Union Regiments by State

Maryland

Source: The Union Army, Vol. II. Madison, Wisconsin: Federal Publishing Company, 1908.


Military Affairs in Maryland
1861—65

At the beginning of the secession movement Maryland was a much coveted prize by the states that were determined to withdraw from the Union. Located between the great free state of Pennsylvania on the north and the great slave state of Virginia on the south, her secession meant the surrender of the national capital to the South and the extension of the Confederacy up to Mason and Dixon's line. The South had great hopes that such would be the case. In the election of 1860 Maryland had cast her electoral vote for Breckenridge and Lane, the ticket that stood for Southern Rights, which was considered a strong indication that she would ultimately link her fortunes with the Confederacy. Although nominally a slave state, the slaves within her borders constituted only about 12 per cent of the total population, and this percentage was gradually decreasing. According to the census of 1860 the population of the state was made up of 515,918 whites, 83,942 free negroes, and 87,189 slaves. The ratio of increase during the preceding ten years had been 23.49 for the whites and 12 for the free negroes, while the slaves had decreased nearly 4 per cent. A Confederate writer, Bradley T. Johnson, in describing the situation in Maryland about this time, says: "She had no sympathy with slavery, for she had emancipated more than half her slaves and had established a negro state of Maryland in Africa, where she was training her emancipated servants to take control of their own destiny as free men, and this colony she supported by annual appropriations out of her public taxes. There was no involuntary servitude in Maryland, for as soon as a servant became discontented he or she just walked over the line into Pennsylvania, where they were safely harbored and concealed."

Notwithstanding this state of the public mind, there were many who believed that the state would readily pass an ordinance of secession if the proper authorities could only be induced to take action. Shortly after the election of President Lincoln, Governor Thomas H. Hicks was importuned by a number of citizens, headed by Thomas G. Pratt and S. T. Wallis, to call an extra session of the legislature, that that body might take the legal steps to provide for a state convention which would express the sentiment of the 251 people. To the petition of these gentlemen the governor replied in a long letter, under date of November 27, i860, setting forth his views as follows: "I cannot but believe that the convening of the legislature in extra session at this time would only have the effect of increasing and reviving the excitement now pervading the country, and now apparently on the decline. It would at once be heralded by the sensitive newspapers and alarmists throughout the country as evidence that Maryland had abandoned all hope of the Union, and was preparing to join the traitors to destroy it."

Governor Hicks was something of a paradox. Although he declined to call a special session of the legislature, he wrote a letter on December 6, i860, to a Captain Contee, of Prince George county, in which he said: "If the Union must be dissolved, let it be done calmly, deliberately, and after full reflection on the part of a united South. * * * After allowing a reasonable time for action on the part of the Northern States, if they shall neglect or refuse to observe the plain requirements of the constitution, then, in my judgment, we shall be fully warranted in demanding a division of the country. * * * I shall be the last one to object to a withdrawal of our state from a Confederacy that denies to us the enjoyment of our undoubted rights; but believing that neither her honor nor interests will suffer by a proper and just delay, I cannot assist in placing her in a position from which we may hereafter wish to recede. When she moves in the matter, I wish to be side by side with Virginia—our nearest neighbor—Kentucky and Tennessee." When the contents of this letter were made public, the secessionists took fresh courage, for they thought they saw in it that the governor was coming round to their views. Again he was urged to call a special session, but again he declined.

The first decisive action came on December 19, 1860, when a public meeting was called at Baltimore to listen to an address by Judge A. H. Handy, the commissioner sent by the state of Mississippi to the state of Maryland. In the course of his remarks Judge Handy said: "Secession is not intended to break up the present government, but to perpetuate it. Our plan is for the Southern states to withdraw from the Union for the present, to allow amendments to the constitution to be made, guaranteeing our just rights; and if the Northern States will not make these amendments, by which these rights shall be secured to us. then we must secure them the best way we can. This question of slavery must be settled now or never. Many remedies have failed, we must try amputation to bring it to a healthy state. We must have amendments to the constitution, and if we cannot get them we must set up for ourselves."

To this address the governor replied on behalf of Maryland declaring it to be his purpose to act in harmony with the other border states, with the governors of which he was then in correspondence, expressing as his opinion that the people of Maryland, would sustain such a policy. He agreed as to the necessity for protection to southern rights, acknowledged his sympathy with the gallant sons of Mississippi, but hoped that they would act with prudence as well as courage. A few days later a Union meeting was held, which has been referred to as "one of the most impressive and influential assemblages ever convened in Baltimore for political purposes." The spirit of the people may be seen in the resolutions adopted at this meeting, declaring "that the present condition of our country demands of all who love her a spirit of fairness, of candor, of conciliation, of concession, and of self-sacrifice; that we hail with thankful and hopeful hearts the patriotic efforts now being made in Congress for the settlement, we trust forever, of the dangerous questions at issue, on some constitutional, just and equitable principle; that such of our statesmen and states, whether North or South, as may contribute most to this holy end, will challenge the highest place in the affections of our country; that those who may refuse to lend their aid to this holy purpose may justly expect, as they will be sure to receive, the condemnation and reprobation of the present, as well as of future ages."

This meeting demonstrated that the Unionists were in a decisive majority, and about this time 5,000 representative citizens addressed a letter to Governor Hicks, approving his action in refusing to call the legislature together in the interests of the disunionists. Backed by this sentiment the governor grew more outspoken in favor of the Union. To the commissioner from Alabama he replied that he regarded the proposed cooperation of the slave states as an in fraction of the constitution of the United States, which he, as governor of Maryland, had taken an oath to support; that the people of the state were firm in their devotion to the Union; that they had seen with mortification and regret the course taken by South Carolina; and that it was better to use the union for the enforcement of their rights and the redress of their grievances than to break it up because of apprehensions that the provisions of the constitution would be disregarded. The secessionists, however, continued to urge a special session of the legislature, and on January 3, 1861, the governor issued an address to the people of the state in which he stated more fully his views, as the following extracts will show: "I firmly believe that a division of this government would inevitably produce civil war. The secession leaders in South Carolina and the fanatical demagogues of the North have alike proclaimed that such would be the result, and no man of sense, in my opinion, can question it. What could the legislature do in this crisis, if convened, to remove the present troubles which beset the Union? We are told by the leading spirits of the South Carolina convention that neither the election of Mr. Lincoln nor the non-execution of the Fugitive Slave Law, nor both combined, constitute their grievances. They declare that the real cause of their discontent dates as far back as 1833. Maryland and every other state in the Union, with a united voice, then declared the cause insufficient to justify the course of South Carolina. Can it be that this people who then unanimously supported the cause of General Jackson will now yield their opinions at the bidding of modern secessionists? * * * The people of Maryland, if left to themselves, would decide, with scarcely an exception, that there is nothing in the present causes of complaint to justify immediate secession; and yet against our judgments and solemn convictions of duty, we are to be precipitated into this revolution, because South Carolina thinks differently. Are we not equals? Or shall her opinion control our actions? After we have solemnly declared for ourselves, as every man must do, are we to be forced to yield our opinions to those of another state, and thus in effect obey her mandates? She refuses to wait for our counsels. Are we bound to obey her commands? * * * The whole plan of operations, in the event of the assembling of the legislature, is, as I have been informed, already marked out, the list of ambassadors who are to visit the other states is agreed on, and the resolutions which they hope will be passed by the legislature, fully committing this state to secession, are said to be already prepared. * * * In the course of nature, I cannot have long to live, and I fervently trust to be allowed to end my days a citizen of this glorious Union. But should I be compelled to witness the downfall of that government inherited from our fathers, established, as it were, by the special favor of God, I will at least have the consolation at my dying hour that I neither by word nor deed assisted in hastening its disruption."

On January 10, 1861,—the same date as the Union meeting already referred to—a "Conference Convention" met in the Law Building in Baltimore "for the purpose of conferring relative to the threatening condition of public affairs." Colonel John Sellman was chosen president; D. M. Perine and W. T. Goldsborough, vice-presidents; Horace Resley and J. H. Stone, secretaries. The convention remained in session for two days, during which time resolutions were adopted declaring devotion to the Union and concurring in the wisdom and propriety of the Crittenden compromise, then pending in the national Congress. R. B. Carmichael, W. T. Goldsborough, A. B. Davis, John Contee, A. B. Hagner and Ross Winans were appointed a committee to wait on the governor and solicit him to issue a proclamation calling on the people to vote, on the last Monday in January, on the proposition to call a convention, and in case the people indorsed the movement to proclaim the second Monday in February as the date of electing delegates to such convention. Governor Hicks received the committee with courtesy, but firmly refused to issue the proclamation. Finding their efforts to secure a special session of the legislature or a vote of the people for or against a convention, the secessionists began working by underhand methods. The center of their operations was at Baltimore, where they secretly established a recruiting office at which men were enlisted for the Confederate cause and sent to Charleston, S. C. They received some encouragement to work more openly when the Virginia legislature, on January 19, 1861, passed the resolution calling on the states to send delegates to a "Peace Conference" to be held in the City of Washington on February 4. Governor Hicks acquiesced in this movement and appointed as commissioners Reverdy Johnson, A. W. Bradford, W. T. Goldsborough, J. W. Crisfield and J. D. Roman. Nothing was accomplished by the conference, which recommended a substitute for the Crittenden amendment, but which was rejected by Congress.

