regarding Kentucky as belonging to the Confederacy,

Page 148 This page contains a map of Chattanooga- Knoxville area.

Page 149 the conscription act was enforced, and men were forced into the ranks of the Confederate army by the point of the bayonet. The stores of the towns were ordered to be opened, and the goods taken and paid for in Confederate scrip.

On the 1st of October General Buell, who had been previously removed from command and reinstated again, moved from Louisville, where he had lost thousands by desertion, to meet the Confederate force, and on the 4th his army arrived at Bardstown. On the previous day a force of General Bragg had evacuated that place. This force consisted of about sixty-five regiments, averaging about three hundred men each, and amounting in total to twenty thousand. It moved from Bardstown in the direction of Springfield. The force of General Buell was stated by the general-in-chief to number about one hundred thousand men. From the first approach of the Confederate forces, every effort had been made to collect new troops at Cincinnati and Louisville, and to fortify these places against a coup de main. To give confidence to the new levies, a portion of General Grant's army was withdrawn from Mississippi and sent to Kentucky and Cincinnati.

The army of the Ohio, as General Buell's force was designated, was now divided into three corps, commanded by Generals Gilbert, Crittenden, and McCook. The new regiments sent to Louisville were placed in brigades with the old ones, which had seen nearly a year's service. On the march from Louisville the corps of General McCook, forming the left wing, took the road to Taylorsville, General Gilbert the road to Shepherdsville, and General Crittenden, forming the right wing, the road to Bardstown. With the latter corps General Buell moved.

On the 4th, Richard Hawes was inaugurated at Frankfort as Confederate Provisional Governor, and on the feme day the city was evacuated, and he retired with the troops.

On the 6th the army of General Buell arrived at Springfield, sixty-two miles from Louisville. Its slow progress had been owing to its numbers, the difficulty of the route and the conflicts with the Confederate rear guard. The main body of the Confederate army was twenty-four hours in advance when General Buell left Louisville, and thus far had been constantly gaining. The order of General Bragg to his rear guard was to prevent the arrival of General Buell at Bardstown before the 4th, if possible, in order to give time to the Confederate wagon train to gain an advance of some twenty miles. General Crittenden's corps only entered the place, and those of Generals McCook and Gilbert kept on toward Springfield, retaining their position on the left and centre. General Crittenden followed on the 5th. On the 7th it was reported to General Buell that a considerable Confederate force was at Perryville, forty-two miles south of Frankfort. The three army corps were then marching on that place by different roads. General Buell determined to surround the enemy, if possible, and ordered all the divisions to march without delay, leaving behind their transportation. Generals McCook and Gilbert continued their march, but General Crittenden lost half a day on a circuitous route to obtain water. General Bragg, learning of the united approach of the Union forces, immediately began to retreat. It was the design of General Buell that the three corps should participate in the battle, but General Bragg hearing of the delay of General Crittenden, immediately determined to fight the corps of Generals McCook and Gilbert, and defeat them if possible, and then to fall upon General Crittenden or to retreat before his arrival. The Confederate general Hardee's corps, which had retreated six miles, was accordingly ordered back in haste to Perryville. Suddenly, on the 8th, General McCook found himself in front of the Confederate line of battle, with his men marching in columns, and without skirmishers in advance, nothing in front but a small advance guard which attempted to attack the enemy's outpost. The Confederate infantry rushed forward and a division of raw troops had to be formed in line of battle under a heavy fire. The raw troops fled in confusion, but the old troops stood their ground. General McCook had approached Perryville by the Knoxville road. Gon. Gilbert had marched direct from Springfield, and had arrived within two miles of Perryville on the preceding evening, the 7th. To General McCook's request for reinforcements, they were ordered from General Gilbert's corps. At the same time General Crittenden was ordered to push forward on the Lebanon road to attack the Confederate left. The advance of General Gilbert's reinforcements arrived at half-past three o'clock in the afternoon to support General McCook on the left. His forces were found badly cut up and hotly pressed by the Confederate force, having retreated nearly a mile. The contest continued violent until dark, the Federal force retiring from the field. During the evening General Crittenden's corps came up, but no movement was made till noon of the next day, when it was ascertained that the Confederate force had retired. The Federal loss was about four hundred and sixty-six killed, among whom were Brigadier-Generals Jackson and Tyrrell, fourteen hundred and sixty-three wounded, and one hundred and sixty missing. The Confederate loss was nearly the same. The forces of General Bragg, which he had been able to draw from all quarters, were now about sixty thousand. The arrival of General Crittenden's corps undoubtedly induced General Bragg to continuo his retreat. On that evening the Federal troops returned to Perryville.

