Union Regiments by State

Minnesota

Source: The Union Army, Vol. IV. Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908.


Military Affairs in Minnesota
1861-65

The history of Minnesota in relation to the war is in many -ways interesting, and in every way creditable. It was the first state to tender troops for putting down the rebellion. Governor Ramsey was in Washington the day of Sumter's fall. The next morning he went to Sec. of War Cameron and tendered 1,000 men for the defense of the government. The tender was accepted and the following day the call for 75,000 troops was made. Governor Ramsey telegraphed Lieut.-Governor Ignatius Donnelly of the offer and its acceptance. In the evening, at a meeting in the armory at St. Paul, several signed a paper agreeing to enlist, Josias R. King being the first to put down his name and therefore claimed to have been the first to volunteer for the Civil war. He was afterwards commissioned captain of Company G, 1st Minnesota infantry.

Minnesota furnished the first three years regiment that reached the seat of hostilities. The 1st Minnesota lost the greatest number of men at Gettysburg, in proportion to the number engaged, of any regiment in any single battle fought during the war. With 262 officers and men engaged, this regiment lost 50 killed and 174 wounded, a total of 224, leaving but 38 capable of duty. Of the wounded 25 died of their injuries, making over 28 per cent, of those engaged, a percentage unequalled in military statistics, if massacres, where all or nearly all lose their lives, be excepted.

With a population in 1860 of but 172,023, Minnesota's offering was 26,717, including citizen soldiery during the Indian war, and after deducting reenlistments her contribution compared favorably with the number furnished by any state in the Union, being 22,970 net. Intense patriotism was felt, with none of the disaffection so prevalent in some states being apparent.

There were a few within the state whose sympathies were with the South, but they made no trouble. Major Pemberton, who was in command at Fort Ridgely in 1861, was ordered to Washington for field service, but en route resigned his commission, took up arms for the South and surrendered Vicksburg to Grant.

The work of recruiting was carried on under great disadvantages at times, the population being largely agricultural, financial resources weak, communities poor, and a most distressing Indian outbreak to contend with.

The history of war times in this young commonwealth is so inextricably interwoven with the Indian massacres of 1862-63, that the latter must naturally become a part of it. Coming at a time so trying, the state was compelled to put forth her greatest efforts to protect her citizens and perform her part in the affairs of the times. Fortunately Governor Alexander Ramsey was a man of great capacity, closely connected with public men who ably assisted him, and he kept a firm hand at the helm of state. With such men as Ignatius Donnelly, then lieutenant-governor, Charles E. Flandrau, Ex-Governor Henry H. Sibley, Colonel John B. Sanborn (adjutant-general), and others equally capable, he met every emergency promptly and efficiently.

The call for 75,000 men was made April 15, 1861. As noted above Governor Ramsey had tendered 1,000 men the day before, the tender had been accepted, and several had enlisted on the evening of the 14th. The call did not include Minnesota, but having been authorized to muster a regiment, the governor pushed the work rapidly. A proclamation was issued by Lieut.-Governor Donnelly on the 16th. Adjt.-General William H. Acker resigned, and Colonel John B. Sanborn was appointed in his place on the 24th. The regiment was in readiness for action on the 30th.

The call had met with ready response; public meetings were addressed by men of all shades of political opinion; Fort Snelling, which had been in disuse for several years, was renovated; and the Stars and Stripes were run up on the 29th. The men of the regiment were fine specimens of physical manhood and of good education and ability in most cases. On May 4, two companies were ordered to Fort Ripley, two to Fort Ridgely and two to Fort Abercrombie, to relieve the regulars stationed there. This was not the service contemplated and served to dampen the ardor of the regiment. But to their credit be it said, they accepted the work assigned them gracefully and performed well their part. On May 7 the regiment was mustered in for three years, the senior three years regiment in the service. It was presented by the ladies of St. Paul with a state flag, which was carried through the war. On May 29 the ladies of Winona presented the regimental flag, which came back after the battle of Bull Run torn with bullets and shells. On June 14 came the longed-for word to go to the front and on the 22nd the regiment left to make for itself a record of which the state became justly proud.

Governor Ramsey telegraphed the president on May 3, tendering a second regiment and proceeded to Washington to ascertain what could be expected in the way of equipment. The only arms in the state were a miscellaneous lot of Springfields, Mississippi rifles with sword bayonets, and a few each of several patterns at the state arsenal. These had been used for drilling the 1st regiment, and those having the Springfield rifles were allowed to keep them, the others having been supplied with the 69-caliber musket.

A telegram from the governor on May 10 suggested that all enlistments were desired for three years. The same day he requested the war department to send 1,000 stands of arms to the state at once. On May 23 he made a second tender of another regiment and also tendered a company of cavalry. On June 14 he received the desired order for forming the 2nd regiment and this was organized by companies which replaced those of the 1st on garrison duty during June. The last company was organized in August, the detached companies came together in September, and the regiment left for Washington October 14.

Considerable trouble was experienced with the question of clothing and general equipment, but by persistence it was secured from the government. Owing to unfortunate enactments just previous to the war, the state found itself burdened with a railroad debt of $2,000,000 and its credit was seriously impaired, so that the general government was forced to provide for the care of these troops, though itself harassed for funds. The state arsenal contained some supplies and these were dealt out as long as any remained. Considerable complaint came from the individual members of the 1st with reference to their condition but this was speedily hushed by the appearance of full supplies of clothing and the regular army ration.

Minnesota's part in the battle of Bull Run and at Ball's bluff had attracted the attention of General H. S. Sanford, who had been a pioneer tourist in Minnesota, and who at that time was this country's minister to Brussels. He purchased a battery of 3 rifled 6-pounder cannon with suitable ammunition, and in the early summer of 1862 presented them to the 1st regiment as a "tribute to patriotism and valor," a gift which was appreciated beyond expression.

On October 13, Governor Ramsey announced that the state had furnished more than the quota, but expressed the hope that she would "continue to offer to the nation company after company of the best and bravest of her sons," and on the 23d he was authorized by the war department to organize the 5th regiment, which was accomplished during the fall and winter.

At the close of the year 1861 the state had furnished 4,400 men in its own regiments and companies, as well as several hundred who had joined the regiments of other states. Her quota was 4,180. The aggregate amount of all expenditures, not including items of transportation and clerk hire during the year, was $108,621.91, of which $74,982.21 was paid or adjusted. Of the remainder, the amount of claims for goods purchased upon credit of the general government and not adjusted was $23,733.89, leaving the state's indebtedness to the amount of $9,875.89. Adjt.-General John B. Sanborn, having accepted the appointment of colonel of the 4th regiment, resigned his office and he was succeeded by Colonel Oscar Malmros.

Word was received from the war department on May 21, requesting another regiment, and the call was at once issued for the organization of the 6th. On July 8 another regiment was called for and the 7th was quickly organized. In June came the first intimation of possible trouble with the Indians and a small detachment of troops was sent to the Indian agent at Yellow Medicine agency to remain during the distribution of the annuity and goods. This was followed in August by news of the uprising and massacre. In 1862 several tribes of Indians roamed over the Minnesota prairies, the wildest and most savage being the Sioux. Of this tribe there were four bands—two known as the Upper and two as the Lower Sioux. They were thus designated for the reason that at the treaty with the tribe in 1851, a reservation was established, consisting of a strip of land 10 miles wide, on each side of the Minnesota river, beginning at a point a few miles below Fort Ridgely and extending to the head waters of the river. The reservation of the lower bands extended up to the Yellow Medicine river, that of the upper bands including all above that river. Agencies were established at Redwood for the lower, and at Yellow Medicine for the upper bands. The Indians subsisted largely upon the results of the chase visiting the agency only when their annuity was due. Frequently these payments were delayed, compelling the Indians to go into debt with the traders. This, together with the realization that they had given up a valuable territory to the white man, who was rapidly settling it and crowding them back, aroused bitter feelings which only required for them an excuse to take up arms.

Payments in 1862 were delayed as usual. The Indians had learned that the whites of the nation were at war with each other and they had been informed that thousands of men

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Military Affairs in Minnesota 91 were leaving the state. A company of half-breeds had been raised at the agency and sent with the white soldiers, and this was a sign of weakness in the eyes of the Indian, who argued that the government could not defeat its enemies without the assistance of the red man. The Sioux was a war-like race and some of their chiefs were ambitious. In early July the Indians had gathered at the upper agency to receive their annuity and goods, but the money did not arrive, and after waiting until August 7, Agent Galbraith made a proposition to issue the annuity goods at once, the Indians to return to their homes and remain until advised of the arrival of the money. To this they agreed, but with bad grace. They had previously made threatening demonstrations, being restrained from wholesale plunder only by the presence of Lieuts. Sheehan and Gere with 100 men of Cos. B and C of the 5th regiment, who stood in the midst of nearly 800 yelling red men on the 4th, with two howitzers trained on the angry savages.

They were still angry when on the 17th a small party of Indians, in a controversy with a white man at Acton, killed him and three women. Returning to the agency they told what they had done and urged that the only way out of the trouble was to kill all the whites. A minority fought against it, but were voted down and fled from the camp, later surrendering to the troops. The following morning the massacre commenced. The whites at the agencies were killed, after which small bands attacked each house, killed the inmates, and continued their work until the following day, when they had murdered 1,000 men, women and children, and captured a large number of young women for their own purposes.

The first news of the outbreak reached Fort Ridgely on the morning of the 18th, a number who had escaped from the Indians flocking there for protection. Captain Marsh in command, promptly despatched a messenger to Lieut. Sheehan, who with his command was on his way to Fort Ripley from the Yellow Medicine agency, where he had been during July. With 45 men he started for the Lower agency, 13 miles distant. Captain Marsh's party was caught in an ambuscade at the river some 10 miles distant and all but 15 were murdered. Marsh was drowned while attempting to escape.

Major Thomas Galbraith, agent for the Sioux, had left for Fort Snelling with a company of enlisted men called the Renville Rangers. Reaching St. Peter on the evening of the 18th, he learned of the massacre and immediately retraced his steps, his company, 50 in number, reaching Fort Ridgely on the 19th.