Meantime the advocates of a convention adopted another course. On February 1 the citizens of Baltimore who were "in favor of restoring the constitutional Union of states, and who desire the position of Maryland in the existing crisis to be ascertained by a convention of the people," gathered in a town meeting in the Maryland Institute. Scharf says the meeting "was an immense one of citizens who regarded with anxiety and indignation the position of Maryland and the course of Governor Hicks." Resolutions setting forth this view were adopted and the meeting extended an invitation to the several counties of the state to send delegates to a convention to meet in Baltimore on February 18. Pursuant to this call the "State Conference Convention," as it was called, assembled in the Universalist church on the day appointed and organized by electing Judge E. F. Chambers, of Kent county, as president; J. C. Groome, D. M. Perine, H. G. S. Key, J. F. Dashiell and Andrew Rench, vice-presidents. The session lasted but two days. A series of resolutions were adopted, asserting that, as the governor had signified his intention of issuing a proclamation calling a convention, in the event of a failure on the part of the peace conference and Congress to reach some satisfactory plan of compromise; and as this was the best method of securing a full and fair expression of the popular will, the convention approved a delay until the action of Congress and the conference could be definitely ascertained. An address to the people was also adopted and the convention adjourned to March 12, with the proviso that if the governor did not by that time issue his proclamation calling a convention the adjourned session should recommend to the people to proceed at once to elect delegates to such a convention. When the convention reassembled on March 12, it was in greatly reduced numbers. It declared in favor of a border states convention, and appointed Walter Mitchell, E. F. Chambers, W. H. Norris, E. L. Lowe, I. D. Jones and J. H. Thomas a committee to wait upon the Virginia convention, then in session, and urge that state to cooperate in such a movement. An effort was made by some of the more radical delegates to secure the passage of a resolution declaring that "all attempts upon the part of the Federal government to reoccupy, repossess or retake any forts or any other property within the limits of the seceded states, would be acts of war, and that such acts would absolve Maryland and the border states from all connection with the United States." This resolution was opposed by the conservative members "as in reality opening the way to secession, and as initiating a program that would not be sanctioned by the people of Maryland," and in the end it was defeated.

Some little excitement occurred in the latter part of February, over the report of a conspiracy to assassinate President elect Lincoln, as he passed through Baltimore on his way to Washington. According to the program Mr. Lincoln was to arrive in Baltimore by the Northern Central railroad from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, about noon on Saturday, the 23d, take dinner at the Eutaw house and proceed to Washington in the afternoon. Instead of this arrangement being carried out the President elect left Harrisburg at 6 p. m. on the 22nd, on a special train for Philadelphia, passed through Baltimore in the night and arrived at Washington at 6 o'clock Saturday morning. On Friday afternoon a committee of prominent citizens left Baltimore to meet Mr. Lincoln at Harrisburg. Upon their arrival there they repaired to the Jones House and were informed that Mr. Lincoln had retired for the night. Early the next morning they renewed their demand to see him and were informed that he was "safe in Washington." Concerning the affair the Baltimore American of the 26th said editorially: "We were yesterday informed by Marshal Kane that the following statement, which appeared yesterday in the despatch of our Washington correspondent 'Special,' is literally correct, so far as it refers to himself:

"'It appears that a few hundred men, particularly obnoxious to the people and public sentiment of Baltimore, had determined to avail themselves of the opportunity to use Mr. Lincoln, and to accompany him in procession from the depot to his hotel. They applied to Marshal Kane for protection by the police. He advised against the proceeding, assuring the parties that while Mr. Lincoln, in his passage through Baltimore, would be treated with the respect due to him personally and to his high official position, there was no guaranty that the procession would be similarly respected. He thought, moreover, that the proceeding would be calculated to place the people of Baltimore in a false position, as neither they nor the citizens of Maryland sympathized with Mr. Lincoln's political views. He advised, therefore, that the idea of a procession should be abandoned, lest it might provoke some indignity which would involve the character of Baltimore and be very unpleasant to the president elect.'

"Marshal Kane informed us that he did give the information to Mr. Corwin and other friends of Mr. Lincoln, so that the change of route and incognito entrance to Washington was caused by a desire to escape from his pretended friends here, and thus prevent a breach of the peace that would have been disgraceful to the city and derogatory to American character. We do not believe there was any intention to assault or even insult the president elect on the part of our community, but it is a notorious fact that the Baltimore Republican committee, who proceeded to Harrisburg and declared their determination to escort Mr. Lincoln to his quarters, would have been assailed and pelted with eggs, if not otherwise maltreated. This would have involved Mr. Lincoln in the disturbance, and we cannot but think that he acted wisely under the information communicated by Colonel Kane, in preventing the possibility of such an occurrence as was feared by our police authorities."

This is doubtless the correct version of an affair which, owing to the intense excitement prevailing over the country at the time, was magnified into a conspiracy against the president's life.

With the attack on Fort Sumter by the Confederates on April 12, and its subsequent surrender, the excitement was increased. That event was quickly followed by a call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion and the departure from New York of armed vessels to coerce the seceded states into obedience, which added fuel to the flames in Maryland. On the 17th Mayor George W. Brown, of Baltimore, issued a proclamation calling on all good citizens to refrain from every act which could possibly lead to an outbreak of any kind; to avoid heated arguments and harsh words, and to render in all cases prompt and efficient aid to the authorities in maintaining peace and order. But the day of proclamations had passed and the mayor's good advice was unheeded. The conditions were further intensified when on the same day Virginia passed an ordinance of secession and some young men, whose sympathies were with the South, determined to hoist the Confederate flag and fire a salute of 100 guns in honor of Virginia's action. About noon on the 18th they hoisted their flag on Federal hill, near the Marine observatory, and began firing their salute. Three rounds had been fired when they were driven away, their flag torn in shreds, their powder thrown into the Basin, and the gun carriage broken to pieces. Later in the day another Confederate flag was raised in the northern part of the city and the salute of 100 guns was fired.

When it became known that troops from the Northern states had been ordered to the defense of the national capital, and that these troops would pass through Maryland, the secession leaders asserted that the defense of Washington was but a pretense, the real object of the administration being the military occupation of Maryland in order to prevent its secession. This rumor still further inflamed the public mind, and when about 2 p. m. on the 18th six companies of Pennsylvania volunteers arrived in the city, their march from the corner of Howard and Cathedral streets to the Mount Clare station was made through an excited populace, who amused themselves with singing "Dixie," cheering for the Southern Confederacy and jeering the unarmed soldiers. No assault was made, but the troops were jostled about by the crowd and greeted by groans and hisses along the entire line of march. After the departure of the soldiers the situation became quieter, but that evening a meeting of the State-Rights convention was held at Taylor's hall, at which the following resolutions were adopted: "That, in the opinion of this convention, the prosecution of the design announced by the president, in his late proclamation, of recapturing the forts in the seceded states, will inevitably lead to a sanguinary war, the dissolution of the Union, and the irreconcilable estrangement of the people of the South from the people of the North.

"That we protest in the name of the people of Maryland against the garrisoning of Southern forts by militia drawn from the free states; or the quartering of militia from the free states in any of the towns or places of the slaveholding states.

"That, in the opinion of this convention, the massing of large bodies of militia, exclusively from the free states, in the District of Columbia, is uncalled for by any public danger or exigency, is a standing menace to the State of Maryland, and an insult to her loyalty and good faith, and will, if persisted in, alienate her people from a government which thus attempts to overawe them by the presence of armed men, and treats them with contempt and disgust.

"That the time has arrived when it becomes all good citizens to unite in a common effort to obliterate all the party lines which have heretofore unhappily divided us, and to present an unbroken front in the preservation and defense of our interests, our homes and our firesides—to avert the horrors of civil war, and to repel, if need be, any invader who may come to establish a military despotism over us."

In some of the speeches on the resolutions strong ground was taken against the passage of any more troops to Baltimore, and armed resistance to it was advised. At another meeting the following morning in the same hall, under the auspices of the "National Volunteer Association," fiery speeches were made denouncing any attempt at coercion and recommending thorough preparation by Maryland to meet the crisis. These ill advised utterances, notwithstanding strong proclamations by Governor Hicks and the mayor of Baltimore, bore fruit about noon on the 19th, when the 6th Mass. and Small's "Washington" brigade, of Philadelphia, arrived at Baltimore on their way to the national capital. (See Baltimore in the Cyclopedia of Battles.) Following the riot a consultation was held by the board of police commissioners, Coleman Yellott, the state senator from Baltimore county, and some of the prominent secessionists, which resulted in Yellott's issuing a proclamation for the convening of the legislature at Baltimore. Yellott had no constitutional authority to issue such a call, and to have had the legislature assemble at Baltimore would have placed that body under the direct influence of the most active secessionists in the state. In speaking subsequently of the state of affairs at this time, Governor Hicks said: "I knew it was time for me to act. True, I might then have called upon the president of the United States to quell the insurrection, but that would almost certainly have caused the destruction of the city of Baltimore. I might have called out the militia to endeavor to restore quiet; and, indeed, I did make an effort to that end. But I discovered that nearly all the officers were in league with the conspirators, and the volunteer corps of the city and vicinity which possessed arms were almost entirely in the same category. It is true, there was a considerable loyal military force in Baltimore, but it was undisciplined and entirely unarmed. So that if I had effectively called out the militia at that time, I should have actually assisted the conspirators in their designs. I concluded, therefore, after anxious deliberation, that there was but one course left to me. I summoned the legislature to assemble at Frederick City, in the midst of a loyal population, on the 26th day of April, believing that even the few days thus gained would be invaluable."