It was now expected that General Bragg would make a stand at Camp Dick Robinson. The position of this place is such that it can easily be defended against an approach in front by a few batteries on the cliffs which line Dick river. It, however, can be easily flanked. It was the plan of General Buell, therefore, to make a feint in front and a strong attack on the flank of the Confederate position. Accordingly, General Crittenden Page 150 was ordered to march to Dick river, giving the semblance of a contemplated attack in front. Generals McCook and Gilbert were to approach by different roads, so as to cut off the escape of General Bragg and leave to him no alternative but to fight or surrender. By the night of the 12th the entire army of the Ohio was within a mile of Danville, which is forty-two miles south of Frankfort, in one of the most fertile and highly improved parts of the State. But General Bragg penetrated the designs of his antagonist in consequence of a retrograde movement by the advance of General Crittenden's corps, under General Wood, and determined to frustrate them. His spoils loaded heavily nearly four thousand wagons, a majority of which were branded with the letters U. S., having been captured during the year; in addition there were several thousand head of cattle, a thousand mules, and as many sheep.

The following statement from a highly creditable source at Lexington, Kentucky, has been made of property taken by General Bragg's forces:

We were here in Lexington and saw something of the removal of Government stores, and witnessed the plunderings of the Confederate armies of our dry-goods stores, groceries, Ac. Upon the resumption of the publication of our paper (" Observer") we stated that an immense amount of Government stores, amounting perhaps to $1,000,000, besides arms sufficient to arm eighteen or twenty thousand men, were taken off, and we stated precisely the truth, and there are hundreds here who will bear us out in the statement. We are not inclined to think the " Richmond Examiner" far wrong when it published that the "wagon train of supplies brought out of Kentucky by General Kirby Smith was forty miles long, and brought a million yards of jeans, with a large amount of clothing, boots, and shoes, and 200 wagon loads of bacon, 6,000 barrels pork, 1,600 mules and horses, 8,000 beeves, and a large lot of swine."

From the city of Frankfort it is stated that 74,900 yards of jeans were taken from the establishment of Mr. Watson. From one concern in this city (Lexington) they took $106,000 worth of jeans and linseys, from another $10,000 worth, another $9,000, another $10,000, another $5,000. These different amounts in woollen goods we know to have been removed from this city, as we have the names before us from whom they were taken. Aside from this, in boots, shoes, Ac, we know of $30,000 worth that they carried off, and also have the names to show from whom the goods were taken. From one house seven boxes of new Springfield rifles and nine boxes of muskets, with all the tents belonging to Metcalf’s cavalry, forty kegs of horse shoes, and one hundred and twenty boxes belonging to four regiments, containing clothing and subsistence. The articles taken from this house were valued by the Confederates themselves at more than $10,000, and they so declared at the time. The Adams Express office was robbed of everything it contained. All the goods that had been sent and deposited in the establishment from all parts of the country were seized and appropriated. For four weeks, during the stay of the enemy here, a train of cars were running daily to Nicholasville, bearing away mess pork and other articles necessary to the subsistence of armies, while trains of wagons—huge in number—were moving out on the Richmond, Versailles, and Nicholasville roads, day and night, loaded with valuable commodities. We were here and saw and know what occurred, and can prove what we assert. Lexington afforded the Confederates, when they entered it, the richest harvest they have reaped during the war, and nothing is to be made by disguising the fact.

On the night of the 11th the evacuation of Camp Dick Robinson commenced. The destination of General Bragg was Cumberland Gap. Two routes for retreat were open to him, both leading to that point; one by the way of Richmond and Big Hill, through Madison county, and the other, called the Crab Orchard road, by the way of Mt. Vernon and Barboursville. These two roads converge at Pitman's Junction, twenty-two miles from Mt. Vernon, and fifty-eight miles from Cumberland Gap.

At midnight, on the night of the 12th, orders were received from the headquarters of General Buell at Perryville, by the army encamped near Danville, for an immediate advance. Transportation of all kinds was ordered to remain behind. Only ambulances were to accompany the troops. General Buell had been informed of the retreat of the Confederate army. At one o'clock the army was in motion toward Stanford, nine miles from Danville, a town through which it was supposed the Confederate force was then retreating. The march was rapid, and the advance arrived in time to see the rear of the Confederate rear guard pass unmolested. Two or three regiments of cavalry, one of which was the Texan Rangers, and two howitzers, was the force of this rear guard. Familiar with the topography of the country, and taking advantage of it whenever favorable to themselves, these troops were able to conceal their small numbers and to check the Union advance until late in the afternoon. Having thus accomplished their object, which was to gain time for the main body, they then retired toward Crab Orchard. From a few prisoners, taken by the Union troops, they learned that the main body of General Bragg's army and half his wagon train had passed through Stanford on the previous day, and the other half of the wagon train had gone safely through Lancaster, and were retreating on the Richmond and* Big Hill road. That night the Union army encamped at Stanford. Early the next morning, the 14th, it was on the march, and soon reached Crab Orchard, a distance of ten miles. As it approached the town, the Confederate rear guard made its appearance drawn up in battle array. It had taken possession of two hills, and was in a good position to make a formidable resistance for a short time. This caused the Federal column to halt. The artillery was then brought up into position, a line of battle was formed, a reconnoissance made, an advance of skirmishers thrown out, and other details performed which caused a delay of several hours. During all this time the army of General Bragg was unmolested and in full retreat. "When all the Federal preparations were complete, the Confederate rear guard hastily retired. The Union advance, on the next day, reached Mt. Vernon. On the next day, the 16th, the division of Generals Van Cleave and Smith were ordered forward; the rest of the advance halted. At this time General McCook’s corps and a part of General Gilbert's were at Crab Orchard, and all the cavalry had Page 151 been ordered to the rear in consequence of the difficulty of obtaining forage in the mountainous region. On the hills and in the defiles between Mt. Vernon and the State line, ten thousand men would be as effective as forty thousand in resisting an army. The pursuit of the Confederate forces now lost all of its importance.