Lieut. Sheehan was overtaken near Glencoe by the messenger from Fort Ridgely, and with his command made a forced return march, covering the 42 miles in less than 10 hours.

Lieut. Gere with 40 men had been left to garrison the fort -when Captain Marsh set out for the agency. The numbers had been increased by citizens and the arrival of the Sheehan and Galbraith forces gave the fort about 175 men capable of defense.

On receipt of the news at St. Peter, Judge Charles E. Flandrau organized a party of 116 men and started for New Ulm, being joined by a large number from Le Sueur under Captain Townsley, and he reached there on the 19th, just in time to aid in repelling an attack after several citizens had been killed and a half dozen houses burned. A squad from Swan Lake under Samuel Coffin had reached there just ahead of the Flandrau party. On the 20th a full company commanded by Captain William Bierbaur arrived from Mankato, another company from South Bend reached there the following day, and numerous squads of citizens arrived during the week. Judge Flandrau was placed in command, a provost guard established, and barricades thrown up.

In the meantime there had been serious trouble at Fort Ridgely. It had been attacked by a large body of Indians on the 20th, but was bravely defended. Two attacks were made on the 21st and on the 22nd a force of almost 500 attacked the fort, determined to carry it at all hazards. But the determined work of the infantry and the splendid handling of the six 12 and 20-pounder cannon, under the direction of Sergt. Jones, forced the assaulting party to retire with heavy loss. They endeavored repeatedly to rush the fort, but each time received shells from the big guns that scattered their forces in every direction. Defeated in every attempt, the Indians started for New Ulm, which was reached the following day.

On the morning of the 23d they attacked New Ulm with a force of 650 well armed fighting men, drove in the line of defenders, surrounded the place, and set fire to both sides of the street in the lower part of the town. A squad of 50 men charged and drove the Indians out beyond the houses. The defending force had been weakened to about 200. A company of 75 which had been sent to guard the ferry was cut off and forced to retreat towards St. Peter. On the way they met reinforcements under Captain Cox and returned, but were too late to render assistance. The South Bend company had returned home to protect their families and a wagon load had gone down the river. The fighting continued all day and all night and in a desultory manner during the forenoon of the 24th. About noon Captain Cox with 50 men, and Lieut. Huey with part of his detachment, arrived and the Indians disappeared. The following day the entire party at New Ulm, 1,500 in number, proceeded to Mankato.

The news of the outbreak reached Governor Ramsey on the 19th. He at once placed ex-Governor Henry H. Sibley in command of such forces as could be put into the field and gave him the rank of colonel. Sibley, with four companies of the 6th regiment, started on the 20th, accompanied by Lieut.-Colonel William Crooks of the 7th regiment, then forming. Colonel A. D. Nelson of the regular army, who had been appointed colonel of the 6th, on learning that he was to report to Colonel Sibley, made the objection that being of the regular army he could not report to an officer of state militia of the same rank and resigned his command to Crooks, who was then appointed colonel of the 6th. On the 24th Sibley's force was augmented by 200 mounted men commanded by William J. Cullen, the remaining six companies of the 6th, 100 mounted citizens and a number on foot, his force thus numbering about 1,400. But they were poorly armed and equipped, though brave and commanded by good officers. Captain Cox and a detachment was sent to New Ulm, as already noted. The mounted men were placed under the command of Colonel Samuel McPhaill and the entire party started for Fort Ridgely, McPhaill's command reaching there on the 27th. Fully half of Cullen's party returned home when they found the fort was safe, but the remainder under Captain Anderson remained. Sibley and the militia reached the fort on the morning of the 28th. Soon after 47 men under Captain Sterritt joined them and on September 1, Lieut.-Colonel William R. Marshall and a part of the 7th regiment arrived.

On August 31, Sibley detailed Captain Grant's company of infantry, 70 men of the Cullen guard under Captain Anderson, and a few others, 150 in all, under Major Joseph R. Brown, as a burial and reconnoitering party. They buried many of the murdered settlers during the two days and not having seen any Indians, camped at Birch Coolie on the night of September 1, without reference to its position as a point of defense. The Indians who had been defeated at New Ulm had gone toward the Upper agency, where they concentrated a large force and made arrangements to divide and attack St. Peter and Mankato simultaneously. En route they discovered Brown's party at Birch Coolie, surrounded the Coolie camp and attacked early on the morning of the 2nd, sending a shower of bullets from all sides and yelling like demons. For two days, with little to eat or drink, their horses all killed but one, 23 men killed and 45 severely wounded, many injured slightly, the little band held off 400 Indians.

The firing was heard at the fort on Wednesday morning and sent Colonel McPhaill forward with 50 mounted men, Major McLaren with 105 infantry, and Captain Mark Hendricks with a mountain howitzer. The party was attacked within 3 miles of Birch Coolie and held back. Lieut. Sheehan, at the risk of his life, carried a message to the fort. Sibley's entire command was put in motion, joined McPhaill after dark and drove the Indians from the field at daylight. Terrible as was this experience, it undoubtedly saved St. Peter and Mankato, both being unprotected.

Everywhere preparations for defense were being made. Co. B, of the 9th regiment, was sent to Forest City to reinforce a local company of 53 men which had been hastily organized. A fortification of saw-logs was constructed at Glencoe and occupied by a company of volunteers, who were reinforced by Cos. F and H of the 9th and also independent companies from Hennepin and Goodhue counties. Numerous reconnaissances were made from this point, refugees rescued, several skirmishes had with the Indians, and as a result of the operations much property and many lives saved.

Judge Flandrau received a commission from Governor Ramsey on August 29, authorizing him to take command of the Blue Earth country, from New Ulm to the Iowa line and west. He located headquarters at South Bend, raised troops in addition to those sent him from the regiments, and stationed detachments at South Bend, Crisp's farm, Garden City, Chain lakes and at various points along the Blue Earth river, as well as at the Winnebago agency, covering a line of frontier of about 100 miles and holding hostile Indians from anything but small skirmishes, except at Madelia, where a small body of Sioux attacked but were repulsed. In September the government ordered Major John Pope into the state to take charge of the Indian warfare. Five companies of the 25th Wisconsin infantry ^ and 500 cavalry from Iowa were also ordered to the scene of operations, thus relieving the citizens of much of their arduous labor.

In the meantime Colonel Sibley was negotiating with Little Crow, the leader of the Indians, for the surrender of captives at the Indian camp, and in the hope of bringing about a cessation of hostilities. On September 12, a council was held by the Indians. Some favored continuing the war, others were in favor of surrendering the prisoners and seeking peace. No conclusion was reached and on the 18th, Sibley determined to move against them. His force proceeded up the river without being opposed until the morning of the 23d, when it was attacked by a large force near Wood Lake. The Indians, though concealed in favorable locations in the ravines, were completely routed and demoralized in this battle.

In the meantime the little garrison at Fort Abercrombie had endured its share of trouble. Attacks had been made on September 3, some property destroyed and a number of horses captured, and on the 6th, a second attack was made, which lasted all day, but was finally repulsed. Several men were killed in the two engagements. But one company from the 5th Minnesota under Captain Vander Horck, had been sent to this point, and a detachment from it had been sent to Georgetown, 50 miles distant. This was called in on the fresh news of trouble. An expedition consisting of several government commissioners, accompanied by a train of 30 loaded wagons and a herd of 200 cattle, on the way to make a treaty with the Chippewa Indians, sought the protection of the fort. Settlements were notified and the people gathered in. A relief party of about 400 from the 3d and 5th regiments reached Abercrombie on September 23. An attack upon a company at the river on the 26th proved disastrous to the Indians and they were subsequently routed in a skirmish, which brought the siege to an end.

At the conclusion of the battle at Wood Like, Sibley established Camp Release, at a point in the vicinity of an Indian camp of 150 tepees, composed of Upper and Lower Sioux, who had been engaged in all the massacres since the outbreak. The Indians held 250 prisoners. About September 26, the Indians surrendered their entire camp, including the prisoners. Inquiry was at once instituted as to the participation of these Indians in the massacre and the terrible outrages attending, and an order for a court-martial was issued on the 28th. From this time until November 5, the court held sittings at Camp Release, the Lower agency, Mankato, and finally at Fort Snelling. It arraigned and tried 425 Indians and half-breeds, found 321 guilty, sentenced 303 to death and the remainder to imprisonment under heavy guard.

In the meantime all sorts of stories were afloat in the east, and the outcry raised that Minnesota was about to enter into a wholesale massacre of Indians. The high standing of those composing the court makes such a charge seem uncalled for at this date, but at the time there was little known of the people of the frontier by the general eastern public. President Lincoln was besieged by well meaning people to put a stop to the executions. The petitioners forgot the 1,000 men, women and children, who were butchered in cold blood, their bodies horribly mutilated, young women and girls brutally outraged and held for further ill treatment, the burned and ruined homes, and so tremendous was the pressure that finally the president commuted the sentences of all but 39 to imprisonment, subsequently pardoning 1 of these.

On December 26, 1862, the 38 condemned Indians were hanged on one gallows, nearly square in form, with a drop platform extending around its four sides, the platform being suspended by ropes brought together in the center of the frame and united with a single rope. Each side was arranged for ten men, the cutting of the single rope released the entire platform, and dropped everyone of the condemned men at the same moment. They marched to the places assigned them without apparent fear, with the sound of the death song, chanted by their surviving brethren, the last to fall upon their ears. The remainder were taken to Davenport, Iowa, and confined for a time, but were later sent west of the Missouri, to continue their depredations.

This practically terminated the Indian war in Minnesota, although during 1863-64 expeditions were made from within its borders to various points in Dakota in a determined effort to put a quietus on the threats of further massacre. The leader of the Sioux, Little Crow, had escaped capture, but on July 3, 1863, he ventured near Hutchinson and was recognized by a farmer named Lampson, who shot him. His scalp is in the possession of the Historical society.

This war is entitled to rank with any in the history of Indian warfare since America was settled. The number of Indians engaged, their fighting qualities, the number of settlers killed, the value of property destroyed, and the savagery shown, are not surpassed in importance by any Indian war recorded.