In the meantime other and more stirring events were transpiring. The excited people, immediately after the riot of the 19th, became an uncontrolled and uncontrollable mob. Union citizens were maltreated, newspapers mobbed, and mercantile establishments, especially those handling guns and ammunition, were broken into and their contents appropriated. By sunset the national colors had disappeared and the Confederate flag could be seen on every hand. Toward evening the rumor became current that more troops were coming in over the Northern Central railroad. A consultation of the mayor and police authorities was called, and about midnight an order was issued for the destruction of the bridges on all the railroads leading into the city from the free states. At 2130 a. m. on the 20th two parties left Baltimore—one under command of Captain J. G. Johannes and the other under Marshal George P. Kane in person. (See Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. Ill, page 413.) The former moved out on the line of the Northern Central, the men being well provided with picks, crowbars and a good supply of turpentine, and by daylight the bridges at Melvale, Relay House and Cockeysville were in ruins. The other party, similarly equipped, took the Philadelphia railroad, destroyed the bridges over the Bush and Gunpowder rivers and Harris creek, thus completely severing railroad communications with the North. The order for the destruction of the bridges was issued secretly and it was charged that Governor Hicks had given the order, but this he afterward publicly and officially denied.

Just before daylight on Sunday morning, April 21, General B. F. Butler arrived at Annapolis with the 8th Mass. infantry, and was joined there 24 hours later by Colonel Lefferts with the 7th N. Y. Here Butler was met by the governor, who sent a note to the two commanders, warning them not to land their troops. John G. Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary, says: "With all his stubborn and ingrained loyalty, the governor was of a timid and somewhat vacillating nature, and for the moment the clamor of the Baltimore mob overawed his cooler judgment. In this conflict between lawful duty and popular pressure, he, too, caught at the flimsy plea of 'State' supremacy and, in addition to presuming to forbid the national flag on Maryland soil, wrote a letter to the president, asking that the troops be ordered elsewhere, and suggesting that Lord Lyons, the British minister, be requested to mediate between the government and the rebels, a proposal which was at once answered by a dignified rebuke from Mr. Seward."

Butler made a suitable reply to the governor's request, but nevertheless went on with his arrangements to land his men. The frigate Constitution, fondly named "Old Ironsides," which for more than a generation had been used as a school ship at the naval academy, was in danger of being seized by the secessionists, and Butler determined to take possession of it. Calling for volunteers from his command, he soon found enough mariners to man the vessel, when she was towed out into the stream by the Maryland, her guns shotted and trained on the shore. The troops were then landed and efforts pushed forward to reach Washington. The Annapolis & Elk Ridge railroad had been destroyed by the mob, but Butler's men went to work to repair it, and on the 25th had it ready for the transportation of the command to the national capital.

The next day the legislature assembled at Frederick City. In his message the governor reviewed the riot of the 19th, his efforts to prevent the landing of troops at Annapolis, and added: "Notwithstanding the fact that our most learned and intelligent citizens admit the right of the government to transport its troops across our soil, it is evident that a portion of the people of Maryland are opposed to the exercise of that right. I have done all in my power to protect the citizens of Maryland, and to preserve peace within our borders. Lawless occurrences will be repeated, I fear, unless prompt action be taken by you. It is my duty to advise you of my own convictions of the proper course to be pursued by Maryland in the emergency which is upon us. It is of no consequence now to discuss the causes which have induced our troubles. Let us look to our distressing present and to our portentous future. The fate of Maryland, and perhaps of her sister border slave states, will undoubtedly be seriously affected by the action of your honorable body. Therefore should every good citizen bend all his energies to the task before us, and therefore should the animosities and bickerings of the past be forgotten, and all strike hands in the bold cause of restoring peace to our state and to our country."

Early in the session was presented a petition, signed by 216 voters of Prince George county, praying the legislature, if in its judgment it possessed the power, to pass an ordinance of secession. The petition was referred to the committee on Federal relations, consisting of S. T. Wallis, J. H. Gordon, G. W. Goldsborough, J. T. Briscoe and Barnes Compton, a majority of whom reported that in their opinion the legislature did not have the power to pass such an ordinance, while a minority reported in favor of granting the prayer of the petitioners. On the question to substitute the minority for the majority report, it was rejected by a vote of 53 to 13, thus settling the question of secession so far as the legislature was concerned. On May 9 the same committee reported against calling a state convention and against arming the militia, for the reason that such acts might be regarded as hostile demonstrations by the national authorities. With the report was a series of resolutions declaring the war unconstitutional in its origin, purposes and conduct; that Maryland owed it to her own self respect to register solemn protest against the war and to announce her determination to have no part nor lot in its prosecution; that the state desired the peaceful and immediate recognition of the independence of the Confederate States, and that the present military occupation of the State of Maryland was in flagrant violation of the constitution. These resolutions passed the house by a vote of 43 to 12. On the 13th both houses united in the adoption of a resolution providing for a committee of eight—four from each house—to visit the presidents of the United and Confederate States, the committee to visit Jefferson Davis being instructed to convey the assurance that Maryland sympathized with the South, but desired reconciliation and peace, while those to President Lincoln were to protest against the military occupation of the state or the passage of any more troops over Maryland soil. On the 14th the legislature adjourned to meet again on June 4, at Frederick City, to hear the reports of these committees. Both reported they had been courteously received, but nothing definitely was accomplished in either case.

When the "Conference Convention," at its adjourned session in March, failed to call a state convention, Bradley T. Johnson began the organization of companies of minute men to resist the invasion of Maryland by Federal troops. By the middle of April several such companies had been organized and equipped. On the night of the 19th, a few hours after the riot in Baltimore, Marshal Kane telegraphed to Johnson at Frederick City as follows: "Bring your men in by the first train and we will arrange with the railroad afterward. Streets red with Maryland blood. Send expresses over the mountains and valleys of Maryland and Virginia for the riflemen to come without delay. Fresh hordes will be down upon us tomorrow. We will fight and whip them or die." Johnson responded promptly on the 20th with one armed company of about fifty men. Early on that morning the city council appropriated $500,000 for the defense of the city, the money to be used at the discretion of the mayor, who issued a notice calling on all citizens who possessed arms to deposit them with the police, and asking all who were willing to enroll themselves for military service. On May 2 the advisory council of Virginia recommended to the governor of that state to send a special agent to the Maryland legislature to assure that body of Virginia's sympathy, and offer to furnish arms for the troops enrolled at Baltimore under the mayor's call. These acts were looked upon as treasonable by President Lincoln, who authorized General Scott to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and directed him to arrest or disperse the Maryland legislature in case it attempted any legislation favorable to the cause of secession.

About the same time the military department of Annapolis was created and General Butler was placed in command, the main object being to keep open the Annapolis & Elk Ridge railroad as a line of communication with the North. In the dusk of evening on May 13, Butler, with the 6th Mass. infantry, the same regiment that had been attacked by the mob three weeks before, took possession of Federal hill, overlooking the city of Baltimore, and intrenched his position. The next morning he issued a proclamation, stating that this had been done "for the purpose, among other things, of enforcing obedience to the laws." Although General Scott reprimanded the movement, Butler was reinforced and continued to hold the hill. On the 14th Governor Hicks issued his proclamation calling for four regiments, in compliance with the president's call for volunteers for three months, "to serve within the limits of the State of Maryland or for defense of the capital of the United States." Under the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, Mayor Brown, Marshal Kane, and several members of the legislature, among them Ross Winans and Coleman Yellott, were arrested and confined in military prisons. The arrest of these men, the influence of the governor's proclamation calling for troops; and the prompt and energetic action of Butler saved Maryland to the Union. Nicolay says: "Open resistance to the government disappeared from the entire state; a sweeping political reaction also set in, demonstrating that the Union sentiment was largely predominant; between which and the presence of Union troops the legislative intrigue was blighted, and the persistent secession minority and almost irrepressible local conspiracy were effectually baffled, though not without constant vigilance and severe discipline throughout the remainder of the year."

