The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year, 1861-1865, vols. 1-5. New York: Appleton & Co., 1868.

Union States in 1862, Part 1: California through Maryland

NORTHERN STATES - UNION – 1862

CALIFORNIA. One of the Pacific States of the Union, first settled in 1769, ceded to the United States, by Mexico, in 1848, and admitted into the Union as a State in 1850.Its capital is Sacramento. The area of the State is 188,982 square miles, and its population in 1860 was 379,994, of whom 23,348 were Chinese and Mexican half-breeds, and 14,555 Indians.

The Governor of the State to December, 1863, is Leland Stanford, whose official residence is at Sacramento. The Secretary of State, whoso term of office expires at the same time, is William H. Weeks, of Sacramento. The governor was elected in September, 1861. He received 56,036 votes, the Union Democratic candidate, J. Conness, having 30,944, and the Breckinridge Democratic candidate, J. R. McConnell, 32,751. Stanford's plurality was, therefore, 23,285. In 1862 the only State officer elected was a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John Sweet, the Republican candidate, was elected, receiving 51,238 votes, while Stevenson, the Union Democratic candidate, had 21,514, and Fitzgerald, the Regular Democratic candidate, had 15,817. The Senate stands, 32 Republicans, 4 Union Democrats, 4 Regular Democrats. The House, Republicans 63, Union Democrats 10, Regular Democrats 7.

The Legislature of 1861, believing certain amendments to the constitution of the State required, passed a bill proposing amendments to articles 4, 6, 6 and 9. According to the Constitution these proposed amendments were to be passed upon by the next Legislature, and if adopted by them submitted to the people for their sanction. The amendment to section 9, which extended the term of office from three to four years, was adopted, and, being submitted to the people, received their sanction, but the amendments to the other sections were modified by the Legislature of 1862, and, though sanctioned in their modified form by the people, the irregularity of their modification, in the opinion of the highest legal authorities, rendered them void.

The message of Governor Stanford, sent to the Legislature January 5, 1863, reviews the financial condition of the State. The total indebtedness of the State is $5,579,284.76. The financial year (or, rather the financial period, for there were but ten months and twenty days, Page 207 viz., from January 10 to December 1, 1862, embraced in the governor's statement) commenced with a floating debt against the General Fund of $535,603.93, and the previous administration had received $251,705.34 of the revenues of 1862, and applied the amount on the expenses of 1861. The total revenues of 1862 were $929,33-4.34, less this sum of $251,705.34 anticipated, leaving only $577,629 of actual funds to meet the current expenditure. The expenses of the State from January 10 to December 1, 1862, were $738,117.76, of which $455,057.70 are yet unpaid. The governor recommends the levying of a tax of twenty-three cents on the $100 to meet this floating indebtedness and place the State on a cash basis. Some measure, he thinks, should also be adopted to obviate constitutional objections against taxing the Chinese. He also recommends the organization, arming, and equipment of an efficient militia force in the State, and the adoption of a provision allowing volunteers in the army to vote. He suggests the propriety of gathering all the Indians in the State upon one large reservation, where they could be more easily guarded, and rendered far more comfortable, while the citizens would be protected from their hostile incursions. The State prison, he says, is insecure, and not in any respect reformatory. He recommends a system of solitary confinement. There are 585 convicts, and the average cost to the State of their support is eighty-four cents per week. On the 22d of July, 1862, 150 of the convicts escaped, and in the pursuit for their recapture three were killed and twenty-two wounded. At the close of the year sixteen of the number were still at large. The orphan asylums and the Deaf, Dumb and Blind Asylums at San Francisco were well managed, and deserving of aid from the Legislature. The State Reform School at Marysville is a very costly institution to the State, and the good it accomplishes is not commensurate with its cost. The care of an average number of about ten boys costs the State as much as the care of two hundred convicts at San Quentin. The governor suggests that an arrangement may be effected to place the boys in the Reform School at San Francisco (a city institution). The Insane Asylum is not in a satisfactory condition. It needs more room, more buildings and better management. The school fund lands and the receipts from the sale of portions of them should be carefully guarded and sacredly applied to the purposes of education. Seven millions of acres of the lands granted by the General Government are devoted to educational purposes. The Swamp Land Commissioners report that they have established the claim of the State to 485,252 acres of swamp lands, all of which are susceptible of permanent reclamation. The governor recommends the Legislature to enlarge the list of bounties for homo products.

Congress, in 1861, in organizing the new territory of Nevada, bestowed upon it some land included within the lines of the State of California, providing, however, that such lands should not ensure to the new territory until the assent of California had been given to their surrender. The east line of California, it now appears, had never been carefully and accurately surveyed, and it wus not possible to ascertain, without a survey, what portion already belonged to the territory and what to California. Governor Stanford urged the importance of an immediate survey, and the difficulties which have since occurred (in February, 1863) in regard to the boundary show its necessity.

Floods.—Mention was made in the Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861 of extensive Hoods which desolated the Sacramento Valley in December, 1861; the continuous rainfall which followed caused still more extensive and disastrous floods in January, 1862, which attained their greatest height on the 24th of that month, and laid waste the greater part of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Seriously destructive as these floods were, and large as was the amount of property they destroyed, they were not without their partial compensations. The river beds, when again bare, were found to contain large amounts of gold, new placers were laid open, and the mining interests profited largely by the incursion of the waters. Mines and Mining.—The year 1862 was ono of great excitement among the mining population of California. The gold mines of the Cariboo region in British Columbia, and those of the Salmon river, the Nez Forces and the John Day and Powder rivers in Washington Territory and Oregon attracted the attention of the miners, and led to an extensive emigration in the early part of the year, and to these was added intelligence of a largo and profitable yield in the mines on the Colorado river in Arizona. The new and constantly multiplying discoveries of silver in Nevada caused an additional excitement during the later summer and autumnal months, and from September to the close of the year new companies, many of them with large capital, were formed daily to prosecute silver mining. The gold mines in the vicinity of Grasshopper Creek, near the boundary of Dakota, discovered in July or August, 1862, attracted a considerable emigration thither in the autumn.

The magnitude of the copper deposits and the richness of the ore have led to the extensive and profitable development of the copper mines during the year. There are two very extensive beds of the ore at remote points: one at Copperopolis and its vicinity, in Calaveras county, near the centre of the State, and on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada; the other in Del Norte county, in the extreme northwest of the State, west of the coast range, and only eighteen miles from the port of Crescent City. The Calaveras county mines are said to yield over $60 worth of copper ore to the ton, and Page 208 the lodes in Del Norte county from 25 to 80 per cent of pure copper. The recently opened quicksilver mines are also yielding largely.

Agricultural Products.—The richness of the virgin soil of California is such that all trees, shrubs and grains which can withstand the long dry season by sending their roots downward below the hard crust which forms on the surface in the summer months, yield most profusely, and the fruits and root crops are of such dimensions as are entirely unknown elsewhere. A pear grown in the orchard of E. L. Beard, Esq., at San Jose Mission, in the summer and autumn of 1862, was exhibited in New York city in January and February, 1868. It was twenty inches in circumference one way, and sixteen inches the other, and weighed on its arrival three pounds seven ounces. Other fruits attain to similar gigantic dimensions, and yet retain their fine flavor. The potatoes, beets, turnips and other root crops are of extraordinary size and excellence. The wheat of California contains a very large amount of gluten, rendering it more nutritious than that of the wheat growing States east of the Rocky Mountains, and requiring a different treatment to make bread from it. The grape is largely cultivated, and the California wines are attaining a good reputation in the eastern markets, Cotton has been tested, but is not likely to prove a profitable crop, as it does not well endure the drought, and requires, especially at the time of the opening of the boll, an amount of moisture rarely present at that season in the California atmosphere.

The amount of treasure received at San Francisco in 1862 was $49,375,462, and the amount shipped from that port $42,561,701. The exports of California produce, other than treasure, from the same port during the year amounted to $6,211,788, which included wheat and flour, equivalent to over 400,000 barrels of flour and 22,615 bales of wool. The entire value of the produce of the vineyards of the State was given at $5,050,000. The amount of quicksilver produced exceeded two millions of dollars. During the year the tonnage of vessels which arrived at the port of San Francisco was 634,670 tons, and 497,345 tons were cleared from the port in the same time. The freight money paid on the cargoes of foreign and eastern ships was $3,496,978. During the year 27,861 persons arrived in San Francisco by sea, of whom 8,188 were Chinese, and 11,711 left the country, of whom 2,795 were Chinese. The net gain of the population by seaward immigration at that port was, consequently, 16,150.

The population of the city of San Francisco, stated in the census of 1860 as 66,802, has greatly increased since that time. A census taken in the autumn of 1862 gives the whole population of the city as 91,825. Of these 32,000 were males over twenty-one, and 17,500 females over eighteen. The number of Chinese was 3,250; of other foreigners 4,200, and of colored persons 1,875.

DELAWARE, one of the Middle Atlantic States, first settled in 1627. Its area is less than that of any other State of the Union except Rhode Island, being 2,120 square miles. Its population in 1860 was 112,216. The governor elected in November 1862, for four years from January 1863, was William Cannon of Bridgeville; the Secretary of State appointed by the governor elect and holding office for the same time, was Nathaniel B. Smithers, of Dover. At the election on the 2d Tuesday of November, 1862, the Republican Union candidate for Governor, Cannon, received 8,155, while Samuel J. Jefferson, the democratic candidate, received but 8,044. For Congress, William Temple, the democratic candidate, had 8,051 votes, and was elected; the Republican Union candidate, George P. Fisher, having only 8,014. The Senate, composed of 9 members, has 5 democrats and 4 Republican Union members, and the House, which has 21 members, has 14 democrats to 7 Republican Union. The receipts into the State Treasury, for the year ending January 1, 1862 (the last published), were $97,810.50, and the expenditures for the same period were $76,414.04, of which $38,989.05 were for general purposes, and $37,428.99 for education. The State has no debt, but possesses a general fund of $771,750, and a school fund of $431,892. The census valuation of the State in 1860 was $46,242,181. The assessors' valuation in 1862, which omits all property exempt from taxation, was $41,521,498. The total taxes of the State were $121,121.36. There are 14 banks in the State, which in May, 1862, had an aggregate capital of $1,915,010, a circulation of about $1,000,000, and $250,000 in specie. Small as is the territory of the State, it has 137 miles of railroad, which cost for road and equipment $4,312,129; and one canal, the Chesapeake and Delaware, 12.63 miles in length, and having a width and depth sufficient for the passage of vessels drawing 9 ft. of water. The cost of construction of this canal was $3,547,561.

