Union Regiments by State

Territories and District of Columbia

Source: The Union Army, Vol. IV. Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908.


Military Affairs in the Territories
1861-65

Washington.—This Territory was organized March 2, 1853, from that portion of Oregon lying north of the Columbia river. Its white population at this time was 3,965, chiefly in the region of Puget Sound, and it had an estimated population of 14,249 in 1861, exclusive of some 30,000 tribal Indians. On March 3, 1863, Idaho Territory was set off from Washington, embracing all that part lying east of Oregon and the 117th meridian, west longitude. The Democratic party was in control of the territorial administration prior to 1861, when President Lincoln appointed W. H. Wallace to the executive office, L. J. S. Turney being secretary. Wallace was almost immediately nominated as delegate of the territory in Congress, and resigned as governor upon his election. Turney was acting governor until the ar, rival of the next appointee, William Pickering of Illinois, who arrived at Olympia in June, 1862, and continued to hold the office of governor throughout the period of the Civil war. Pickering was an old friend of Lincoln's, having known him for 30 years in Illinois. Wallace's predecessor as delegate was Isaac Ingalls Stevens, who had rendered distinguished service to Washington, both as first governor of the territory, and as delegate to Congress. Though a pro-slavery Democrat, he was firmly opposed to the movement for secession, and warmly supported the government during the crisis leading up to the war. When he returned to Olympia in April, 1861, it was apparent that he had taken deeply to heart the troubles between the North and the South, and in response to the people of Olympia gathered to welcome him, he declared: "I conceive my duty to be to stop disunion." He declined to become a candidate for reelection, but was instrumental in securing the adoption of strong Union resolutions by the Democratic convention. On his return soon after to Washington, he tendered his services to the government, was made colonel of the 79th N. Y. infantry, the famous Highlanders, rose to the command of a division, and met a hero's death on the field of Chantilly. The legislature of 1861-62 had a Democratic majority, which declined to support resolutions introduced by the Republicans upholding the course of the general government in resorting to arms and protesting against the Pacific republic idea. In the legislature of the following year Union sentiment ruled much stronger, when hearty resolutions were adopted in support of the government, and the loyalty of the people's representatives could not again be called into question. The outbreak of the Civil war coincided with a period of wonderful mining excitement in Washington, extensive gold discoveries having been made on the tributaries of the Upper Columbia, known as the Wenatchee, Okanagan, Kettle river and Colville mines, and a little later other discoveries were made on the Salmon, Clearwater, Nez Perce and other streams. The result was that the population of eastern Washington far exceeded, within two years, that of the older settled Puget Sound and Columbia region—a fact which led to the organization of the Territory of Idaho in 1863. The rapid influx of settlers and miners within this new country caused trouble with the Indians, and the Washington troops were constantly employed during the war in guarding the little known routes of travel and the mining settlements which sprang up like mushrooms over night.

The territory was too sparsely settled and too remote to furnish many volunteers in the war, though a number found their way east with the Pacific coast contingent, and saw active service with the armies at the seat of war. The news of the fall of Fort Sumter, and Lincoln's first proclamation calling for volunteers, did not reach Washington until May 1. Ten days later, Acting-Governor McGill issued a call for the organization of the territorial militia under the existing laws, requiring each company to report at headquarters forthwith in response to the president's call should their services be required. Adjt.-General Frank Matthias appointed an enrolling officer for each county, and all men subject to military duty were ordered to report to these officers. It was estimated that there were at this time in the 22 organized counties about 6,000 men between the ages of 16 and 60, capable of bearing arms. It was believed that men were needed to repair the damages sustained by several years of Indian wars, as well as during the present mining excitement. After the Department of Oregon (including Washington) was merged in that of the Pacific in the latter part of 1860, Colonel Wright was retained in command of the District of the Columbia until the fall of 1861, and thus had command during the critical period attending the opening of hostilities. His command of regulars was soon sadly depleted by being ordered east and in the latter part of 1861, Wright, then in command of the Department of the Pacific, took steps to supply their place with volunteers. He deputed Justin Steinberger of California, formerly residing in Pierce county, Wash., to proceed to Puget Sound and raise a regiment to be mustered into the U. S. service. He succeeded in raising only four infantry companies, one each at Whatcom, Port Townsend, Port Madison, and Walla Walla, the remainder of the regiment being recruited in California. On January 5, 1863, Governor Pickering was able to report to the legislature that the 1st regiment of Washington infantry, organized pursuant to order of the war department, October, 1861, had been received into the service of the United States. He suggested that the legislature give some expression, either by memorial or joint resolution, of the confidence of that body in this regiment, whether it remained where it then was or should be called out of the territory in the service of the United States, and invoking for it the favorable notice of the general government, praying that in the event of a reorganization of the army this corps might be retained in service in Washington. The legislature so ordered. The above regiment, many of whose members were recruited in California, was the only organization of volunteers furnished by the territory during the war. The men were all credited to Washington and the records of the war department indicate that the territory furnished a total of 964 men.

Nevada was organized as a territory March 2, 1861, and had a white population according to the U. S. census of 1860, ot 6,857. James W. Nye was appointed governor of the territory and Orion Clemens, secretary. After a territorial existence of only a little over three years, Nevada was admitted as a state on October 31, 1864. In accordance with the enabling act passed by Congress, the constitution of Nevada provided that "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said state, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." The loyalty of the people of Nevada during the war was attested in many ways, and upon one occasion her citizens sent $51,500 in silver bricks from her mines to the U. S. sanitary commission. The vote of the state at the presidential election of 1864 was 16420, of which Lincoln received 9,826 and McClellan 6,594; majority for Lincoln 3,232. At the same election H. G. Blasdel, Republican, was chosen governor by 9,834 votes over David E. Buell, Democrat, who received 6,500 votes. A Republican member of Congress was elected, and the legislature was overwhelmingly Republican. Though Nevada was one of the latest organized territories, scantily peopled and situated thousands of miles from the seat of war, she nevertheless contributed 1,080 volunteers to aid in the preservation of the government. The above is the number of soldiers credited to Nevada by the war department, though the official report of Adjt.-General John Cradlebaugh for 1865 claims a total of 1,190 men furnished. These volunteers were enlisted during 1863-64, organized into a cavalry battalion composed of six companies and an infantry battalion of three companies, their average length of service being something more than two years. Like most of the other troops from the far western states and territories, Nevada's soldiers were not directly engaged with the Confederate armies, but were engaged at home in the important work of protecting the great overland highway and the settlements upon the frontier from Indian incursions and depredations. In connection with other troops they made extensive campaigns into the Indian country, explored many new sections of country, and frequently chastised the hostile Indians of the Humboldt region and elsewhere in their chosen retreats. Nor should it be forgotten that most of the volunteers enlisted under the impression that they would be ordered east to take an active part in crushing out armed rebellion, though when the event proved otherwise they cheerfully and patriotically performed their duty in whatever locality or sphere the government's interest required. To encourage enlistments the territorial and state legislatures provided by law for the payment of a bounty of $10 to each recruit enlisted and for additional pay to the officers and privates -as follows: colonel, $50; lieutenant-colonel, $45 ; major, $40; captain, $35; lieutenants, $25; privates, $5; this extra pay to continue from February 20, 1864, until discharged from the service. As a result of these laws Nevada incurred a total liability of about $105,000 by January 1, 1866, at which time a little over 300 men still remained in the service, at an estimated monthly expense to the state of $1,875. The last four companies of cavalry were finally mustered out in July, 1866.

Colorado was organized as a territory by act of Congress February 28, 1861. According to the U. S. census its population in 1860, exclusive of some 6,000 tribal Indians, was 34,277, composed of representatives from almost every state in the Union and from many foreign countries. A host of southern men had come into the country in 1859-60, and it was estimated that fully one-quarter of this pioneer community openly or secretly sympathized with the movement for the dissolution of the Union. Among their number were many men of sterling worth and character, who were leading spirits in the mining camps and primitive towns of that period. The new territory was fortunate in having for its first governor, Major William Gilpin, a man of strong intellectual caliber, marked courage and unswerving loyalty to the government. He was born in Pennsylvania, came of good Revolutionary stock, was well equipped both by education and practical experience for the duties of his post, being a graduate of both the Pennsylvania university and the U. S. military academy at West Point. He was appointed governor by President Lincoln March 22, 1861, and held the office until removed for causes, which will be referred to later, in May, 1862, when he was succeeded by John Evans of Illinois. To Governor Gilpin's promptness, energy and vigor in making ready for war is due much of the success attending Colonel Canby's New Mexican campaign in 1862 against General Sibley.

On Governor Gilpin's arrival in the territory May 29, 1861, he found among the people what he termed "a strong and malignant secession element," which had been "ably and secretly organized from November" of the previous year. Afterwards he declared that "extreme and extraordinary measures" were needed "to meet and control its onslaught." In April, before the arrival of Governor Gilpin, some southern sympathizers hoisted a Confederate flag on the principal street in Denver and a riot was narrowly averted. A large and excited crowd gathered at once in the vicinity, among which the loyal element predominated. The prompt action of one enthusiastic patriot, Samuel M. Logan, later a captain in the 1st Colonel infantry, prevented a clash between the contending factions. Logan climbed to the top of the building and hauled down the emblem of disunion "before it had fluttered long enough to smooth out its creases and wrinkles, and never again was a Confederate flag flung to the breeze in Denver City." Gilpin, on his arrival, was moved to energetic action by the necessities of the situation. In addition to the strong disloyal element in their midst, the people of the new territory were separated from the settled portions of the Union by 600 miles of rolling prairie. The government of the Confederacy was already plotting to annex the whole Southwest to its domain, in which was to be included the territory of Colorado. On all sides were swarms of predatory Indians, eager to take advantage of civil war among their white enemies. No sooner did Texas pass its ordinance of secession, than it took steps to occupy not only the Federal forts within its own limits, but also those in New Mexico, with the ultimate design of annexing the whole southwestern region, including Colorado and southern California, to the domain of the Confederacy. It was even contemplated to seize and annex some of the states of northern Mexico to secure an outlet for the South on the Pacific. One of the first steps taken by Governor Gilpin was to buy through his agents all the guns of every sort among the people, but in this work he was confronted with the active competition of the Confederate sympathizers. One thing was checked at the very beginning, and that was the open organization of an armed force to cooperate with the expected invasion from the South. As in California and other western states and territories men left Colorado quietly and unostentatiously, singly and in small groups, to join the Confederate armies. The territory was destitute of any militia organizations and it was necessary to create a military force from the bottom up. Late in the autumn of 1861 Colonel Canby, in charge of Federal military affairs in New Mexico, called upon the governor of Colorado for reinforcements and two volunteer companies were despatched to his assistance, being the first Colorado troops to leave the territory for service in the war. These two companies, popularly known as "Captain Jim Ford's Independent Company" and "Captain Dodd's Independent Company," were recruited in and around Canon City, where they rendezvoused during the fall of 1861. Their ranks were filled in December and the members were mustered into the U. S. service at Fort Garland the same month. They were intended to be the beginning of a future organization to be known as the 2nd regiment Colorado volunteers. These two independent companies both participated in the New Mexico campaign and on their return to Colorado in the spring of 1863, became Cos. A and B in the 2nd Colonel infantry, later known as the 2nd Colonel cavalry, after its consolidation with the incomplete 3d regiment of infantry in the winter of 1863-64. Two companies of home guards were also organized in Denver in the fall of 1861 for six months' service, and were mustered out in the spring of 1862 upon the expiration of their term. The third and principal organization of Colorado troops raised in 1861, which also owed its existence to the vigorous initiative of Governor Gilpin, was the 1st infantry, commanded by Colonel John P. Slough, a prominent lawyer of Denver. Major Chivington of this regiment, and later its colonel, forsook his work as presiding elder of the Rocky Mountain district of the Methodist Episcopal church to accept his commission as major, and no more dashing soldier entered the service from the West. As one who knew him wrote: "Chivington developed extraordinary military ability, although he had no military training before he abandoned the pulpit for the battle-field. In action he became the incarnation of war. The bravest of the brave, a giant in stature and a whirlwind in strife, he had, also, the rather unusual qualities that go to make soldiers personally love such a leader and eager to follow him into the jaws of death. The admiration and devotion of his men became unbounded. He was their ideal of a dashing, fearless, fighting commander."