The result of the invasion of Kentucky was undoubtedly regarded by the Confederate leaders as successful in obtaining supplies, but they were greatly chagrined at the tardiness of the Kentuckians to rally around the Confederate standard. The desertions from their force exceeded the number of recruits obtained. The Confederate forces now retired into east Tennessee, and General Buell fell back to the line between Louisville and Nashville, where he was superseded in the command by Major-General Rosecrans, under the orders of President Lincoln. Colonel Morgan, with a small guerilla force, still remained in the State. The invasion of eastern Kentucky, by the Confederate forces, cut off the line of communication between the Federal forces at Cumberland Gap in east Tennessee and the north. It was followed by the evacuation of that strong position by the Union General, G. W. Morgan.

Cumberland Gap is south and a little east of Lexington, Kentucky, and about one hundred and fifty miles distant. It is a natural gap in a mountain nearly eighty miles in length. There are other places in this long mountain which are called gaps, but this name is given more from the fact that the summit at those places is of more easy access than because of any natural depression of the mountain. At the place called Roger's Gap, next to Cumberland, and eighteen miles west, there is actually no gap; but the road, taking advantage of a succession of ridges on the northern side and running diagonally on the southern side, is rendered passable by man and beast, and may, by great exertions, be passed over by wagons and cannon. The distance from the beginning of the ascent on the one side to the ending of the descent on the other is a little more than five miles. Sixteen miles further west is Big Creek Gap, the crossing at which is a little more difficult.

The mountain on each side of Cumberland Gap is about twelve hundred feet high. In the gap it is only four hundred feet. The road through the notch is a good one. On the southern side the mountain is abrupt in some places and almost perpendicular, and the summit is inaccessible without the greatest danger, except by entering the gap and ascending on either the right or left. The northern side is more irregular, breaking off in a succession of smaller mountains and hills, to the valley lying between the gap and Cumberland Ford. But the main mountain towers far above its neighbors. Two roads from Lexington, Kentucky, lead to the gap. One passes through Nicholasville, Crab Orchard, and Mt. Vernon, by the way of Wild Cat. The other passes through Richmond, by way of Big Hill. From London, Kentucky, there is but one road. It is flanked on each side by a succession of hills and mountains, and passes through Barboursville, and crosses the Cumberland Ford. Wagons or cannon could scarcely pass by any other route.