The State has two colleges, St. Mary's (Catholic) at Wilmington, and Delaware College (Protestant) at Newark. The preparatory department only of the latter is now in operation. There are 296 public schools in the State. In 1861, 15,036 children attended the schools, which were maintained an average period of 6.97 months. The whole amount expended for school purposes was $85,333.03. Of this sum $33,359.49 was derived from the school fund and $53,485.08 was raised by contribution, and of this $37,731.80 (more than two thirds) was raised in New Castle county. The income of the general school fund is distributed to the counties, according to their population in 1830, and the income of the U. S. surplus fund equally to each county. By this arrangement New Castle county, which has 54,796 inhabitants, receives $12,807.86, and Sussex county, which has only 29,615 inhabitants, receives $12,011.22.

The constitution of the State provides that each county shall have an equal number of Senators and Representatives in its Legislature; a provision fair enough when the constitution was adopted, since at that time the counties varied little in population; but now manifestly unjust, since the population of New Castle county is very nearly double that of either of the other two counties.

According to the census report of 1860, there are in the State 90,589 white inhabitants, 19,827 free colored, and 1,798 slaves. Of the slaves 1,341 (three fourths) are in Sussex county, 254 in New Castle and 203 in Kent; of the free colored, 8,188 are in New Castle, 7,271 in Kent, and 4,370 in Sussex; of the whites, New Castle has 46,855, Sussex 23,904, and Kent 20,330. The aggregate manufactures of the State were $9,920,000, and consisted principally of shipping, flour and meal, steam engines and machinery, railroad cars, carriages, lumber, cotton and woollen goods, and boots and shoes. The war has greatly increased the productive industry of Wilmington, the principal city of Delaware, several of the iron clad and other gunboats having been built there, and the demand for locomotives and cars having been much greater than at any previous period. The cash value of the farms of (the State was $31,426,357, which, taking into^ account the small amount of territory in the State, was as high as most of the other States. Great attention has been paid to fruit growing in the State, and its peach and apple orchards, supply a large part of the demand in the neighboring cities of Philadelphia and Baltimore. The wheat of Delaware has a high reputation, and the flour from its mills is in demand and brings high prices. The State raised its quotas for the volunteer army under the calls of July and August, 1862, without a resort to drafting. In all about 5,000 men have been furnished by the State.

ILLINOIS, one of the most fertile States of the West, bounded on one side by the Mississippi river and on another by the Ohio; has increased in population 860,481, in the ten years ending in 1860, when the total population was 1,711,981. The population of some of the cities of the State was as follows:

Cities. […]

The number of white males was 898,941, do. females 805,350.

The number of deaths in the State during the year ending May 31, 1860, was 19,203.

The most fatal diseases were consumption, croup, dysentery, fevers, and pneumonia.

The number of deaf mutes was 801.

The industrial products of the State were during the year ending June 1, 1860, as follows: iron founding, $605,-128; coal, $1004,187; lead, $72,953; lumber, $-2,275,124; corn and meal, $18,104,804; spirits, $3,204,176; malt liquors, $1,309,180; leather, $150,000; boots and shoes, $903,052; furniture, $873,009. Annual product, $50,750,000.

The value of real and personal property was $871,860,282: increase in ten years $715,596,276. The cash value of farms was $432,531,072; do. farming implements and machinery ,$18,270,100. Land improvements, $13,251,473.

Some of the most important productions of agriculture were as follows: horses, 575,161; asses and mules, 38,881; milch cows, 532,731; working oxen, 90,973; other cattle, 881,877; sheep, 775,230; swine, 2,279,722 ; value of live stock, $74,434,021.

Wheat, 24,159,500 bush.; rye, 981,322 bush.; corn, 115,290,779 bush.; oats, 15,330,072bush.; tobacco, 7,014,230 pounds; cotton, 6 bales of 400pounds each; wool, 2,477,503pounds; peas and beans, 112,024 bush ; potatoes, Irish, 5,799,904 bush.; do. sweet, 341,443 bush.; barley, 1,175,651 bush.; buckwheat, 345,009 bush.; value of orchard products. $1,145,936; butter, 28,337,510 pounds; cheese, 1,595,308 pounds; hay, 1,834,205 tons.

There were 23 daily, 1 biweekly, 6 triweekly, 228 weekly, and 1 monthly political newspapers published in the State; and 5 weekly and 6 monthly religious newspapers.

The crops in the State during 1862 were abundant as usual, and with the loss of the Southern market in consequence of the war and the high price of transportation by railroad to the Eastern markets and the abundance of other freight, corn became at some points almost valueless, and was used as an article of fuel.

The convention elected at the close of 1861 to draft a new constitution for the Slate, assembled at Springfield in the beginning of January, 1862, and continued in session about three months. The constitution of the State then in force was adopted in 1841-'2, when the population of the State was about 478,183. In some of its details it was not suitable to the altered circumstances of the people. The instrument prepared by the convention failed to receive the votes of a majority of the people when submitted to them, and therefore did not go into operation. It extended the jurisdiction of the county courts; the finding of a jury was unnecessary for the prosecution of offences not punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary; each county was to elect a prosecutor or county attorney. The number of members of the Legislature was increased from one hundred to one hundred and thirty-five. The restriction of the existing constitution upon the expenditures was wisely omitted in the new instrument. No fundamental law can be drafted with such foresight as to anticipate all future contingencies, and these restrictions have always led to embarrassment and subterfuge in legislation. The term of the office of governor was limited to two years, instead of four) soldiers in the field were allowed to vote. It secured a lien to the mechanic, also certain rights to married women, and an exemption of the homestead from execution for debt. It forbade any negro or mulatto to migrate or settle in the State after its adoption. It provided that no negro or mulatto should have the right of suffrage or hold any office in the State. It prohibited the creation of any banking corporation or association, and withheld from the General Assembly power to pass any law reviving, enlarging, extending, or renewing the charter of any existing bank or banking corporation. It prohibited the circulation within the State of any bank note, check, or draft as money, of a less denomination than ten dollars, and after the year 1864, of a loss denomination than twenty dollars, and after the year 1866, of any bank note, check or draft of any denomination whatsoever, as money. It also contained the following addition to the Bill of Eights:

Sec. 30. The people of this State have the exclusive right of governing themselves, as a free, sovereign, and independent State, and do, and forever shall, enjoy and exercise every power pertaining thereto, which is not, and may not hereafter be, by them, expressly delegated to the United States of America, or prohibited to the State by the Constitution of the United States.

This expresses very clearly the views of the American people on the important question of State Rights, but, to avoid any, even the slightest misunderstanding, the convention also inserted this section immediately after the preceding:

Sec 31. That the people of this State regard the Union of the States, under the Federal Constitution, as permanent and INDISSOLUBLE, from which no State has a constitutional right to withdraw or secede.

These two sections embody the principle. They clearly define the distinction between the State and the Federal Governments, the preservation of which has justified the beautiful expression in regard to this system that the States, under the Federal Government, are "distinct us the billows, yet one as the sea."

In relation to negroes the constitution of the State has for some years contained the following provision:

Art. 14. The General Assembly shall at its first session under the amended constitution pass such laws as will effectually prohibit free persons of color from immigrating to and settling in this State, and to effectually prevent the owners of slaves from bringing them into this State for the purpose of setting them free.

This constitution was submitted to the electors of the State in June for their approval. Some of its provisions were also submitted separately. The result of the vote of the people was as follows:

For the new constitution 188,060

Against the new constitution 141,118

For the article prohibiting banks 130.538

Against the article prohibiting banks 180,839

For the exclusion from the dune of negroes and mulattoes 171.S98

Against the exclusion of negroes and mulattoes.  71,300

Against granting the right of suffrage or office to negroes or mulattoes 211,920

In favor of granting the right of suffrage or office to negroes or mulattoes 05,619

For the enactment of laws to prevent negroes and mulattoes from going

Total voting in the State 198,983

Against the enactment of laws to prevent negroes and mulattoes from going to and voting in the State 44,414

For Congressional apportionment 125,740

Against Congressional apportionment 182,970

Thus while some of the provisions of the new constitution received a majority of the votes cast and were thereby approved, yet the instrument entire was rejected.

The only movement of importance in political affairs related to the choice of members of Congress at an election held on the 14th of October, and members of the State Legislature. The State being entitled to an additional member of Congress, under the new apportionment of Congress, and as the election took place before any session of the Legislature by which the State might be redistricted, this additional member was chosen by the electors of the whole State. A treasurer and superintendent of public instruction were also chosen by the electors of the whole State.

As usual, the questions of national politics formed the issue of the election, and the respective parties, of which there were two, held their conventions, nominated their candidates, and made their declaration of principles.

The Republican Convention assembled at Springfield, on September 24. B. C. Cook was chosen president. It nominated E. C. Ingersall for congressman at large, Newton Bateman for superintendent of public instruction, and Wm. Butler for treasurer, and adopted the following declaration of principles:

Whereas, The Government of the United States is now engaged in the suppression of a rebellion, the most causeless that has ever occurred in the history of nations; and whereas the successful and immediate suppression of the same demands the united and hearty cooperation of all loyal citizens, we, therefore, the Union men of the State of Illinois, do proclaim the following as the basis of our action:

Resolved, That we acknowledge but two divisions of the people of the United States in this crisis—those who are loyal to its Constitution, and are ready to make every sacrifice for the integrity of the Union and the maintenance of civil liberty within it, and those who openly or covertly endeavor to sever our country or to yield to the insolent demands of its enemies—that we fraternize with the former and detest the latter; and that, forgetting all our former party names and distinctions, we call upon all our patriotic citizens to rally for one undivided country, one flag, one destiny.

Resolved, That the preservation of constitutional liberty, the integrity of American soil, and the memories of three fourths of a century of peace and prosperity, such as before were never exhibited in the world's history, demand the prosecution of this war to whatever extent it may be necessary, or at whatever sacrifice may be required.

Resolved, That we cordially endorse the proclamation of freedom and confiscation of the President, issued September 22, 1862, as a great and imperative war measure, essential to the salvation of the Union; and we hereby pledge all truly loyal citizens to sustain him in its complete and faithful enforcement.

Resolved, That all laws now in force, passed for the purpose of crippling the intent resources of the rebellion, by confiscating the property of rebels, meet the hearty-concurrence of this convention; and we shall hold all officers, both civil and military, responsible for a strict and vigorous enforcement of the same.

Resolved, That the maintenance of the Government and the preservation of national unity are the great end and purpose of the present war, and to accomplish these the rights of person and property in all sections of the country should be subordinate.