Soon after his inauguration, President Lincoln issued a call for Congress to meet in extra session on July 4. On June 13 a special election for Congressmen for this session was held in Maryland, which resulted in the selection of J. W. Crisfield, E. H. Webster, C. L. L. Leary, Henry May, Frank Thomas and C. B. Calvert, every one a stanch Union man. During the summer a Union party was organized, which nominated Augustus W. Bradford for governor, and the "Peace" party nominated Benjamin C. Howard. At the election on November 6, Bradford was elected by a majority of 31438 votes and a large majority of the members of the new legislature were Union men. This sweeping victory dampened the ardor of the secessionists, and thereafter they made but little open disturbance in the state, though they still kept up their underhand practices. Governor Hicks called the new legislature in extra session on December 3, at Annapolis. The old legislature had held short adjourned sittings in June, July and September, and its work was thus described by the governor in his message at the opening of the special session: "The history of that legislature is before the country. Not only did it fail to do its duty, as representing a loyal state, but it actually passed treasonable resolutions, and attempted to take, unlawfully, into its hands both the purse and the sword, whereby it might plunge us into the vortex of secession. It was deterred from doing this only by the unmistakable threats of an aroused and indignant people. Restricted in the duration of its sessions by nothing but the will of the majority of its members, it met again and again; squandered the people's money, and made itself a mockery before the country. This continued until the general government had ample reason to believe it was about to go through the farce of enacting an ordinance of secession, when the treason was summarily stopped by the dispersion of the traitors." Governor Bradford was inaugurated on January 8, 1862, at Annapolis, and the same day the legislature met in regular session. Among the acts passed was one appropriating $7,000 for the relief of the families of the Massachusetts soldiers who were killed or wounded in the Baltimore riot, and naming Governor Andrew of that state as trustee for the distribution of the money, which was paid soon after the legislature adjourned. On March 6 was passed the act known as the "Treason Bill," which provided that the penalty of death should be inflicted on any one convicted of levying "war against this state, or shall adhere to the enemies thereof, whether foreign or domestic, giving them aid or comfort, within this state or elsewhere." Various degrees of punishment were fixed for such offenses as conspiring to burn bridges, destroy canals or other means of communication, holding secret meetings, or belonging to any organization, secret or otherwise, which had for its object the promotion of the secession cause. A number of resolutions were adopted, among them one declaring that "Maryland will cheerfully contribute her proportion of men and means to sustain the nation in its struggle for existence so long as the war is conducted in accordance with the principles of the constitution, and so long as the purpose of those in power is maintenance of the Union, with the rights guaranteed by the states unimpaired."

Early in June a camp of instruction was established near Annapolis, under the command of General Wool, and on July 2 President Lincoln issued his call for 300,000 volunteers, Maryland's quota being four regiments of infantry. On the 4th Governor Bradford appointed a committee of fifty citizens of Baltimore, with John P. Kennedy as chairman, to aid in the recruiting of troops. This committee appealed to the city council to make an appropriation for bounties to those who would volunteer, and one branch of the council voted unanimously for an appropriation of $300,000, but it was rejected by the other. Indignation ran high and the councilmen who had voted against the ordinance were threatened with lynching. Through the influence of General Wool they were persuaded to resign and Union men were appointed to fill the vacancies. The ordinance was then passed, and an additional appropriation of $30,000 was made toward uniforming and equipping the first light division.

On August 4 the president ordered a draft of 300,000 militia, to serve for nine months, unless sooner discharged, and directed that any state, whose quota under the call of July 2 had not been completed, should supply the deficiency by a draft from the militia. Bradford ordered an enrollment of all citizens of the state subject to military duty, preparatory to a draft. Some opposition was made to the enrollment. In Harford and Anne Arundel counties buildings belonging to the enrolling officers were burned, but General R. C. Schenck, commanding the department, immediately ordered assessments amounting to about $5,000 to be made upon "persons known to be disaffected to the loyal government of the country and encouragers of rebellion who reside within 6 miles from the points where the barns were burnt." The enrollment then proceeded without further resistance, and when completed showed that the counties of Allegany, Cecil, Kent and Washington had already furnished more men than their apportionment, the excess being 924, which was duly credited to the other portions of the state. The southern counties had not done so well, Calvert having furnished none, Charles but 1, St. Mary's 4 and Montgomery 7. In these counties the draft, which was made on October 15, fell heavily, but it was sustained by the people, and in this way the four infantry regiments were raised and a light battery (Alexander's) was organized.

In July Colonel William Birney was authorized by the war department to enlist free negroes for military service, such troops to be credited to the state the same as white volunteers. Many slaves took advantage of this to run away, declare themselves as free negroes and enter the army. This occasioned much excitement and led to considerable correspondence between the state authorities and the war department, but the enrollment of negro troops went on, with the effect of increasing the antislavery sentiment, which had already made much headway in the state since the commencement of the war. During the summer a number of persons were arrested for treason or disloyalty, some of them being sent to prison, some took the oath of allegiance and were released on parole, and others were sent within the Confederate lines. Among the last named were Beale H. and Frank A. Richardson, proprietors, and S. J. Joice, editor, of the Baltimore Republican and Argus, their offense being the publication of a poem called the "Southern Cross," which had previously been published as sheet music and ordered suppressed. By General Schenck's order the association known as the "Maryland Club," of Baltimore, was disbanded and its house, papers and property taken possession of by the military, to be held subject to future orders of the Union party in 1861 Union Leagues were organized in various parts of the state, represented by the "Grand League." In the spring of 1863 an effort was made to unite all these leagues into one general movement to "more effectually sustain the national administration in its great struggles." On April 30 a mass meeting was held at Cumberland, at which resolutions were adopted asking for a conference of all who were in favor of maintaining the Union. In response to these resolutions the Grand League issued a call for a state convention to assemble in Baltimore on June 16, the call being addressed to "all who support the whole policy of the government in suppressing the rebellion." Before that convention met. a meeting of conservative Union men was held in Baltimore on May 14, which resulted in the state committee of the Union party calling a state convention for June 23. The convention of the 16th met and passed resolutions that the Union men of Maryland should vote for no candidate for Congress who did not avow himself in favor of supporting the whole policy of the administration, nor no candidate for the legislature who was not in favor of calling a constitutional convention, and that the policy of emancipation ought to be inaugurated in Maryland. After the adoption of these resolutions the convention adjourned to the 23d, when both conventions met and a conference committee was appointed by each to agree upon some plan of coalition. This committee failed to unite on any proposition for the nomination of candidates and declaration of a policy, and the division of the Union men in the state became complete. The convention called by the state committee of the Union party nominated S. P. Maffitt for comptroller and W. L. W. Seabrook for commissioner of the land office, and the Grand League nominated H. H. Goldsborough for comptroller and endorsed the candidacy of Mr. Seabrook. The unconditional or league candidates for Congress in the five districts were John A. J. Cresswell, E. H. Webster, Henry W. Davis, Frank Thomas and John C. Holland. The other Union party nominated but three candidates—John W. Crisfield, Charles B. Calvert and Benjamin G. Harris. At the election Goldsborough and Seabrook were elected to the state offices and the Congressional delegation was composed of Cresswell, Webster, Davis, Thomas and Harris. The Unconditional party made emancipation the paramount issue of the campaign, and upon this question elected a majority of the legislative candidates who favored a constitutional convention.

The first expression of sentiment in favor of the emancipation of slaves was on May 14. 1862, when the Union convention of  Baltimore adopted a resolution recommending a constitutional convention, and approving the policy "proposed by the president in his message of March 6, 1862, and sanctioned by Congress, tendering pecuniary aid to such states as may choose to adopt a system of gradual emancipation." The invasion of Maryland by Lee in September following this declaration (see Antietam and South Mountain in the Cyclopedia of Battles), the president's emancipation proclamation and the enlistment of negro troops had a tendency to increase and crystallize this sentiment until it became the winning issue in the campaign of 1863. The legislature met at Annapolis on January 6, 1864, organized on the 7th and elected ex-Governor Hicks to the United States senate, and immediately took up the question of a constitutional convention. A bill calling a state convention with a view to the abolition of slavery passed both houses on January 28 and was approved by the governor on February 3. By the provisions of this act the people were called upon to vote on the first Wednesday in April for or against a convention, and at the same time were to elect delegates to the convention, said delegates to assemble at Annapolis on the last Wednesday in the month, provided a majority of the votes favored the convention. The election was held on April 6, and a majority of 12,069, m a total vote of 51,314, declared in favor of a convention, which assembled on April 27, elected H. H. Goldsborough permanent chairman, and remained in session until September 6 before its labors were completed. The new constitution was submitted to a vote of the people on October 12, and was ratified by the small majority of 375 in a vote of 59,973. The opponents of the new organic law immediately put up the plea that the election had been carried by illegal votes of soldiers who belonged to other states, and by the suppression of legal votes of citizens of the state, but Governor Bradford issued his proclamation declaring the new constitution in effect on November 1, 1864. Article 24 of the constitution provided that "Hereafter, in this state, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves are hereby declared free."

Early in June, 1863, the Confederate army under General Lee began moving down the Shenandoah valley and it soon became evident that another invasion of Maryland was intended. On the 15th President Lincoln issued his proclamation calling for 100,000 men, to be immediately mustered into the service of the United States for six months, unless sooner discharged. Of this levy Maryland was to raise 10,000 men. Accordingly on the 16th Governor Bradford published an appeal to the people of the state to furnish the 10,000 by voluntary enlistments. The Baltimore city council, in extra session, appropriated $400,000 to be paid as bounties to those enlisting before June 26, $50 to be paid at the time of enlistment and $10 a month thereafter for five months. Under this stimulus all the uniformed military organizations of the city offered their services for the six months under the call, and other portions of the state were equally prompt in furnishing their proportion of the levy. Lee's invasion ended disastrously for the Confederates in the battle of Gettysburg, and at the expiration of the term of enlistment these emergency troops, as they were called, were mustered out.