Governor Ramsey's term of .office expired with the close of 1863, and he retired only to receive promotion into the United States senate and later to become a cabinet officer. In every position he showed singular ability, and when he retired to private life it was with honors full upon him, returning to his adopted state of Minnesota, to pass his days among those with whom he had associated during most of his maturer years, and where he passed away in the summer of 1903, still the foremost figure in the commonwealth.

Minnesota's new governor, Stephen Miller, had but just returned from the battle-field, having gone out as lieutenant-colonel of the 1st regiment and fought his way up until he became a brigadier-general in October 1863. Governor Miller took up the work of his office with vigor and with full knowledge of conditions in the ranks gained through personal contact. Much was done to alleviate the condition of the soldiers, both in the field and in the hospitals. The general government did not find it expedient to establish a general hospital within the state, but Fort Snelling was made comfortable for many who were furloughed home, and the hospital at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, gave shelter to many a sick Minnesotan, giving him a breath of air to which he had been accustomed and hastening his recovery.

No regiments were organized during 1863, except that those that commenced organizing in the fall of 1862 completed filling their ranks. The regiments longer in service were strengthened by recruiting. The draft was also mildly applied, very little trouble resulting. Several of the regiments were represented in the Indian campaigns and being in the climate to which they were accustomed, the men enjoyed general good health.

The year 1864 was largely a duplicate of 1863. The 11th regiment was organized during the year and recruiting continued. In addition to the regimental and battalion organizations, there were many independent companies and squads organized, with their own leaders, that cooperated with the government in the suppression of the Indians. These did not come within the term "enlisted," but they rendered most effective service and were given full credit in the adjutant-general's reports and roster, so far as it was possible.

Much sickness prevailed in the regiments stationed in Arkansas, and the state was forced to take action for relieving the suffering. The government's medical service seemed inefficient or lacking in supplies, and Governor Miller forwarded medicine and such medical service as could be supplied. Pressure was brought to bear and finally the regiments suffering the most were moved to more healthful points. The 3d, especially, had from 200 to 300 on the sick list daily, and few of those not reported were able to perform anything in the nature of heavy duties, being unable at one time to properly bury their own dead. This regiment was moved to Devall's Bluff, supplied with vegetables, and finally recovered in time to perform good service before its muster out. (See Record of the Regiments.)

In the meantime, despite the serious frontier troubles, the state had made material gain in population. Her broad prairies were being rapidly peopled as the fear of the red man subsided, and with the return of thousands from the war the state advanced rapidly in development and growth.

While sorely tried, groaning under a burden of debt which forbade loans for war purposes, Minnesota willingly furnished more than her quota of men, joined in every movement for the relief of the sick and suffering soldiers at home and abroad and provided in many ways for the betterment of conditions for her invalid soldiers.

Every regiment was provided with two surgeons on leaving the state and in time of exigency others were sent temporarily to such points as seemed to need their services.

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RECORD OF MINNESOTA REGIMENTS

First Infantry.—Colonels, Willis A. Gorman, Napoleon J. T. Dana, Alfred Sully, George N. Morgan, William Colville; Lieut.-Colonels, Stephen Miller, Charles Powell Adams; Majors, William H. Dike, Mark W. Downie. This regiment, organized at Fort Snelling in April, 1861, was mustered into the three months' service April 29, and the three years' service May 10. On May 28 Cos. B and G, were ordered to Fort Ridgely to relieve the regulars at that point. Co. A was sent to Fort Ripley for similar service, for which point Co. E also started June 6. On June 10 Cos. C and D started for Fort Abercrombie. On the 14th the regiment was ordered to Washington, and the above six companies were recalled. The regiment left the state June 22 and went into camp at Washington on the 26th. It was ordered to Alexandria in July and brigaded with others in Heintzelman's division. It fought like a veteran regiment at Bull Run, repulsed two charges unaided, but was compelled to fall back for want of support, losing 180 in killed, wounded and prisoners, the heaviest percentage of loss suffered by any regiment in that battle. It returned to Washington and on August 2, marched for Camp Stone near Edwards' ferry, where it was engaged in picket duty and drill work. On October 1, Colonel Gorman was appointed brigadier-general, being succeeded by N. J. T. Dana. The regiment engaged in some skirmishing near Edwards' ferry, was in the battle at Ball's bluff, and served as rear-guard in the night retreat across the river. On January 16, 1862, General Sedgwick assumed command of the division. Late in February the regiment left for Harper's Ferry, then moved to Charlestown and on March 10, to Berryville, where Cos. B and K acted as skirmishers, aided to dislodge a body of cavalry and hoisted the flag on the court-house. Colonel Dana was promoted to brigadier-general and Colonel Sully took command on March 13. On the 15th the regiment camped on Bolivar heights, but returned to Washington a week later, thence to Alexandria and on the 29th moved toward Yorktown. It engaged in a skirmish at West Point and in the battle at Fair Oaks. It was joined by the 2nd Co. Minnesota sharpshooters, Captain W. F. Russell, on June 3, and was on picket duty during most of the month. It was engaged in the Seven Days' battles, after which it encamped at Harrison's landing. On July 22 it was reviewed by General McClellan and pronounced to be one of the two model regiments. It moved to the rear of Malvern hill in August, its division driving the enemy from the field. It was then recalled from the Peninsula and formed the rear-guard at Chantilly, being under fire for some time. It fought at South mountain and at Antietam, formed the right line of the brigade at the opening of the action, but in the subsequent movements it was left without support on either flank. However, it held its position until ordered to retire, but lost 147 in killed and wounded. It then marched to Bolivar heights, where it went into camp, and in October joined in a reconnaissance to Charlestown, where a heavy force was dislodged. It then crossed the Shenandoah and moved towards Fredericksburg, where it held a steady line under heavy fire during the engagement. It was engaged at Chancellorsville and joined the movement toward Gettysburg in June. On July 2, while supporting a battery at Gettysburg, with but 262 men, it charged two brigades which had routed Sickles' forces, drove them back and held its position until reserves came up and relieved it. Nearly every officer was killed or wounded and of the gallant 262 who went into action 215 lay on the field, 47 were in line, and not a man missing. Of this magnificent charge, General Hancock said: "There is no more gallant deed recorded in history." The percentage of loss was without an equal in the records of modern warfare. The following day Cos. C and F which had been detached for other duties, rejoined the regiment and it charged a portion of the advancing Confederate column, assisting in the capture of a large number of the enemy. It marched to Harper's Ferry, thence to Kelly's ford on the Rappahannock, and was sent to New York city in August to assist in quelling the draft riots. It returned to Alexandria in September, and in October was in the hot engagement at Bristoe Station, where it captured 322 prisoners, 5 cannon and 2 stands of colors. It was in the Mine Run campaign in November, was then in camp at Stevenburg until February 5, 1864, when it was ordered to Fort Snelling and was mustered out April 29, 1864. Several having reenlisted as veterans, the time of recruits not having expired, and new recruits offering themselves, a battalion of two companies was formed, known as the ist battalion Minnesota infantry. The battalion left the state May 16, 1864, for Washington and from there went to White House on the Pamunkey river, where it was assigned to the ist brigade, 2nd division, 2nd army corps. It moved to Petersburg; participated in the assault on June 18; drove the enemy's skirmishers from their lines; was in the skirmish as on the Jerusalem plank road, the assault at Deep Bottom, the battle at Reams' station, and the sharp encounter at Hatcher's run in October. It was then in winter quarters until spring, being joined by recruits, forming Co. C. The new company joined in a successful charge on the enemy's rifle-pits the morning after its arrival, in the final assault at Petersburg, and in the various actions in which the 2nd corps was engaged up to the surrender of Lee at Appomattox, after which the battalion was sent to Louisville. It was mustered out at Fort Snelling July 15, 1865.

Second Infantry.—Colonels, H. P. Van Cleve, James George, Judson W. Bishop; Lieut.-Colonels, Alexander Wilkin, Calvin S. Uline; Majors, Simeon Smith, John B. Davis, John Moulton. This regiment was organized at Fort Snelling in June, July and August, 1861, and was mustered in by companies as organized. Co. A was ordered to Fort Ripley for garrison duty July 3, and was followed by Co. F, a few days later. B and C were ordered to Fort Abercrombie and D and E to Fort Ridgely. Major Smith having been appointed paymaster in the regular army, Captain Alexander Wilkin, of the ist Minnesota infantry, was appointed to succeed him in the regiment. The companies were recalled from the garrisons in September and left the state October 14, under orders to report at Washington, but on reaching Pittsburg the regiment was directed to go to Louisville. From there it was sent to Lebanon Junction for guard and picket duty and in December was assigned to the 3d brigade, ist division, Army of the Ohio, General George H. Thomas commanding. On January 1, 1862, it moved to Lebanon, where it joined the Mill Springs campaign and was engaged in an almost hand-to-hand fight with a regiment of the enemy at that battle, driving it back in confusion and later taking possession of its tents and camp equipage, of which the 2nd stood in need. Returning to Louisville, it moved towards Shiloh and reached there April 9, too late to participate in the battle. It pursued the retreating Confederates and was in camp at Corinth until June 22. Thence it went to Iuka Springs and Tuscumbia, encamped for a month, then proceeded to Winchester, Pelham gap, Murfreesboro and Nashville. On September 14 it started for Louisville, which place was reached on the 26th, and in October it was at the head of the column in pursuit of the retiring enemy, in a constant skirmish with the latter's rear-guard. It was in reserve at the battle of Perryville; was then on short expeditions and guard duty at various points until November 25; then in camp near Gallatin, Tennessee, until January 29, 1865, and at Battle's farm until March 2. It participated in brushes with the enemy near Triune, and in June four companies were engaged in keeping a body of the enemy's cavalry from cutting up the rear of the column. It assisted in driving the enemy out of Hoover's gap and on July 1 drove his picket line through Tullahoma. It occupied Winchester from July 18 to August 16; was under fire at Chickamauga, assisted in the repulse of Breckenridge's division, and stood with Thomas in the heroic defense of Horseshoe ridge. Its loss in this engagement was 162 in killed and wounded. It was in the trenches about Chattanooga for two months, captured the first breastworks at Missionary ridge, and was in the assault which carried the crest. In the battle the 2nd lost over 21 per cent, while that of the other regiments in the brigade was 8 per cent. The regiment was specially mentioned in the official report for the "gallant manner in which it carried the rifle-pits at the foot of the ridge." On December 25, about four-fifths of the regiment reenlisted, being among the first in the Army of the Cumberland to do so, and on January 8, 1864, the reenlisted men were furloughed home. They returned in March, joined the brigade at Ringgold, Georgia, and the regiment took part in the Atlanta campaign. It was engaged in guard, garrison and picket duty, light skirmishing, maneuvering and intrenching at various points, until the battle of Jonesboro. It moved from Atlanta in November, marched to Savannah, thence north through the Carolinas, skirmishing as it went, participated in grand review at Washington, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 10, 1865.