Resolved, That we admire and heartily commend the patriotic and efficient aid rendered by loyal Democrats to the present Administration, while we deprecate the course of political leaders, representing party organization, in finding fault with the Administration in the prosecution of the war, while they studiously avoid being harsh toward the conspirators of the South who are now attempting to sweep down the lost vestige of constitutional liberty.

Resolved, That, while we are in favor of a system of direct taxation to any extent necessary to suppress the rebellion, maintain the public credit, and pay the interest on the national debt, we are, nevertheless, in favor of such modifications of the present law as may be found necessary to make it equitable iu its operation.

Resolved, That, regarding the construction of a ship canal connecting the Mississippi and the lakes as a work of great national importance, demanded alike by military necessity and the wants of commerce, and calculated to unite more closely the different sections of our country, we would urge upon our representatives in Congress to use their best efforts to secure the passage .of an act for the speedy accomplishment of this great national work.

Resolved, That the governor of this State, in his zealous and efficient labors to bring into the field the full quota of Illinois troops, and in the effort he has made to provide our soldiers with things necessary for their comfort, when sick and wounded, deserves and should receive the commendation and gratitude of the entire people of the State of Illinois.

Resolved, That the volunteers of this State who have so patriotically perilled their lives in the defence of our common country are entitled to the lasting gratitude of the people, and we hail with especial delight their noble heroism exhibited on every battle field from the Potomac to the Kansas.

The candidates nominated by the Democratic Convention were-for congressman at largo, James B. Allen; for superintendent of public instruction, John P. Brooks; for treasurer, Alexander Starne.

As it is important only to show the chief points of national interest upon which the two parties were divided at this election, reference is here made to the resolutions adopted by the Democratic Convention in Indiana, on page 527, as illustrative of this difference of views with sufficient clearness. Both conventions were members of one and the same great party.

The votes of the citizens at the elections were given as follows:

The Republican vote for Congressman at large was..119,764

The Democratic vote for Congressman at large was.186,060 Democratic majority 16,299 The Republican vote for Treasurer was 12o,116 The Democratic vote for Treasurer was 136,662 Democratic majority 1G,MG The votes for members of Congress were given as follows:

Republican.         Democratic.

1st district 9,966 206 2.1 12,613 4,7 5 3d" 10.496 6,7>5 4th" 8,711 11,626 Cth* u 11.6S3 11,020 10.604 8,419 7th" 10,004 11.871 6th" 11.443  0th " ... No candidate 13.as»l loth" 7,712 14.2.-.9  B,.V23 13,644 12th" 6,554 1 10,990 18th" 4,290 9,491

The Republicans elected three, and the Democrats eleven, members of Congress. The Legislature was elected as follows:

Senate. House. Democrats 18 56 Republicans 12 29

At the election in Chicago, the largest city of the State, for mayor, in April, 1862, the votes were cast as follows: 

Democrat 7,W9 6.001

Republican 0,156 8,274

The governor of the State is Richard Yates, whoso term of office expires January 1, 1865; the Secretary of State is Ozias M. Hatch, whoso term expires at the same time. The debt of the State is $12,337,381. The number of banks in the State at the close of the year was 18. Their circulation was fully secured.

Tho number of regiments sent by the State into the service of the United States, to the close of 1862, was 130 of infantry, 10 of cavalry, and 2 regiments and 7 batteries of artillery. The State has promptly furnished the troops called for by the Federal Government, without any drafting.

CAIRO is situated at the southern extremity of the State of Illinois, on a point of land formed by the confluence of the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers. It is one hundred and seventy-five miles below St. Louis.

The ground immediately above the city, as far as the crossing of Cache River, about one mile, is low, and flooded at high water, completely insulating Cairo. At such times the only land communication with the back country is by the causeway of the Illinois Central railroad; but much of the year, at least ten months out of the twelve, the ground is dry, and good communications can be made with the interior of the State by ordinary roads. Six miles above Cairo, on the line of the Illinois Central Railroad, is a fine rolling country, extending some sixty miles north, heavily timbered, and filled with sparkling springs of water. This triangular tract, bounded on the southeast by the Ohio, and on the southwest by the Mississippi, comprehends most of what is called "Egypt." It is wonderfully adapted to the culture of grapes and fruits of all kinds. North of the tract described the interminable prairies commence, extending to Chicago.

The levees at Cairo are forty-two feet above ordinary low water, fifty feet above extreme low water, and average ten feet above the natural surface of the land. If kept to their proper grade they will be at least four feet above the highest flood of which there is any knowledge or tradition at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

The ordinary rise of water at this point, from floods in either river, is about thirty-five feet.

The position is commanded by "Bird's Point," in Missouri, whence shot and shell can be thrown to the utter annihilation of Cairo. Troops can cross the Mississippi from old Fort Page 91 Jefferson, on the Kentucky shore, (situated at the mouth of Mayfield Creek, four miles below Cairo.) into Missouri, and thence, by an excellent road, practicable for artillery at all times, go direct to "Bird's Point." They would be unobserved and unmolested by any force stationed at Cairo, for the reason that the peculiar bend in the Mississippi River below Cairo, and the formation of the banks, would screen them from all observation.

Again, the land directly opposite Cairo, in Kentucky, is generally low, and flooded at ordinary high-water; the first high ground or appearance of bluff below is in the vicinity of Fort Jefferson; the river banks shelve, without depth of water, in low stages sufficient for steamboat landings, the channel being entirely on the Cairo side. Back of this low land there extends, for a long distance, a chain of muddy lakes, bayous, and canebrakes. But about two miles above there is a height of land or ridge extending to the margin of the Ohio River, which is seldom or never overflowed, and could be made entirely safe from high water by a small levee. Here batteries can be established which will accomplish any result not attainable by those on the Missouri shore at Bird's Point, and the two, properly placed, would command every point in Cairo, including the levees and railroads, both of which they could sweep for miles. The width of the Ohio at Cairo is about three-fourths of a mile; the Mississippi is not much wider.

Cairo was occupied in April by Illinois troops, to protect it against invasion. Two thousand troops had arrived as early as the 25th. It soon became a position of great importance for the concentration of men and the equipment of gunboats. The expeditions against the military posts of the Confederates in Kentucky and Tennessee were chiefly fitted out at this point.

In August, the railroads in Western Tennessee were taken possession of by the State authorities for the purpose, it was supposed, of conveying troops towards Cairo. About eight thousand troops crossed the Mississippi to New Madrid, where they were joined by others from Tennessee, Arkansas, and Missouri, forming a large aggregate, and well supplied with artillery. These troops, it was feared, were to make a speedy attack on Cairo, where the National forces were considerably reduced, in consequence of the expiration of the term of the three months' volunteers.

Active measures, however, were taken by General Fremont to reenforce the place. He hastily fitted out at St. Louis a fleet of eight steamers, laden with some four thousand troops and a large quantity of provisions and munitions of war, with all of which he safely landed at Cairo. The reinforcements thus opportunely taken to this point increased the National forces there to about eight thousand men, sufficient to hold the secessionists in check, and eventually to frustrate their plans.

Page 526

INDIANA, situated north of the Ohio river, and west of the State of Ohio, had in 1860 a population of 1,350,428, which was an increase of 362,012 since 1850. The increase in the population of some of the principal cities and towns was as follows:

Cities and Towns.

Fort Wayne.

Indianapolis.

La Fayette.

La Porte.

Richmond.

The number of white males was 698,348; do., females, 948,862.

The mortality during the year ending May 31, 1800, was 15,205. The most fatal diseases were consumption, croup, fevers, and pneumonia.

The industrial products of the State were as follows: iron founding, $108,575; coal, $27,000; lumber. 3,169,843; flour and meal, $11,292.005; spirituous liquors, $8,358,500 gallons; malt do., 66,338 bbls.; cotton goods, $349, 000; woollen do., $695,370; leather, $800,387; boots and shoes. $1,034,341; furniture, $001,124; fish, $17,500. Total, $43,250,000. Value of real and personal property $528,835,371, being an increase during the preceding ten years of $320,185,107. The cash value of farms was $344,902,770. The amount of some of the productions of agriculture was as follows: horses, 409,504; asses and mules, 18,627; milch cows, 491,083; working oxen, 95,982; other cattle. 582,990; sheep, 2,157,375; swine, 2,498,528; value of live stock, $50,110,964; wheat, 15,219,120 bushels; rye, 400,22G bush.; corn, 69,041,591 bush.; oats, 5,028,755 bush.; tobacco, 7,246,132 lbs.; wool, 2,460,204 lbs.; potatoes, Irish, 3,873, Page 527 130 bush.; do., sweet, 201,711 bush.; butter, 17,934,707lbs.; hay, 635,322 tons; maple sugar, 1,515,594 lbs. There were 13 daily, 5 biweekly, and 154 weekly political papers published in the State in 1860, and 3 weekly and 3 monthly religious papers.

The number of miles of railroads in operation is 2,169; cost of construction, $71,864,304.

The governor of the state is Oliver P. Morton, whose term of office expires on the 1st of January, 18135. The secretary of State is James S. Anthon. The judiciary of the State consists of 4 supreme court judges, 14 circuit judges, and 21 district judges of common pleas courts.

The receipts into the treasury of the State to October 31, the end of the fiscal year, together with the balance of the preceding year on hand, were $3,857,450, and the expenditures $2,974,970. Balance $870,474. The debt of the State is $8,755,453. The State tax is two mills on a dollar, and a poll tax of 50 cents. The banking institutions of the State consist of the State Bank and its branches; in all 21 banks, besides 18 free banks. Their circulation at the close of the year was $0,060,000.

The State election is held on the second Tuesday in October. At the State election, in 1862, members of Congress, one half of the State Senate, and all the members of the House of the Legislature were to be elected. Two distinct parties are organized in the State, which are known as democrats and republicans, the latter belonging to the party which elected the officers of the Federal Government.

The democrats held a convention at Indianapolis on the 8th and 9th of January, 1862, being the first held by them since 1860. Thomas A. Hendricks presided. A series of resolutions was adopted, asserting that the restoration to power of the democratic party could alone preserve the Union, and endorsing the principles heretofore put forth by the national conventions of that party; they declared that the present civil war. had mainly resulted from the slavery agitation of a geographical party in the North, producing its counterpart in the South of secession, disunion, and armed resistance to the Government; condemning the course of the republicans in the Congress which terminated March 4, 1861, for the rejection of all peace propositions; that peace and harmony would now reign had the party in power shown the same desire to settle the internal disputes that it recently exhibited to avoid a war with England; that the republicans have fully demonstrated their inability to conduct the Government through the present difficulties; denouncing all violations of the Constitution and usurpation of power; regarding the habeas corpus, and the imprisonment of citizens of the loyal States as flagrant violations of the Constitution; that the seizure of Mason and Slidell was either legal or illegal; if the former, the nation has been humiliated by their surrender under threat; if the latter, they should have been delivered up before their imprisonment.