Another invasion of Maryland came in the early part of July, 1864, when the Confederates under General Early suddenly and unexpectedly entered the Cumberland valley. The people of Hagerstown were forced to raise $20,000 to prevent the destruction of the city, and a demand was made upon the merchants to furnish from their stocks of goods 1,500 suits of clothes, 1,500 hats, 1,500 pairs of shoes, 1,500 shirts, 1,900 pairs of drawers and 1,500 pairs of socks within four hours. There were not enough articles in the city of the kind described to comply with the demand, but all that could be found were appropriated, after which General McCausland gave the city authorities a written assurance against any further tribute being levied against the town or its citizens. From Hagerstown Early moved on Frederick City, which was evacuated by the Union troops, and a demand was made for $200,000, in default of which payment the city would be burned. Mayor Cole called together the officials remaining in the city and after a short consultation decided to submit to the terms and ransom the city. The money was accordingly paid in United States currency, Confederate money and bank notes being refused, and the Confederate soldiers visited the stores and "took what they wanted," sometimes offering Confederate currency in payment, but more frequently without either offer of compensation or apology. Early's advance was checked by General Wallace at Monocacy on the 9th and he made a precipitate retreat back to Virginia.

At the elections in 1864 Lincoln carried the state by a majority of 7,432, and Thomas Swann, the Republican candidate for governor, was elected by a majority of 8,511 over Judge E. F. Chambers, Democrat. Each voter, before being permitted to cast his ballot, was required to take the test oath prescribed by the new constitution, viz.: "I do swear (or affirm) that I am a citizen of the United States, that I have never given any aid, countenance or support to those in armed hostility to the United States, that I have never expressed a desire for the triumph of said enemies over the arms of the United States, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States and support  the constitution and laws thereof as the supreme law of the land, any law or ordinance of any state to the contrary notwithstanding; that I will in all respects demean myself as a loyal citizen of the United States, and I make this oath (or affirmation) without any reservation or evasion, and believe it to be binding on me."

The legislature met on January 4, 1865, and on the nth Governor Swann was inaugurated. The most important bill passed during the session was one in accordance with the new constitution, providing for a uniform registration of voters. This law excluded from the right of suffrage all persons not white male citizens of the United States; persons not 21 years of age; those who had been in armed hostility to the United States, or in any manner in the Confederate service; those who had left the state and gone within the Confederate lines with the intention of adhering to the cause of secession; and all who had given aid, comfort or countenance to the enemies of the United States. Every voter applying for registration was required to answer a long list of interrogatories, as to whether he had aided or abetted in any way the enemies of his country, and to take the oath above mentioned. The effect of this act was the disfranchisement of a large number of citizens. It was claimed by many to be unconstitutional, but in the case of Thomas Anderson vs. the board of registration in the fourth district of Montgomery county it was sustained by the supreme court, Judge Bartol dissenting. After the heat of passion had somewhat subsided, the rigors of the law were modified by the constitution of 1867. Maryland passed from the system of slave labor to that of free labor with less friction and inconvenience than any of her sister slave states, and during the reconstruction era suffered less, chiefly because of the patriotism and conservative course of her people. On the field her sons acquitted themselves with valor, and when the war was over returned to their occupations, happy in the thought that they had contributed their due proportion to the maintenance of the national government and its institutions.

Two incidents reflecting on the Baltimore riot are worthy of mention. On June 17, 1865, a monument was unveiled in Merrimac square, Lowell, Mass., to the memory of Luther C. Ladd and Addison O. Whitney, two soldiers of the 6th Mass., who were killed in the riot, and on this occasion Lieutenant-Colonel T. J. Morris, of Governor Bradford's staff, presented to Governor Andrew, as the representative of Massachusetts, a fine silk flag, made by the women of Baltimore. On the staff was a silver plate bearing the inscription: "Maryland to Massachusetts, April 19, 1865. May the Union and Friendship of the Future obliterate the Anguish of the Past." The second incident occurred in the spring of 1898, when the 6th Mass.—a regiment bearing the same numerical designation as the one assaulted on April 19, 1861,—marched through Baltimore on its way to take part in the Spanish-American war. Instead of being greeted by a mob it was given an ovation by the patriotic citizens of the Monumental City, thus fully demonstrating that the hope expressed by the inscription on the flag-staff of 33 years before had found its fruition in a reunited country.

From the beginning to the close of the war Maryland furnished twenty regiments and one independent company of infantry; four regiments, one battalion and one independent company of cavalry; and six light batteries—a total of 50,316 white troops—and six regiments of colored infantry, numbering 8,718 men. In addition to these volunteers the state furnished her due proportion to the regular army of the United States and 5,636 men to the navy and marine corps.


RECORD OF MARYLAND REGIMENTS

First Infantry.—Colonels, John R. Kenly, Nathan T. Dushane, John W. Wilson, David L. Stanton; Lieutenant-Colonels, Seth G. Reed, Thomas S. J. Johnson; Majors, George Chorpening, B. F. Zimmerman, Benjamin H. Schley, Josiah B. Coloney, Robert Neely. The organization of this regiment was commenced on May 6, 1861, when a recruiting office was opened at U2 West Baltimore street, in the city of Baltimore, and ten days later the first four companies (A, B, C, D,) were mustered into the service of the United States. The regiment was completed on the 27th and went into camp at the Relay House, where it remained until June 7, when it was ordered to proceed to Frederick City. From that time until Oct . 16 it remained on the upper Potomac, guarding the fords and ferries, and then marched to Darnestown to take part in the campaign that ended in the battle of Ball's Bluff. On December 2 it returned to Frederick and went into winter quarters as part of General Banks' army, but was soon afterward ordered to Williamsport to repel an invasion into Maryland. On January 7, 1862, six companies made a night march to Hancock, which place was then besieged by the Confederate forces under Stonewall Jackson. From Hancock it went to Winchester, Virginia, where it was attached to General Williams' brigade, which afterward became the 1st brigade, 1st division, 5th corps. It was then engaged in the operations in the Shenandoah Valley until May 23, when it suffered a loss of 14 killed, 43 wounded and 535 captured at Front Royal and was ordered to Baltimore for reorganization. In the engagement at Front Royal the regiment was opposed by 18,000 of Jackson's men, but by its heroic resistance saved Banks' army. It remained at Baltimore until in September, when the celebrated Maryland brigade was organized, consisting of the 1st, 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th infantry regiments and Alexander's battery. On September 18 it left Baltimore and joined the Army of the Potomac at Antietam. In November the>prisoners captured at Front Royal were exchanged and rejoined the regiment, which was then attached to the 1st brigade, 1st division, 8th corps, remaining with this command until the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac, when the Maryland brigade became the 3d brigade, 2nd division, 5th corps. From the time of its reorganization until the spring of 1864 it participated in all the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, and on May 3, 1864, broke camp on the Rapidan to take part in the famous Wilderness campaign and the siege of Petersburg. It was in a number of the hottest engagements about Richmond and Petersburg; was present at Appomattox when Lee's army surrendered, and on April 15 was ordered to Washington, where it participated in the grand review in May. It was mustered out at Arlington Heights, Virginia, July 2, 1865, and proceeded to Baltimore, where the men drew their final pay and were discharged. During its service it lost 267 men, 118 of whom were killed in action and 149 died of wounds and disease. The regiment, or a portion of it, was engaged in the battles of Shepherdstown, Cherry Run, Fort Frederick, Kernstown, Front Royal, Maryland Heights, Funkstown, Haymarket, Wilderness, Laurel Hill, Spottsylvania, on the North Anna river, Shady Grove, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Poplar Grove Church, Peebles Farm, Hatcher's Run, Five Forks, Appomattox, and numerous skirmishes incident to the siege of Petersburg. (See Cyclopedia of Battles.)

Second Infantry.—Colonels, John Sommer, Thomas B. Allard; Lieutenant-Colonels, J. E. Duryee, Henry Howard, Jr., Benjamin F. Taylor; Majors, David P. De Witt, James H. Wilson, Andrew B. Brunner, John M. Santmyer. The 2nd infantry was organized at Baltimore between the months of June and September, 1861, to serve for three years. From the time of its muster in in September, 1861, to March 26, 1862, it was a part of General Dix's division, Army of the Potomac. It was then in the Department of North Carolina until July 22, when it was attached to the 1st brigade, 2nd division 9th corps, and served under General Burnside in North Carolina and the Department of the Ohio until June, 1863. It then became a part of the 1st division of the 23d corps until in September, when it returned to its old place in the 9th corps and remained with that command during the remainder of its service. On January 1, 1864, the regiment reenlisted and the men received the veteran furlough of 30 days. During its service the regiment was in the battles of the second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Blue Springs, Campbell Station, siege of Knoxville, Spottsylvania, Totopotomy, Cold Harbor, around Petersburg, being one of the regiments to engage in the assault on the Confederate works at the time Burnside's mine was sprung, and was at the surrender of General Lee's army at Appomattox. It was mustered out at Alexandria, Virginia. July 17, 1865, transported to Baltimore, where the men were paid and on the 25th the regiment disbanded. The total losses amounted to 226 men, 89 of whom were killed in battle and the others died in the hospitals.