This position was important to the Confederate Government, as by its occupation in force they could hold possession of east Tennessee, and prevent any approach from the north to cut their northern railroad line of connection between Richmond and northern Alabama, Mississippi, Nashville, Memphis, and other towns on the Mississippi. Its occupation was also necessary to sustain their advance into eastern Kentucky. A small Confederate force, therefore, took possession of the gap soon after the commencement of hostilities. On the other hand, its possession was important to the Federal Government, as thereby it prevented the invasion of Kentucky from the southeast. It was also the stronghold of east Tennessee, a section in which there existed among the people a stronger and more invincible attachment to the Union than in any other portion of the seceded States. After the defeat of the Confederate forces in southeastern Kentucky, under General Zollicoffer, a body of Federal troops advanced in the direction of Cumberland Gap. On the 15th of February, they were encamped near Cumberland Ford, about ten miles from the gap, which was then occupied by about two thousand Confederate soldiers. Scouting parties were sent out from the camp near the ford, one of which penetrated the gap and captured a few prisoners. On the 13th of March, another expedition consisting of about 12 companies of infantry and 86 cavalry, started from camp near Barboursville, Kentucky, and crossing the mountain near Big Creek Gap, after four days reached Powell's Valley, five miles from Jacksborough, where a body of about four hundred Confederate cavalry was surprised and routed, and their camp taken possession of. Another body at Jacksborough, about two hundred in number, was next driven out. After remaining four days, the Federal force retired. On the 21st, a strong expedition moved upon the gap and made an attack, and cannonading ensued without any important result except developing the Confederate strength. The Confederate occupation of the gap continued without any serious interference until Chattanooga was occupied by the forces of General Mitchell, as has been stated. This led to its evacuation about the 10th of June. Previous to that date, General Geo. W. Morgan, with a division of Union troops, advanced from Cumberland Ford, and crossing at Roger's Gap, prepared to cut off the supplies for the small force then at Cumberland Gap. Their stock at the time was small; the Confederate forces under General E. K. Smith had moved south from east Tennessee, and the Union forces at hand being large, and threatening in front and rear, no alternative remained to the Page 152  garrison but to surrender or evacuate the position. On the 14th of July, an expedition was sent against a body of Confederate cavalry at Wallace Cross Roads, and after a brief skirmish the latter retired. Again, on the 9th of August, Colonel De Courcy was on a foraging expedition with the 16th and 42d Ohio, 14th and 22d Kentucky, when the 14th Kentucky, being advanced a short distance beyond Tazewell, was attacked by the 11th and 42d Tennessee, 30th Alabama, and 21st Georgia, under Colonel Rains. A severe conflict ensued, in which the Confederate forces were compelled to retire before the artillery that was brought to the aid of the Federal forces.

On the 17th of August, a small Confederate force approached in front of the position, and attacked a body of Union cavalry some two miles out in the valley, who were compelled to retire with a loss of two or three killed and wounded. Their camp, however, was protected from the approach of the Confederate force by the guns on the mountain. On the same day information was received by General Morgan that a large Confederate force had appeared at Barboursville and London, Kentucky, and captured his supply trains nearly as far back as Crab Orchard. Its object was to hold the Blue Grass region of Kentucky, and ultimately to force the entire division of General Morgan to surrender or hastily evacuate the position. The comparative success of General Bragg in his movements in Kentucky, cut off all the communications of General Morgan, and by September 11, his corn was all gone and nothing remained for his troops but a scanty supply of beans and rice. The force, however, had not remained inactive during this period; about three hundred prisoners and two hundred horses had been captured. The destitute condition of the force for clothes and food, caused the evacuation of the gap by General Morgan on the 17th of September. On that day the 23d Indiana and the 9th Ohio battery left with all the ammunition. During the succeeding night all the troops left except a squad that remained to finish the work of destruction. The magazine was blown up, and the commissary building burned. Nothing but ammunition and a few of the most useful cooking utensils were brought away. Tents, wagons, gun carriages, arms, and accoutrements were changed to a mass of fragments and ashes. The line of retreat was two hundred and fifty miles with a large Confederate force intervening. But the position was one of the strongest in the country, and General Morgan had represented that his supplies were abundant. By the 4th of October the division reached the Ohio river. It had foraged on the country, but suffered at times for water. During the entire march, a Confederate cavalry force harassed the retreat. During nineteen nights the troops bivouacked without a tent. New roads were made, trees cut out, provisions gathered, a hovering enemy kept at check, and a largo force brought safely through to the borders of Ohio.

This body of troops under General Morgan numbered more than ten thousand men. It brought twenty-eight pieces of artillery, six of which were 20-pounder siege guns, and four hundred wagons. Four heavy siege guns were destroyed before evacuating the gap, and a large number of sick men were left behind.

The march was through a mountainous and unproductive country. A court of inquiry was subsequently ordered to investigate the causes of this evacuation. The position has been subsequently occupied by a small Confederate force.

It has been stated, that on the advance of the Confederate army from Richmond to attack the forces of General Pope, troops were summoned by the general-in-chief from points adjacent to come to his support. Among others a portion of the troops of General Cox in western Virginia were brought on to unite with the army of Virginia. The effect of thus reducing the force in western Virginia was an invasion by a Confederate force under General Luring. He advanced up the Kanawha Valley as far as Charleston, which he occupied for some time. His troops were finally required to reenforce General Lee's army, when he retired. The chief advantage derived from this invasion by the Confederate people was the seizure of the salt works in the Kanawha Valley. Perhaps there was no article of which they were so destitute in comparison to its importance as salt. It was exchanged by the Confederate colonel Echols, who had charge, for forage for his troops. Affairs remained in this situation until the return of General Cox's forces early in November, when the Confederate forces retired.

It has also been stated that, on the invasion of Kentucky by General Bragg, a portion of General Grant's troops were withdrawn from Mississippi and sent to Kentucky and Cincinnati to give confidence to the new levies, and to reenforce General Buell. The consequence of the withdrawal of these troops was to induce the Confederate officers to renew their operations in north Mississippi and western Tennessee. On the departure of General Halleck to take the position of general-in-chief, General Grant was put in command of the department of west Tennessee, including the districts of Cairo and Mississippi, that part of the State of Mississippi occupied by Federal troops, and that part of Alabama which might be occupied by the troops of his particular command, including the forces heretofore known as the army of the Mississippi.