The convention also nominated for secretary of State, James S. Anthon; for State treasurer, Matthew L. Brent; auditor of State, Joseph Kestiue; attorney-general, O. B. Hord; superintendent of public instruction, M. B. Hopkins.

On the 30th of July the same party hold another convention at Indianapolis, at which a series of resolutions were adopted, the principal points of which are shown in the following extracts:

That the Constitution, the American Union, and the laws made under and by the authority of the Constitution, must be preserved and maintained in their proper and rightful supremacy; that the rebellion now in arms against them must be suppressed and put down, and that it is the duty of all good citizens to aid the General Government in all measures necessary and proper to that end.

That the democracy of Indiana, with patriots everywhere, have made and will continue to make every sacrifice to the end that the rebellion may be suppressed, the supremacy of the Constitution maintained, and the Union under it preserved; but they are unalterably opposed to a war of conquest or subjugation, and they will never consent that the war on their part shall be waged for the purpose of interfering with the rights or overthrowing the established institutions of any of the States. In the language of Senator Douglas, uttered at Chicago a few days before his death, "We must not invade constitutional rights. The innocent must not suffer, nor women and children be the victims. Savages must not be let loose."

That we protest, in the name of ourselves and of our children, and in the name of all that is dear in the future of our beloved country, against the mischievous measures of negro emancipation in the District of Columbia, and the payment for such negroes out of the National Treasury; and we further pretest against the resolution of Congress pledging the nation to pay for all negroes which may be emancipated by the authority of any of the Southern States; that we regard such measures, involving as they do an expenditure of two thousand five hundred millions of dollars, as measures of transcendent enormity, and fruitful only of national beggary to the land we love; that we are unalterably and unconditionally opposed to all schemes having for their object, immediate or remote, the taxation of the white man for the purchase of negroes anywhere; that we deny the constitutional right of the President or Congress to adopt a policy which taxes white labor to pay for negroes, or which would make the Government or people slave dealer, a policy which, if not arrested by the votes of the people, will entail upon unborn generations of our kindred a debt more overwhelming and appalling than ever cursed any nation of ancient or modern times.

That, in opposition to measures of this kind, we desire to interpose the peaceful and powerful agent, the ballot of a free people, and say, in the language of another, " We will neither surrender our rights nor forsake them. We will maintain our constitutional liberty at all hazards, and as a necessary step toward that end, we will maintain the Union in like manner. We are for the Constitution as it is, and Union as it was."

That, in the language of the resolution of the conservative members of Congress, the doctrines of the secessionists and of the abolitionists, as the latter are now represented in Congress, are alike inconsistent with the Constitution, and irreconcilable with the unity and peace of the country. That the first have already involved us in a civil war, and the others (the abolitionists) will leave to the country but little hope of the speedy restoration of union or peace.

That the happy accord of the Border State Union men of Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and western Virginia, with" the democratic delegations in Page 528 Congress, in their joint efforts to arrest the tide of fanaticism in both houses, has filled all national hearts in this State with sentiments of deep affection for our brethren of those gallant commonwealths, and we hereby pledge to them and the country our best efforts to secure to the councils of the nation statesmen who will labor to restore the union of the States on the basis and in the spirit of our matchless and revered Constitution,

That, the people of Indiana having inhibited, by the State constitution and law, the entrance of free negroes and mulattoes into this State, and as the present disturbances on our border are likely to bring in an influx of that population from neighboring States, we respectfully ask the public authorities of Indiana to see that the constitution and laws are properly enforced on that subject. When the people of Indiana adopted that negro exclusion clause by a majority of ninety-four thousand votes, they meant that the honest laboring white man should have no competitor in the black race—that the soil of Indiana should belong to the white man, and that he alone was suited to her/free institutions.

That we approve of and endorse the resolutions drawn by Hon. John J. Crittenden, and approved by the conservative members of Congress on the 22d of January, 1861, as a clear and just declaration of the objects which ought to be had in view by the American people in the present fearful emergency of their national affairs.

The republican convention assembled at Indianapolis on the 18th of June. It was designated a Republican Union Convention, thereby intending to embrace all persons who were disposed to unite with the republicans in the, work of sustaining the Union and the Constitution. Governor C. P. Morton was elected president of the convention. Wm. A. Peele was nominated for secretary of State; Albert Lang for auditor; Jonathan S. Harvey for treasurer; Dulaney E. "Williamson for attorney-general. the following declaration of principles was made:

Whereas, the National Government is engaged in a war waged against it bv its enemies for the avowed purpose of its destruction and the subversion of our republican form of government, therefore,

Resolved, That the present civil war was forced upon this country by the disunionists in the Southern States, who are now in rebellion against the Constitutional Government; that in the present national emergency, we, the people of Indiana, in convention assembled, forgetting all former political differences, and recollecting only our duty to the whole country, do pledge ourselves to aid with men and money the vigorous prosecution of the present war, which is not being waged upon the part of our Government for the purpose of conquest, subjugation, or the overthrowing, or the interfering with, the rights or established institutions of any of the States, but to suppress and put down a wicked and causeless rebellion, defend and maintain the supremacy of the Constitution, and to preserve the Union as established by our patriot fathers, with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the several States unimpaired; and when these objects are fully accomplished, and not before, we believe the war ought to cease; and that we Invite all who coincide in these sentiments to unite with us in support of the ticket this day nominated.

Resolved, That we demand and expect of our executive and legislative bodies, both State and National, an economical administration of governmental affairs, and the punishment of fraud against the Government, as well as the fearless discharge of their duties.

Resolved, That so long as patriotism, courage, and love of constitutional liberty shall be honored and revered among the people of the United States, the heroic conduct of the soldiers of the Union who have offered their lives for the salvation of their country, will be remembered with the most profound feelings of veneration and gratitude; and that we now tender to them the warmest thanks and lasting gratitude of every member of this convention; that we tender to the 60,000 volunteers of Indiana our heartfelt congratulations, and bail with pride the fact that upon every battle field they have displayed the bravery of patriots in defence of a glorious cause; and we pledge them that, while they are subduing armed traitors in the field, we will condemn at the Ballot box all those in our midst who are not unconditionally for the Union.

The vote of the electors, estimated by congressional districts, was as follows: Secretary of State. Cons' csinien. Districts. Amhon, Democrat. Peel, Republican. Democrat Republican. First 12,282 10,425 11,529 10.805 7,157 ll.SU 12,545 U.SS3 14,868 12,414 13,057 9.078 11,968 10,911 11.524 10.926 7,414 11.654 12,517 11,181 14.546 12,3r-8 13,142 9.583 6.211 10,144 7.993 9,27'i 12,525 10.036 12,005 14.775 11.917 12,219 Third 6,929 10.127 8.027 10,490 12,836 Seventh 8.990 12,114 14.835 11,987 12.473 Eighth. Ninth Eleventh Total 127,977 118,356 128,131 116,679

Majority for Athon, 9,301. Majority for democratic congressional ticket, 11,402.

In the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 7th, 9th, 10th, and 11th districts the democrats elected the members of Congress; in the 5th, 6th, and 8th districts the republicans elected the members of Congress.

The provisions of the constitution of the State, relative to the immigration of negroes or mulattoes, are as follows:

Sec. 1. No negro or mulatto shall come into or settle in the State after the adoption of this constitution.

Sec 2. All contracts made with any negro or mulatto coming into the State contrary to the provisions of the foregoing section shall be void; and any person who shall employ such negro or mulatto, or otherwise encourage him to remain in the State, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars nor more than ?o00.

Sec. 3. All fines which may be collected for a violation of the provisions of this article, or of any law which may hereafter be passed for the purpose of carrying the same into execution, shall be set apart and appropriated for the colonization of such negroes and mulattoes and their descendants as may be in the State at the adoption of this constitution, and may be willing to emigrate.

Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall pass lows to carry out the provisions of this article.—Constitution of Indiana, art. 13.

Sec. 6. All contracts made with negroes or mulattoes who shall have come into the State of Indiana subsequent to the 1st day of November, a. d. 1851, are hereby declared null and void.

Sec. 7. Any person who shall employ a negro or mulatto who shall have come into the State of Indiana subsequent to the 31st day of October, in the year 1851, or shall hereafter come into the said State, or who shall encourage such negro or mulatto to remain in the State, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars nor more than $300.—An act to enforce the thirteenth article of the Constitution of Indiana,

The military spirit manifested by the people Page 529 of Indiana, and the alacrity with which they took up arms was mentioned in the "Cyclopaedia" for 1861. No flagging was indicated during 1862 in their efforts to perform the duty of the State. Upon the first call of the President for three hundred thousand men, on July 7, the governor immediately issued an address to the citizens, in which he said: "Again I call upon the loyal and patriotic men of Indiana to come forward and supply the quota due from our State. Up to this hour Indiana occupies a most exalted position connected with the war. Her troops have been in almost every battle, and have behaved with uniform and distinguished gallantry. Never before has the State held so proud a place in the opinion of the world, and it should be the prayer and effort of every loyal citizen that she may not now falter, and that nothing may hereafter occur to detract from her well earned honors. But while we are justly proud of the high rank to which Indiana has attained, we should never forget that our allegiance and highest duty are duo to the nation, of which Indiana is but a part. That in struggling for our National Government, we are contending for our national existence, honor, and all that is dear to freemen, and that in this struggle we must succeed at whatever cost. That it is the duty of every State to furnish promptly her full proportion of the military force called for by the President, and that in doing so she has no right to dictate the terms of his military policy, or prescribe conditions precedent upon which such force shall be furnished. To do so would be to recognize the odious doctrine of State Rights, as it has been taught by rebel politicians for many years, and which is but another name for secession, and the cause of all our woe."

Liberal bounties were offered, and volunteers accumulated rapidly. The second call for three hundred thousand men on the 2-lth of September, for nine months, offered some special attractions which induced many to enlist who otherwise would not have entered the service under the first. The term of service in the first instance was for three years or the war; in the second it was only for nine months. The bounties in many places were alike for each. Consequently it became necessary to resort to the militia draft, which created considerable dissatisfaction. Under the first call 31 1/2  regiments of infantry, 2 of cavalry, and 2 batteries were raised. The whole number of troops mustered into service from the State up to the close of the year was 102,700, of whom 3,003 were drafted men. The expenditure of the State for war purposes was $1,979,248.