This organization, together with the independent companies of Captains Ford and Dodd, previously mentioned, took a leading and highly honorable part in the campaign which drove General Sibley and his army from New Mexico. Some three years after the close of the war, the people of New Mexico erected in the plaza at Santa Fe a soldier's monument with appropriate inscriptions in honor of the patriotic dead who fell on her battle-fields, and at the laying of the cornerstone of this monument, with impressive and elaborate ceremonies, was participated in by a committee from Colorado representing the soldiers of Colorado regiments and the people of the territory generally.

While the Colorado troops were absent in New Mexico, the work of recruiting new companies had been going on at home. The enthusiasm and loyalty of Governor Gilpin in organizing and maintaining the troops raised in Colorado in 1861 had led him into certain difficulties with the authorities at Washington. The treasury of the territory was practically empty and the Federal authorities had placed no funds in his hands with which to raise troops, nor had it conferred upon him any authority to create indebtedness on Federal account. In the emergency the governor believed he was justified in issuing negotiable drafts directly upon the national treasury at Washington though he had no legal authority for the step. In all he issued about $375,000 of such drafts, which were willingly accepted by those to whom money was due on military account, but which were promptly repudiated by the treasury department when they were presented in Washington. In reply to the bitter public sentiment which was aroused against him at home, Governor Gilpin declared that he had been assured by those high in authority at Washington that his irregular procedure would be overlooked by reason of the emergency and the drafts would be honored. There is no reason to doubt that he had been given some such assurance, and a considerable part of this indebtedness was ultimately paid by the Federal government, though the treasury department never recognized the validity of the drafts in any manner. The purity of Governor Gilpin's motives is not now questioned, though some scandal resulted at the time in his removal from office and the appointment of his successor, Governor John Evans, who arrived in the territory in May, 1862, and continued in office throughout the remainder of the war.

During Evans' administration the 2nd and 3d regiments of cavalry, and McLain's independent battery of artillery, were recruited in Colorado and mustered into the U. S. service. The 2nd cavalry was formed in October, 1863, by the consolidation of the 2nd infantry with the incomplete 3d infantry.

The total number of troops furnished by Colorado during the war was 4,903. Says Whitford: "The number of deaths from disease among the Colorado troops, from the time they were mustered into the service until the defeat and retreat of General Sibley's army, was remarkably small, not exceeding 8 or 10, a fact in which was reflected the excellent physical character of the men." Heavy losses were sustained by McLain's battery and the 2nd cavalry during their long and arduous campaigns in Missouri and elsewhere. As an indication of the gallant service rendered by these two splendid organizations of Colorado volunteers, the official report of Colonel Ford commanding the 4th brigade, 1st division, Army of the Border, during the Price campaign, states that from October 16 to November 9, 1864, the 2nd cavalry lost 70 killed and wounded, and McLain's battery 5.

Despite the war the population of Colorado increased at a rapid rate, due to the enormous influx of immigrants, led thither by reports of the abundance and richness of the gold and silver mines among the mountains. The territory was only second to California in its production of the precious metals, and the constant stream of gold and silver which it poured into the nation's coffers had an important bearing in sustaining the government's credit during the "dark days." The volunteers of Colorado were a potent element in holding in check the disloyal elements within the territory, who were never able to perfect any effective military organization in aid of the Confederacy. To the heroic achievements of Colorado men is largely due the credit for defeating the bold and comprehensive scheme of the Confederacy to acquire possession and control of all the vast southwestern region of our country, including a passage to and a foothold on the Pacific coast. In the short, sharp and decisive campaign of 1862, which drove the Confederates from New Mexico across the Rio Grande, defeated and demoralized, the wavering allegiance of the inhabitants of this great region was finally determined, and the dream of the South to add to their slavery empire was forever dissipated. The services of Colorado troops in holding the Indian tribes in check were also of vast moment, as were their brilliant performances in Indian Territory, Missouri and Kansas.

Nebraska was organized as a territory in 1854, was still a territory at the outbreak of the Civil war, with a population of 28,541, exclusive of some 5,000 tribal Indians within its borders. Of this population there were only about 9,000 males between the ages of 20 and 50 years, and yet the territory furnished during the war 3,307 officers and men, embraced within the 1st cavalry, 1,370 rank and file; 2nd cavalry, 1,384; the Curtis Horse, 341; the Pawnee Scouts, 120; and the Omaha Scouts, 92. In addition to these, when the territory was invaded by powerful bands of hostile Indians in the summer of 1864, the governor called out four companies of militia and a small detachment of artillery, which served from two to six months within the limits of the territory. The chief executive officers of the territory during the war were Alvin Saunders, governor, and Algernon S. Paddock, secretary, both of whom were men of unswerving loyalty to the Union and promptly responded to every demand of the government for assistance. When the militia was called out during the Indian outbreaks of 1864, the territory paid all expenses except those of arming and subsisting the troops. For this work it incurred an indebtedness in excess of $40,000, and as the treasury of the territory was practically empty it issued bonds in 1865 to the amount of $36,000 to satisfy these military claims. The 39th Congress in 1866 appropriated the sum of $45,000, or so much thereof as might be necessary, to reimburse the territory for its expenditures in connection with the suppression of these Indian hostilities.

New Mexico, which formed a part of the extensive domain acquired from Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, had a population in 1860 of native Mexicans and Indians, with a small admixture of emigrants from the states and foreign countries. According to the United States census for that year the population numbered 80,567, exclusive of Indians, of whom only 1,168 were natives of other parts of the United States, and 5,479 were of foreign birth. The vast majority of the New Mexicans took little or no interest in national politics, and indeed knew very little about the great issues which threatened to disrupt the Union, their general attitude being one of apathy and almost complete indifference. As far as the people gave any expression to their views on national questions, they were inclined to lean toward the South, as most of the army officers and territorial officials with whom they had come in contact were strongly imbued with southern principles. A few popular leaders led the masses politically, and these leaders manifested little liking for Republicans, or abolitionists, as it was the fashion to term the members of the new party. Despite all this, when the test came and the Confederates in arms were everywhere successful; while New Mexican soil was apparently within the firm grasp of the victorious Texan invaders; the masses displayed unexpected Union proclivities and furnished 5,000 to 6,000 volunteers and militia to drive out the invaders. Only a few prominent natives, among whom the influential Armijo family were conspicuous, gave aid and comfort to the enemy. Nevertheless, it is more than probable that the New Mexicans were more influenced by their traditional hatred for the Texans, rather than by any deep seated love for the Union, though the people as a whole maintained their loyal attitude throughout the war. African slavery as such cannot be said to have prevailed within the territory before the war. as the people, like other Mexicans, were opposed to slave labor as an institution. A system of peonage, or servitude for debt, prevailed, and there were large numbers of captive Indians held in practical bondage, though with the exception of a few body servants, introduced into the territory by military and civil officials, there were no negro slaves and the native New Mexicans desired none. Although the need for such legislation was in no way apparent, the political leaders, inspired by southern partisanship, enacted some ultra pro-slavery laws, which were repealed in December 1861, on the governor's suggestion that they were too harsh in their provisions. About the close of the war the law which prohibited the residence of free negroes or mulattoes in the territory for longer than 30 days was also repealed. Some reference has already been made in other portions of this work to the ambitious plans of the Confederacy to annex practically all of that territory acquired by the United States from Mexico. The South placed a good deal of reliance on the strong southern sentiment known to prevail in southern California, the mining camps of Colorado, and the Arizona portion of New Mexico. It was also believed that the native New Mexicans would rally to the secession standard at the first reasonable show of success, but the South was disappointed in this particular as already mentioned. Union sentiment, prejudice against African slavery, and hatred for the Texans, proved unexpected stumbling blocks to the hopes of the Confederacy. In their plans for the occupation of New Mexico the enemy also expected considerable aid from the warlike Apaches and Navajos. These powerful tribes, if not actually in alliance with the Confederate forces, were expected to keep the small Union army in New Mexico fully employed. Both tribes had been actively hostile since 1858, and the successive military commanders in New Mexico—Garland, Bonneville, Fauntleroy, Loring and Canby—had been engaged in an almost continuous succession of campaigns against them since that date. Space forbids more than a bare reference to the matter, but it is now known that for more than a year before South Carolina seceded, Sec. of War Floyd, in Buchanan's cabinet, caused to be sent to the various army posts in New Mexico and other southwestern points large quantities of military supplies and an unusually large number of regular soldiers, commanded to a great extent by officers from the Southern states. These supplies and officers were to be utilized in promoting the secession movement when the time should arrive. The officers were to resign their commissions and join the southern army and it was believed that most of the soldiers of their commands would follow the lead of their officers and go over to the Confederacy. Prominent among these southern officers were Colonel W, H. Loring, in command of the military district of New Mexico at the outbreak of the war, Colonel George B. Crittenden and Major H. H. Sibley, all of whom promptly espoused the southern cause. When Loring resigned in June, 1861, Colonel Edward R. S. Canby, of the 19th U. S. infantry, succeeded to the post relinquished by Loring. It may be stated here that the rank and file of the soldiers, almost without exception, remained true to their allegiance and declined to follow the lead of their recalcitrant officers. At this juncture the secretary of the territory, Alexander M. Jackson, resigned his office to go south, and subsequently became General Sibley's assistant adjutant-general during the New Mexican invasion. Sibley wrote from El Paso, June 12, 1861: "We are at last under the glorious banner of the Confederate states. * * * I regret now more than ever the sickly sentimentality by which I was overruled in my desire to bring my whole command with me. I am satisfied of the disaffection of the best of the rank and file in New Mexico." On July 8 Sibley, then a brigadier-general, was charged by the Richmond authorities with the "duty of driving the Federal troops from New Mexico, and of securing therein all the arms, supplies and materials of war." For this purpose he was ordered to proceed without delay to Texas, there raise a brigade as speedily as possible to accomplish the above objects, and, in the event of his success, he was to organize in northern New Mexico a military government. Sibley's preparations for the invasion of New Mexico were not completed until the close of the year. Meanwhile, steps had been taken by the Confederacy to occupy, annex and organize the territory of Arizona, comprising all that portion of New Mexico south of latitude 34 degrees. Early in July, 1861, Lieut.-Colonel John R. Baylor, in command of several companies of Texas mounted rifles and artillery, entered New Mexico by way of El Paso. Within a month all the military posts in the lower part of the Rio Grande valley in New Mexico, garrisoned by U. S. troops, were evacuated, except Fort Craig, and fell into the hands of the invaders. By the close of September the Union forces were successively defeated in small skirmishes at Mesilla, Canada Alamosa, and near Forts Thorn and Craig. Fort Bliss, a large and well built fort at El Paso, Mesilla, Fort Fillmore, and Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge were abandoned to the enemy. Immediately after the fight at Mesilla, Major Isaac Lynde, of the 7th infantry, who was in command of the southern district of New Mexico, and who had a force of 500 or 600 men at Fillmore, basely abandoned his post and fled to San Augustine springs, 25 miles distant in the Organ mountains, where on July 27, either through cowardice or treachery, without firing a shot, he surrendered his whole force of regulars to Baylor. This disaster opened southern New Mexico to the invaders and compelled Colonel Canby to gather all his forces at Fort Craig, which then became the initial point of his offensive and defensive operations during the remainder of the campaign. On. August 1 Baylor issued a proclamation to the people of the lower half of the territory, stating that he took possession of the entire region "in the name and behalf of the Confederate States of America;" that he designated Mesilla as its seat of government, and that in organizing it temporarily he appointed all its civil officers. Later he announced that his jurisdiction also included practically the whole upper half of the territory of New Mexico. Baylor's action was subsequently ratified in its essential details by the Confederate government, which early in 1862 declared the New Mexico territory to be organized as the territory of Arizona, and Baylor was confirmed as military governor and commander of the forces within its limits. Its northern boundary was defined by the 34th parallel of north latitude. Of the advance of the California column in 1862 from Fort Yuma, under command of General Carleton, and the retreat of Captain Hunter's little force of Texans across the Rio Grande into Texas, sufficient mention has been made in connection with the military annals of California. It may be added with reference to this branch of the New Mexican campaign, that the Californians occupied Tucson in May, 1862, and were then busied for a time with the hostile Apaches. When they finally advanced to the Rio Grande in July and August, they were too late to materially assist in driving Sibley's invading force across the river.