In the department of General Grant it became apparent in August that the Confederate forces south of his position had assumed a threatening attitude upon his line between Corinth in Mississippi, and Tuscumbia in Alabama. On the 10th of September the 2d brigade of General Stanley's division, commanded by Colonel Murphy, evacuated Tuscumbia, and fell back thirty Page 153 miles upon Iuka. On the next day the Ohio brigade, which had been occupying Iuka, fell back to Corinth, leaving the force with Colonel Murphy in its place. Scarcely, however, had it reached Corinth before information was received that a body of Confederate cavalry had dashed into Inka, and after a slight skirmish put the force of Colonel Murphy to night. A considerable amount of medical and commissary stores was captured, among which were six hundred and eighty barrels of flour that Colonel Murphy had neglected to destroy. Colonel Murphy was immediately placed under arrest by General Rosecrans, who now commanded the forces previously under General Pope, and the brigade was ordered back to Iuka under Colonel Mower, It, however, finally reached the neighborhood of Jacinto, and was there instructed to await further orders. The preparations of the army for an active campaign were now commenced. Transportation and baggage were reduced, and the supply of tents cut down. At this time information was received that the Confederate general Price had not only occupied Iuka in force, but was endeavoring to cross the Tennessee river for the purpose of getting in the rear of General Buell, then falling back toward Nashville. It was also a part of the plan of General Price, by his movement upon Iuka, to draw the Federal forces away from Corinth, and thus render its capture easy by General Van Dorn, who was to attack it during the absence of General Grant's forces. The design was then formed by Generals Grant and Rosecrans to cut off the retreat of General Price, and force him to surrender. For this purpose eighteen thousand men under Generals Grant and Ord were to move by way of Burnsville, and attack General Price, while General Rosecrans should move with part of his force by the way of Jacinto, and attack him on the flank; at the same time the remainder of General Rosecrans' force was to move on the Fulton road and cut off General Price's retreat if he should attempt it. With this understanding the army was put in motion on the morning of the 18th of September. The divisions of Generals Stanley and Hamilton under General Rosecrans, after a fatiguing march in a drenching rain, bivouacked at Jacinto. Early the next morning they were again on the march, and at ten o'clock the advance encountered the Confederate pickets at Barnett's Corners. A sharp skirmish ensued, which resulted in driving them six miles toward Iuka, with a small loss. At this time the entire column had arrived at Barnett's Corners, and awaited, according to the previous understanding, for General Grant to commence the attack, which would be known by the sound of his artillery. After two hours had elapsed a despatch arrived from General Grant, seven miles distant, to the effect that he was waiting for General Rosecrans to open the battle. The column was immediately moved forward within two miles of Iuka, when the Confederate force was discovered posted on a broad ridge commanding the country for some distance. The Confederates opened fire upon the skirmishers as they advanced in sight, under which General Hamilton's division formed in line. They were also received by a hot fire of artillery and musketry, which was replied to by the 11th Ohio battery, that had now got into position. The engagement soon became general, and continued for two hours, when darkness prevented any further advantage to either side. The contest was exceedingly fierce, and the troops behaved with great bravery. The 11th Missouri and the 6th Iowa stood the severest portion of the contest, and the former lost seventy-six, and the latter one hundred and sixteen in killed and wounded. The 11th Ohio battery was exposed to a severe fire of musketry, and in less than half an hour seventy-two of its men were killed or wounded. The Confederate officers, perceiving that it was poorly supported, ordered a charge to be made on it, by which the six guns were captured, and two of them spiked. It was afterward retaken twice by the 5th Iowa at the point of the bayonet, but finally fell into the possession of the Confederates. The night was spent in taking care of the wounded and burying the dead, while the troops lay on their arms awaiting the dawn of the next day to renew the battle.

Early in the morning, as no movement was perceived on the part of the Confederate force like renewing the contest, General Rosecrans ordered his line of pickets to advance. Not meeting with any opposition the whole force was thrown forward, and within a half mile of the town a flag of truce was seen approaching. It reported that General Price had evacuated the town during the night. Pursuit was immediately made and kept up by three companies of cavalry during the day, skirmishing with the Confederate rear guard, and capturing many prisoners. The loss of General Rosecrans's force was 148 killed, 570 wounded, and 94 missing. The Confederate loss was supposed to be larger in killed and wounded, and about one thousand prisoners were taken by General Rosecrans. At Iuka the six pieces of the 11th Ohio battery were found, having been abandoned, and also a large number of wounded, and commissary stores and camp equipage. Among the killed were the Confederate generals Lytle and Berry. General Whitfield also was mortally wounded. The road by which General Price retreated being unobstructed, he marched that day twenty-seven miles to Bay Spring.