IOWA, one of the northwestern States, bounded on the east by the Mississippi river, contained in 1860 a population of 074,913, being an increase of 482,699 since 1850. The number of white males was 353,900, do. females 319,87*.

Tho mortality in the State during the year ending May 31, 1860, was 7,260. The most fatal diseases were consumption, croup, fevers, and pneumonia.

The value of some items of the productive industry of the State during the year ending June 1, 1860, was as follows: iron founding, $187,435; lead, $160,500; coal, $6,500; lumber, $2,378,529; Hour and meal, $6,950,949; spirituous liquors, 383,320 galls.; malt liquors, 85,588 bbls.; woollen goods, $167,900; leather, $81,760; boots and shoes, $325,296; furniture, $157,491. Total value of industrial products, $14,900,000.

The value of real and personal property was $247,338,265; lands improved, 3,780,253 acres; do. unimproved, 5,649,136 acres; cash value of farms, $118,741,405.

Crops produced in 1861, according to the report of the superintendent of agriculture, were as follows: wheat, 18,350,000 bushels, valued at $7,200,000; corn, 60,000,000 bu., value, $7,200,000; oats, 10,000,000 bu., value, $1,500,000; potatoes, 3,000.000 bu., value, $750,000; hay, 800,000 tons, value, $1,200,000; orchard products, value, $300,000; butter, 15.000,000 pounds, value, $1,200,000; cheese, 3,000,000 pounds, value, $240,000; cattle 200,000; wool, 50,000 pounds; domestic manufactures, $800,000; total of all products, $33,251,000. The number of miles of railroad in this State, in 1860, was 679; cost of construction, $19,494,633.

The governor of the State is Samuel J. Kirkwood, whose term of office expires January 1, 1864. The secretary of State is James Wright. The judiciary consists of three supreme court judges, elected by the people for six years, and eleven district judges. The funded debt of the State is $1,192,295. There is one State bank with a capital of $720,800, and fifteen branches. Legislature meets biennially, and consists of forty-six senators, and ninety-three members of the house. The former are elected for four years, and the latter for two years. This body was twice in session Page 535 during 1862. The first session was at the beginning of the year, and the second in September. They were devoted to providing for the unusual circumstances of war in which the State was called to take a part, and to the ordinary objects of local legislation. Some of these objects were to make provision for sick and wounded soldiers, offer inducements to volunteers to enlist; a modification of the election laws, that volunteers might vote when absent; and increasing the resources of the executive department.

The State election for members of Congress and half the Senate and the members of the House of the State Legislature, took place on the second Tuesday of November. The people were divided into two parties, the republican and the democratic. The platform of the republican party was similar in its general principles to that adopted by the same party in Illinois, on page 519, to which reference is here made. The platform of the democratic party was similar to that adopted by the same party in the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania, to which reference is made. The offices to be filled at this election were secretary of State, auditor of State, treasurer, attorney-general, and register of the land olrieo, and six members of Congress. The vote of the citizens was as follows:

For the republican candidate for Secretary of State 66.011

For the democratic candidate for Secretary of State 50,899

Majority for the former 15,115

The soldiers in the several regiments which had gone from the State, were also allowed to vote, with the following result: For the republican candidate for Secretary of State.. 14,874 For the democratic candidate for Secretary of State 4,115 Republican majority 10,759

The votes for the other State officers were as follows: Republican. Democratic. Total. Auditor 51.128 14.SC2' 05,935 51.112 14,835 65,947 51,147 14,358; 66.005 51,040 14,8301 05.920 40,674 46,694 46,045 46,647 4,112 4,145 4,118 4,136 50.736 50.7.1;60,783 15,202 15,103 15,247 15,137 Treasurer. Register... Attorney.  The candidates of the republican party for Congress were all chosen by the following vote:

Republican. Democratic. 1st district 12,705 10.4S6 2d" 12.488 S.9*)0 Sd" 12,113 8,452 4th" 12.900 11,5J9 5th" 10.300 7,846 6th*" 5,836 2.755

At the election for governor in 1861, the republican majority was 16,008; do. at the presidential election in 1860, 15,298. The republicans obtained a large majority in both branches of the Legislature at the last election in 1861, when that body stood as follows: Republican. Democratic Senate 82 It House 59 83 * Incomplete.

The number of regiments of infantry from the State in the field near the close of the year was thirty-nine; do. of cavalry four, and three batteries. In addition, there are soldiers from the State in the 1st Nebraska, 6th Kansas, 7th, 10th, 21st, and 25th Missouri.

KANSAS, a central State of the American Union, admitted to the Union in 1861. Area, 80,000 square miles; population in 1800, 107,200. The local administration of the State in 1862 was involved in some trouble; Governor Robinson, elected in I860, before the admission of the State into the Union, claiming to hold over, on the ground that the term for which he was elected had not expired, while, at an election held under the State constitution, George A. Crawford was elected by 5,429 votes. The matter was finally settled by the courts, which decided that Governor Robinson's claim was just. In the autumn of 1862 an election for State officers, Legislature and members of Congress, was held, and Thomas C Birney, the republican candidate, was elected governor for two years from January 1st, 1803, receiving 4,545 majority. W. W. II. Lawrence, also a republican, was elected secretary of State for the same term. A. C. Welder, republican, was elected representative in Congress, receiving 4,91)3 majority over the democratic candidate The Legislature was about four fifths republican.

Having had long experience in border warfare, during her period of territorial pupilage, Kansas had a large military force, in proportion to her population, ready to enter the national service at the commencement of the war. She had sent on the 1st of December, 1862, over 14,000 men into the field, a larger percentage of the whole population than any other State has contributed.

In the spring of 1862 an expedition was fitted out in the State to go south, through the Indian Territory, to reduce the Indian tribes which had joined the Confederacy to subjection, and repossess the U. S. forts, Gibson, Arbuckle, Washita, and Cobb, of which the Confederates had taken possession. The expedition consisted of about 5,000 troops, of which 2,000 were whites and 3,000 loyal Indians. The expedition was unfortunate in its commanders at first: General Blunt having assigned the command to Colonel Charles Doubleday, of the Second Ohio cavalry; but, from some political influences, he was removed, and Colonel Wm. Weir, of Kansas, substituted. Colonel Weir's management was so inefficient and ruinous that Colonel Salmon, of the 9th Wisconsin regiment, who commanded one of the brigades, deemed it necessary to arrest him on the charge of insanity. Under Colonel Salmon's management the expedition took possession of the Indian Territory, arrested John Ross, the principal Cherokee chief, as being of doubtful sentiment toward the United States, and received professions of loyalty from about two thirds of the Cherokees and Creeks. The Choctaws they found mostly on the side of the Confederacy. Large numbers of the slaves of the Indians enlisted in the army of the expedition as " Woolly-headed Indians." The expedition had subdued and held the country north of the Arkansas river before the 25th of July, and General Blunt, on the 8th of August, taking command in person, routed the Confederate force at Maysville, in the N. W. corner of Arkansas, on the 22d of October; on the 28th and 29th of November he again met and defeated, with heavy loss, the Confederate forces under General Marmaduke, at Cane Hill, Ark.; on the 7th of December he defeated and scattered a greatly superior force (28,000) of the Confederates under General Hindman, at Prairie Grove, Ark., his loss being about 1,000, and that of the Confederates 1,500, the Confederates retreating in the night, abandoning their dead and wounded; and on the 27th and 28th of December Generals Herron and Blunt defeated two regiments of Confederate cavalry at Dupping Spring, and captured Van Buren, a strong fortress on the Arkansas river, taking one hundred and twenty prisoners, and four steamboats laden with stores.

KENTUCKY, the garden of the United States in fertility and productiveness, had, in 1860, a population of 919,547 whites, 10,684 free colored, and 225,483 slaves, which was an increase of 273,279 during the preceding ten years. The number of white males was 474,193; do. females, 445,291.

The mortality in the State during the year ending May 31, 1860, was 16,407. The most fatal diseases were consumption, croup, typhoid fever, pneumonia, and scarlatina.

Of iron, there were produced 23,302 tons of pig, and 0,200 tons of bar. The product of iron founding was valued at $757,400; coal mined, 6,732,000 bushels; lumber, $2,200,674; value of Hour and meal, $5,034,745; spirituous liquors distilled, $3,247,203 gallons; do. malt, 74,850 barrels; cotton goods manufactured, $107,500; do. woollen, $1,128,882; leather, $701,555; boots and shoes, $085,783; furniture, $250,040; soap and candles, $486,900; value of products of industry, $30,310,000. The value of real and personal estate was $666,043,112; lands improved, 7,644,217 acres; do. unimproved, 11,519,059 acres; and cash value of farms, $291,490,955.

Some of the productions of agriculture were as follows: horses, 355,754; asses and mules, 117,035; milch cows, 209,215; working oxen, 108,999 ; other cattle, 457,845 ; sheep, 938,990; swine, 2,330,595 ; value of live stock, $61,808,237; wheat, 7,394,811 bushels; rye, 1,055.202 bushels; corn, 04,043,033 bushels; oats, 4,017,029 bushels; rice, 24,407 pounds; tobacco, 108,102,433 pounds; cotton, 4,092 bales of 400 pounds each; wool, 2,325,124 pounds; peas and beans, 238,349 bushels; potatoes (Irish), 1,750.532 bushels; do. sweet, 1,057,558 bushels; barley, 1,057,558 bushels; hemp (dew rotted) 33.044 tons; do. water rotted, 2,020 tons; do. other, 4,344 tons; flax, 728,234 pounds; maple sugar, 880,941 pounds; honey, 1,708,092 pounds; value of home-made manufactures, $2,095,578; slaughtered animals, $11,040,740; miles of railroad, 509 ; cost of construction, $19,008,477.