On December 14, 1861, Sibley assumed command in person at Fort Bliss of the forces he had enlisted in Texas. These consisted of three regiments of mounted infantry, five companies under command of Lieut.-Colonel Baylor, two batteries and three independent companies—a total force of about 3,500 men. This force was an unusually efficient and courageous body of men, composed of hardy Texan rangers and frontiersmen. On the 20th Sibley addressed a proclamation to the people of New Mexico, stating that, "by geographical position, by similarity of institutions, by commercial interests, and by future destinies, the territory pertains to the South." He appealed "in the name of former friendship," to his "old comrades in arms" still in the ranks of the Union's defenders, to renounce allegiance to "the usurpers of their government and liberties," and to aid in enforcing permanently the authority he represented. He also added: "I am empowered to receive you into the service of the Confederate states —the officers upon their commissions, the men upon their enlistments." He declared that, by virtue of the power vested in him, he abrogated "the laws of the United States levying taxes upon the people," whose cooperation he solicited.

Meanwhile Colonel Canby made every effort to enlarge and strengthen the defenses of Fort Craig, reinforcing the garrison with both regulars and volunteer New Mexican troops. Steps were also taken to protect the government depot at Albuquerque and the barracks at Santa Fe, while Fort Union, which had been located and built to resist Indian attacks, was strengthened with extensive earthworks to resist the assaults of trained soldiery and made the chief center of military operations in the northern portion of the territory. Extensive storage facilities were also provided into which were removed from Albuquerque and Santa Fe the Federal munitions of war and the more valuable of the other government property. These army supplies had been wagoned across the plains at great expense and would afford a rich prize to the enemy in case of capture. Consequently the garrison of Fort Union was strongly reinforced and its commander was ordered to be on his guard against surprise by any Confederate force which might enter New Mexico from Texas by way of either the Pecos or the Canadian river, to cooperate with General Sibley.

In 1861 the military force of New Mexico consisted of only about 1,000 unorganized militiamen; but the people were speedily aroused from their apathy by the Texan invasion and during the latter half of 1861, five regiments of New Mexico volunteers were organized. Most of the officers of these regiments were native New Mexicans, and were men of ability and dauntless courage, the colonel of the 1st regiment being the celebrated "Kit" Carson. The ranks of the first two regiments were practically filled by the close of the year, while the others were only partly filled. The legislature had authorized Governor Henry Connelly to call into service the whole force of the territory to aid the U. S. troops in repelling the invasion and in addition to the volunteer regiments above mentioned a large number of militia companies were organized and mustered into service for three months. Much to the chagrin of their officers, the militia proved unreliable in the face of the enemy, and the same was true of a part of the volunteers. Colonel Gabriel R. Paul, of the 4th New Mexico, was placed in command of Fort Union, and under date of March 16, 1862, Colonel Canby instructed him to hold the post at all hazards, but to order Fort Garland, Colonel, to be entirely destroyed if the enemy menaced it by moving on northward. Captain Ford's independent company of Colorado volunteers arrived at Fort Union in January, 1862. In February Sibley advanced up the Rio Grande on the western side by way of Mesilla and Fort Thorn and appeared before Fort Craig on the 18th. He had with him a force of about 2,600 men, and to oppose this force Canby had concentrated at Fort Craig five companies of the 5th, three of the 7th, and three of the 10th infantry, two companies of the 1st and five of the 3d cavalry, McRae's battery and Dodd's independent company of Colorado volunteers. The New Mexican troops consisted of the 1st regiment (Carson's), seven companies of the 2nd, seven of the 3d, one of the 4th, two of the 5th, Graydon's Spy company, and about 1,000 hastily collected and unorganized militia, making on the morning of the 21st an aggregate present of 3,800, of whom only about 1,200 were regulars. Canby in his official reports repeatedly stated that he had no confidence in the militia and could place only limited dependence on the volunteers. The first severe engagement between Union and Confederate forces in the southwest took place at the Valverde, 6 miles above Fort Craig, February 21, 1862. The battle raged from 10 o'clock in the morning until sundown, when the Federal forces retreated in good order across the Rio Grande and returned to Fort Craig. Despite their victory, the Confederates did not believe themselves strong enough to capture Fort Craig and after the battle of Valverde pushed rapidly north along the river, occupying the larger towns, including Albuquerque and Santa Fe, the capital of the territory. On their way from Valverde none of the Confederate detachments met with any further resistance, but Sibley was nevertheless sorely disappointed by the cool and almost hostile reception awarded him by the vast majority of the people. In retaliation, all the wealthy and prominent Union sympathizers were mulcted in large sums of money and their property confiscated. Two of the Armijo brothers were exceptions to the general rule and placed their stores of merchandise, valued at $200,000, at the disposal of Sibley's troops. When the capital of the territory was abandoned, Major Donaldson, in command of the District of Santa Fe, fell back upon Fort Union, his small force of about 200 men acting as escort to the large amount of public property then being removed from Albuquerque and Santa Fe. Governor Connelly came with them and established his temporary capital at Las Vegas, 30 miles west of Fort Union.

Meanwhile relief for the invaded territory was soon forthcoming. A strong column from California under command of General Carleton, brought about the early collapse of Baylor's "Territory of Arizona" (see California Military Affairs), and in March, 1862, the Colorado regiment under Slough and Chivington arrived. Says Governor Connelly, writing to Sec. Seward under date of March 1 1 from Fort Union: "Colonel Slough, from Denver City, arrived here last night with 950 men, who from all accounts can be relied upon. These, with 300 or 400 that are already here, will give Colonel Canby a force of 2,000 regular troops; that is, American troops. He still has the fragments of three regiments of Mexican volunteers, I think to the amount of 1,500 men, which would make his force fully 3,500. The militia have all dispersed and have gone to preparing their lands for the coming harvest, and this is by far the best use that could be made of them." Writing again on March 30, Governor Connelly was able to report the bloody, but indecisive, engagements at the Apache Canon and Pigeon's ranch, in which Colorado troops formed the main part of the Union forces engaged, and nobly sustained Governor Connelly's estimate of them as soldiers that "can be relied upon." While neither side gained a decisive victory at the battles of Apache Canon and Pigeon's ranch, the enemy suffered heavily in killed and wounded, was completely foiled in his attempt to reach and capture Fort Union with its invaluable supplies, and sustained an irreparable loss in the capture and destruction of his whole train of some 70 or 80 heavily loaded wagons, filled with ammunition, subsistence, forage, baggage, clothing, medical supplies, etc. In addition, between 500 and 600 horses and mules, found corralled in a ravine near the train, were killed. After these losses further advance by the enemy was impossible and he promptly retreated to Santa Fe in search of provisions. When the news of the disaster reached Sibley at Albuquerque, he realized that his campaign in New Mexico had failed and that he must return with all speed to Texas with the skeleton of his army. On April 1 Canby marched northward from Fort Craig with 860 regulars and 350 volunteers to unite his forces with those from Fort Union, which had started southward on the 6th, as he had ordered. Canby's troops made a demonstration against Albuquerque on the 8th, to which point the Confederates had fallen back, then turned to the right and effected a junction with the Fort Union forces at Tijeras on the 13th. The enemy continued his retreat down the river and on the 15th there was skirmishing at Peralta between the opposing forces throughout the day. In this engagement the Confederates fired their last shot at Union soldiers during Sibley's disastrous campaign in New Mexico, for Canby permitted the enemy to escape from the territory without further hindrance from him, "although his force was double that of Sibley's." The two forces moved down the Rio Grande on opposite sides of the stream and nearly opposite each other on the 16th and 17th. On the night of the 17th the enemy, instead of moving rapidly on Fort Craig and capturing it with its weak garrison as originally intended, "suddenly decided to take a more difficult and hazardous route, 20 miles farther to the west, through the San Mateo mountains, and return to the river at a point 30 miles below Fort Craig, near Alamosa." In this desperate retreat Sibley abandoned most of his wagons and supplies, and left behind him many of his sick and wounded, whom Canby reported as found "without attendance^ without medicine, and almost without food." For his failure to capture, or at least decisively defeat Sibley's demoralized and broken, command, and for his apparent unwillingness to even greatly harass him during his final retreat. Colonel Canby was never forgiven by the Union people of New Mexico, nor by many of his own soldiers. His real reason probably was that it was much better to allow Sibley's army to retire from the territory into Texas, than to capture it and be forced to subsist another large body of men on the limited supplies he was able to command. As it was, Canby found himself with nearly 500 prisoners on his hands, a large proportion of whom were sick or wounded. In one of his reports Canby stated that Sibley had left behind him, "in dead and wounded, and in sick, prisoners and missing, one-half of his original force." Sibley finally reached El Paso with only 7 wagons of the 327 reported to have been taken northward by him from Mesilla five months previous, and the only artillery saved were the 6 guns of McRae's battery captured at Valverde.

Before the end of July the last of the Texans withdrew from the territory and New Mexico was not again troubled or invaded by Confederates during the war. With the departure of Sibley's and Baylor's forces, many men of the territory who sympathized with the Southern cause also left New Mexico and subsequently became closely identified with the Confederacy. By the close of 1862 the Colorado troops had left for home, their place being taken by Carleton's California volunteers, which, with the New Mexico volunteers and a few regulars, were henceforth deemed sufficient for the protection of the territory. In September, 1862, General Carleton succeeded Canby in command of the Military District of New Mexico, and it is unnecessary here to follow in detail the series of Indian campaigns instituted by Carleton, in which the New Mexican volunteers under Colonel Carson bore an honorable and conspicuous part.

At its session of 1862-63 the legislature passed resolutions thanking "the brave California and Colorado troops for their timely aid in driving the traitors and rebels from our soil;" and calling a public meeting in each county to provide for strengthening Forts Union and Craig as a precaution against another invasion. At the following session the Colorado volunteers were again thanked for their services, as Governor Evans of Colorado had complained that the resolutions of the previous session had done an injustice to them in a paragraph especially complimentary to General Carleton and the Californians. Evans declared that the California troops were too late to be of much assistance in the campaign, and that the Colorado troops were really entitled to the chief credit for expelling the invaders. Consequently the legislature solemnly affirmed that "it is not the intention to place these brave soldiers second to none." This legislature also made provision for militia and volunteer expeditions against the hostile Indians, and for obtaining reports covering their depredations. The legislatures of 1866-67, and 1867-68, appropriated something over $3,000 for the erection in the plaza at Santa Fe of a soldier's monument, having four marble tablets, on two of which are appropriate inscriptions that honor the soldiers of the Federal army who fell in the engagements with the Confederates in the territory. The corner stone of this monument was laid October 24, 1867, amid elaborate and impressive ceremonies, and within it was deposited a parchment roll bearing the names of all the Union officers who fought in the battles of Valverde, La Glorieta and Peralta.