Third Infantry.—Colonels, Henry C. Lester, Chauncey W. Griggs, Christopher C. Andrews, Hans Mattson; Lieut.-Colonels, Benjamin F. Smith, Everett W. Foster, James B. Hoit; Majors, John A. Hadley, Benjamin P. Rice, William W. Webster. This regiment was organized during the summer and fall of 1861, and was mustered in November 15. It left the state on the 17th for Louisville, where it went into camp. On December 6 it left for Shepherdsville, where six companies were detailed to guard bridges, the other four being sent to Lebanon Junction for the same purpose. It was assigned to the 16th brigade, Army of the Ohio, went into camp near Nashville March 24, 1862, and on April 27 moved to Murfreesboro, from which place several expeditions were made. It was at Murfreesboro in July, supporting a battery, when Forrest's cavalry charged, and was finally surrendered to Forrest against the protests of most of the men in line. A camp guard of 20 men had repulsed four times that number in two assaults, but was finally overcome in a third charge led by Forrest in person. All the officers who advocated the surrender, including the colonel, were later dismissed from the service. Lieut.-Colonel Griggs and Captains Andrews and Hoit were the only officers present who voted against surrendering. Lieut. Vanstrum offered his ballot, but he arrived after the council was over. The regiment was sent to Madison, Georgia, for three months, then to Libby prison, where it was paroled and sent to Nashville. An attempt was made to induce the men to break their parole and they were criticized for surrendering. They resented the injustice, declined to break their parole, and were sent to Benton barracks. Co. C, commanded by Lieut. Grummons was at Shelbyville at the time of the surrender and was sent to Tullahoma. It returned to Murfreesboro, where it joined the 2nd Minnesota infantry and was ordered to Port Snelling in October. There it joined the regiment, which had been exchanged in August, and remained in Minnesota to aid in putting down the Indian raids. The regiment joined General Sibley at Fort Ridgely in September, after a forced march from Fort Snelling, and in the expedition from the fort it was always in the advance. On the 23d a small party left camp to get a load of potatoes from Yellow Medicine agency and it was attacked by a force of several hundred Indians about a mile from camp. The 3d was on the ground in a few minutes and while falling back in order 250 men repulsed 700 Indians, then with reinforcements routed them in a bayonet charge. This came to be known as the battle of Wood Lake. Camp was made at a point known later as Camp Release, and there the regiment remained in the field until November 14, when it reported at Fort Snelling and was furloughed until December 3. About 70 members who were home on sick leave marched on September 11 to the relief of Fort Abercrombie, reached there on the 23d and participated in several skirmishes. They joined the command at Camp Release in October. The regiment was reorganized in December, Lieut.-Colonel Griggs being made colonel; Captain Andrews, lieutenant-colonel, and promotions were made from the ranks to fill the vacancies. This went far towards restoring the morale of the regiment, which had been affected by the unfortunate action at Murfreesboro. The ranks were soon recruited and on January 23, 1863, the regiment left the state a second time, going to Cairo, Illinois, and thence to Columbus, Kentucky. In March it moved to Fort Heiman and remained there some time to break up Confederate conscription. In May it was ordered to Vicksburg and on June 8, reached Haynes' bluff, where it was made a part of Kimball's provisional division of the 16th corps. It took part in intrenching the place and on the 15th took position at Snyder's bluff, remaining there until the surrender. On July 23 it made part of a force for the campaign in Arkansas, and was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division. It moved to Helena, thence to Brownsville, on to Bayou Fourche, being present at the engagement there in September, and made part of the force that occupied Little Rock during the fall and winter, being selected as one of the two infantry regiments for "its efficiency and discipline." Reenlistment of most of the men under the veteran order followed, and the old members, three companies, were furloughed home in January, 1864. On April 1 a detachment of the regiment participated in a sharp conflict at Fitzhugh's woods, repelling a cavalry charge by a counter charge with bayonets. The regiment took part in the inauguration of Isaac Murphy, first free-state governor of Arkansas, and then moved to Pine Bluff for the summer where it suffered much from malarial poison. Six companies were sent home on furlough in August, and in October the regiment Quartered at Devall's Bluff for winter, performing picket and scouting duty. It moved to Batesville, May 13, 1865, and on June 1 headquarters were established at Jacksonport. Cos. D and G were left at Batesville, A and F were sent to Searcy, E and H to Augusta, and later C and I to Powhatan. On June 3 Confederate General Jeff Thompson surrendered his command to Colonel Mattson and the regiment was mustered out at Devall's Bluff September 2, 1865. Governor Isaac Murphy, the only man in the secession convention of Arkansas to vote "no," steadfast in his allegiance to the Union, and the state's first free soil governor, said of the men of the regiment: "They have proved ready for any undertaking and reliable in every emergency. Such men are an honor to the government. Their state may justly be proud of them."

Fourth Infantry.—Colonels, John B. Sanborn, John E. Tourlellotte; Lieut.-Colonels, Minor T. Thomas, James C. Edson; Majors, A. Edward Welch, Luther L. Baxter, Leverett R. Wellman. This regiment was organized during the summer and fall of 1861 at Fort Snelling. Major Welch was at the time a prisoner of war, having been a lieutenant in the 1st regiment and captured at Bull Run. In the spring of 1862 Captain Baxter was commissioned major. The regiment was mustered in by companies, Co. A, October 4, B October 2, both being sent to Fort Ridgely for garrison duty. Co. C was mustered in October 7 and sent to Fort Ripley. D on October 10, E on November 27, F, October 11; Co. G, Nov 22, and all sent to Fort Abercrombie, Co. H, November 20, Cos. I and K December 23. In March the five companies on garrison duty were ordered to Fort Snelling and the regiment left the state in April for Benton barracks, St. Louis. On May 2 it left there for Corinth and was assigned to the 1st brigade, 3d division, Army of the Mississippi. It went into intrenchments near Corinth and remained there until the evacuation of the city, when it encamped at Clear creek near Corinth until the forepart of August, with occasional scouting expeditions. It then moved to Jacinto, was in the battle of Iuka, moved again towards Corinth in October and in the battle at that place dislodged a large force of the enemy in the face of a terrible fire. It was in the general engagement on the following day and remained at Corinth until November building fortifications. It joined the movement toward Vicksburg and was on railroad guard duty at White's Junction during January, 1863. It was at Memphis during February; in the Yazoo Pass expedition in March; was present at the battles of Port Gibson, Forty Hills, Raymond and Jackson; was in the advance at Champion's hill, where it captured 118 prisoners, and on May 20 joined the investing line at Vicksburg. In an assault on the 22nd it took position in front of the enemy's works, where it remained unsupported until dark, Co. C, at Captain Donaldson's order, bringing off a cannon left by some of the troops to prevent its capture by the enemy. This regiment was actively engaged until the surrender, marched into the city July 4, its brass band leading the troops, and became part of the army of occupation. From September 12 to the last of the year it was engaged in scouting and on expeditions, and on January 1, 1864, about three-fourths of the regiment reenlisted as veterans, but remained at Huntsville until March 5, when they took their furlough. Huntsville remained its camp until June 22 and it then started for Atlanta. It engaged in the battle of Allatoona, October 5, where it lost 44 men, but captured the flags of the 35th and 30th Mississippi. It marched to Savannah, joined the campaign through the Carolinas, reached Columbia in February, was in reserve at Bentonville, marched through Richmond, and in the grand review at Washington it was at the head of the column of Sherman's army. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865.