The force of General Grant left Corinth at the same time when General Rosecrans marched, and reached Burnsville, Mississippi, in the afternoon. There it remained one night and the next day, and then pushed forward until it met the Confederate pickets. Then it retired and awaited the next morning, when a flag of truce was sent to the Confederate camp, which did not return until late in the afternoon. Thus while General Rosecrans engaged the Confederates on the south, General Grant was prevented from engaging them on the west and north.

The effect of this battle was to relieve General Buell from all danger of an attack by General Price on his rear, while moving against General Bragg. On the 22d General Grant's forces returned to Corinth, and General Rosecrans to Jacinto. General Van Dorn through delays had not reached Corinth as soon as had been planned, and General Grant by now abandoning Iuka reached the former place in advance of General Van Dorn. On the 26th General Rosecrans proceeded to Corinth, and took command of that position, General Grant having been ordered to Jackson, and General Ord to Bolivar. Jackson is forty-seven miles, and Bolivar nineteen miles by railroad north of Grand Junction, which is forty-one miles by railroad west of Corinth. By the ordinary routes Jackson is fifty-one miles north, and Bolivar forty miles northwest of Corinth. Meantime, General Price retreating southwesterly from Iuka by Bay Spring, reached Baldwin, Mississippi, thirty miles. Thence he moved northwest to Dumas, fifteen miles, where he joined General Van Dorn; thence to Pocahontas, thirty miles, where he was joined by General Lovell; thence down the Chewalla, and from thence to Corinth by the old State Line road. Gen Van Dorn took the chief command at Dumas.

Meanwhile General Rosecrans, anticipating that an attack would be made on his position at Corinth, prepared to meet it. The fortifications constructed by General Beauregard in the beginning of the year were on the north and east, and two miles from the centre of Corinth, and required an immense force to occupy them. After General Halleck took possession of the town he constructed a line of intrenchments inside those of General Beauregard. Afterward, upon consultation between Generals Grant and Rosecrans, it was determined to construct a line inside that of General Halleck. This was done under the direction of Captain Prim of the U. S. engineers. It consisted of a chain of redoubts, arranged for the concentric fire of heavy batteries. Learning the approach of the Confederate forces, General Rosecrans ordered General Ogleby with his brigade to proceed up the Chewalla road and meet them, with instructions to resist strongly enough to draw them under the defences of Corinth. McArthur next went forward and sent back for assistance. General Davis was then ordered to send a small force, but moved with his whole division. This occupied the 30th of September, and the 1st and 2d of October. On the 3d the Confederate force was greatly increased, and the fighting became severe; General Oglesby was wounded, and General Hackelman killed, and the loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners was considerable, and the Union troops were driven back to their defences.

On the north and east of Corinth, hill and swampy ground alternate, which is on the whole heavily timbered. On the left hand side of the railroad there is occasionally an open field. The Union army faced to the north. On the front of its right centre there was a heavily thicketed swamp almost impassable for masses of infantry. On the left centre the ground was quite hilly. Where the right wing was posted it was rolling, but fell off in front into heavily timbered ground, such as to be swampy in rainy weather. The Chewalla road enters the town on the left, and the Bolivar road on the right centre. Excepting at this last named point Corinth was approachable in an unbroken line of battle. The new line of fortifications consisted of four revetted redoubts, covering the whole front of the town, and protecting the flanks. The front of the extreme right was strengthened by the old works of General Beauregard. On the left of the extreme right, which was held by General Hamilton's division, a new five-gun battery was constructed on the night of Friday the 3d. This was in direct range of the point where the Bolivar road entered the town. The previously mentioned fort on the extreme right flanked that road. The hills over which the Chewalla road entered the town were commanded by Fort Williams, which mounted twenty-pounder Parrotts. On a high, narrow ridge was located Fort Robinson, which with Fort Williams enfiladed both the Chewalla and Bolivar roads. Another fort on the extreme left protected the left and strengthened the centre. Several forts in the rear were so located as to be of much service during the action. Their guns were reversed, and turned toward the centre.