The finances of the territory remained prosperous throughout the war. The territorial debt in 1860 was only $3,673, which constantly diminished, until in 1864 the treasury reported a surplus of over $5,000. A direct war tax of $62,648 per year was imposed on the territory by Congress in 1861, but was never collected, as it was offset by the capitol and road appropriations a little later. A large number of claims against the United States on the part of New Mexican citizens arose out of the war. These were for destruction of property by the Confederates, the result of Indian depredations, and for militia service both against the Confederates and the Indians. The matter of these claims came up at nearly every session of the legislature for many years and the attention of Congress was directed to them by repeated memorials of the legislature, but the writer is not aware that any of these claims were ever paid. Certain it is that they received scant courtesy at the hands of Congress for many years after the war.

Dakota, like Nevada and Colorado, was organized as a territory in March, 1861, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil war. It was a sparsely settled region at this time, possessed of a white population of only 4,837 souls. There were, however, 39,664 tribal Indians within its limits, giving it a total population of 44,501. The governor of the territory until March, 1863, was William Jayne, who then took his seat as delegate in the 38th Congress, to which he had been elected the preceding year. His successor in the executive office was Newton Edmonds. During the Sioux hostilities of 1863-64, a few Dakota volunteers were enlisted in the Federal service against the Indians. The territory is credited with furnishing 206 men, who were organized in two cavalry companies.

District of Columbia.—A total of 16,872 men was furnished by, and credited to the District of Columbia during the war. The quotas assigned to the District under the various calls for troops only aggregated 13,973 men, hence it furnished 2,899 men in excess of all requirements. These troops were embodied in one regiment and one company of cavalry; two regiments and thirty-three companies of infantry. During the early weeks of the war, when all was confusion at the seat of government, the uniformed militia of Washington were called into the service of the United States in large numbers. By Special Orders, No. 58, from the headquarters of the army, dated April 6, 1861, Bvt. Colonel Charles F. Smith of the regular army was assigned to the command of all the troops stationed in the city of Washington and at Fort Washington, Md. On the 9th was constituted the Department of Washington, to consist of the District of Columbia and the State of Maryland, and Colonel Smith was assigned to the command of the same. On the same day Sec. Cameron of the war department issued the following order to Major-General R. C. Weightman, commanding the militia of the District of Columbia: "Under the 24th section of the act approved March 3, 1803, the president desires that you call out, to be mustered into the service of the United States, ten companies of militia, constituted preferably of the uniformed volunteer companies. Major McDowell, assistant adjutant-general, will muster the troops into the service of the United States as soon as presented." Under date of the 13th, five more companies of uniformed militia were called out and an additional company on the 15th. Colonel Charles P. Stone, inspector-general of the militia of the District of Columbia, was assigned on the 16th to the command of the District of Columbia volunteers. Altogether, thirty-three companies of infantry and one of cavalry were mustered into the U. S. service before the end of April, 1861, for three months. These troops, with the exception of Captain Owen's company of cavalry, were organized into battalions, their field officers being assigned by Colonel Stone. The cavalry company was not attached to any battalion, but reported direct to the headquarters of the district and was detailed as a guard for the president, being known as the "President's Mounted Guard." The various infantry battalions were stationed at the navy-yard, the Capitol, and at different points within the district, where they performed guard duty. Captain Owen's cavalry company, and the 2nd, 3d, 5th and 8th battalions participated in the Rockville expedition, under Colonel Stone, in June and July, 1861. The volunteer militia companies were mustered out in July, on the expiration of their terms of enlistment, as the emergency which called them into being no longer existed.

NOTE.—The territories of Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Indian Territory and Montana are not credited by the war department as having furnished the general government with any troops which bore the designations of these territories. Most of the above mentioned territories, as well as Wyoming, were organized either during or after the war, and it is quite probable that some who claimed their residences within the limits of each or all of them, as afterward constituted, served with the organizations of other states or territories.

Page 448


RECORD OF TERRITORIAL REGIMENTS

First Washington Infantry.—Colonel, Justin Steinberger; Lieut.-Colonel, Thomas C. English; Major, Calvin H. Rumrill. This regiment was recruited partly in Washington and partly in the state of California. The several companies were mustered into the U. S. service at Fort Vancouver and Fort Steilacoom, Wash., and Alcatraz island, California, from October 19, 1861, to December 5, 1862, for three years. The original members were mustered out as their terms of service expired, and the remaining members were consolidated into a battalion of three companies (E, H and I) March 7, 1865. Cos. E and H were consolidated July 22, 1865, and designated Co. E. Of the two companies remaining in service, Co. I was mustered out November 20, 1865, and E December H, 1865. The regiment was stationed by detachments at the various posts in the territory and a portion of it cooperated with the Oregon cavalry in several expeditions against the Shoshones, Snakes and other Indians, during which long and exhausting marches were made and many privations endured.

First Nevada Cavalry Battalion.—Lieut.-Colonels, A. A. C. Williams, Milo George; Majors, A. A. C. Williams, Milo George, Noyes Baldwin. This battalion of six companies was organized at Fort Churchill, Nevada, where it was mustered into the U. S. service between June 17, 1863, and April 5, 1864, for three years. Cos. D and E and a detachment of 20 men of Co. F were mustered out at Fort Churchill November 18, 1865; A, B and C were mustered out July 12, and F July 21, 1866, being the last organization from Nevada in the service of the United States. It participated in the Indian fights at Pyramid lake, where it had 1 man wounded, and Table mountain, where it lost 2 killed and 1 wounded. Small detachments of the command had numerous skirmishes with the Indians while on scouting duty, and the battalion saw much arduous service while garrisoning the exposed frontier posts, or performing escort duty along the overland emigrant route.

First Nevada Infantry Battalion—Captains, Co. A, M. R. Hassett, William Wallace; Co. B, George A. Thurston; Co. C, John G. Kelly. As authority had been received to recruit a full regiment, Charles Sumner was commissioned colonel, A. W. Briggs lieutenant-colonel, and John G. Paul major, but none of these officers was ever mustered into service, because the organization was never completed and all recruiting for the regiment was ordered discontinued in May, 1865, by special order from the war department. At that time Cos. A, B and C had been organized and mustered into the U. S. service at Fort Churchill for three years. Some additional recruits for Co. D were thereupon transferred to the other companies. Co. B was mustered out of service at Fort Ruby, Nevada, December 15, 1865, and A and C at Fort Churchill, December 22-23, 1865. The command sustained a few casualties by disease and accident, but there were no losses in battle.

First Colorado Cavalry.—Colonels, John P. Slough, John M. Chivington; Lieut.-Colonel, Samuel F. Tappan; Majors, John M. Chivington, Edward W. Wynkoop, Jacob Downing, Scott J. Anthony. Early in the summer of 1861 Colorado offered to furnish the war department with several companies, either of infantry or cavalry, composed of "men inured to toil and hardship," but the offer was curtly refused by the Federal authorities. Governor. Gilpin and other patriotic men of the territory nevertheless resolved to go ahead and perfect the organization of an infantry regiment. In July, 1861, Captain Samuel H. Cook and two associates raised a mounted company in the South Clear creek mining district for service under General "Jim" Lane in Kansas. Cook and his men were persuaded to remain in the territory and join the new regiment, of which they became Co. F. Recruiting offices were opened in Denver, the Clear Creek mining towns, Boulder City, Colorado City, and at other points. During the fall of 1861 ten companies were recruited, which rendezvoused at "Camp Weld," near Denver and were there mustered into the U. S. service from August 26 to December 14, for three years, as the 1st regiment Colorado infantry. Its designation was changed to 1st regiment Colorado cavalry November 1, 1862. The members were chiefly recruited from Denver, the Buckskin Joe mining district, Central City, Black Hawk, Oro City, Laurett, Nevada, Empire City and the Clear Creek mining camps. Co. I consisted almost entirely of Germans. Cos. C and D, organized at Nevada, Denver, Golden City and Central City, from September 2 to December 1, 1861, for the 2nd infantry were assigned to this regiment as Cos. L and M in December 1862, and April, 1863. On the expiration of its term of service the original members (except veterans) were mustered out and the organization, composed of veterans and recruits, was consolidated into a battalion of seven companies. It was mustered out by companies at different dates from October 26 to November 18, 1865. The personnel of the regiment was of an unusually high order, the men being hardy and well seasoned, self-reliant and accustomed to danger, but were lacking in military experience. Late in the autumn three companies under command of Lieut.-Colonel Tappan were sent to garrison Fort Wise (afterward renamed Fort Lyon), while the remainder of the regiment remained in quarters at Camp Weld. On February 10, 1862, the regiment was ordered to New Mexico to reinforce Colonel Canby and early in March while en route learned for the first time of the Union defeat at the battle of Valverde and the capture of all the field guns of the Fort Craig forces. The enemy was reported advancing in triumph northward along the Rio Grande, confident that Fort Union with its great store of military supplies would soon fall into their hands. General Sibley was already in possession of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, where he was fast enlisting volunteers, while Fort Union was only defended by some 400 regulars and an equal number of volunteers. On receipt of the above news the command, though already worn by their long march, hastened forward in light marching order and reached Fort Union March 10. Only one or two of the companies were mounted, yet the regiment had frequently made 40 miles a day, and in one stretch of 36 hours had marched a total of 92 miles. The command remained at Fort Union until the 22nd and received a complete supply of clothing, arms and ammunition from the government stores. Colonel Slough assumed command of the post by virtue of his seniority, and so construed Canby's orders to Colonel Paul, the former commander at Fort Union, that he resolved to advance against the enemy, instead of waiting to be attacked at the post. His total force numbered 1,342 men, made up of the 1st Colonel, Captain Ford's unattached Colorado company, one company of the 4th New Mexico vols., a battalion of regular infantry, three detachments of cavalry, and 2 light batteries of 4 guns each. On March 25, Major Chivington, in command of about one-third of the column—418 men—was ordered ahead to make a reconnoissance in force, with the primary object of surprising and expelling the small force of the enemy then occupying Santa Fe. With Chivington were Cos. A, D, E and F of the 1st Colonel and a detachment of regular cavalry. On the night of the 25th some Texan scouts were captured at Pigeon's ranch and it was learned that the advance of Sibley's forces was at the western end of La Glorieta pass, en route to Fort Union. On the morning of the 26th Chivington's advance surprised and captured an advanced scouting party of the enemy in Apache canon. About a mile farther back in the cation the vanguard of Sibley's brigade, about 300 strong, under the command of Major Pyron, with 2 field pieces, was encountered and a fierce battle ensued between the hardy frontiersmen on either side, in which the Union forces achieved a glorious victory. The enemy lost 75 in killed and wounded, and 71 captured. The Union loss was 5 killed and 14 wounded, among the latter being the gallant Captain Cook, who with Co. F, charged back and forth through the flying enemy three times—"as gallant an onset in war as was ever made." The next day the entire Union force was reunited at Kozlowski's ranch on the Pecos, 27 miles from Santa Fe. On the 28th Colonel Slough advanced against the enemy through the Apache canon in two columns. One detachment under Major Chivington, consisting of 430 men, in which were included Captain Wynkoop's battalion (Cos. A, E and H) of the 1st Colonel and Captain Ford's independent company, took a trail over the mountains which led them to Johnson's ranch at the western end of La Glorieta pass, where it surprised a force of 200 of the enemy guarding a wagon train of 80 wagons, captured and destroyed the wagons, together with one 6-pounder gun, and took 2 officers and 15 men prisoners. The loss of this train was a severe blow to the enemy, depriving him of his baggage, ammunition and provisions. Meanwhile, the main column under Colonel Slough engaged the enemy under command of Lieut.-Colonel Scurry about 1,200 strong at Pigeon's ranch (also called the battle of La Glorieta). The engagement lasted over 5 hours, the Federals fighting a defensive battle throughout. A truce was declared at 5 o'clock in the afternoon to bury the dead and remove the wounded. Reports are conflicting as to the losses sustained, but the total Union loss in killed, wounded and missing was in the neighborhood of 150, about 100 of which was sustained by the 1st Colonel Slough claimed that the enemy's loss in the two battles of the 26th and 28th aggregated 350 killed, wounded and prisoners. The second day after the battle at Pigeon's ranch Colonel Slough started for Fort Union, as he did not feel strong enough to hazard another engagement with the enemy in their strong position in the mountains and his instructions were to protect Fort Union "at all hazards and to leave nothing to chance." Colonel Slough resigned his command April 9, and Major Chivington was appointed in his place a few days later. On April 6 a column under command of Colonel Paul, of which the 1st Colonel formed a part, left Fort Union and formed a junction with Colonel Canby at Tijeras on the 13th. The Colorado troops had their last skirmish with Sibley's forces at Peralta on the 15th, and from that point participated in the pursuit of the demoralized enemy as far as Fort Craig.