Fifth Infantry.—Colonels, Rudolph von Borgersode, Lucius F. Hubbard; Lieut.-Colonel, William B. Gere; Majors, Francis Hall, John C. Becht, John P. Houston. This regiment was organized at Fort Snelling during the winter of 1861-62 and was mustered in by detachments, the first on December 19, 1861. It was finally organized March 20, 1862, when Cos. B, C and D were detached for garrison duty at Forts Ridgely, Ripley and Abercrombie, respectively, under command of Lieut. N. K. Culver and Captains , Francis Hall and John Vander Horck. Captain John S. Marsh joined his company (D) April 16. Lieut. Sheehan of Co. C, with a detachment of So men, was ordered to Fort Ridgely and proceeded from there on the 30th, with a reinforcement of 50 men from Co. B, to the Sioux agency on the Yellow Medicine river for the purpose of preserving order during payment of the annuity. He reached the agency July 2 and preserved order during a threatening period, at a time when 779 lodges of Indians were encamped there, nearly all of whom were entitled to annuities, and who were joined on the 24th by 1,200 Sioux on the war path after a band of Chippewas. The annuity was late in arriving and 800 warriors made a demonstration of unusual nature on August 4, only the greatest coolness avoiding a conflict and the stripping of two howitzers, trained on the principal points, proved most salutary. The annuity goods were distributed on the 9th and 10th and the Indians agreed to wait for their money. The troops returned to Fort Ripley and on the 17th Lieut. Sheehan left with his detachment. News reached Fort Ridgely next morning of the massacre inaugurated at the Lower Sioux agency, when Captain Marsh sent a mounted messenger to recall Sheehan's command and started with an interpreter and 46 men for the scene of trouble, leaving 29 men at the fort under Lieut. Gere. Marsh's command was ambushed at the river about 2 miles from the agency, and a fierce engagement followed, 23 men being killed, 5 wounded, and Marsh drowned while attempting to cross the river. The others reached the fort in detachments. While this was going on the annuity, (71,000, reached the fort. Lieut. Gere on receipt of the news, despatched a messenger to the commander at Fort Snelling. The following morning Lieut. Sheehan reached Port Ridgely, having made a forced march of 42 miles. Sheehan and his detachment rejoined Co. C at Fort Ripley the latter part of September and shortly after proceeded to Fort Snelling. Co. B, left Fort Ridgely for Fort Snelling November 9, and the two companies joined their regiment near Oxford, Mississippi, December 12, 1862. Co. D. reached Fort Abercrombie March 29 and Lieut. F. A. Carivean, with a detachment of 30 men, was ordered to Georgetown, 52 miles north. On August 20 news was received of the Indian outbreak, and Carivean was ordered to return with his command. On September 23 a relieving force of nearly 500 arrived and Co. D rejoined its regiment at Germantown, Tennessee, February 14, 1863. While not actually engaged that part of Co. C, left at Fort Ripley under Captain Hall, escaped destruction only by promptly withdrawing its howitzers and field guns from their exposed positions, mounting them at the fort and taking unusual precautions. The remaining seven companies left the state in May, 1862, reached Corinth on the 24th and were assigned to the 2nd brigade, 1st division, Army of the Mississippi. The regiment participated at Farmington, joined in pursuit of enemy, was in camp at Clear creek until August, and then moved to Tuscumbia, Alabama, for railroad guard duty. Threatened by large numbers, the brigade joined the movement towards Corinth, the 5th Minnesota acting as rear-guard and it participated in the battle of Iuka. On October 3 it held the crossing at Tuscumbia creek near Corinth and was left at night in a dangerous position, but it succeeded in getting away. It closed a gap at Corinth the following day and after the enemy had forced his way into the city's streets the regiment drove him back and retook the captured batteries. General Stanley, commanding the division, said this regiment saved the day at Corinth, and General Rosecrans, in a letter written 27 years later, practically confirmed the statement. The regiment was conspicuous in several campaigns and expeditions through central Mississippi and western Tennessee until February 1, 1863, then rejoined its command near Memphis, and took part in the advance on Vicksburg in the spring. It was deployed as skirmishers and was sharply engaged while approaching Jackson; was in the assault on Vicksburg May 22, but not in the line of heaviest firing; was sent up the Yazoo in June, being in sharp skirmishes at Satartia, Mechanicsburg and Richmond; was then assigned to guard duty on the river, until the fall of Vicksburg, when it joined in pursuit of Johnston's army. It was in camp at the Big Black river and participated in various expeditions during the fall; was in camp at La Grange from November until late in January, 1864, and was then ordered back to the Big Black. The members of the regiment reenlisted almost in a body February 12, and became part of the 2nd brigade, 1st division, 16th corps. The regiment joined the Red River expedition in March; participated in the assault and capture of Fort De Russy; was in a reconnaissance to Henderson's hill; took part in the engagement at Campti, when the Confederates were routed; acted as the rear-guard for the supply train when Banks was defeated at Sabine cross-roads; formed part of the corps which met Taylor's pursuing columns at Pleasant Hill, and repulsed repeated assaults until Banks' broken lines could be reformed and the tables turned. It was part of the rear-guard in the retrograde movement, when Taylor beset the Federals at almost every step, and it was engaged daily until Alexandria was reached. The regiment was in the engagement at Mansura, and with its corps gave Taylor a sound drubbing at Bayou de Glaize. It reached Vicksburg on May 24 and was in a spirited engagement at Lake Chicot in June. The veterans were sent home on furlough in July and those who had not reenlisted were in the battle of Tupelo. The regiment returned to Holly Springs on August 17 and was in an engagement near Abbeville on the 23d. It was in the Arkansas and Missouri campaign during the fall, and in the battle of Nashville in December its division captured two redoubts with their batteries, gunners and hundreds of prisoners. The following day it took part in the assault, in which it lost 106 of its number, but carried the position, though its colors were shot down four times. It was in winter quarters at Eastport, Mississippi, from January 10 to February 6, 1865; was in the siege of Mobile during the spring, and in the assault on Fort Blakely immediately preceding the surrender. It was at Demopolis, Alabama, during the summer and was mustered out at Fort Snelling September 6, 1865. Its total strength during service, including recruits was 1,163. Loss by death, 248, transfer, 28; resigned 26; discharged 434; captured 6; deserted and missing 51; mustered out 370.

Sixth Infantry.—Colonels, William Crooks, John T. Averill; Lieut.-Colonels, John T. Averill, Hiram P. Grant; Majors, Robert N. McLaren, Hiram S. Bailey. This regiment was organized at Fort Snelling in the summer of 1862. Captain A. D. Nelson was first selected as colonel of the regiment, but as he was a West Pointer and had been in the service 23 years, the conditions placing him under a civilian, Colonel H. H. Sibley, was not to his taste and he resigned, William Crooks being appointed in his stead. The regiment was mustered in by companies. Four companies were ordered to Fort Ridgely on receipt of the news of the Indian uprising and Lieut.-Colonel Averill took command. Colonel Crooks went to St. Peter to complete the organization of the regiment. Such force as was ready, including several companies of the 6th regiment and such civilians as would join, was started for Fort Ridgely. Co. A was detached as a burial party, 2 volunteers from each of the other companies assisting, together with a detachment of citizen cavalry. The burial party went into camp at Birch Coolie and was attacked by 500 Indians about 4 o'clock next morning. The engagement was brisk until 10 o'clock, when the Indians ceased firing. The attack was renewed and on the following morning Colonel Sibley and Colonel McPhaill came to the rescue, using artillery with good effect in driving away the Indians. Twenty-three were killed, 45 wounded, and all the horses (87) had been killed. The regiment was in the battle at Wood Lake, part being in reserve to defend the rear of the camp. Cos. A and F took position on a ridge overlooking a ravine in which many Indians were concealed and assisted materially in driving the enemy from the field with heavy loss. Cos. A, B, F and G were mustered in October 1, C, October 3, D September 29, E, October 5, H, November 20, I, October 4, K, October 10, all at Camp Release except H, which was mustered in at Fort Snelling. A force of Indians opposed to Little Crow having surrendered, Cos. D and F were detailed to guard them to Yellow Medicine and Co. G formed part of a detachment sent out to scour the country. Later Cos. A, B, G, H and K were stationed at Fort Snelling; C, F and I at Glencoe; D at Forest City and E at Kingston. In February A, G and K were sent to Glencoe: B to Forest City; C, D, F and I to Fort Snelling; E to Clearwater and H to Kingston. In April the regiment assembled at Camp Pope. In June it marched towards Devil's Lake, reached Camp Atchison July 18, where a temporary camp was established and Cos. C and G were left as guard, with the sick and feeble in their care. The remainder of the regiment was in the engagements at Big Hills, Dakota, Stony Lake and at the Missouri river where the enemy's camp equipage was captured and destroyed. The regiment returned to Fort Snelling September 12, and was detached by companies for the winter of 186263 to various points. Cos. D, E, and H were designated to accompany an expedition to Fort Thompson, where the captured Indians were to be located and supplies furnished. They reached the fort December 2 and the return trip was made on half rations in bitter cold weather, through deep snow, the detachment reaching headquarters about January 1, 1864 Captain Whitney in command, was court martialed on a charge of disobedience of orders, preferred by General Sully, because he declined to go into camp at Fort Randall, en route, but the captain was acquitted, being under General Sibley's command at the time. After long and persistent efforts the regiment was ordered South. It left the state on June 14, 1863, and went to Helena, Arkansas, after having been assigned to the 1st brigade, 1st division, 2nd army corps. The reason for the change is not known, but it was a bitter disappointment to be compelled to take up garrison duty after endeavoring for two years to get to the front. The results of forcing a regiment from the extreme north to such a disease-producing climate and keeping it there inactive was seen too late. The regiment landed June 23, 940 strong, and on July 31, 17 officers and 445 men were on the sick list; a month later 14 officers and 487 men were sick; by the last of September 16 officers and 638 men reported sick; and during these three months 54 died of disease. So the record continued, the regiment diminishing in numbers as the ill were ordered north. At one time, for two weeks, but 26 men reported for duty, many being ill but not in hospital. Six hundred were sent north to hospitals and in October the regiment was ordered to St. Louis, where it performed provost guard duty from November 11, 1864, to January 29, 1865. It then was sent to New Orleans and in March to Chalmette, where it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 16th army corps. It landed at Dauphin island on the 8th, was in sharp skirmishing about Fort Blakely, and with its corps captured the fort on the 9th, receiving high commendations for its conduct. It then moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where it remained until July, and was mustered out at Fort Snelling August 19. 1865.

Seventh Infantry.—Colonels, Stephen Miller, William R. Marshall; Lieut.-Colonel, George Bradley; Major, William H. Burt. This regiment was organized in August, 1862, was mustered in by companies and sent in detachments on Indian campaigns the latter part of August and early part of September. Cos. A, B, F and G started for Fort Ridgely, Captain Cutter in command, and reached there September 2. The same evening they joined the relieving force for Birch Coolie, reaching Colonel McPhaill 2 miles from the coolie at midnight and the besieged party soon after daylight; cared for the wounded and buried the dead, and then returned to the fort, where Co. H soon joined them. They took part in the expedition which left the fort on the 18th; were in the engagement at Wood Lake; and were at Camp Release from September 28 to October 24. They then moved to Camp Sibley, where Co. A joined them, having been detached for the burial of the dead about Yellow Medicine. They next moved for Camp Lincoln near Mankato, being joined by Co. K at that point. Co. A went to Fairmont, Co. 3, to Tivoli, near the Winnebago agency, and Co. E was stationed at Madelia. The rest of the regiment remained as guard over the prisoners during the winter, being present at the execution of the 38 who had been found guilty of massacring whites, and moved to Camp Pope on Redwood river in May. It joined the movement towards Dakota in June. Co. D joined the regiment at Fort Abercrombie July 9 and C and I were detailed to occupy Camp Atchison. The regiment was engaged at Big Mound and in several skirmishes during the following week. It started on its return trip August 1 and reached Fort Snelling September 9. It left the state October 8 for St. Louis for guard duty and from there details were made from time to time. It was sent to Paducah, Kentucky, April 20, 1864, moved to Memphis in June, and was assigned to the brigade, 1st division, 16th corps. It was in the campaign through Mississippi and in the action at Tupelo, losing 10 killed and 52 wounded. It participated in the Oxford raid, the pursuit of Price through Arkansas and Missouri until late in the fall and reached Nashville November 30. It was in the battle of Nashville, where it assisted in capturing several redoubts. In the pursuit of Hood's army it reached Clifton, Tennessee, January 3, 1865, moved from there to Eastport, Mississippi, to New Orleans in February, in March to Dauphin island, and participated in the siege and capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was then sent to Montgomery, thence to Selma, where it remained until ordered home, and was mustered out August 16, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 918; gain by recruits 217; total 1,135. Loss by death, 147; discharge, 314; transfer, 45; desertion, 26, mustered out 603.