The position of Kentucky relative to the affairs of the Union, on the whole, remained unchanged during the year. Her determination was to sustain the Federal Government in all its measures designed for an honest restoration of the Union without interference with the institutions of the States. A very considerable portion of her citizens, however, sympathized with the Government of the Confederate States, and made valuable contributions to its aid. The governor, in his message to the Legislature, at its session, in the beginning of the year, thus describes the condition of the people:

There is no disguising the fact that the people are suffering seriously in every quarter of the State for the want of means to meet their engagements. Trade is stopped in a great measure, and even what produce finds its way to market is sold at ruinous sacrifices. In regions over which the contending armies have passed large amounts of property have been taken or destroyed, the country has been made desolate, and Page 54 large numbers of the people who were contented, comfortable, and independent, are suffering for the necessaries of life; their fences have been destroyed, their stock and provisions taken, so that many cannot make a crop this year; add to this, that many persons have been frightened or dragged from their homes and suffering families. The laws are silent, or cannot be executed. Universal gloom and distress pervade these regions. Families are divided and broken up, and each has its wrongs or its woes to relate. Starvation stares many in the face. In other and more highly favored districts no property of any description can be sold at one third of its former value. The people are much in debt. They would gladly pay if their property would bring anything like a reasonable price; but owing to the' great reduction in the circulation of the banks, from thirteen to five millions of dollars within a year or two; owing to the enormous war debt which must be met by an increase of taxation, the destruction of property and of confidence, the withdrawal of funds by capitalists, and the consequent fall in prices, the indebtedness of our people, and the opening of the courts, bankruptcy, and ruin stare them in the fuce unless they get relief.

There was not a cordial cooperation between the governor and the majority of the Legislature. Several bills, passed by the Legislature, were vetoed by him, such as an act to disfranchise all citizens who entered the Confederate service; another requiring all clergymen to take an oath to sustain the Constitution of the United States before performing the marriage ceremony, &c. These things, however, were soon lost sight of by the movements of the Federal troops, which engrossed attention. Kentucky was not only completely under their control, but the Confederate forces were driven beyond her limits. Even at this time the State had contributed more than its quota to the Federal army, and there was no military organization of the State but entirely acquiesced in this contribution.

In August an extra session of the Legislature was held on a call by Governor Magoffin. The necessity of the session 'was thus explained by him:

Most cheerfully have I convened you in extraordinary session, upon the earnest appeal of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and other distinguished members of both branches of the Legislature, who thought themselves justified, by the alarming condition of the State, in taking the responsibility of making the request in behalf of the absent members of the General Assembly. Divided and distracted as we are, with almost every neighborhood threatened with civil strife, with dangerous combinations of bad men forming in different sections of the State, to frighten, rob, and, if need be, to murder the good citizens of the Commonwealth; with lawless bands of desperate men, who have nothing to lose, headed by daring and reckless leaders, already roaming over the country, plundering indiscriminately at will the men of property, influence, and position, followed by the daring, dashing, and successful adventure and invasion of the State by Colonel John Sorgan, at the head of a large cavalry force, which forcibly seized and carried away a large amount of valuable property belonging to the Government and private citizens; with all this, condemned by law-abiding men, staring us in the face; with numerous appeals made to me oy the people, as governor of the State, to protect them in the peaceful enjoyment of their property, their liberties, and their rights under the Constitution, and totally without the means or the power to keep the peace, to protect them, or to enforce the laws; with my persistent and unavailing efforts to organize the militia of the State under the late law, growing out of the divided sentiment of our people, their distrust of each other, and a conflict of authority with the military board, they claiming they had the paramount authority over the arsenal, arms, munitions of war, as, under the old law, and I claiming it under the new one, which, according to my construction, reinstated me in the authority I had under the Constitution, and of which I had been deprived by a previous Legislature; with no power to organize the militia myself; with none in the military board; threatened with invasions and anarchy, I not unwillingly yielded to the request to call you together, so that you can determine by an amendment of the law, or the passage of a new one, the extent of the authority you intended to grant, and provide for the defence and protection of the people of the Commonwealth.

The governor also condemned the invasion of the State by guerillas under Colonel Morgan, expressed regret at the arrest of citizens without any legal process, and recommended the adoption of the resolutions proposed by Senator Crittenden at the last session of the thirty-sixth Congress, as a standing proposition for peace, and the settlement of the war.

Immediately afterward the governor resigned his office, and James F. Robinson, secretary of state, was elected by the Legislature to fill the unexpired term. The most important subject which came under the consideration of this body during this session was the resolution of President Lincoln proposing a system of gradual emancipation to he adopted by the border slaveholding States. The report of the committee on the subject states that if a restoration of the Union, as it was, required the sacrifice of the value of their slaves, the people of Kentucky, in their opinion, would make it.

It further says:

But devoted as we are to the Union, we do not feel that our loyalty demands at our hands the adoption of the measure proposed. We do not agree with the President that the gradual emancipation of the slaves in the border States would bring about a speedy termination of the war. Unhappily for our country, the dominant party in the Congress of the United States are bent on the destruction of the Constitution and the Union. No curse which the direst enemy of our country could have imposed would, in our opinion, have borne more bitter fruits than the action of that party has produced. We have viewed with alarm the rapid strides which the dominant party in Congress has made toward the prostration of every guarantee which the Constitution provides for the dearest rights of the people. They have endeavored, through the instrumentality of the executive and Congress, to strip the people of the disaffected States of their property; they have passed confiscation bills, in utter violation of the plain provisions of the Constitution ; they have sought to take away from those people their State governments, and reduce them to a state of territorial vassalage; they have declared their purposes to free the slaves of the rebel States, and elevate them to an equality with the white man; they have declared that the war should be prosecuted until slavery shall be swept from the entire land; they proclaim that they are against restoration of the Union unless slavery is abolished.

The people of Kentucky justly feel horror and alarm at the enunciation of such doctrines. They will oppose them by all peaceable means, and if the time should come when the counsels of reason shall no longer be heeded, when the barriers erected by the Constitution shall no longer afford protection, then will Kentucky rise up as one man and sacrifice the Page 542 property, and, if need be, the lives of her children, in defence of that Constitution under which alone we can ever hope to enjoy national liberty. We deny what has been so often asserted by that party, that the question of slavery is the cause of the war. Disappointed ambition, grovelling lust of office and power produced it. Slavery was but the pretext for the execution of a purpose long nourished to overthrow the Government

The report closed with a recommendation that a system of gradual emancipation of slaves be declined. This course was followed by the Legislature, and no action taken on the subject. On other subjects its action was such as to sustain the Federal Government in the great objects for which the war was originally declared to have been undertaken.

The Assembly, although expressing a conviction that the quota of troops from the State, under the calls of the President made in July and September, would be raised by voluntary enlistment, nevertheless passed an act authorizing a draft by a vote of 64 to 9. On the approach of the Confederate force to Lexington, in September, the Legislature adjourned to Louisville, where it convened. The archives of the State were also removed.

A statement of the financial condition of the State on the 31st of July reported the sum of $423,935 in the treasury, of which $84,169 belonged to the revenue fund; $109,419 to the sinking fund ; $120,347 to the school fund ; and $43,998 to the military fund.

The more important military movements within the State will be found described under Army Operations. On the 9th of June, General J. T. Boyle assumed command of the Federal forces in Kentucky.

On the 9th he issued the following order of instructions to his officers, thereby indicating the course which would be pursued by him:

1. All peaceful and law-abiding citizens and residents of the State must be protected in their persons, property, and rights; but citizens and residents who joined the so-called Confederate forces, or gave them aid or assistance, or went within their lines without license from the proper authorities, and have returned, or may return, and be repentant for their conduct, must report themselves to Colonel Henry Dent, provost marshal of Louisville, Colonel S. D. Bruce, at Bowling Green, Major Brocht, provost marshal of Lexington, or Colonel Noble at Paducah, and furnish evidence of such repentance, and take the oath of allegiance, and give bonds and security for their future good conduct, and if they fail so to report themselves, they must be arrested and committed to the military prison at Louisville, and sent thence to Camp Chase, with a statement of their case, to await the action of the Secretary of War.

2. All persons who organize or aid in organizing forces for the rebellion, or organize or aid in organizing guerillas, or harbor or conceal, or give information or assistance to guerillas, must be arrested and dealt with according to military law.

3. In times of trouble like these, good, law-abiding men will refrain from language and conduct that excite to rebellion. For anything said or done with the intent to excite to rebellion, the offender must be arrested and his conduct reported, that he may be dealt with according to law.

4. When damage shall be done to the person or property of loyal citizens by marauding bands or guerillas, the disloyal of the neighbourhood or county will be held responsible, and a military commission appointed to assess damages and enforce compensation.

5. All arrests will be reported to these headquarters, with a descriptive list of the prisoners, and a full statement of the case, and the substance of the evidence, and names and residences of the witnesses.

By command of Brigadier General BOYLE.

About this time some of the lower counties of the State began to be troubled by guerillas, who committed all kinds of outrages, and kept the inhabitants in a constant state of alarm. Horses and all other valuable property were seized by them, chiefly from Union men, but often from their own friends.

 At this time, about the 10th of July, a report that Colonel John Morgan was approaching Lexington and Frankfort created much excitement in Cincinnati. Troops were immediately despatched from the camps in Ohio, and Lexington was occupied and placed under martial law.

On the 17th of July, Cynthiana, a village ou the south fork of the Licking river, thirty-seven miles northeast of Frankfort, was occupied by Colonel Morgan, with a mounted force of about two thousand men. At the same time Henderson, a town on the Ohio river, two hundred miles below Louisville, was occupied by a guerilla force. A portion of the same crossed the Ohio to Newburgh, and captured a number of arms, and made several prisoners.

The effect of these movements was to produce an immediate organization of the citizens for self-defence, which served to check them for a period, and to cause Colonel Morgan to retire. Previously, however, General G. 0. Smith took command of the forces at Lexington, and marched in pursuit of Colonel Morgan, whom he encountered near Paris. Colonel Morgan was defeated with the loss of a small number killed, and twelve taken prisoners. Colonel Morgan retired toward Winchester, and was rapidly pursued by General Smith, who had been reenforced.

A guerilla force was also congregated at Hawesville on the Kentucky river.

On the 29th of July Russelville, on the south of Louisville, was occupied by guerillas, an l on the 30th Mt. Sterling was attacked, but the enemy were repulsed by the Home Guards. In their retreat they were met by a party of the 8th Kentucky, under Major Bacht, and severely handled, losing all their horses, and several men killed.

On the 22d of August, the 54th Indiana was attacked at Bowling Green, by a guerilla force under Colonel Woodward, with three pieces of artillery, to whom the former surrendered. Active operations now ensued under General Bragg, and the guerillas were concentrated in his command. Colonel Morgan, in a despatch by telegraph (of which he had taken possession of a station) to a former friend and Union man, boasted that he had captured seventeen cities, destroyed millions of property, and paroled 1,500 Federal prisoners. These guerilla operations, by bands of men collected in Kentucky, were continued throughout the year. The more formidable bands were organized under the act of the Confederate Congress to create "Partisan Rangers."