Early in May Colonel Chivington with his regiment was placed in charge of Fort Craig, Chivington being also given the command of the southern district of New Mexico. On July 4 he was relieved by Colonel Howe and reported in person to Canby at Santa Fe, where he procured an order to move the 1st Colonel to Fort Union. Chivington then obtained leave of absence and went to Washington for the purpose of having the regiment made a cavalry organization and transferred if possible to the Army of the Potomac. He succeeded in having it transferred to the cavalry arm and also secured an order for its return to Colorado, but failed in his effort to have the command sent east. The regiment arrived in Colorado by detachments about January 1, 1863, was mounted and continued in service in Colorado and the adjacent territories during the remainder of the war. Some of its detached companies rendered efficient service in the Indian campaigns, but it had little further opportunity to distinguish itself after the New Mexican campaign. A list of its Indian engagements includes Cedar bluffs, Smoky hill, Fremont's orchard, Atkin's ranch, Pawnee fork, Big Sandy, Valley Station and Little Lermio.

Second Colorado Cavalry.—Colonels, Jesse H. Leavenworth, James H. Ford; Lieut.-Colonels, Theodore H. Dodd, Samuel S. Curtis; Majors, James H. Ford, Samuel S. Curtis, J. Nelson Smith, Jesse L. Pritchard, J. C. W. Hall. This regiment was formed by the consolidation of the 2nd and 3d Colonel infantry in October, 1863, as directed in Special Order No. 278, Headquarters Department of Missouri. The 2nd infantry was organized at Fort Garland, Central City, Fort Lyons and Denver from December 14, 1861, to December 15, 1862. Cos. A and B, commanded by Captains James H. Ford and Theodore H. Dodd, respectively, were mustered into the U. S. service at Fort Garland December 14 and 24, 1861, for three years. They were the first Colorado organizations to leave the territory and served as unattached companies throughout the New Mexican campaign in 1862 under Colonel Canby. They were designed to form the beginning of the 2nd infantry, then in process of formation, eight more companies being recruited assigned to the 1st regiment on its return from New Mexico at the beginning of 1863, when it became a cavalry regiment, forming Cos. L and M. On the return of Ford's and Dodd's companies to Fort Lyon (Old Fort Wise) at the beginning of 1863, they took their place as Cos. A and B in the 2nd infantry, which then consisted of eight companies, under command of Colonel Leavenworth. What was originally known as the 3d infantry was never fully organized, six companies being recruited for it and mustered in at Denver City and Camp Weld from September, 1862, to January, 1863, for three years. The 2nd and 3d infantry were both ordered to take the field in the spring of 1863, when six companies of the 2nd, under Lieut.-Colonel Dodd, and five companies of the 3d, under Lieut.-Colonel Curtis, marched across the plains to serve in Missouri and the District of the Frontier. Some fractional companies under Major Pritchard remained in Colorado to recruit . On November 20, 1863, after the order for the consolidation and mounting of the regiment, the detachment still in Colorado, designated Cos. F, G and K, started for Kansas City, Missouri, under command of Major Pritchard, and arrived at its destination early in January, 1864. When organized as a cavalry regiment its officers were James H. Ford, colonel; Theodore H. Dodd, lieutenant-colonel; Samuel S. Curtis, J. Nelson Smith, majors. The command then numbered over 1,100 officers and men, Cos. A to G being formed from the 2nd infantry, and H, I, K, L and M from the 3d infantry. Cos. A and B were mustered out December 19, 1864. and January 2, 1865, by reason of expiration of term of service. E and F were mustered out June 15-16, 1865, and the remaining companies were retained in service until September 23, 1865, when they were also mustered out. During their service as independent companies in New Mexico, Captain Dodd's company formed a part of Colonel Canby's immediate command, and participated in the engagements at Fort Craig, Valverde, Albuquerque and Peralta. It suffered heavily in the disastrous action at Valverde, where its loss was 4 killed and mortally wounded, and 26 wounded. Captain Ford's company was in the fight at Apache cation, and in the later pursuit of the forces under General Sibley down the Rio Grande. Both companies then were employed in garrison and fatigue duty at Fort Craig, Santa Fi and Fort Union during the remainder of 1862. In 1863. and before their consolidation as a cavalry regiment, the detachments of the 2nd and 3d infantry saw hard service in the Indian Territory and Missouri, engaging at Cabin creek, Honey springs and Webber's falls, Indian Territory, and at Dayton, Missouri. In the engagement at Honey springs, Captain Green with his command captured the flag of the 20th Texas. During a part of this time portions of the Colorado troops were stationed at and mustered in during 1862. Fort Smith, Arkansas, and at Pilot Knob, Missouri. After becoming a cavalry organization the 2nd was placed on duty in western Missouri, with headquarters at Kansas City, where it was employed in guarding the Kansas-Missouri border, and was engaged in numerous skirmishes with guerrillas and other irregular forces of the enemy. It was active at Sni hills, Pleasant Hill, on the Little Blue and fought with Thornton's forces at Camden Point and Fredericksburg. When General Price invaded Missouri in the fall of 1864 and threatened to overrun Kansas, the 2nd Colonel had just been ordered to report to the Kansas Department for active service against the Indians. A part of it was at Fort Leavenworth when, on October 18, martial law was declared in Kansas. The 2nd at once took the field and for several days before General Blunt moved toward Lexington, Colonel Ford scoured the country thoroughly with his cavalry. From this time on the gallant 2nd, or some part thereof, was in every battle and skirmish of the campaign against Price. At the battle of the Little Blue the regiment met with a severe loss in the death of the brave Major Smith, on the Big Blue, Captain Green with his famous gray-horse squadron was sharply engaged with a body of the enemy's cavalry that had taken the main Kansas City road instead of the one at Byram's ford, and the same command opened the engagement at Westport, where it performed its full share in the glorious results of that day. At Trading Post Green's and Kingsbury's squadrons opened the fight by driving in the enemy's pickets at 4 a. m. and this early movement of the advance of the 1st division precipitated the engagement which prevented the enemy from reaching Fort Scott, their objective point. Beyond Trading Post, in the second fight that marked that day on the Marias des Cygnes and Little Osage, the same gallant squadrons were foremost in the charge upon the enemy's guns, and they were in the brilliant cavalry charge at Mine creek, which resulted in the capture of Generals Marmaduke and Cabell, 7 guns, and a large body of prisoners. At Newtonia, under Major Pritchard, the regiment was in the thick of the fight and materially contributed by its audacious bravery to the splendid victory. Here it formed a part of the 900, "who faced ten times their number, stubbornly flung themselves against the foe, and for hours stood like a rock unyielding against the storm of bullets and the hurling tide of battle which fiercely dashed against our meager lines, until the arrival of General Sanborn made certain the victory which had already gleamed about us." The regiment joined in the pursuit of the defeated and demoralized army of General Price until it retreated across the Arkansas into Texas, and then returned to headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. In his official report of the 38 days' campaign, Major-General Curtis presents the roll of honor of those who especially distinguished themselves in the campaign. In the list are the following members of the gallant 2nd Colonel: Colonel James H. Ford; Majors J. Nelson Smith, J. L. Pritchard and S. S. Curtis; Captains Greene, Kingsbury, Elmer, Boyd and Moses; Lieuts. W. H. Pierce, R. S. Roe, William Wise and J. Fenton Seymour; Surg. I. J. Pollok, and Asst.-Surgeons Vance and Akin. During the remainder of the war, and until its final muster out at Fort Leavenworth, September 23, 1865, the regiment was stationed by detachments at Forts Riley, Zarah, Ellsworth, Larned, and other posts, actively employed in holding the numerous bands of hostile Indians in subjection and in escort and scouting duty. Among its numerous skirmishes with Indians during this period may be mentioned Point of Rocks, Fort Larned and Cow creek. The 2nd Colonel established for itself a record of which it may well be proud. It was renowned for its bravery and dash, in which respects it was excelled by few, if any, regiments in the service. Like the 1st cavalry, its members were of exceptionally fine physique and were capable of great endurance.

Third Colorado Cavalry.—Colonel, George L. Shoup; Lieut.-Colonel, Leavitt L. Bowen; Majors, William F. Wilder, Samuel M. Logan, Hal Sayr. This regiment was organized at Denver from August 20 to September 21, 1864, to serve for 100 days, and was mustered out December 28 to 31, 1864, 011 the expiration of its term. With the exception of the engagement fought with the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians at Sand creek, Colonel, it had no opportunity to distinguish itself in battle. All the mounted men of the regiment, numbering about 450 under command of Colonel Shoup, were ordered by Colonel Chivington of the 1st Colorado to proceed to Fort Lyon as part of an expedition he had planned against a body of hostile Indians encamped not far from that post. The remainder of Chivington's force consisted of Wilson's and Anthony's battalions of the 1st Colonel cavalry, the whole numbering some 1,000 men. Says Colonel Chivington in his official report of the engagement: "Of the conduct of the 3d regiment, 100-days' service, I have to say that they well sustained the reputation of our Colorado troops for bravery and effectiveness, were well commanded by their gallant young colonel, George L. Shoup, ably assisted by Lieut.Colonel L. L. Bowen, Major Hal Sayr, and Captain Theodore G. Cree, commanding 1st, 2nd and 3d battalions of that regiment." The camp of the Indians, consisting of about 130 lodges, was located on Sand creek, about 40 miles north of Fort Lyon. After a forced march from the fort the troops surprised them on the morning of November 29, 1864, and after a fierce battle in which desperate bravery was displayed on both sides, the Indians were routed with great slaughter. Colonel Shoup, in his official report of the engagements says: "I dismounted my men and fought them for some time on foot. At this point Captain Talbot of Co. M fell severely wounded while bravely leading his men in a charge on a body of Indians who had taken refuge under the banks on the north side of the creek. Here a terrible hand-to-hand encounter ensued between the Indians and Talbot's men and others who had rushed forward to their aid, the Indians trying to secure the scalp of Captain Talbot . I think the hardest fighting of the day occurred at this point, some of our men fighting with clubbed muskets, the 1st and 3d Colonel regiments fighting side by side, each trying to excel in bravery and each ambitious to kill at least one Indian. Many valuable lives of officers and men were saved by others just as the fatal knife was raised to perform its work of death." The loss of the 3d in this engagement was 9 men killed, 44 wounded and 1 missing. Among the wounded were Captain Talbot and Lieut. Hawley.