Eighth Infantry.—Colonel, Minor T. Thomas; Lieut.-Colonel, Henry C. Rogers; Majors, George A. Camp, Edwin A. Folsom. This regiment was organized in the summer and fall of 1862 and was mustered in by companies. It was sent to the vicinity of the Indian raids, with headquarters at Fort Ripley. Co. A was sent to Anoka and Princeton and E to Monticello, both being on duty at the Chippewa agency in December. Headquarters were established at St. Cloud in the spring of 1863, but a small garrison was left at Fort Ripley, under Lieut.-Colonel Rogers and Co. F was detached to Princeton and Sunrise, the remainder of the regiment moving to the Sioux frontier. Co. A was stationed at Kingston and Manannah, E at Paynesville, B at Sauk Center, D at Pomme de Terre, K at Alexandria, C, G and H at Fort Abercrombie under Major Camp, and they were detailed in small squads for patrolling the frontier. They were in many slight skirmishes with the Indians, losing a number of men at Pomme de Terre, Kandiyohi Lake, Paynesville and other points. As mounted infantry the regiment joined Sully's expedition against the Sioux in May, 1864, the several companies coming together at Paynesville for the first time. The Indians had been driven west of the Missouri the previous summer and the expedition started June 5, joined General Sully's command about July 1, crossed the river July 9, was in the battle of Killdeer mountain, where the Indians were defeated and driven into the mountains. Cos. E, F, H and I followed them through the ravines and drove them from the hills. They then returned to the supply train on Heart river and moved at once on the Bad Lands, which were reached August 5. On the 8th they were attacked just at the edge of the plain by 5,000 Indians, who were driven for 12 miles, with a loss in killed and wounded of nearly 1,000, the troops losing about 100, only 9 of whom were killed. This battle was called "Waps-Chon-choka" by the Indians. The troops reached the Yellowstone on the 12th and Fort Union on the 18th, turned towards home in September, when 20 men from each company were detailed to go to the relief of Captain Fisk, who with a party of emigrants, was surrounded by Indians. This was accomplished quickly, the regiment reached Fort Snelling October 15, and left the state October 26 for Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where it was joined by those who had been left in Dakota. It assisted in driving the enemy away from the blockhouse at Overall's creek, and in a reconnaissance a few days later was given the front, its reputation as an "Indian" regiment having preceded it. It participated in the charge on the Wilkinson pike that routed the enemy, but lost 90 in killed and wounded in 30 minutes. It was ordered to Columbia and assigned to the 3d brigade, 1st division, 23d corps, and followed Hood to the Tennessee river. It was then ordered to North Carolina and reached New Berne early in March, 1865. It participated in the battle of Kinston, where Bragg's force was repeatedly repulsed, occupied Goldsboro, March 22, joining Sherman's forces at that point. It then did provost guard duty at Raleigh until May 12, when it moved to Charlotte, from which point it was ordered home and was mustered out July 11, 1865.

Ninth Infantry.—Colonels, Alexander Wilkin, Josiah P. Marsh; Lieut.-Colonels, Josiah P. Marsh, William Markham; Majors, William Markham, Horace Strait. This regiment was organized during August and September, 1862. Co. A, mustered in October 2; was attached to 6th regiment; participated in its movements during the fall; was sent to Fort Ridgely for the winter; it joined the expedition to the Missouri in the spring, and returned to Fort Snelling in the fall of 1863. Co. B was ordered to Glencoe, was attacked by a large war party of Indians near Acton and fought with them until Hutchinson was reached that night. It aided in the defense of Hutchinson the following day, when 300 Indians attacked, and remained there until spring. It was mustered in November 10 and was sent to St. Peter the following spring, a detachment being sent to Henderson. In June it was ordered to Hanska lake and a detachment was sent to Cottonwood river. Co. C was ordered to New Ulm, joined Sibley's command against the Indians, participated in the battle of Wood Lake, and then marched to Camp Release. It was mustered in October 5 and attached to 7th regiment, serving with it through the fall campaign. It wintered at Fort Ridgely and performed garrison duty during the summer of 1863. Co. D was sent to St. Peter in August and was mustered in September 23. It was on garrison duty during the fall and winter and was present as guard at the execution of the 38 Indians at Mankato on December 26. It served on frontier garrison duty at Judson ferry, Fairmont, and Chanyaska lake, during the summer of 1863. Co. E was sent to Mankato about August 22, thence to Lake Crystal and New Ulm. A detachment was sent out 25 miles to rescue 2 women and succeeded in the attempt, but had 1 man killed. The company was mustered in November 14, wintered at Judson and was present at the Mankato execution as guard. It was on frontier post duty during the summer of 1863. Co. F was sent to Glencoe about August 25 and was mustered in September 24. In November it moved to Fort Ridgely and remained there until the following fall. Co. G, having a goodly number of Chippewa Indians and half-breeds was sent to Fort Abercrombie about September 3. It found the fort besieged by Sioux Indians and joined in the attack which routed them. It was mustered in October 30 and engaged in guard and outpost duty during the spring and summer of 1863, the Indians of the company proving valuable as scouts. It gained a reputation later as skirmishers and flankers, unequalled by any other company. Co. H was sent to Glencoe about August 25 and was ordered to Lake Addie as frontier guard, being there divided into four squads. It was ordered to Hutchinson and arrived September 4 to find the town surrounded by Indians. It charged and drove them across the prairie, then wintered at Glencoe, and was present as part of the guard at the Mankato execution in December. It was attached to the 10th regiment in the spring and joined the Missouri expedition. Co. I to the number of 40 was ordered to Glencoe about August 20, and with Co. A of the 6th regiment moved to St. Peter and thence to Fort Ridgely, where it was joined by the remainder of the company early in October. It was mustered in October 12 and remained at Fort Ridgely until spring, was then sent to Fort Pope for a month, returned to Fort Ridgely and in midsummer proceeded to St. Paul, where it did provost duty. Co. K was mustered in late in August and was on garrison duty at Fort Snelling until November 3. It was then ordered to join Sibley's command near South Bend, where it wintered, assisted in guarding Indian prisoners, and was on duty at Mankato at the execution. It occupied a stockade 20 miles from Madelia during the spring and summer of 1863. On October 8, 1863, eight companies left the state for St. Louis, and were sent to Jefferson City. Cos. C and K were ordered to La Mine bridge. G and H, which had been left at Fort Abercrombie, Minnesota, were ordered to Port Snelling. They left the state about November 12 and were assigned to duty in St. Louis. Cos. A, B, E and I were sent to Rolla, Missouri, and on February 11, 1864, headquarters were moved to Warrensburg, Cos. D and F moving there and picking up C and K at La Mine bridge. March 9 headquarters were moved to Kansas City, Co. F being left at Independence. D moved to Kansas City, E to Waynesville, H to Rolla, G to Franklin. Headquarters were again moved April 14 to Rolla, the regiment was scattered for a distance of 250 miles along the Pacific road and along a branch road for 110 miles, on guard and garrison duty for several months. On November 12, 1863, 41 men belonging to Cos. C and K held up a train and rescued the family of a colored man, which was being sent to Kentucky to be sold. For this, at the instigation of a Missouri officer, they were sent to the guard-house at Jefferson City, but after two months the United States senate was informed of the facts and adopted a resolution demanding of the secretary of war the reason for their detention, whereupon that official ordered their release. The regiment came together for the first time at St. Louis May 26, 1864, and left on the 31st with Sturgis' expedition for the campaign of Mississippi. At the battle of Guntown it charged and routed a body of the enemy. It covered the retirement in good order for 23 miles, when it became separated from the main column and succeeded in reaching Collierville, where it met a train with reinforcements. In this affair the regiment's loss was 286 in killed, wounded and missing, 233 being captured, and of the number 119 died in southern prisons. The adjutant-general of the state, in his report of the affair, says: "That this disastrous undertaking did not result in the entire loss of the whole force, is mainly due to the gallantry of the officers and men of this (9th) regiment." It returned to Memphis, was attached to the 2nd brigade, 1st division, 16th army corps, and was sent to Mississippi in June. It participated in the battle of Tupelo and in the Oxford raid; joined the Missouri campaign in September and October, and was in the battle of Nashville in December, where it was in a series of charges in which many prisoners were taken, Co. K especially performing excellent work on the skirmish line. In a charge the following day the colors of the 9th were the first planted on the enemy's works, the regiment capturing 2 battleflags and 550 prisoners, to which it added 150 more during the day. It joined in the pursuit of Hood and went into quarters at Eastport, January 9, 1865. It was in the campaign of Mobile and siege of Fort Blakely and Spanish Fort; was then ordered to Montgomery, Alabama; thence to Selma, and on May 19, to Marion. It was mustered out at Fort Snelling, August 24, 1865. Its original strength was 919; it gained by recruits 157; total 1,076. Loss by death 263.