Third Infantry.—Colonels, John C. McConnell, David P. De Witt. Joseph M. Sudsburg; Lieutenant-Colonel, Gilbert P. Robinson; Majors, William B. Kennedy, Samuel Kramer. The organization of this regiment was commenced on June 18, 1861, at Baltimore and Williamsport, but it was not completed until February 17, 1862. The four companies enlisted in the summer of 1861 at Williamsport were composed largely of Union men and refugees from Jefferson and Berkeley counties, Virginia. Upon the organization of the regiment they became Companies A, B. C and I, and the Baltimore companies were designated as D, E, F and G. On May 11, 1862, Companies E, F, H and I were broken up and the men distributed among the other companies. The companies thus dissolved were replaced by four companies from the German Rifles, or 4th Maryland infantry and the Baltimore light infantry, both of these regiments having failed to complete their organization. On May 24, 1862, the regiment was ordered to Harper's Ferry and assigned to the army under General Banks, afterward known as the 12th corps. It took part in the battle of Cedar Mountain, August g, 1862, and in the subsequent movements of the army under General Pope. In the invasion of Maryland in the fall of that year it was with General McClellan in the campaign which culminated in the battle of Antietam, where the 3d regiment distinguished itself by its bravery. After the battle of Antietam it remained in the Shenandoah Valley until about the beginning of the year 1863, when it marched to eastern Virginia as a part of the 12th corps, and joined the Army of the Potomac. It was in the battle of Chancellorsville, after which it was transferred to the West and assisted in relieving the army at Chattanooga, Tennessee. In February, 1864, the original members of the regiment, who had been in service for two years, were veteranized by reenlistment, and at the expiration of their 30 days' furlough the regiment was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 1st division, 9th corps, with which it continued until mustered out at Arlington Heights, Virginia, on July 31, 1865. In the official records of the war the regiment is reported as having participated in the battles of Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, along the North Anna river, Cold Harbor, the siege of Petersburg, Poplar Spring Church, and a number of minor engagements. It lost while in the service 225 men, 91 of whom were killed in battle. From the time of its muster in to the close of its service it traveled by rail 2,903 miles, by water 289 miles, and marched 1,771 miles.

Fourth Infantry.—Colonels, W. J. L. Nicodemus, R. N. Bowerman; Lieutenant-Colonel, Gregory Barrett, Jr.; Majors, H. P. Brooks, Harrison Adreon. This regiment was organized at Baltimore during the months of July and August, 1862, with the exception of Co. E, which was raised in Carroll county. It consisted of nine companies and was assigned to the famous Maryland brigade, which was commanded by General John R. Kenly, the first colonel of the 1st Maryland infantry, and remained with the brigade throughout the war. On September 18, 1862, it received marching orders and hurried to join the Army of the Potomac, then at Antietam, and arrived there in time to assist in expelling Lee's army from Maryland. It spent the winter of 1862-63 on Maryland heights, opposite Harper's Ferry, where it remained until April, 1863, when it was sent to West Virginia to repel the raids of Gens. Imboden and Jones. The conduct of the Maryland brigade in this campaign elicited a complimentary letter from General B. F. Kelley. commanding the 1st division, 8th corps, to General Kenly. On June 30. 1863, the regiment, with the Maryland brigade, marched to Frederick City, where it was attached to General French s division, which was engaged in keeping open the communications between Washington and the Army of the Potomac. After the battle of Gettysburg, the regiment, with the 1st and 8th Maryland infantry, made a forced march to Harper's Ferry and recaptured that place on July 6, after a sharp fight. During the summer and fall of 1863 it was with General Meade's army in eastern Virginia, taking part in a number of engagements. In March, 1864, the Maryland brigade became the 3d brigade, 2nd division, 5th corps, and with that command was in the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, participating in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, the North Anna river, Totopotomy, Bethesda Church, the siege of Petersburg, Hatcher's run, Weldon railroad, and various lesser engagements. The casualties of the regiment during its service were 35 killed in battle and 73 died of wounds and disease. While in service it marched_ 1,o89 miles and traveled by rail 649 miles. It was mustered out at Arlington Heights, Virginia, May 31, 1865.

Fifth Infantry.—Colonels, William L. Schley, William W. Bamberger; Lieutenant-Colonels, John C. Holland, Salome Marsh, S. P. Heath, Charles A. Holton; Majors, Leopold Blumenberg, William H. Irving. The 5th infantry was organized in the city of Baltimore in the month of September, 1861, and mustered into the United States service for three years. Although organized at Baltimore all parts of the state were represented in the rank and file. It remained in camp at Lafayette square in the city of Baltimore until March 11, 1862, when it was ordered to Fortress Monroe, Virginia, where it became a part of General Dix's command. After the failure of General McClellan's peninsular campaign, the regiment was attached to the main body of the Army of the Potomac as part of the 3d brigade, 3d division, 2nd corps, and fought with that command in the battle of Antietam, being on that part of the field known as the "Bloody Lane," where the regiment lost 39 killed and 109 wounded. Some idea of the severity of this part of the battle may be gained from the fact that the commanding officers were all wounded and carried from the field, and that at the close of the action the regiment was under the command of Captain Marsh, of Co. F, afterward major of the regiment. After the battle of Antietam the 5th went into camp at Bolivar heights, overlooking Harper's Ferry, and remained there until the following month, when it was ordered to the upper Potomac. During the winter of 1862-63 it formed part of General Milroy's command, which was besieged at Winchester in June, 1863, by the entire Confederate army under General Lee, then starting on the invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, a movement that ended so disastrously for Lee at Gettysburg. The battles officially credited to the 5th Maryland infantry were Antietam, Charlestown, Winchester, siege of Petersburg, second battle of Fair Oaks, and the occupation of Richmond. It was in the assault on the Confederate works at Petersburg when General Burnside's mine was exploded. A large number of the original members reenlisted and late in 1864 and the early part of 1865 some 100 "substitutes" were assigned to the regiment to take the places of those mustered out. Many of these men deserted as soon as they received their pay as substitutes, thus making it appear on the records that the 5th infantry was an unworthy regiment. But its record at Antietam, the Petersburg crater and Winchester refute any such implication, for the 5th Maryland, as originally organized, was the equal of any regiment in the army for bravery and devotion to duty. During the service it lost 64 killed, while 97 died of wounds and disease. It traveled by rail 670 miles, marched on foot 567 miles, and traveled by boat 923 miles. It was mustered out at Fredericksburg, Virginia, September 1, 1865, and disbanded at Baltimore a few days later.

Sixth Infantry.—Colonels, George R. Howard, John W. Horn; Lieutenant Colonels, Joseph C. Hill, William A. McKellip; Major, Clifton K. Prentiss. The organization of this regiment was commenced at Baltimore on August 12, 1862, and was completed on September 8, at which time it was mustered into the United States service for three years. It was made up as follows: Companies A and C from Carroll county; B, E and G from Cecil county; D from Frederick county; H from Washington county; K from Queen Anne's county, and F and I from the city of Baltimore. On September 20, 1862, it left Baltimore to join the Army of the Potomac, and was assigned to the Maryland brigade, then a part of the 8th corps. Subsequently was with the 1st and 3d brigades, 2nd division of the 8th corps, 2nd brigade, 3d division, 3d corps, and 2nd brigade, 3d division, 6th corps, to which command it was transferred on March 23. 1864, and served with that corps until mustered out. During the operations in the Shenandoah Valley and on the upper Potomac it was constantly on duty, skirmishing almost daily with the enemy. It was in the battle of Winchester, when Lee's whole army tried to capture Milroy's division, and fought with valor at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Fisher's Hill, the Opequan, Cedar Creek, Wapping Heights, Petersburg and Sailor's creek, and was at Appomattox when Gen Lee surrendered. Immediately after that event the 6th corps and the cavalry commanded by General Custer were ordered to Danville, Virginia, to intercept General Johnston, who was supposed to be marching to the relief of Lee. This forced march was useless, for Johnston, upon hearing of Lee's surrender, capitulated to General Sherman at Goldsboro, N. C. The 6th corps then went to Washington, where it arrived too late to take part in the grand review and was reviewed separately by the president. While in the service the 6th Maryland suffered a loss of 128 killed, 233 wounded, and 108 who died of disease. It marched 1,751 miles, traveled by rail 575 miles and by water 577 miles. It was mustered out on June 20, 1865, and was disbanded at Baltimore a few days later.