McLain's Colorado Battery.—Captains, William D. McLain, George S. Eayre. This battery was recruited and organized at Denver, where it was mustered into the U. S. service for three years December 15, 1862. It was mustered out August 31, 1865. The battery performed garrison duty in Colorado until the spring of 1864, when it was ordered to Fort Larned, Kansas. In May, 1864, near Smoky hill it was attacked by 400 Cheyennes and after a fight lasting over 7 hours drove them from the field with a loss of 25 warriors and 3 chiefs. The loss of the battery was 4 killed, 3 wounded. During General Price's invasion of Missouri in the fall of 1864, the battery rendered brilliant service, being attached to the 4th (Ford's) brigade, 1st (Blunt's) division, Army of the Border, and took an important part in all the principal engagements from Lexington to the operations about Fayetteville, Ark, when Price's defeated and demoralized army was driven across the Arkansas river. Though the battery was repeatedly in action, its casualty list was small, amounting to only 5 killed and wounded out of 116 men with which it entered on the campaign. The battery was armed with five 3-inch rifled guns, and 1 mountain howitzer and was in the thick of every fight, being repeatedly commended for its bravery and soldier-like conduct in action. Among those especially included in the roll of honor appended to the official report of Major-General Curtis, are Captain McLain, Lieut. Eayre, and Lieut. Melancthon S. Beach of the battery. Captain McLain resigned April 16, 1865, and Lieut. Eayre was commissioned captain May 17, retaining the command until the battery was finally mustered out in August.

Denver Home Guards.—Captains, Joseph Ziegelmuller, James W. Iddings. During September and the early part of October, 1861, two companies of home guards were organized in Denver for six months' service, and were designated No. 1 and No. 2. They performed duty during their term of service in the city of Denver and at Camp Weld. They were duly recognized by the war department, were paid for their services, and were mustered out March 24 and April 1, 1862, on the expiration of their term of service.

First Nebraska Cavalry.—Colonels, John M. Thayer, Robert R. Livingston; Lieut.-Colonels, Hiram P. Dowans, William D. McCord, Robert R. Livingston, William Baumer; Majors, William D. McCord, Robert R. Livingston, William Baumer, Allen Blacker, George Armstrong, Thomas J. Majors. This regiment, recruited from the territory at large, rendezvoused at Omaha and was there mustered into the U. S. service by companies, from June 11 to July 21, 1861, as the 1st Nebraska infantry, for a term of three years. By Special Orders, No. 278, headquarters Department of Missouri, October 11, 1863, it was changed to cavalry and designated the 1st Nebraska cavalry. The original members (except veterans) were mustered out at Omaha August 24-25, 1864, and the organization, composed of veterans and recruits, continued in service. By authority of the war department, the 1st battalion Nebraska veteran cavalry (four companies) was consolidated with it July 18, 1865, and the consolidated force was designated the 1st regiment Nebraska veteran cavalry. It was mustered out at Omaha July 1, 1866, after a total period of service of nearly five years. The 1st battalion, under command of Colonel Thayer embarked at Omaha for St. Joseph, Missouri, July 30, 1861. From St. Joseph it moved to St. Louis and thence to Pilot Knob, where it was joined August 15 by the remainder of the regiment. It served at various points in Missouri until February, 1862, its winter quarters being established at Georgetown, Missouri, from which point it engaged in scouting after bushwhackers, in expeditions to Warrensburg and Milford, Missouri, and in the skirmishing and hard marches which resulted in the capture of about 1,300 Confederates who were on their way to join General Price's army. On February 2, 1862, it was ordered to Tennessee and arrived at Fort Henry on the 11th, whence it moved to Fort Donelson on the 13th. It was assigned to General Wallace's (3d) division, Colonel Thayer being in command of the 3d brigade, to which it was attached, and Lieut.-Colonel McCord commanding the regiment. Says Colonel Thayer, in his report of the action on the 15th, speaking of the 1st Nebraska: "I am pleased to be able to say that every officer and soldier behaved very gallantly throughout. * * * I cannot omit to speak in high terms of the soldierly bearing and efficient conduct of Lieut.-Colonel McCord and Major Livingston during the engagement." General Wallace said: "Too much praise cannot be given Lieut.-Colonel McCord and his sturdy regiment." During the last sally of the enemy, Lieut. Wood's artillery company and the 1st Nebraska sustained and repulsed the attack of three regiments of infantry and a squadron of horse. They met the storm without a man flinching, and drove the enemy back in confusion. Though subjected to a hot fire for nearly an hour, the enemy fired too high and the regiment lost only 3 killed and 7 wounded. After the surrender of Fort Donelson the regiment returned to Fort Henry, whence it moved March 13 to Crump's landing. On April 7 it was again actively engaged at Shiloh in the second day's fight, where it once more rendered glorious service and received the highest praise from General Wallace for its bravery and gallantry. Says Colonel Thayer: "Nobly did the 1st Nebraska sustain its reputation, well earned on the field of Donelson. Its progress was onward during the whole day, in face of a galling tire of the enemy, moving on without flinching, at one time being an hour and a half in front of their battery, receiving and returning its fire, its conduct was most excellent." The loss of the regiment in this battle was 4 men killed, 5 officers and 17 men wounded, 2 men missing. The regiment next participated in the advance upon and siege of Corinth, after which it was ordered to Memphis and arrived there June 17. A week later it embarked for Helena, Arkansas, and on its arrival went into camp on Graveyard hill. Here it was engaged in several scouts and expeditions until October 5, when it moved to Sulphur springs, Missouri, and at the close of the month marched to Pilot Knob and encamped. On November 2 it moved to Patterson, Missouri, where it performed fatigue duty on the fortifications and shared in several expeditions. During the remainder of the winter the 1st engaged in many severe marches with General Davidson's forces to various points in Missouri and Arkansas, and on March 11, 1863, was ordered to Cape Girardeau. It was active here in April, during the attack of General Marmaduke, and later followed in the pursuit, being engaged at Chalk bluff and St. Francis river. Returning to Cape Girardeau, it remained there on guard, picket and fatigue duty until August 28, when it moved to St. Louis and was quartered at Camp Gamble until November 1. While here the regiment was recruited to the full complement of a cavalry regiment and was changed to that arm of the service as already mentioned. Having been mounted and equipped during November, 1863, it was assigned to a brigade commanded by Colonel Livingston, who was in charge of the Batesville district of Arkansas. The command arrived at Batesville on December 25, and was engaged in scouting and picket duty until January 18, 1864, when it assisted in the capture of a detachment of the enemy on Black river. The next day it charged into the town of Jacksonport, Arkansas, where a number of Confederates were killed and some prisoners taken. Soon after a detachment of the regiment was engaged in a three days' running fight with a force of the enemy under Colonel Freeman in the Sycamore mountains, severely punishing them. On February 11 it went on a scout to Pocahontas and on April 23 proceeded to Jacksonport, where on the next day it had a sharp skirmish with the enemy including a running fight of 7 miles. It continued scouting and skirmishing in this vicinity until May 25, when it moved to Devall's Bluff, where it arrived May 30. In the summer of this year the veterans went home on 30 days' furlough, and on the expiration of their furlough the regiment was assigned to duty in Nebraska with headquarters at Fort Kearny. In September, 1864, a detachment of the regiment went on a scout after hostile Indians on the Republican and Solomon forks of the Kansas river, during which it marched 800 miles in 23 days. The remainder of its term of service was by detachments at different points in Nebraska in scouting and escort duty, guarding the overland mail and stage route, and engaging in frequent skirmishes with bands of hostile Indians. The welcome order to proceed to Omaha for muster-out was received June 10, 1866, and the final muster-out took place there on July 1. The regiment marched during its term of service over 9,000 miles and including transportation by water and rail traveled about 15,000 miles. While the war of the rebellion was in progress it rendered faithful service on many a hard fought field. When the war closed it hastened to the protection of Nebraska, which was threatened with disastrous raids by hostile Indians, and engaged in this arduous service for more than a year.

First Battalion Nebraska Cavalry.—Major, George Armstrong. This organization, known as the 1st battalion Nebraska veteran cavalry (four companies) was organized at Omaha, from January 14 to August 31, 1864, to serve for three years. It was consolidated with the 1st Nebraska cavalry on July 18, 1865 (see 1st cavalry), and was mustered out with the last named organization July 1, 1866.

Second Cavalry.—Colonel, R. W. Furnas; Lieut.-Colonel, William F. Sapp; Majors, George Armstrong, John Taffe, John W. Pearman. This regiment, recruited from the state at large, rendezvoused at Omaha, and was there mustered into the U. S. service from October 23, 1862, to March 24, 1863, for nine months. It was mustered out by companies at different dates from September 4 to December 23, 1863, on the expiration of its term of service. During its year of active duty it rendered efficient service against the Indians. The regiment was called into being on account of the grave menace to the pioneer settlers of the territory, occasioned by numerous bands of hostile Indians, who had been plundering and capturing the settlers of western Minnesota during the summer and fall of 1862, and threatened to cross the Missouri river, to continue their depredations in Nebraska. Through the vigorous initiative of Acting-Governor A. S. Paddock, the regiment was soon organized and in the field. On June 20, 1863, Co. D had a fight with the redskins at the Pawnee reservation, losing 1 killed and 2 wounded. In the latter part of August, 1863, as a part of General Alfred Sully's northwestern expedition, it left the mouth of the Little Cheyenne river in search of the enemy. On September 3, the scouts of the expedition reported 600 Indian lodges about 10 miles distant. Preparations were hastily made to attack them the same night, and the bloody battle of White Stone hill ensued, the strength of the Indians being estimated at about 1,000 warriors. Both officers and men of the 2nd behaved with great gallantry, resisting several desperate charges, and finally driving the enemy in headlong flight from the field. Colonel Furnas estimated their loss in killed was not less than 150, and their wounded at twice that number. He reported his own loss as 7 killed, 14 wounded and 10 missing. The Indians in their hasty flight abandoned all their tents, clothing and supplies of every sort and only the exhausted condition of both men and horses of the regiment saved them from further pursuit and punishment at the hands of the gallant 2nd. The victory gained at White Stone hill was entirely due to the coolness and courage of the regiment and came as a fitting close to a hard and toilsome campaign of several months. Soon after this battle its term of service expired and the command returned to Omaha. On its departure it received the warmest commendation from Brigadier-General Sully for its valuable services.

Nebraska Battalion ("Curtis' Horse").—Lieut.-Colonel, Mathewson T. Patrick; Major, Carl Schaffer de Boernstein; Captains, Co. A, John J. Lowe; Co. B, John T. Croft; Co. C, J. Morris Young; Co. D, Harlon Baird. This battalion was recruited during the summer and fall of 1861, and pursuant to Special Order No. 74, Department of Missouri, to carry out special instructions from the secretary of war directing the organization of a cavalry regiment to be called the "Curtis' Horse," it was united with other detachments and companies from Iowa, Minnesota and Missouri, and the regimental organization completed in January, 1862, Captain W. W. Lowe of the regular army being designated its first colonel. June 25, 1862, the regiment of Curtis' Horse was assigned to the State of Iowa, and called the 5th Iowa cavalry (see history of the 5th la.).

Pawnee Scouts.—Captain Frank North. This organization, also known as independent Co. "A," was composed of Pawnee Indians from the Pawnee reservation, and was first called into service August 31, 1864, by authority of the provost-marshal-general. It numbered 90 men rank and file, and was mustered into the U. S. service at Columbus, January 13, 1865, for one year. It was mustered out April 1, 1866. The command served mounted and rendered excellent service during the Indian campaigns of 1864-6.