Tenth Infantry.—Colonel, James H. Baker; Lieut.-Colonel, Samuel P. Jennison; Majors, Michael Cook, Edwin C. Sanders. This regiment was organized in the summer of 1862 and mustered in by companies at different dates. A squad of Co. I, 18 men, under Lieut. Merrill, voluntarily assisted in the defense of New Ulm. Another squad of 45 on the way to Fort Snelling, faced about and marched to Fort Ridgely under Lieut. Gorman, taking part in the defense of that fort and in the battle of Wood Lake. Part of Co. G under Captain Sanders also assisted in the defense of New Ulm. Co. C was mounted, sent to Yellow Medicine agency and employed as guard over prisoners, taking all the Indians to the lower agency, after which it was sent to Fort Ridgely for the winter. Co. F was also mounted, employed in scouting and burial of the dead, and was sent to the Winnebago agency for the winter. Cos. B and F were assigned to the Winnebago reservation. Headquarters were established at Le Sueur, with Co. G and part of Co. I in garrison. Co.-A was located at Garden City, D and E at Henderson, H at Seven lakes and Vernon Center, K at Norwegian lake, and I was not yet mustered in. Cos. A, B, F, G and H were at the Mankato execution on December 26. In June, 1863, the regiment moved to Camp Pope and left there with the expedition to the Missouri river. Cos. A, F, C and K were in the engagement at Big Mound; the regiment bore the brunt of the attack at Dead Buffalo lake, when fully 4,000 Indians assaulted the troops, flanking the regiment on both sides before the other regiments were in position. On the return of the expedition it was ordered to Fort Snelling and furloughed. It left the state October 7, for St. Louis, where it did provost and garrison duty. Colonel Baker was appointed commanding officer of the post at St. Louis and finally appointed provost marshal-general, Department of the Missouri, which he held until the war closed. On April 22, 1864, the regiment was ordered to Columbus, Kentucky, Cos. E and D being detached for duty at Island No. 10. In June the regiment was ordered to Memphis and assigned to the 1st brigade, 1st division, 16th army corps. It participated in several expeditions and at the battle of Tupelo was in reserve. It joined in the pursuit of Forrest, was in the raid after Price, went into camp at Nashville November 30, was in the battle at that place in December, when it participated in the charge upon the principal point, and forced the enemy out at the point of the bayonet. The regiment lost nearly 70 men in two days. Of the charge General Thomas said, it was the handsomest feat of arms he ever saw. The take part in the siege of Mobile. After the fall of that city it was sent to Montgomery, Alabama, and in May was ordered to Meridian, Mississippi. It was mustered out at Fort Snelling, August 18, 1865.

Eleventh Infantry.—Colonel, James Gilfillan; Lieut.-Colonel, John Ball; Major, Martin Maginnis. This regiment was organized during August and September 1864, and was mustered in by companies at various dates. It left the state September 20, was detained in Chicago a week, and reported at Nashville, where it was detailed by companies to guard the railroad against guerrillas. Headquarters were established at Gallatin, with Cos. E, G and as guard at that point, A was located at Buck lodge, B at Edgefield Junction, C at Richland, D at Sandersville and Alexander's bridge, F and K at the tunnel, and H at Mitchellville. The regiment passed the time of its service in that region in the somewhat wearisome work imposed by guard, picket and patrol duty, and the life was spiced by an occasional -chase after guerrillas. A herd of 1,500 cattle, captured by a band of mounted guerrillas, was recaptured and 2 men were killed by the guerrillas March 12, 1865, near Gallatin. In the early summer the guerrillas surrendered to Lieut. Hall, post provost marshal, and on June 26, the regiment started for home. It was mustered out July 11, 1865.

First Company Sharpshooters.—-Captains, Francis Peteler, Benedict Hippler, Dudley P. Chase, Abraham Wright, James E. Doughty, Owen Evans; First Lieuts., Benedict Hippler, Dudley P. Chase, James E. Doughty, Abraham Wright, Owen Evans, John T. Walker; Second Lieuts., Dudley P. Chase, Owen Evans, James Doughty. This company was organized in the summer of 1861 and was mustered in October 5. It left the state the next day and reported to Colonel Berdan at Washington, being made Co. A of the 2nd U. S. sharpshooters. The organization of the regiment was completed February 10, 1862, Captain Peteler of Co. A became lieutenant-colonel, Lieut. Hippler succeeded him as captain. The regiment was assigned to Auger's brigade, King's division, McDowell's corps. The history of Co. A is closely identified with that of the regiment and must be treated so in a general way, with special notations in reference to the company. The regiment moved to Fredericksburg in May and in a railroad collision near White Plains, several members of Co. A were among the injured. Cos. A and C made a reconnaissance toward Orange Court House in July and broke a charge by their promptness in action. The company participated in skirmishes near Rappahannock Station and Warrenton springs and at the second battle of Bull Run, in which 6 men of the company were captured. It was at the battle of South mountain, and at the battle of Antietam Captain Chase and 10 men of Co. A were wounded. It fought at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and in the battle of Gettysburg, where it aided in saving Little Round top and in breaking Pickett's charge, and was ordered to the skirmish line in the advance on Culpeper Court House. Nearly all of Co.. A reenlisted in December. It was engaged almost day and night during the first half of May, 1864, in skirmish and picket duty from Brandy Station toward Petersburg. It was in action at Spottsylvania Court House, the Po river, the North Anna, near Hanover Court House, Wilcox landing, and before Petersburg. When the regiment disbanded in February, 1865, Co. A was transferred to the 1st Minnesota battalion, with which it was mustered out. The original strength of company was 96; gain by recruits 12; total 108. Loss by death 13, discharge 36, mustered out 59.

Second Company Sharpshooters.—-Captains, William F. Russell, Emil A. Burger, Mahlon Black; First Lieuts., John A. W. Jones, Emil A. Burger, Mahlon Black, Louis Fitzsimmons; Second Lieuts., John A. W. Jones, Mahlon Black, Daniel H. Priest. This company was organized at St. Paul from November 23, 1861, to March 17, 1862, and was mustered in March 20. It left the state April 21 for Washington and was sent to Yorktown, reporting to Colonel Berdan May 7. It was temporarily attached to 1st U. S. sharpshooters as Co. L and moved to West Point with that regiment May 8. It participated in two engagements at Hanover Court House, after which the company—always known as "2nd company of Minnesota sharpshooters"—was assigned to duty with the 1st Minnesota infantry. It joined the regiment on the field at Fair Oaks June 2. The previous day in independent action it drove a body of the enemy's sharpshooters out of a piece of woods. It remained with the regiment through the war, being engaged before Richmond in the Seven Days' battles. In the battle of Antietam it lost 20 men wounded within 10 minutes, and at Gettysburg it supported Battery I, 1st U. S. artillery, and was under heavy fire. It was on provost duty in September, October and November at division headquarters. The regiment was sent home in February, 1864, to be mustered out, but Co. L, as the sharpshooters were designated, was engaged in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, and numerous skirmishes during May and June, and in several actions about Petersburg. It was mustered out March 19, 1865. Its original strength was 1 o 1. Loss by death 11; missing 4; transfer 2 o; desertion 6; discharge 4 2; promoted 5; enlisted in regular army 6; discharged on expiration of term 7.

First Cavalry.—Colonel, Samuel McPhaill; Lieut.-Colonel, William Pfaender; Majors, John H. Parker, Solomon S. Buell, Orrin T. Hayes. This regiment was made up of twelve companies, organized in the fall of 1862 and was composed largely of men who had lost their wives, children or relatives in the Sioux massacre the previous August and September. The first battalion of three companies was sent out as soon as organized for guard and patrol duty. In the spring of 1863 nine companies under Colonel McPhaill assembled at Camp Pope for the campaign of the Missouri, th& other three companies remaining for patrol duty. The regiment was in the battle of Big Mound, where the 1st battalion led the attack. It fought its way up the steep hill, put the Indians to flight and followed them for 15 miles. The regiment was in the battle of Dead Buffalo lake, and was at Stony lake, when the Indians attacked in great force. It reached the Missouri July 29, and returned to Fort Abercrombie. Colonel McPhaill, with several companies of cavalry, was sent to Fort Ridgely, which place he reached September 1. The 1st battalion was sent to Fort Ripley and the various companies of the ist cavalry were mustered out during the fall and winter of 1863-64.

Second Cavalry.—Colonel, Robert N. McLaren; Lieut.-Colonel William Pfaender; Majors, Ebenezer A. Rice, John M. Thompson, Robert H. Rose. This regiment was organized during the fall and winter of 1863 and was mustered in during January, 1864. It was engaged in garrison duty, with occasional expeditions in pursuit of wandering bands of Indians until late in May, when it left Fort Snelling for the campaign against the savages. The 8th Minnesota infantry, eight companies of the 2nd cavalry, Brackett's cavalry battalion and Jones' infantry, formed the 2nd brigade of Sully's division, under command of Colonel Minor T. Thomas these troops left Fort Ridgely June 5, 1864, and effected a junction with the ist brigade at Fort Sully on the Missouri July 1. The Indians were driven from their camp on Cannon Ball river and followed to the Little Heart river. The regiment participated and did effective work in the battle of Tahkahokuty mountain, where 5,000 Indians were strongly posted in the hills and ravines. Two men of Co. D were killed the following night, while on picket, Co. D and part of Co. A being detailed for that duty. It was in the two days' engagement in early August, known as the battle of the Little Missouri, reached the Yellowstone on August 13. On the return trip it had several slight encounters with the enemy. A detachment accompanied the expedition for the relief of Captain Fisk and a party of 50 cavalrymen, who were escorting an emigrant train west. The regiment reached Fort Ridgely October 8 and the several companies were on garrison and patrol duty at Forts Wadsworth, Abercrombie, Ripley and Ridgely, and smaller posts. They were mustered out as fast as regulars could take their places in the fall of 1865, except Co. A, which was mustered out April 2, and L mustered out May 4, 1866.