Page 543 The provisional government of Kentucky, organized near the close of 1861, was forced to remove with the Confederate army on the approach of the Federal forces under General Grant. It never had any other than a nominal existence. Persons went from Kentucky as members of the Confederate Congress, and took their seats in the Senate and House of Representatives. (See Congress, Confederate.)

MAINE, the most northeastern and the most maritime of all the States of the Federal Union, has increased in population during the ton years preceding 1860 the number of 45,110. For further statistics of the census relative to the State of Maine, see United States.

The citizens of Maine were divided into three parties at the election which took place on the second Monday in September. The object of the election was to choose State officers, members of Congress, and members of the State Legislature. The governor and Legislature are chosen annually. On the 5th of June a convention of the republican party assembled at Portland, over which Sydney Benham, of Paris, presided. The convention nominated Abner Coburn as their candidate for governor, and adopted a series of resolutions, in substance as follows: "First, inviting the patriotic citizens of Maine to unite on a simple basis to support the policy and principles characterizing the Administration of Abraham Lincoln; second, that the rebellion must be put down at any cost; third, expressing sympathy with, and praise of the American army and navy, and approving national and State measures for their relief and reward; fourth, expressing respect for and confidence in the present governor, Mr. "Washburne; fifth, expressing confidence in the Hon. Abner Coburn, the nominee for governor."

The convention of the second party, designated as " war democrats," assembled at Bangor, on the 26th of June. Francis G. Butler, of Farmington, presided. The convention nominated Colonel Charles D. Jameson for governor, and adopted the following resolutions:

Resolved, That it is the first duty of the citizen, in this perilous national crisis, to yield a ready, unwavering support to the Government in all necessary and proper efforts to subdue the existing rebellion and vindicate the authority of the Constitution and Union over every inch of territory in the United States.

Resolved, That our army and navy are entitled to the warmest gratitude and support of every citizen for their self-sacrificing efforts in behalf of our common country, and that we will resist all measures and efforts to convert this war for the Union into a crusade for negro emancipation.

Resolved, That we cordially invite all citizens of this State, who concur with us in the foregoing declaration of sentiment, to unite with us in the elevation of men to official place who will act in accordance with these sentiments.

Resolved, That we cordially approve of the patriotic course of the brave General McCELLAN; that we admire his genius and skill as commander of our army, and that our whole hearts are interested in his success before Richmond. That we view with detestation and scorn the wicked attempts of scheming politicians to undermine and weaken him and his army in their brave efforts for the vindication of the Union.

A motion was made in the convention to declare Colonel Jameson nominated without a ballot, which met with so much opposition from the friends of another candidate, Bion Bradbury, that the ballot was taken, and resulted in 160 votes for the former, and 107 votes for the latter. Mr. Bradbury, who had failed to receive the nomination at this convention, was afterward nominated as a candidate for governor by the regular democratic party, which held its convention at a later day. This convention assembled at Portland on the 14th of August. Luther S. Moore, of York county, presided. The following resolutions were adopted:

Whereas, The American Constitution was ordained and established by our fathers in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the Page 558 general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to posterity, therefore

Resolved, That the purpose of the Democratic party is the restoration of the Union as it was, and the preservation of the Constitution as it is; and to secure these objects we will stand shoulder to shoulder with Union men everywhere in support of the Federal Government, in maintaining its safety, integrity, and legitimate authority by all constitutional and proper means.

Resolved, That the Constitution was first formed and adopted by the States and the people, in a spirit of concession and compromise, and the Union resulting from its adoption has hitherto been preserved by the same means, and must from its very nature, and the principles upon which our institutions are founded, still rely mainly for its continuance or restoration, upon the prevalence among the people of the same spirit by which it was formed, and not upon military power alone. That we hold sacred, as we do all other parts of that instrument, the following provisions of the Constitution of the United States:

[These provisions relate to the trial by .jury where the crime was committed; the abridgment of the freedom of speech and the press; the reserved power of the States and people; the right of the people to be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures; the right of the accused to a speedy public trial where the crime was committed.]

And we utterly condemn and denounce the repeated and gross violation by the Executive of the United States, of the said rights thus secured bv the Constitution; and we also utterly repudiate and condemn the monstrous dogma that in time of war the Constitution is suspended, or its powers in any respect enlarged beyond the letter and true meaning of that instrument. That we view with indignation and alarm the illegal and unconstitutional seizures and imprisonment, Tor alleged political offences, of our citizens without judicial process, in States where such process is unobstructed, but by Executive order by telegraph or otherwise, and call upon all who uphold the Union, the Constitution, and the laws, to unite with us in denouncing and repelling such flagrant violation of the State and Federal Constitutions and tyrannical infraction of the rights and liberties of American citizens: and that the people of this State cannot safely, and will not submit to have the freedom of speech and freedom of the press, the two great and essential bulwarks of civil liberty, put down by an unwarranted and despotic exertion of power.

The election was held on the 8th of September, and the votes were cast as follows:

The republican candidate received 45,531

The " war democratic " candidate received  7,178

The regular democratic candidate received 82,331

The republican majority over both the others was 6,025

The majority, of President Lincoln over all other candidates, in 1860, was 24,704.

The vote in the congressional districts was as follows: Republican. Democrat. Democrat. 1st 10,203 10,332 2d 9,o92 7,237 3d 9,971 6,549 4th 8,113 1,290 5th 9,100 8,217 The Legislature was elected as follows: Senate. House, Republicans 24 107 War democrats 12 Democrats 3 32

The force sent into the field from the State of Maine for the war was twenty-seven regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, one regiment of mounted artillery, six batteries, and one company of sharpshooters, exceeding thirty thousand men. These troops were distributed in Virginia, on the peninsula, and southwest of Washington, at Port Royal in South Carolina, Fernandina and Pensacola, Florida, and at New Orleans.

An event of considerable interest to the people of the State, and one also of national importance, occurred at the beginning of 1862. This was the permission granted by the Secretary of State, Mr. Seward, for British troops to pass across the territory of the State. Just previously, the seizure and removal of Messrs. Mason and Slidell from on board the British steamer Trent had been made, and the British, in connection with their demand for the release of these persons, were sending large numbers of troops to Canada. On the 13th of January the senate of the State adopted a resolution requesting the governor to inquire if such permission had been given. Mr. Seward replied on the 17th, stated that on the 4th of January his department was advised by a telegraphic despatch from Portland, in the State of Maine, that the steamship Bohemian, due there on the 7th, was telegraphed off Cape Race, with troops for Canada; and inquiring whether, in case they came to Portland, any different course was to be taken than what has been heretofore pursued, and asking instructions, in that contingency, by telegraph.

Upon this information he replied by telegraph, addressed to the marshal of the United States, and all the Federal officers in Portland, directing that the agents of the British Government shall have all proper facilities for landing and conveying to Canada, or elsewhere, troops and munitions of war of every kind, without exception. The immediate grounds for this proceeding were, that it was supposed that a passage of the troops and munitions named across the territory of the United States, by the Grand Trunk railroad, would save the persons concerned from risk and suffering, which might be feared if they were left to make their way, in an inclement season, through the ice and snow of a northerly Canadian voyage.

The principle upon which this concession was made to Great Britain was that, when humanity, or even convenience, renders it desirable for one nation to have a passage for its troops and munitions through the territory of another, it is a customary act of comity to grant it, if it can be done consistently with its own safety and welfare. It is on this principle that the United States continually enjoy the right of the passage of troops upon the Panama railroad across the territories of the republic of New Granada.

It was not supposed that the State of Maine would feel aggrieved; but if it was so, the directions would be modified.

The principal institutions for education in the State consist of Bowdoin College at Brunswick, and the college at Waterville, a theological seminary at Bangor, and a medical school at Brunswick. The number of common school districts making returns to the superintendent was 4,151, and 860 reports of districts. The average attendance at these schools is 110,969, and the number between the ages of 4 and 21 years is 249,061. The amount of the public school fund is $154,700, and the amount raised by taxation for the year ending December, 1861, was $478,017. There are in addition seminaries or academies in a large number of towns.

The geological survey of a portion of the State, which was commenced in 1861, has proceeded so far in the exploration and examination of the new lands belonging to the State, as to report the discovery of gold and copper, lead, tin, and iron ores, the latter of which in some localities is of excellent quality; also quarries of slate and marble. The climate of Aroostook county is reported by them to be warmer than in some portions of the State farther south.

The railroads in operation and projected within the State reach 592 miles. Those in operation in 1860 amounted to 472 miles, at a cost of construction of $16,576,385.

The debt of the State is small, being about $2,000,000. The wild lands which belong to Maine are valued above this amount.

MARYLAND, the most northeastern border slave State except Delaware, increased in population from 1850 to 1860 the number of 104,015 persons. The further details of the census of 1860, relative to Maryland, will be found under United States. The Legislature of Maryland at its last session, in 1861, ordered inquiries to be made of the governor of Massachusetts relative to the families of the soldiers of the latter State who lo6t their lives at Baltimore during the riot there on April 19,1861. (See Annual Cyclopaedia.) The inquiry was made with a view to provide relief for those families. This called forth the following reply from the governor of Massachusetts:

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, BOSTON, December 26, l861.

Hon. John V. L. Findlay, Chairman of the Committee on Militia of the House of Delegates of Maryland:

My dear Sir: It is with feelings which I will not attempt to express that I have received, on this anniversary day, your letter addressed to mc from Annapolis.

I have immediately addressed the mayors of the cities of Lowell and Lawrence on the subject of your inquiries, and hope to be able to transmit their answers at an early day.

The past cannot be forgotten, but it can be forgiven; and in the good providence of God, I believe that the day is not distant when the blood that was shed at Baltimore by those martyrs to a cause as holy as any for which sword was ever drawn, shall be known to have cemented in an eternal union of sympathy, affection, and nationality the sister States of Maryland and Massachusetts.

With sincere respect, I have the honor to be, faithfully and respectfully, yours,

                  JOHN A. ANDREW.

Upon receiving the information desired, at the subsequent session, the Legislature appropriated seven thousand dollars for the relief of the families of those who were killed and wounded on that occasion.