Omaha Scouts.—Captain, Edwin R. Nash. This was also an independent organization, known as Co. A, Omaha Scouts, and was mustered into the U. S. service at Omaha May 3, 1865, for a term of one year. It numbered 85 men rank and file, Omaha Indians, and gave a good account of itself while in the service, engaging with some loss at Tongue river, August 28, 1865. It was mustered out July 16, 1866.

Nebraska Militia Companies.—During the summer of 1864 the territory of Nebraska was for a second time invaded by bands of hostile Indians, which seriously threatened the sparse frontier settlements, making it necessary to call into service for short terms four companies and a small detachment of artillery of the militia. Co. A, 1st regiment, 2nd brigade, Captain Thomas B. Stevenson, numbering 53 men, rank and file, was mustered into service August 12, 1864, and was mustered out December 21, 1864. It was stationed at Pawnee ranch, on the road to Atchison and Leavenworth, 54 miles southeast of Fort Kearny. Like the other militia companies it formed part of the forces commanded by Colonel Livingston, eastern subdistrict of Nebraska. Co. B, 1st regiment, 2nd brigade, Captain Isaac Wiles, numbering 53 men, was mustered into the U. S. service August 13, 1864, for four months. It was stationed at Junction City, on the north side of the Platte river, 42 miles east of Fort Kearny, and was mustered out February 13, 1865. Co. C, 1st regiment, 2nd brigade, Captain A. J. White, numbering 57 men, was mustered into the U. S. service August 24, 1864, for four months. It was stationed at Little Blue Station, on the Little Blue river, about 80 miles southeast of Fort Kearny. Co. A, 1st regiment, 1st brigade, Captain John R. Porter, numbering 47 men, was mustered into the U. S. service August 30, 1864. It was stationed at Midway, about 65 miles west of Fort Kearny. On October 28, 1864, Porter's company had a spirited engagement with a band of Pawnees, who had attacked and driven in a party of haymakers at work for the Overland Mail Company. Two of the Indians were killed and 3 captured. A detachment of artillery, numbering 13 men, under command of Captain Edward P. Childs, was also mustered into the U. S. service on August 30, 1864, by order of Major-General Curtis, and served two months and 12 days. Colonel Livingston, commanding the eastern sub-district of Nebraska, thus speaks of the militia organizations: "I cannot conclude without expressing my admiration of the soldierly conduct of the four companies of Nebraska militia under my command. They have endured privations and done duty without murmuring, only one company, Captain Stevenson's having manifested any disorderly conduct, and that was promptly remedied by Colonel O. P. Mason, Nebraska militia. Their services entitle them to the thanks of their fellow citizens, and the territory may justly feel proud of such gallant men." They were also warmly commended by Adj.-General Knox in general orders, who said: "Leaving behind them all the comforts of home, they, citizen soldiers of Nebraska, marched cheerfully, and without a murmur, and whenever duty called, were to be found ever on the alert to repel the skulking attack of the treacherous Indian foe. The battles of Plum creek and Cottonwood attest their bravery, scouts and skirmishes without number bear witness to the hard and perilous duties they had to perform, and testify also the eager willingness these citizen soldiers ever manifested."

First New Mexico Infantry.—Colonels, Ceran St. Vrain, Christopher Carson; Lieut.-Colonel, J. Francisco Chaves; Major, Arthur Morrison. This regiment was organized at Fort Union and Santa Fe, New Mexico, from July 1 to August 13, 1861, and was mustered into the U. S. service for three years. The officers and men not selected for retention in service were mustered out May 31, 1862, and the remaining members were consolidated with portions of the 2nd, 4th and 5th New Mexico infantry to form a a new regiment, designated the 1st New Mexico cavalry (q. v.). The regiment formed a part of the force gathered at Fort Craig by Colonel Canby to oppose the advance of Sibley's brigade of Texans, which had entered New Mexico by way of El Paso early in January, 1862. Under the gallant Colonel Carson it rendered effective service at the battle of Valverde, losing i killed, 1 wounded, and 11 missing. Eight companies participated in the action, and in the latter part of the battle assisted in supporting Hall's battery on the right of the Union line. In a furious attempt of the enemy to capture the battery the ist poured in a well directed fire at short range which materially assisted in driving the enemy in confusion from that part of the field and the guns were saved. When at the close of the long and bloody engagement the order was given to retreat and recross the Rio Grande, the movement was executed in good order. The regiment, together with detachments of the 2nd and 4th, garrisoned Fort Craig until after the final defeat and retreat of Sibley's forces in April, 1862. At the end of May, 1862, the original ist infantry ceased to exist as a separate organization as above stated.

First New Mexico Infantry, No. 2.—Colonels, Henry R. Selden, Francisco P. Abreu; Lieut.-Colonel, Edward B. Willis; Major, Nicolas Quintana. This regiment, recruited in the territory at large, was mustered into the U. S. service from October 1, 1863, to February 29, 1864, for three years. It was mustered out from September 12 to November 7, 1866, with the exception of certain members, who were consolidated with a portion of the ist New Mexico cavalry and retained in service to form a battalion of cavalry and infantry, designated ist battalion New Mexico volunteers, said transfer and consolidation to date from August 31, 1866. The regiment performed garrison duty by detachments at Fort Craig, Fort Union, and other posts in New Mexico and Arizona; took part in the campaigns against the Navajos and Apaches, and engaged without loss at Pinal mountains in August, 1864.

Second New Mexico Infantry.—Colonel, Miguel E. Pino; Lieut.-Colonel, Manuel Chavez; Majors, Jesus M. Baca y Salazar, Manuel D. Pino. This regiment sprang into being at the time of the first Texan invasion of New Mexico in 1861, being organized at Santa Fe in July and August, to serve for three years. The officers and enlisted men not selected for retention in service were mustered out May 31, 1862, and the remaining portion was consolidated with parts of the 1st, 4th and 5th New Mexico infantry to form a new regiment, designated the ist New Mexico cavalry. The 2nd—seven companies—formed part of the force concentrated at Fort Craig by Colonel Canby to oppose the further advance of General Sibley at the beginning of 1862. At the battle of Valverde the regiment was first employed on the eastern side of the Rio Grande while Sibley advanced to Valverde from below Fort Craig, under orders to watch the movements of the enemy, threaten his flanks and rear, and impede his movements as much as possible. Later in the day it was called to the western bank of the river and ordered to the upper crossing, where it was directed to again cross the river as a reserve for the Union left and an additional support for McRea's battery. Canby in his official report of the battle commends the zeal and energy of Colonel Pino and Lieut.-Colonel Chavez, but states that the immediate cause of the disaster to the Union arms was "the refusal of one of the volunteer regiments (Pino's) to cross the river and support the left wing of the army." After the capture of McRae's battery Canby's force retreated to the west bank of the river. Says the report: "On the west bank of the river the troops that had escaped from the battle were found to be much scattered, but the regular troops were easily collected and sent forward in the direction of the fort. Pino's regiment, of which only one company (Sena's) and part of another could be induced to cross the river, was in the wildest confusion and no efforts of their own officers or of my staff could restore any kind of order. More than 100 men from this regiment deserted from the field." Said Major Donaldson of Canby's staff, in a report to the adjutant-general at Washington, speaking of the New Mexico volunteers: "They have a traditionary fear of the Texans and will not face them in the field." The loss of the 2nd at Valverde was 1 killed, 3 wounded and 4 missing. After the battle of Valverde and until its muster out at the end of May, 1862, the 2nd performed garrison duty at Fort Craig and other New Mexican posts.

Third New Mexico Infantry.—Colonel, Jose G. Gallegos; Lieut.-Colonel, Jose Maria Valdez; Majors, Faustino B. y Ulibarri, Louis M. Vaca. This regiment, like the other volunteer organizations of 1861-62, was hastily recruited to assist in repelling the Texas invaders. As originally organized it was composed of fourteen companies, several of them mounted, which were mustered into the U. S. service at Fort Union and Albuquerque, from August 30 to October 10, 1861, for six months. Captain Vigil's company was broken up October 11, 1861, Ortiz', Lovato's and Romero's December 20, 1861, and Mortimore's February 28, 1862, the enlisted men being distributed among the remaining companies. The regiment was mustered out at different dates from March 9 to 20, 1862, by reason of expiration of term of service. Seven companies of the 3d, under command of Lieut.-Colonel Valdez, were stationed at Fort Craig, forming part of the force concentrated at that post to oppose the further advance of Sibley's Texan brigade. The regiment participated in the battle of Valverde, where it was employed chiefly as a reserve force and in supporting McRae's and Hall's batteries. The picked company commanded by Captain Mortimore especially distinguished itself, its commander being three times wounded. The loss of the 3d in this action was 6 killed, 4 wounded and 1 missing. Its term of service having expired, the regiment was mustered out shortly after this engagement.

Fourth New Mexico Infantry.—Colonel Gabriel R. Paul; Major, Adolph H. Mayer. The organization of this regiment was never completed. Six companies were mustered into the U. S. service at Fort Union from September, 1861, to February, 1862, to serve for three years. It was consolidated into a battalion of three companies April 5, 1862. The officers and enlisted men not selected for retention in service were mustered out May 31, 1862, and the remaining portion was consolidated with like members of the 1st, 2nd and 5th New Mexico infantry to form a new regiment, designated the 1st New Mexico cavalry (q. v.). Colonel Paul was a graduate of West Point and an officer of the regular army. He was given the command of the eastern district of New Mexico, with headquarters at Fort Union, but was superseded in the command of the forces gathered at this post by Colonel Slough, of the 1st Colonel infantry, on the arrival of the latter at Fort Union, March 10. 1862. One company of the 4th was with Colonel Canby's forces at Fort Craig, and participated in the disastrous action at Valverde. The remainder of the regiment formed part of the garrison at Fort Union, and after the battle at Pigeon's ranch formed part of the column commanded by Colonel Paul, which left Fort Union April 6, 1862, to form a junction with Canby. The last skirmish with the enemy was at Peralta, where Sibley's forces were finally driven out of New Mexico utterly routed and demoralized.

Fifth New Mexico Infantry.—Colonel, Benjamin S. Roberts. This regiment, whose organization was never completed, was mustered into the U. S. service at Albuquerque in November, 1861, to serve for three years. The officers and enlisted men not selected for retention in service were mustered out May 31, 1862, and the remaining portion became part of the 1st New Mexico cavalry. Colonel Roberts was a West Point graduate and lieutenant-colonel of the 3d U. S. cavalry when commissioned colonel of the 5th.  He had been one of the officers stationed in New Mexico at the opening of the war and was a soldier of recognized loyalty and gallantry, who had refused to join his associate officers in entering the service of the Confederate government. He is credited with having influenced most of the junior officers and nearly all the private soldiers in the Federal army to remain true to their allegiance. Two companies of the 5th, Captain Hubbell's and Captain Barrientos', were stationed at Fort Craig when Sibley's brigade advanced up the valley of the Rio Grande. Hubbell's company was one of those selected to accompany the Federal advance under Colonel Roberts, to occupy and hold the upper or Valverde ford, 7 miles above Fort Craig. In the bloody battle of Valverde which ensued this company took an honorable and conspicuous part, losing 3 killed, 1 wounded and 4 missing. Colonel Roberts, in his official report, especially commended Lieuts. Charles Meinhold and William W. Mills, who served as his aides during the battle. Hubbell's company was subsequently transferred to the 1st New Mexico cavalry, on the formation of that regiment.