On the extreme right was stationed the division of General Hamilton. Its right rested near the fort first mentioned and the old works of General Beauregard, and stretched from the south side of the road to Purdy. Its left rested behind Fort Richardson. On the left General Davies' division joined it, and in consecutive order six companies of Illinois sharpshooters and Burke's Missouri sharpshooters; General Stanley's division, consisting of two brigades, and General McKean's division, with General Arthur's brigade, were on the extreme left. The cavalry, under the command of Colonel Misener, was stationed on the wings and in the rear. Suitable forces were held as reserves and to protect the rear. The front line was covered by crests of undulations on the surface. On the night of the 3d, the Confederate line was formed within a thousand yards of the Union position. Before daybreak the Confederates were heard at work planting a battery on a hill in front of and about 200 yards from Fort Robinett, and soon after they opened a furious fire on Corinth. At daylight, the Parrott guns in Fort Williams opened upon this Confederate battery and in a few minutes silenced it. Two of the guns were removed, but the third was taken and drawn within the Federal line. Skirmishing also opened at various points in front, which was constantly increasing to the magnitude of a battle. The Confederate lines, however, were still invisible. About half past nine o'clock dark and threatening masses of Confederate troops were suddenly Page 155 discerned on the east of the railroad moving up the Bolivar road. They assumed a wedge-like form and advanced impetuously. It was now manifest that the Confederate force had been enticed to attack at the very point where the Federal artillery could sweep it with direct, cross, and enfilading fire. These batteries rent hideous gaps in those massive lines, but they were closed at once and inflexibly pressed forward. Suddenly the Confederate force extended to the right and left, and approached covering the whole field. In front of them, however, was a broad turfed glacis sloping upward to a crest, fringed with determined soldiers and covered with frowning batteries. The few obstructions from fallen timber produced no disorder in the approaching lines but what was quickly restored. The entire Federal line next opened fire, but the Confederate forces, as if insensible to fear, steadily pressed forward undismayed. As they approached the crest of the hill in front and to the right of Fort Richardson, the division of General Davis, although not in immediate danger, began to fall back in disorder. General Rosecrans, seeing the disgraceful scene, dashed forward inflamed with indignation and began thrashing the fugitives with the blade of his sabre. His staff, and even his orderlies, followed his example, and the panic was checked and the line restored. Much space was thus lost, and the enemy reached the headquarters of General Rosecrans and took possession. The loss of fort Richardson now appeared certain.' The Confederates gained the crest of the hill, swarmed around the little redoubt, and were swept away. Again they came like infuriated tigers, and with a yell made a desperate dash before which the battery, unsupported, gave way. The guns were seized, but before they could be manned, the 56th Illinois, rising from cover in the ravine, fired a deadly volley and with a shout made a sweeping charge, before which the Confederates fled. When the division of General Davis broke, it was necessary for all to fall back, but this charge of the 56th Illinois recovered the ground. The whole line advanced, and the Confederates were broken and fled to the woods, whither they were pursued. The attack on the Federal right was made by General Price. On the left General Van Dorn was expected to make a simultaneous approach and thus carry Corinth by assault. In the extension of the Confederate right, artificial obstructions interfered. General Van Dorn was obliged to move with his left over a rugged ravine through dense thickets and over a heavy abatis np hill. His centre moved down hill under the fire of Fort Williams, the siege guns in the rear of the town, and under heavy musketry. His right was obliged to move round a ridge and advance over almost insurmountable abatis under the direct fire of both Fort Williams and Fort Robinett well supported by experienced troops. General Van Dorn's advance had necessarily been slower than that of General Price, and the latter was overwhelmed and defeated when the former was ready to commence the attack. His forces advanced steadily, with troops from Mississippi and Texas in front. Huge gaps were made through their ranks by the great guns of the batteries, but they closed and at once moved unflinchingly onward. The slaughter was great, but none wavered. As they reached the ditch a pause, as if for breath, was made. That pause was fatal to them. The two redoubts, Fort Robinett and Fort Williams, were on the same ridge, and the former, which was in front, was commanded by the latter. They were about 150 yards apart. The Ohio brigade, Colonel Fuller commanding, was formed behind the ridge on the right of the redoubts. The left of the 63d Ohio rested on Fort Robinett, and its right joined the left of the 27th Ohio; the 39th Ohio was behind the 27th supporting it; the right of the 43d Ohio joined the left of the 63d, forming a right angle with it, and extending to Fort Williams behind the crest of the ridge. The 11th Missouri was formed behind the 63d Ohio, with its left in the angle and the regiment facing obliquely to the right of the 63d. The brigade were required to be flat on their faces, and reserve their fire until the Confederates wore close upon them. At the moment when the Confederate advance paused, as above stated, the 63d Ohio was ordered to fire. An officer has thus described the scene which ensued: "There were only 250 of the 63d in the conflict, but their volley was fearful. It is said 50 Confederates fell at once. Six volleys were fired and the enemy was gone. The 63d again lay down. Directly the supporting Confederate brigade advanced. The 63d was ordered to make a half left wheel to sweep the front of the redoubt, and the manoeuvre was handsomely executed. The 11th Missouri moved on the left into line into the vacant space; the 43d moved by the right of companies to the left, and the 27th half-faced to the left. Suddenly the enemy appeared, and a furious storm of lead and grape was launched at them. The 63d fired five or six volleys and the enemy rushed upon them. A terrific hand to hand combat ensued. The rage of the combatants was furious and the uproar hideous. It lasted hardly a minute, but the carnage was dreadful. Bayonets were used, muskets clubbed, and men were felled with brawny fists. Our noble fellows were victors, but at a sickening cost. Of the 250 of the splendid 63d, 125 lay there on the field, wounded, dead, or dying. The last final struggle terminated with a howl of rage and dismay. The foe flung away their arms and fled like frightened stags to the abatis and forests. The batteries were still vomiting destruction. With the enemy plunging in upon him, brave Robinett, with his faithful gunners of the 1st U. S. artillery, double shotted his guns and belched death upon the infuriate host, and now he sent the iron hail after the fugitives with relentless fury. The abatis was full of them, Page 156 but they were subdued. Directly they began to wave their handkerchiefs upon sticks in token of submission, shouting to spare them "for God's sake." Over 200 of them were taken within an area of a hundred yards, and more than 200 of them fell in that frightful assault upon Fort Robinett. Fifty-six dead were heaped up together in front of that redoubt, most of whom were of the 2d Texas and 4th Mississippi."