Seventh Infantry.—Colonels, Edwin H. Webster, Charles E. Phelps; Lieutenant-Colonel, David T. Bennett; Majors, E. M. Mobley, William H. Dallam. This regiment was recruited in the northern counties of the state under the call of July 1, 1862, for "three years or during the war." Companies C and H were raised in Harford county, D in Baltimore, F in Carroll, B, E and G in Frederick, and A and I in Washington. These nine companies were mustered in about the close of August and were subsequently joined by Co. K, which was composed of young men from the city of Baltimore. Its first service was in guarding the city of Baltimore in anticipation of an attack by General Stuart's cavalry at the beginning of Lee's invasion of Maryland about the beginning of September, 1862, and on the 8th of that month it became a part of the famous Maryland brigade, composed of the 1st, 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th Maryland infantry and Alexander's battery. This brigade continued as part of the 8th corps, though it served under Gens. Franklin, Couch and French until July 11, 1863, when it became the 3d brigade, 3d division, 1st corps. Subsequently it became the 2nd brigade of the same division and upon the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac in March, 1864, it was designated as the 3d brigade, 2nd division, 5th corps, with which it served until after the battle of Spottsylvania, where the division suffered so severely it was broken up and assigned to other commands, the Maryland brigade serving as an independent organization until in June, 1864, when it became the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 5th corps and continued as such until it was mustered out. During its service the regiment marched 1,137 miles and was transported by rail 803 miles. It lost in killed 79 officers and men, and no died of wounds and disease. It participated in the engagements at Funkstown, Haymarket, Wilderness, Laurel Hill, Spottsylvania, Harris' farm, on the North Anna river, Shady Grove, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Poplar Spring Church, Peebles' farm, Hatcher's run, numerous actions incident to the siege of Richmond and Petersburg, including White Oak road and Five Forks, and was present at the surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox. This regiment claims the last man to be wounded in the Army of the Potomac, viz: Robert N. Weller, who was struck by a piece of shell, fired by a North Carolina battery on April 9, 1865, just before Lee surrendered. The regiment was mustered out on May 31, 1865.

Eighth Infantry.—Colonel, Andrew W. Denison; Lieutenant-Colonels, John G. Johannes, E. F. M. Faehtz; Major, E. F. M. Faehtz. Of this regiment Co. A was recruited in Cecil county; B, C, D, F and G in Baltimore city; E in Frederick county, and H, I and K were made up of drafted men and substitutes. The organization was commenced in August, 1862, but it was not completed until the following April, though the companies were mustered in as they reported and in the early part of September, 1862, the regiment was attached to the Maryland brigade. (See 7th regiment.) It fought at Funkstown, the Wilderness. Spottsylvania, Harris' farm, along the North Anna river, Shady Grove, Bethesda Church, the engagements about Petersburg during the siege from June, 1864, to April, 1865, and was with the Army of the Potomac when Lee surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. It was mustered out with the other regiments composing the Maryland brigade at Arlington Heights, Virginia, on the last day of May, 1865, having previously taken part in the grand review at Washington, D. C. During its term of service it marched 1,170 miles and traveled by rail 604 miles. Its losses were 57 killed and 70 who died in hospitals from wounds and disease.

Ninth Infantry.—Colonel, Benjamin L. Simpson; Lieutenant-Colonel, Thomas Cloudsley; Major, Royal W. Church. This regiment was organized under the call of June 15, 1863, for emergency troops to repel the Confederate forces then invading Maryland and Pennsylvania, and was mustered into the United States service for a period of six months. It consisted of nine companies, eight of which were raised in the city of Baltimore and the other in Baltimore county. On July 6, 1863, before the organization was completed, the regiment left Baltimore and joined General French's division, which drove the Confederates from Maryland heights, after which it crossed the Potomac and occupied Loudoun heights. Companies A, B and C were later engaged in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio railroad and in doing guard duty at Harper's Ferry, and about the middle of August the remainder of the regiment was ordered to occupy Charlestown, West Virginia, where it was attacked on October 18 by the Confederates under General Imboden. Although the 9th made a gallant stand it was overpowered by superior numbers and captured. Of the prisoners not more than one-half ever returned to their homes, the others dying in Southern prisons. Companies A, B and C remained on duty in Virginia until the expiration of their term of enlistment, and were mustered out at Baltimore on February 24, 1864.

Tenth Infantry.—Colonel, William H. Revere; Lieutenant-Colonel, William E. W. Ross; Major, J. T. Daniel. This regiment was organized at Baltimore under the call of June 15, 1863, and was mustered into the service of the United States for a period of six months. Immediately after its organization it was ordered to Harper's Ferry, where it was assigned to the duty of guarding the lines of communication on the upper Potomac On October 18, 1863, after the capture of the 9th Maryland infantry at Charlestown, West Virginia, the 10th, with some other troops, hurried to that place and drove the Confederates out of the town, pursuing them until orders were received to return to Harper's Ferry. The 10th regiment was fortunate in having none of its members killed or wounded, though it lost 22 men from disease. It was mustered out on January 29, 1864, its term of service having expired.

Eleventh Infantry.—Colonel, William T. Landstreet; Lieutenant-Colonel, Thomas Sewell, Jr.; Major, William E. George. The nth was mustered in on June 16, 1864, to serve for 100 days, and on July 1 left Baltimore for Monocacy, where it fought under General Lew Wallace on the 9th, holding the Confederates under General Early in check until reinforcements could come to Washington to save the national capital, which was threatened. After the battle of Monocacy the regiment was on guard duty at Monrovia and Mount Airey until October 1, when it was mustered out at the expiration of its term of enlistment. A large number of the men reenlisted before the expiration of their 100 days' term, for a period of one year, and these reenlisted men formed three companies—A, B and C—of a new nth infantry. In January, 1865, seven companies of the 1st Eastern Shore regiment were added to the three already organized, and the new nth was mustered in with John G. Johannes as colonel; James C. Mullikin, lieutenant-colonel; and Martin Suter, major. After the reorganization Co. C was assigned to duty at the Relay House, near Baltimore, on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad: Co. I was stationed in the city of Baltimore, and the remainder of the regiment was sent to Fort' Delaware, where it was assigned to garrison duty. On June 15, 1865, all whose terms had expired were mustered out and those whose terms did not expire until October 1, 1865, were transferred to the 2nd Maryland infantry.

Twelfth Infantry.—This regiment really consisted of a battalion of five companies—A, B, C, D and E—which was organized in June and July, 1864, and mustered in as emergency men for a term of 100 days with John L. Bishop as lieutenant-colonel. During its brief term of service it was engaged in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio railroad between the city of Baltimore and Kearneysville, Virginia. A number of the men reenlisted for one year and were assigned to the 1st Eastern Shore Maryland infantry. The others were mustered out on November 14, 1864, by reason of the expiration of the term of enlistment.

Thirteenth Infantry.—Colonel, Roger E. Cook; Lieutenant-Colonel, Charles J. Brown; Major, Eugene C. Baugher. This regiment was composed of veterans who had served in the 1st Maryland Potomac home brigade, the organization being completed on March 1, 1865. It was assigned to duty along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad between Martinsburg and Harper's Ferry, Virginia, where it served until mustered out on May 29, 1865.

Purnell Legion Infantry.—Colonels, William H. Purnell, William J. Leonard, Samuel A. Graham; Lieutenant-Colonels, John G. Johannes, Benjamin L. Simpson; Majors, E. R. Petherbridge, William I. Taylor, William T. Fulton, Robert G. King. The Purnell Legion really consisted of nine companies of infantry, two companies of cavalry and two batteries of light artillery, recruited during the months of November and Dec, 1861, under the direction of Colonel Purnell, who was then postmaster at Baltimore. The infantry legion was organized at Pikesville, near Baltimore, Companies A, B, C, H and K coming from the city of Baltimore, Co. E from Cecil county, F from Baltimore county, D and G from Somerset and Worcester counties. It was mustered in for three years about the close of the year and until March, 1862, was attached to Dix's division of the Army of the Potomac. It was then assigned to the middle department of the 8th corps, where as part of Lock wood's brigade it assisted in driving the armed Confederate bands from the eastern shore of Virginia. When General Banks was driven from the Shenandoah Valley in May the regiment was hurried to Harper's Ferry to check the advance of the Confederate army, after which it was assigned to the 2nd division, 2nd corps, served under General Pope in his campaigns in Virginia, and later was in the battle of Antietam. After that engagement it was made a part of the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 12th corps, with which it remained until in Dec, 1862, when it was returned to the 8th corps. In May, 1864, it was assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 5th corps, with which it took part in the Wilderness and Petersburg campaigns under General Grant. It fought at Harper's Ferry, Antietam, Shady Grove, Bethesda Church,' Cold Harbor, the assaults on Petersburg, Weldon railroad, Peebles' farm, Poplar Spring church, and in a number of minor actions during the operations about Richmond and Petersburg. On October 24, 1864, the original members, except those who reenlisted, were mustered out, and the veterans were consolidated with the 1st Maryland infantry. While in service the legion marched 811 miles, traveled by rail 316 miles and by water 653 miles. It lost 43 men killed in battle and 74 who died of disease.