First New Mexico Cavalry.—Colonel, Christopher Carson; Lieut.-Colonels, J. Francisco Chaves, Ethan W. Eaton, Julius C. Shaw; Majors, Arthur Morrison, A. H. Meyer, Joseph Cummings, Ethan W. Eaton, Francisco P. Abreu, Jose D. Seno, Rafael Chacon, Edward H. Bergmann, Albert H. Pfeiffer, John Thompson. This regiment, with the exception of Cos. L and M, was organized May 31, 1862, by the consolidation of certain members of the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th New Mexico infantry, to serve for three years. Co. M was organized at Fort Garland, Colonel Ter., October 4, 1862, and Co. L, at Santa Fe, New Mexico, January 29, 1863, each to serve for three years. The original members, except veterans, were mustered out July 31, 1864,. by reason of expiration of their term of service, and the organization, composed of veterans and recruits, retained in service. Co. M was consolidated with Co. G January 19, 1866. The remaining companies were mustered out of service from September 19 to 30, 1866, with the exception of certain members who were consolidated with a portion of the 1st New Mexico infantry and retained in service to form a. battalion of cavalry and infantry designated 1st battalion New Mexico volunteers (q. v.), said transfer and consolidation to date from August 31, 1866. New Mexico was not again invaded by the Confederates after the expulsion of the Texans in 1862, but the numerous Indian tribes 6f the Territory and the adjacent eastern plains took advantage of the war to indulge in frequent uprisings. The 1st cavalry was almost continuously employed during its term of service in expeditions against the hostile Navajos, Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, Utes, etc., and detachments of the regiment were stationed as garrisons at the various military posts of the territory, such as Forts Bascom, Canby, Stanton, Wingate, Sumner and Whipple, according to the varying exigencies of the Indian service. The regiment, under its famous colonel, "Kit" Carson, performed excellent service in rounding up the hostile tribes, and in conformity to the established policy of General Carleton, who had succeeded Canby as department commander, thousands of the Indians were placed on reservations provided for them. A list of the Indian fights in which the regiment, or a portion of it, participated includes Jornado Del Muerto, Warm springs, Rio Hondo, Conchas springs, Pueblo, Colonel, Rincon de Mascaras, Sacramento mountains, St. Vrain's old fort, Rerocks, Black canyon, Skull valley, San Andres mountain, Abo pass and Rio Verde. The loss of the regiment in killed, wounded and missing, in these numerous Indian engagements aggregated over 50 officers and enlisted men. The following officers were among the killed in action: Major Joseph Cummings at Pueblo; Lieut. L. A. Bargie at Jornado del Muerto; Lieut. Henry W. Gilbert at Sacramento mountains. The following officers died from disease or accident: Lieut.-Colonel Julius C. Shaw, Captain James Graydon, Captain Joseph Berney, Captain Francis McCabe, Captain Nicholas Hodt.

Independent Companies, New Mexico Cavalry.—Minks' Company. —Captain John Henry Minks; First Lieut., Felipe Sanchez; Second Lieut., Matias Medina. This organization was mustered into the U. S. service at Santa Fe, July 20, 1861, to serve for three months. It was mustered out October 29, 1861, by reason of expiration of term of service. In the latter part of September the company proceeded 40 miles south of Fort Craig to occupy the little town of Canada Alamosa, where it was surprised by a detachment of the enemy under command of Captain Coopwood. The greater portion of the company fled early in the action, and escaped by crossing the river and taking to the mountains. A feeble resistance was offered by Captain Minks, and the handful of his men who had not run away, but most of them were killed, wounded or captured.

Graydon's Company.—Captain, James Graydon; First Lieuts., Felipe Gonzales, Juan Arroyo; Second Lieuts., Juan Arroyo, John Longmuir. Captain Graydon had been a soldier in the regular army, and on the approach of the enemy up the Rio Grande valley was authorized to organize an independent spy company, which was mustered into the U. S. service as such at Fort Craig, October 29, 1861, to serve for three months. It was mustered out January 29, 1862, on the expiration of its term of service. Its members were nearly all native New Mexicans and the organization served unattached. It was reorganized and mustered into service at Fort Craig February 9, 1862, for another three months' term, and was mustered out of service May 29. Captain George H. Pettis, of the 1st New Mexico infantry, relates the following incident that occurred the night before the battle of Valverde: "On the evening of February 20, when the enemy were encamped opposite Fort Craig, Graydon was allowed to make a night attack upon them. Without explaining the details of his plan he had prepared a couple of wooden boxes, in each of which half a dozen 24-pounder howitzer shells were placed, with the fuses cut. These boxes were securely lashed on the backs of two old mules, and the captain, with 3 or 4 of his men, crossed the river just below the fort and proceeded in the darkness toward the Confederate camp. Graydon's project was to get the torpedo mules within sight of the enemy's picket line without being discovered, when he was to light the fuses, and the mules, being directed toward the picket line, would move in the direction of the animals there. He finally arrived within 150 yards of the picket line, and, everything being in readiness, the fuses of the boxes were fired, and the captain and his party commenced their retreat, when to their consternation they_ found that the mules, instead of going toward the enemy, were following themselves. The shells soon began to explode, the Confederate camp was quickly under arms, and Graydon's party made its way back to Fort Craig without the mules." Colonel B. S. Roberts, who commanded the Union forces at the battle of Valverde until nearly 3 p. m., says in his official report: "Captain James Graydon, with his independent spy company, rendered me eminent service by his vigilant watch of the enemy's movements, and great energy, enterprise and daring during the entire day." The company participated in the skirmish at Albuquerque and appears to have been the only Union organization which followed the demoralized army of General Sibley during its final desperate retreat from the territory through the Sierra de San Mateo.

Vigil's Company.—Captain, Antonio Maria Vigil; First Lieut., Jesus Maria de Henera; Second Lieut., Henry Clay Pike. This company was mustered into the U. S. service at Santa Fe, July 12, 1861, to serve for three months. It took part in no engagements and was mustered out -on the expiration of its term of service, October 12, 1861.

Hubbell's Company—Captain, Santiago L. Hubbell; First Lieut., Charles M. Hubbell; Second Lieut., Francisco Aragon. This company was mustered into the U. S. service at Albuquerque July 23, 1861, for a three months' term. It took part in skirmishes with Baylor's forces near Fort Craig, and was mustered out on the expiration of its term of service, October 30, 1861. Upon the organization of the 5th New Mexico infantry this company reenlisted as a part of the same and took part with some loss in the battle of Valverde. On May 31, 1862, it was consolidated with other volunteer organizations to form the 1st New Mexico cavalry (q. v.).

First New Mexico Battalion.—Lieut.-Colonel, Christopher Carson; Captains, John Thompson, Albert H. Pfeiffer, Donaciano Montoya, Edward H. Bergmann. This battalion, composed of four companies, two of cavalry and two of infantry, was organized August 31, 1866, by the transfer and consolidation of certain members of the 1st New Mexico cavalry and the 1st New Mexico infantry.

New Mexico Militia.—In the latter part of 1861, when the Texans under General Sibley were about to invade the territory, the legislature authorized Governor Connelly to call into service the whole military force of the territory to assist the regulars under Colonel Canby in expelling the enemy. By the middle of February, 1862, over 1,000 militiamen, hastily collected and unorganized, had reported for duty to Colonel Canby at the general rendezvous, Fort Craig. The larger part of this militia force consisted of the 1st regiment—six companies—under Colonel Armijo and Lieut.-Colonel Diego Archuleta; four companies of the 2nd regiment under Colonel Nicolas Pino, Lieut.-Colonel J. M. Baca y Salazar and Major Charles E. Wesche. Colonel Canby reports that no dependence could be placed on the militia in the presence or under the fire of the enemy, and these troops proved of little or no service to him at the battle of Valverde, where large numbers of them deserted much to the chagrin of their officers, who were for the most part brave and gallant men. A large detachment of the 2nd regiment, under Colonel Pino, was captured by the enemy at Socorro in February, 1862. On the appearance of the enemy 150 militiamen promptly went into hiding, but came out after the terms of surrender had been arranged. In addition to the 1st and 2nd militia regiments a number of other New Mexican organizations were mustered into service for short terms during the latter part of 1861. Perea's Battalion, Lieut.-Colonel Francisco Perea, was organized in the territory at large in November and December 1861, and January, 1862, to serve for three months. It was mustered out February 28, 1862. Among the independent companies formed were the Mora County militia, Captain Jose Ignacio Martiez, organized at Mora, November 14, 1861, to serve for three months; Captain Nestor Gonzales' company, organized at Fort Craig, November 23, 1861, to serve for three months; Captain Gaspar Ortiz y Alarid's company, organized at Santa Fe, December 10, 1861, to serve for three months; and Captain Liu's Tafolla's company, organized at Fort Craig, November 20, 1861, to serve for three months. All four of these companies were mustered out in February, 1862.

First Dakota Cavalry Battalion.—Co. A, Captain Nelson Miner, was organized at Yankton, in April, 1862, and was mustered into the U. S. service for three years. It was mustered out May 9, 1865, on the expiration of its term of service. Co. B, Captain William Tripp, was organized at Sioux City, Iowa, March 31, 1863, and mustered into the U. S. service for a three years' term. It was mustered out November 15, 1865. Both these organizations were employed in the campaigns against the hostile Sioux Indians and served in Dakota, in the Department of the Northwest .

First District of Columbia Infantry.—Colonel, James A. Tait; Lieut.-Colonels, Lemuel Towers (not mustered), Robert Boyd; Major, Charles J. Morrison. This regiment was organized and mustered into the U. S. service at Washington, D. C, from July 23 to October 25, 1861, to serve three years. It was consolidated into a battalion of four companies, in accordance with orders from the war department of April 2, 1863. On the expiration of its term of service the original members (except veterans) were mustered out, and the organization, composed of veterans and recruits, retained in service until February 28, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 2nd D. C. infantry.

First District of Columbia Cavalry.—This regiment, known as Baker's cavalry, was an independent organization, and was originally designed for special service in the District of Columbia, subject only to the orders of the war department. It was commanded by Colonel L. C. Baker. Eight companies were organized at Augusta, Me., from October, 1863, to March, 1864, to serve for three years, and assigned as Cos. D, F, G, H, I, K, L and M, rendering it to all intents and purposes a Maine organization. Captain Cloudman, whose company was the first to leave the state of Maine for Washington, was commissioned major by the president and served during the seven months' term. The regiment was engaged in important service in and about Washington until May, 1864, when half of the regiment was ordered to Portsmouth, Virginia, and dismounted for a short time. The other half was assigned to the army of General Butler and participated in General Kautz's cavalry raid on Petersburg in the early part of June. In July it participated in the engagement at Malvern hill and on August 2 crossed the Appomattox river and established headquarters at Sycamore Church, with four companies stationed at Cox's mills, 2 miles below. It was engaged in skirmishing and doing picket duty on the Weldon and Petersburg railroad from August 8 to August 23, and on the latter date engaged and drove the Hampton Legion, inflicting a severe loss on the enemy. It took part in the action at Reams' station; returned to Sycamore Church, and on August 27, by a special order of the war department, all the Maine officers and men were transferred to the 1st Me. cavalry. They did not join the latter regiment at once, but remained on duty on the extreme left of the army. On September 15, the regiment was attacked simultaneously at three points on their extended line, by an overwhelming force of the enemy and after a heroic resistance was compelled to retreat with some loss. Nine officers and over 150 privates were taken prisoners, in addition to several killed and wounded. Majors Baker and Cloudman were captured. The remaining men then joined the 1st Me. cavalry (q. v.).

NOTE.—In addition to the regiments mentioned above, the District of Columbia is credited in the official records with three cavalry companies—Whitney's, Orton's and the "President's Mounted Guard;" eight battalions of infantry; McKenney's infantry company; the Defenders of Washington; the Washington Clay Guards; eight militia organizations, and a company known as the "Loyal Legion." Most of these served at various times in the defenses of Washington and were not in any serious engagements with the enemy.