The battle was now over. It had begun in earnest about 9 o'clock, and at half past 11 the Confederate force was falling back. The front was so thoroughly masked that it was late in the afternoon before it could be determined whether a second assault was intended. Pursuit in force could not be attempted before rations and ammunition were provided. It was 8 o'clock on the morning of the next day, Sunday the 5th, before the column moved in light order and swiftly. The vigor and determination with which General Rosecrans would pursue a Hying foe may be understood from his views expressed to his officers: "Follow close; force them to pass to the rear; compel them to form often in line of battle and so harass and discourage them; prevent them from communicating from front to rear; give them no time to distribute subsistence; don't let them sleep." Meantime, after the Confederate force had retired, General McPherson arrived with 3 regiments from Jackson, and led the van of the pursuit.

The Confederate force retreated by the route on which they had advanced, which was the Chewalla road. It was necessary for them to cross the Tuscumbia river in the neighborhood of Pocahontas. They sent a body of troops to protect the Hatchie river bridge, which is two miles from the bridge across the Tuscumbia. On the 4th Generals Ord and Hurlbut, from General Grant's force, moved down and encountered this detachment and defeated it, capturing a large number of prisoners and two batteries of 6 guns. The Federal loss here was 50 killed, 493 wounded, and 17 prisoners. This action compelled the Confederate force to retrace their steps and by making a wide circuit they finally crossed the Hatchie at Cram's Mill, about 6 miles farther up. General Rosecrans, however, continued the pursuit to Ripley, whence he was ordered by General Grant to return. He captured nearly 1,000 prisoners, part of the Confederate ammunition and baggage trains, and 11 guns. The Federal loss at Corinth was stated at 315 killed, 1,312 wounded, and 232 prisoners, taken chiefly on Friday, and two Parrott guns. The additional effects of the battle are thus stated by General Rosecrans in an address to his troops, dated October 25:

I have now received the reports of the various commanders. I have now to tell you that the magnitude of the stake, the battle and the results, become more than ever apparent, Upon the issue of this fight depended the possession of west Tennessee, and perhaps even the fate of operations in Kentucky. The entire available force of the rebels in Mississippi, save a few garrisons and a small reserve, attacked you. They were commanded by Van Dorn, Price, Villipigue, Rust, Armstrong, Maury, and others in person. They numbered, according to their own authorities, nearly 40,000 men—almost double your own numbers. You fought them into the position we desired on the 8d, punishing them terribly; and on the 4th, in 3 hours after the infantry went into action, they were completely beaten. You killed and buried 1,423 officers and men; some of their most distinguished officers falling—among whom was the gallant Colonel Rogers, of the 2d Texas, who bore their colors at the head of his storming column to the edge of the ditch of Battery Robinett," where he fell. Their wounded, at the usual rate, must exceed 5,000. You took 2,268 prisoners, among whom are 137 field officers, captains, and subalterns, representing 53 regiments of infantry; 16 regiments cavalry; 13 batteries of artillery; 7 battalions; making 69 regiments, 13 batteries, 7 battalions, besides several companies. You captured 3,300 stands of small arms, 14 stands of colors, 2 pieces of artillery, and a large quantity of equipments. You pursued his retreating columns 40 miles in force with infantry, and 69 miles with cavalry, and were ready to follow him to Mobile, if necessary, had you received orders. I congratulate you on these decisive results; in the name of the Government and the people, I thank you. I beg you to unite with me in giving humble thanks to the Great Master of all for our victories.


Source: The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year, 1861-1865, vols. 1-5. New York: Appleton & Co., 1868.