This appropriation was made at the regular Page 560 session, convened on the first Wednesday of January. At this session Governor Hicks sent in his final message, as his term of office had expired, and was succeeded by Augustus AV. Bradford, who was inaugurated on the 8th as governor for the four ensuing years. The position of Maryland at this time, relative to the troubles of the country, is very clearly indicated in the following remarks in his inaugural message, by the new governor, who was elected by a majority of 31,412:

The leaders of the rebellion may assert over and over again that the South never will submit to this national rule—that it will resist to the last the proposed reunion. So far as those leaders are concerned? we may not doubt the sincerity of their protest; their offences against free institutions are too rank and too recent to allow them willingly again to submit to the will of the majority. But to say nothing of that popular voice which they have for the present stifled, to admit, for argument sake, that but one sentiment pervades the entire South, and that it clamors for a separate Government; earnest as that purpose maybe, there is a still stronger force opposed to it, not merely the force of a vast numerical superiority, but a power made irresistible by the force of necessity; a controlling and decisive power, growing out of the demands which the laws of self-preservation make imperative. Nationality with us therefore is a necessity, and peace, anxiously as we may await it, can never come until that necessity is recognized, and our whole country once more united under its old established rule. Who can doubt that such wilt be the ultimate result of the war if it is confined to the faithful pursuit of that object?

This was still further shown by the following resolutions, adopted by the Legislature, and presented in the U. S. Senate on January 2:

Resolved by the Senate and House of Delegates of Maryland, That the Constitution of the United States, so admirably framed by the wisdom of our forefathers, is recognized by the people of Maryland as the charter of their liberties—the foundation, support, and protection of their rights, and the main source of all their prosperity; that they are at all times ready cordially to renew the expression of their devotion to its principles; that they unreservedly acknowledge the supremacy of all laws made in pursuance thereof, and repudiate every construction of that instrument which would destroy its efficiency, its very existence, indeed, by the assertion of any fight expressed, implied, or reserved in the States to secede from the Union; and though they consider the right of revolution, for justifiable cause, inherent in every people, they unhesitatingly declare that they know no existing cause to justify the people of the United States in attempting the overthrow of their Government.

2. Resolved, That the duty and interest of the people of Maryland alike forbid that they should take part in the infatuated and suicidal rebellion which now seeks to separate the States of this Union, and to destroy that great nationality which has made us prosperous at home and respected abroad, which separation, if accomplished, must result in the most serious disaster to all the States, but from the peculiarity of our geographical position, can bring to our own State nothing but irretrievable ruin.

3. Resolved, That the present unhappy and fratricidal war has been forced upon the Government of the United States by the seditious and unlawful acts of those who have attempted its overthrow by violence, and the State of Maryland will cheerfully "contribute her proportion of men and means to sustain the nation in its struggle for existence so long as the war is conducted in accordance with the principles of the Constitution, and so long as the purpose of those in power is the maintenance of the Union, with the rights guaranteed by the States unimpaired.

4. Resolved, That the loyalty of the people of Maryland to the General Government, established by the Constitution, is untouched by any shade of servility, and they must ever regard with extreme jealousy nil attempts, from whatever quarter, to make the present war for the restoration of the Union the means of interfering with the domestic institutions of the States; and they solemnly protest against all schemes, the object or tendency of which is to excite insurrection among the slaves, declaring the same illegal, and calculated, if put in practice, to produce results too horrible fo contemplate.

5. Resolved, That this Legislature is gratified to know that the true principles on which the war should be conducted have been expressed in most emphatic language by both houses of the present Congress in their extra session of July last; that they have been declared by the President in his latest message, and that they have been conspicuously illustrated in the proclamation of General Dix to the people of the eastern shore of Virginia.

6. Resolved, That although in the immediate presence of armies, when war or insurrection exists, it cannot be expected that the civil power should at all times maintain its supremacy, and there may be cases of extreme necessity, where the safety and preservation of the Government would excuse a resort to extraordinary measures, yet the dangers of a departure from the forms of law, which are the protection of the individual rights, should never be forgotten, and all irregular proceedings should be abandoned as soon as it is clear that the extreme necessity which gave rise to them has passed away.

7. Resolved, That the people of Maryland do not hesitate to express their approval of the course and policy of the President in the conduct of the war thus far, as exemplified by his official acts, and they hereby tender him their thanks for the earnest desire he has manifested to avert from them the immediate horrors and calamities of civil war; assured by his firmness and honesty in the past, they confidently expect that, in spite of the importunities of pernicious fanatics, he will keep steadily in view his sworn duty to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.

The views of the people of the State, as indicated by the opinions of the governor and Legislature, were strongly in favor of sustaining the Government and the Union. The system of aiding the families of volunteers was adopted by the Legislature, and many other measure's relating to the internal affairs of the State under the circumstances in which it was placed.

The introduction before Congress, and the adoption of an act to emancipate the slaves in the District of Columbia, was very repugnant to the people in the adjacent counties of Maryland. A large meeting of these of Montgomery county assembled at Rockville about the first of April, and passed a series of resolutions declaring that the measure was regarded as the entering wedge to a scheme of general emancipation, a violation of public faith, unconstitutional, as taking private property not for public use, nor for a just compensation, unwise, ill-timed, both politically and financially. The action of Congress was, however, acquiesced in.

The attachment to the Union which has existed in the State of Maryland, and which has been manifested most amply during the past Page 561 year, places her in the front rank of all the States devoted to that cause. Together with Kentucky, this State held the balance of power between the two hostile sections when the war commenced, and if they had failed in taking the stand they did take against disunion, the capital of the nation would inevitably have been lost, and the Union cause compromised, perhaps hopelessly, in the estimation of foreign nations.

The supremacy in the physical contest with these two States firmly united with the Southern States, so far as to have secured a return of the seceding States, would have been so doubtful and demanded such years of contest as to have discouraged the most sanguine. It was the belief of the Government and people of the Confederate States that Maryland would unite with the Confederacy, if she was supported to maintain the contest that would follow within her borders. As the divisions of General Lee's army crossed the Potomac, deficient in supplies of every kind, they were expecting to be received into a land of plenty, and to be joined by the brave soldiers of that State. In less than fifteen days their weary feet recrossed the same river retreating from a victorious foe. No great popular welcome had met them; their thinned ranks had not been filled by new recruits, and no tokens of substantial sympathy had been shown. At every step as they advanced they found themselves in an enemy's country. Yet the State of Maryland could not approve of many of the great measures of the Government, which were destined to destroy some of her most cherished institutions, neither was the administration one with which she had the smallest sympathy. Such were the circumstances in which she was placed and such the heroic patriotism she displayed amid them.

The details of the advance of the Confederate troops into Maryland will be found under Army Operations, to which the reader is referred.

Upon the call of President Lincoln for three hundred thousand men, an enrolment of all the citizens of the State subject to military duty was made by the order of Governor Bradford. Preparatory to this draft for soldiers, committees were appointed by the governor in every county, nearly all of whom upon investigation recommended such draft as both necessary and proper to complete the quota of the State. The draft was in due time carried into effect and sustained by the people. The places of a large number of those drafted were subsequently filled by substitutes. In Baltimore, Harford, and Prince George counties, and Baltimore city, the complement was thus made up. The bounties required to be paid were from $225 to $275, and not higher than in any Northern State. In Massachusetts the quota of the second call was not even made up by a draft. The quota of Maryland under the first call was eight thousand five hundred and thirty-two, of whom about one third were to come from the city of Baltimore. At the time the number of men liable to the service in the city was seventeen thousand. The quota under both calls was about sixteen thousand, and the proportion of Baltimore about five thousand six hundred. The number of miles of railroad within the State is 422, of which the cost of construction has been $46,265,634. The canals of the State are the Susquehanna and Fishwinter, 45 miles; Chesapeake and Ohio, 184 miles; Chesapeake and Delaware, 12 miles.

Maryland contains a number of excellent institutions for education. There are four in the city and county of Baltimore. Others are at Annapolis, Ellicott's Mills, Chestertown, and Frederick. The State has a school fund amounting to nearly $350,000, and the public expenditure for schools exceeds half a million. The system of public schools in operation in Baltimore is hardly surpassed by those of any other Northern city.

The arrest of citizens without legal process continued to be carried on to a greater extent in Maryland than any other State. The following instance is an illustration. On the 28th of July a largo Union mass meeting was held in Baltimore, at which a resolution was adopted to appoint a committee to investigate certain charges of disloyalty and official corruption. On October 28, a meeting of the vice presidents of the original meeting was called to hear a report of this committee. The committee reported that they had summoned a large number of persons to testify in regard to these matters, and taken ninety-six affidavits of respectable men proving an enormous amount of disloyalty on the part of persons in position; that they had prepared a brief of the evidence, which, with the affidavits, they had laid before the president. That owing to preoccupation no action had been taken on the papers, which were afterward at their request returned. Before the report of the committee was concluded the meeting was broken up by the sudden appearance of Major Jones and other officers of General Wool's staff, and a company of soldiers, who seized upon the documents exposing official corruption and arrested the members of the committee then present, viz.: Thomas H. Gardner, clerk of the criminal court; Colonel Thomas. R. Rich, aid to the governor; Alfred Evans; and Thomas Sowell. The prisoners were sent to Fort Delaware, but afterward unconditionally released.

COCKETSVILLE is a village in Baltimore county, Maryland. It is on the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, about seventeen miles from Baltimore and forty from Annapolis. After the attack on the Massachusetts troops at Baltimore on the 19th of April, the other forces in their rear from the North, chiefly Pennsylvanians, stopped at Cockeys Fields, in the vicinity of Cockeysville, and encamped, to the number of twenty-four hundred.

Having left Harrisburg with no knowledge of the opposition of the citizens of Baltimore to the passage of the Northern troops through their city, they had halted upon the first intimation of the hostile intentions of the authorities of that city; and, far from entertaining any idea of forcing a passage through Baltimore, they seemed to hold her citizens in peculiar and friendly regard.

This circumstance had more effect in allaying the excitement of the Baltimoreans than all the efforts of their city police or military companies.

FREDERICK, the capital of Frederick county, Maryland, and the capital of the State in 1861-62, is situated on Carroll creek, two miles from its mouth, in Monocacy river. It is connected with the Baltimore and Ohio railroad by a branch road, three miles in length. The city is well built, the streets are wide and regular, and lined with houses of brick or stone. It contains a court house, jail, several churches, banks, scientific and literary institutes, corn and flour, lumber and paper mills, and is the second city in the State in commercial importance. The population in 1860 was 8,143, and that of the county 46,591. The county has an area of 770 square miles, and is bounded on the southwest by the Potomac river, which separates it from Virginia, intersected by the Monocacy river, and also drained by Catoctin, Pipe, Lingmoro, and Bennett's creeks. The South Mountain, a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia, forms its western boundary, and the surface is generally undulating. The soil, formed of decomposed limestone and slate, is highly productive. The city of Frederick was occupied by the Confederate army, under General Lee, on the 7th of September; for particulars of which see Ashy Operations.


Source: The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year, 1861-1865, vols. 1-5. New York: Appleton & Co., 1868.