Brackett's Cavalry Battalion.—This battalion was organized in the fall of 1861. It consisted originally of three companies, captained by Henning Von Minden, D. M. West and Alfred B. Brackett, and was known as the "Minnesota Light Cavalry." It was ordered to St. Louis, reached there December 28, 1861, and was assigned to a regiment known as the "Curtis' Horse," named for Major-General Curtis, in command of that department. The regiment was comprised of four companies from Iowa, three from Minnesota, three from Nebraska and two from Missouri, Colonel W. W. Lowe commanding. The government afterwards changed the name to the 5th Iowa cavalry, Captain Brackett being made major, and it was ordered to Fort Henry February 8, 1862. It participated in the battle of Fort Donelson, performing cavalry duty as wagon guard, patrolling, etc. It was constantly in the saddle during the year; furnished the bridges, roads and lines necessary for the successful issue of the battle of Shiloh; was in the siege of Corinth; pursued the enemy for nearly 90 miles; hoisted the Stars and Stripes at Humboldt, and fought at Lockridge mills, where Captain Von Minden and 28 of his company were taken prisoners and paroled. Being ordered on duty, these men refused until released from parole, and they were discharged in disgrace and turned out of camp because they kept their written word. This expulsion is resented by the survivors of the company to this day. The regiment was in action at Fort Donelson in August, in the Clarksville fight in September, again at Fort Donelson February 5, 1863, and in the Tullahoma campaign was engaged in several severe skirmishes. It completely routed the 6th Texas cavalry in a saber charge at Wartrace in October and charged and routed two of Forrest's regiments at the Tennessee river. The Minnesota companies reenlisted and while on furlough organized Brackett's battalion, which was detached from the regiment and assigned to frontier duty in the northwest. Subsequently it was strengthened by the addition of Captain A. Barton and 86 men as a fourth company. The battalion was" placed in the command of General Sully and joined the campaign up the Missouri in 1864. In the fight at Tahkahokuty mountain it charged the Indians and drove them, foot-by-foot across a ravine, up the hill, over the crest and down the slope, scattering them far and wide. It was congratulated for gallantry and coolness. The battalion went into Fort Ridgely for the winter and was on patrol duty during 1865, covering over 200 miles of frontier line. It was mustered out in Mav, 1866.

Hatch's Cavalry Battalion.—Major, E. A. C. Hatch. This battalion was organized during August and September, 1863, and left for Pembina October 5, for Indian duty, accompanied by one section of the 3d Minnesota light battery. It acted as escort for a transportation train from St. Cloud, and from Pomme de Terre October 24 the major portion of the troops were sent to Fort Abercrombie to obtain additional ordnance, the rest of the command tinder Lieut. Charles Mix, continuing with the train, a junction to be effected at Georgetown. A sudden thaw compelled the train to rest days and travel nights and the road was lost, the command being thus several days late in reaching Georgetown. Animals and men suffered greatly, owing to the failure of contractors to deliver hay and grain as agreed, and only by most determined work did the expedition continue. Two hundred and fifty horses, mules and oxen died between Georgetown and Pembina, and as much of the stores as could be spared were left at Georgetown. In December a small detachment surprised and captured a party of Indians and soon afterward some 200 of Little Crow's band surrendered. Others came in until Major Hatch had nearly 400, and early in January, 1864, the Sioux chiefs, Little Six and Medicine Bottle, were captured, sent to Fort Snelling and after trial were hung for their crimes in the massacre of 1862, Little Six confessing to having personally killed 50 people. In February the battalion was joined by Major Joseph R. Brown, with over 40 friendly Indians. Major Brown left for Fort Snelling with the prisoners and on April 10, Lieut. Mix and party left for Fort Abercrombie. On May 5, the entire command moved for Fort Abercrombie. Co. C was detailed to Alexandria and Pomme de Terre and Co. D to patrol duty from Fort Abercrombie to Pembina. Major Hatch resigned in June because of ill health, being succeeded by Lieut.-Colonel C. Powell Adams, and Cos. E and F were mustered in during August and September, 1864. Post and patrol duty was the order until 1866, when the regiment was mustered out by companies during April, May and June.

First Heavy Artillery.—Colonel, William Colville; Lieut.-Colonel, Luther L. Baxter; Majors, Orlando Eddy, C. P. Haffelfinger, David Misner. This regiment was organized in the summer of 1864, mustered in by companies and ordered to Chattanooga in the winter of 1864-65. It was composed of twelve companies, each containing 140 men, besides the officers. It was placed in charge of the heavy guns and forts at Chattanooga, a responsible position, as it was thought Hood would endeavor the retake the city. It remained there until the war closed and was mustered out by companies in June and September, 1865.

First Light Battery.—Captains, Emil Munch, William Z. Clayton; First Lieuts., William Pfaender, William Z. Clayton, Ferdinand E. Peebles, William Koethe, Henry S. Hurter. This battery was organized at Fort Snelling and was mustered in November 21, 1861. It was ordered to St. Louis, where it first occupied Benton barracks, and was then transferred to the arsenal, receiving its armament there. It was sent to Pittsburg landing in February, and in the battle of Shiloh engaged in a stern contest, firing the first guns in the famous "Hornets' Nest" against which the enemy hurled his forces repeatedly. It was engaged in the siege and battle of Corinth, and in the siege of Vicksburg a section of the battery was the first to open fire, which continued until the surrender. It remained in camp near Vicksburg until ordered up the river in the spring of 1864 to Cairo, Illinois, thence to Clifton, Tennessee, and on to Alabama. It joined Sherman at Big Shanty, Georgia, on Tune 9; was in the battles of Atlanta and Ezra Church; joined in the march to the sea, 2 guns and the sick men being left in Atlanta. It reached Savannah December 10, embarked for Beaufort, S. C., on January 13, 1863, and then continued with the army through the Carolinas. It silenced a Confederate battery at Cheraw so effectually that General Blair presented it with one of the English Blakely guns, taken from the captured battery. It participated in the grand review at Washington and was mustered out at St. Paul July 1, 1865.

Second Light Battery.—Captain, William A. Hotchkiss; First Lieuts., Gustave Rosenk, Albert Woodbury, Richard L. Dawley, Henry W. Harder, Alexander Kinkead, George W. Tilton (real name Gaylord); Second-Lieuts., Jackson Taylor, Richard L. Dawley, Henry W. Harder, Alexander Kinkead, Charles N. Earl, Lyman W. Ayer. This battery was organized during the winter of 1861-62, and was mustered in March 21, 1862. It left the state April 21 for Benton barracks, St. Louis, and on May 21 left to join the army in the investment of Corinth. It was in several campaigns during the summer and was ordered to Nashville in August to join Buell's army. It participated in the campaign against Bragg in Kentucky and Tennessee and was in the battle of Perryville, where it received great praise for its work. In the battle of Stone's river it won new laurels, and in an artillery duel near Murfreesboro in March it silenced the enemy's guns. It participated in the Tullahoma campaign and was in a charge at Winchester. In the battle of Chickamauga, "three successive times it prevented the enemy from forming," was engaged at Missionary ridge, and did very effective work in the pursuit of the enemy. It was stationed at Rossville, Georgia, from December 26, 1863, to March 21, 1864, one section being engaged at Tunnel Hill and Buzzard Roost in February. The battery reenlisted in March, was furloughed in April, and on return in June was mounted as cavalry and engaged in general duty until October, when it was sent to Fort Irwin, Chattanooga. On December 1, Captain Hotchkiss organized a brigade of light batteries, which participated in the battles of Franklin and Nashville and then was at Chattanooga until March 30, 1865. The battery garrisoned a fort at Philadelphia, Tennessee, until the last of July and was mustered out at Fort Snelling August 16, 1865.

Third Light Battery.—Captain, John Jones; First-Lieuts., John C. Whipple, Horace H. Western; Second-Lieuts., Don A. Daniels, G. Merrill Dwelle. This battery was organized in February and March, 1863, was ordered to Camp Pope in June, and participated in an Indian expedition under Sibley. The Indians having treacherously shot Dr. Wiser in the back July 23, while ostensibly talking over matters, the 4th section of the battery joined the pursuit, cleared the Indian camp with shells, and continued to shell them in a running fight of 15 miles. The 1st section joined in the fight of the 26th and on the 28th drove the Indians across the Missouri. On the return, when Sauk Center was reached, the 4th section under Lieut. Dwelle was ordered to return to Fort Abercrombie with Governor Ramsey, who was on the way to make a treaty with the Chippewa Indians at Red Lake river crossing. The 1st section wintered at Fort Snelling, the 2nd at Pembina, the 3d at Fort Ridgely, and the 4th at Fort Ripley. All but the 2nd section joined Sully's expedition to the Yellowstone in 1864, and were at Tahkahokuty mountain, the 1st section being in advance, the 3d on the rear and left flank, and the 4th on the right flank. The 4th section dislodged a large body of Indians in ambush, killed 40 or more, and the 1st section drove them from the front. Continuous skirmishes were had with the Indians, while crossing the Bad Lands, and on the return the veterans were distributed among the garrisons on the frontier. In May, 1865, the 4th section accompanied an expedition to Wood Lake and in June the ist, 2nd and 4th sections joined the expedition to. Devil's Lake, Dakota On October 1, the battery was ordered into winter quarters—the ist section to Fort Abercrombie, the others at Fort Wadsworth. It was then ordered to Fort Snelling and was mustered out February 27, 1866. Citizen Soldiery.—In addition to the troops mustered into the U. S. service a number of independent companies were organized for the suppression of the Indian outbreak. The following list of these companies is taken from the adjutant-general's reports. St. Peter Frontier Guards, Captain, Charles E. Flandrau; Mankato Volunteers, Captain William Bierbauer; Brown County militia (three companies), Captains Charles Roos, Ignatz Renartz and Louis Buggert; Co. A, Fort Abercrombie, Captain T. D. Smith; Northern Rangers, Captain Ambrose Freeman; Winnebago City Guards, Captain H. W. Holley; Nicollet County Guards, Captain A. M. Bean; Fillmore County Volunteers, Captain C. L. Post; Co. A, Fillmore County Militia, Captain N. P. Colburn; Le Sueur Tigers (two companies), Captains William Dellaughter and E. C. Saunders; St. Paul Cullen Guards, Captain William J. Cullen; Captain Richard Strout's company; Sibley Guards, Captain George Whitcomb; Lafayette company, Captain Sidel Depolder; Goodhue County Rangers, Captain D. L. Davis; Frontier Avengers, Captain E. St. J. Cox; Renville Rangers, Captain James Gorman; Eureka Squad, Captain Joseph F. Bean; Winona Rangers, Captain C. F. Buck ; Malmros Guards, Captain F. A. Olds; Wabasha County Rangers, Captain William Rummell; Carver County Rangers, Captain Charles Rees; Captain J. R. Serrett's mounted company from Lake City; the companies of Captains John Belm, Joseph Anderson, David D. Lloyd, Calvin Potter (mounted), Charles Wagner, and Hendrick's battery of light artillery, Captain Mark Hendrick. A company known as "Dole's Squad" was commanded by Hon. William P. Dole, commissioner of Indian affairs, who. was at that time in the state to negotiate a treaty.