First Potomac Home Brigade Infantry.—Colonels, William P. Maulsby, Roger E. Cook; Lieutenant-Colonels, George R. Dennis. John A. Steiner, Charles J. Brown; Majors, John I. Yellott, Eugene C. Baugher. The organization of this regiment was commenced at Frederick City on August 15, 1861, and on December 13 it was mustered into service for three years. Companies A, B, D and I were recruited in Frederick county, C in the city of Baltimore, E, F and H in Washington county, G in Baltimore, Frederick and Carroll counties, and K in Frederick county and the city of Baltimore. During the winter of 1861-62 it served with General Banks and in the following spring marched with that commander up the Shenandoah Valley as far as Winchester, when it was assigned to the duty of guarding the line of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad. When Banks was driven out of the valley the regiment was concentrated at Harper's Ferry, where it remained until the Union troops again occupied the valley, when it resumed the work of guarding the railroad. After General Pope's defeat at the second battle of Bull Run the regiment opposed the passage of the Potomac river at the several fords and ferries near the mouth of the Monocacy, and was then concentrated at Harper's Ferry, where it was surrendered with the garrison on Sept . 15, 1862. The men were paroled and after being exchanged the regiment was assigned to duty along the Potomac in the southern part of the state. In the Gettysburg campaign it formed part of Lockwood's brigade, and on the second day of the battle of Gettysburg was in the thickest of the fighting on Culp's hill and was one of the regiments that moved to the relief of Sickles' corps, where it assisted in the final repulse of the Confederates under General Longstreet. After the battle of Gettysburg it marched with the Army of the Potomac in pursuit of Lee as far as the Potomac river, when it was assigned to the duty of guarding the line of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad. In July, 1864, when General Early invaded Maryland, this regiment took an active part in checking the Confederate advance, and part of it fought gallantly in the battle of Monocacy under General Wallace. During its service the regiment lost 45 men killed in battle and 86 died of wounds and disease. It was engaged at Loudoun heights, Poolesville, Monocacy Aqueduct, Maryland heights, Harper's Ferry, Gettysburg, Duffield Station, Monocacy, and in several skirmishes along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad. Those whose terms of enlistment expired in the fall of 1864 were mustered out, and the veterans and recruits were assigned to the 13th Maryland infantry.

Second Potomac Home Brigade Infantry.—Colonels, Thomas Johns, Robert Bruce; Lieutenant-Colonels, G. Ellis Porter, James C. Lynn; Majors, Alexander Shaw, John H. Huntley. The 2nd regiment of the Potomac home brigade was organized between August 27 and October 31, 1861, to serve three years. Companies A, B, C, E, G, H, I and K were recruited in Allegany county, F at Hancock, Washington county, and D at Piedmont, Virginia. Its first service was in West Virginia as part of General B. F. Kelley's command, and it was for a short time under General Lander. During Stonewall Jackson's raid through Berkeley Springs to Hancock and Komney the regiment was several times engaged in skirmishes with the enemy. Co. F was mounted as a cavalry company and under the command of Captain George D. Summers was sent into the Shenandoah Valley in the summer of 1863, where it rendered efficient service, and subsequently, as part of Captain G. W. F. Vernon's squadron of Cole's cavalry took an active part in the Gettysburg campaign. In the fall and winter of 1863-64 the regiment was on constant duty in West Virginia and the following spring was assigned to the army under General David Hunter for the advance on Lynchburg, afterward joining in the pursuit of the Confederate forces under General Early, when they were driven from Maryland. The regiment, or a part of it, was engaged at Springfield, Blue House, South Branch bridge, Great Cacapon bridge, Vance's ford, Charlestown, Burlington, Ridgeville, Moorefield Junction, Lynchburg, Snicker's gap, Martinsburg, Hancock, Green Spring run, and in a number of smaller skirmishes. Although it was always ready to_ do its duty on the field it suffered but few casualties, losing 10 men killed in battle, while 84 died of wounds and disease. At the expiration of its term of service the original members were mustered out, and the veterans and recruits were formed into a battalion of three companies, to which was added another company in March, 1865. The organization as thus constituted was mustered out on May 29, 1865.

Third Potomac Home Brigade Infantry.—Colonels, Stephen W. Downey, Charles Gilpin, Henry C. Rizer; Lieutenant-Colonel, Crawford W. Shearer; Majors, Michael Fallon, Charles L. Grafflin. Companies A, B, C, D and H of this regiment were recruited in Allegany county, Co. E at Hagerstown, F at Baltimore, G and K in Frederick county, and I in Howard county. The organization was commenced in the latter part of October, 1861, and as soon as the 1st battalion was mustered in it was assigned to Lander's division on the upper Potomac, where it served until March 11, 1862. The organization of the regiment was not fully completed until May 20, 1862, its term of service being for three years. It was on duty in the Mountain department until June 26, 1862, when it was transferred to the Middle department and participated in the defense of Harper's Ferry in September, where it was surrendered with the garrison. After the prisoners were exchanged the 3d was assigned to duty in guarding the line of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad. When General Early invaded Maryland in July, 1864, this regiment formed a part of General Lew Wallace's little army that so stubbornly resisted the Confederate advance at Monocacy, and after Early was driven back to Virginia it was with General Hunter in the advance up the Shenandoah Valley, taking part in the fight at Snicker's gap. It then became a part of General Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah and after the close of the Valley campaign it was assigned to the department of West Virginia, where it remained until mustered out on May 29, 1865. The regiment, or a detachment of it, fought valiantly at Franklin, Wardensville, Moorefield, Harper's Ferry, Frederick, Monocacy, Snicker's gap, Bolivar heights, Halltown, Charlestown, Berryville, and in several lesser engagements. Its loss during the entire term of service was 83 men, 9 of whom were killed in action.

Fourth Potomac Home Brigade Infantry.—Companies A, B and C of this regiment were organized in the winter of 1861-62, and were mustered in for three years. Co. A was recruited in the vicinity of Hagerstown, B in the city of Baltimore and C in Frederick county. After the organization of these three companies all efforts to complete the regiment were abandoned, and the troops were engaged in guarding the line of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad until August 11, 1862, when they were consolidated with the 3d regiment of the Potomac home brigade.

First Eastern Shore Infantry.—Colonels, James Wallace, John R. Keene; Lieutenant-Colonel, William H. Comegys; Major, William Kirby. Companies A, B and C of this regiment were recruited in Dorchester county, D, E, F, and G in Caroline county, H in Talbot county, I in the city of Baltimore, and K in Somerset county. The regiment was organized at Cambridge in September, 1861, and mustered into service for three years, but Co. A was mustered out on August 16, 1862, by orders from the war department. In November, 1861, it formed a part of General Lockwood's brigade in the expedition into the eastern shore counties of Virginia, after which it remained on duty along the eastern shore until Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863, when it asked to be permitted to join the Army of the Potomac. With Lockwood's brigade it was ordered to Baltimore, whence it proceeded to Gettysburg, where it arrived on the morning of July 3 and joined the 12th corps on Culp's hill, where it gave a good account of itself during the fighting of that day. After Lee was driven back into Virginia the regiment returned to the eastern shore and continued in the performance of special duty until the expiration of its term of service, when the original members—except veterans—were mustered out, and the veterans and recruits were consolidated with the nth infantry. During its term of service the regiment marched 760 miles, traveled by rail 283 miles, and by water 1,323 miles. Its loss was nine men killed in battle and 52 who died of wounds and disease.

Second Eastern Shore Infantry.—Colonels, Edward Wilkins, Robert S. Rogers; Lieutenant-Colonel, Elijah E. Massey: Major Seth W. Herrick. This regiment was composed of eight companies. A, B, C, D and E were recruited in Kent county; F in the city of Baltimore; and G and H in Harford county. Its organization was commenced on October 2, 1861, and on December 28 it was completed and the regiment was mustered in for three years. From that time until the summer of 1863 it was on duty along the eastern shore of Maryland and Virginia, in the city of Baltimore and on the lower Potomac. When Lee began his invasion of Pennsylvania the regiment, as part of Lockwood's brigade, was ordered to reinforce the Army of the Potomac. After the battle of Gettysburg it was assigned to duty on the upper Potomac in Maryland and West Virginia, and was a part of General Hunter's army in the expedition against Lynchburg. It remained in the department of West Virginia until January 23, 1865, when it was consolidated with the 1st Eastern Shore infantry. While in active service it marched 1,o41 miles, was transported by rail 967 miles, and by water 915 miles. It was in the engagements at Falling Waters, Piedmont, Snicker's ford, Winchester, Berryville and numerous minor skirmishes incident to the Shenandoah Valley and Lynchburg campaigns. Nine men were killed in battle and 63 died of wounds or disease.

Patapsco Guards.—This was an independent infantry company organized at Ellicott's mills and mustered into service on September 25, 1861, to serve for three years. It was commanded by Captain Thomas S. McGowan and was chiefly engaged in guard and provost duty about York, Harrisburg and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. It was engaged with the enemy at Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, on June 28, 1863, during the Gettysburg campaign, and also participated in the operations about Chambersburg at the time of McCausland's raid. It was mustered out on August 17, 1865. Baltimore Light Infantry.—This command, also known as the "Dix light infantry," consisted of five companies and was organized at Baltimore in November and Dec, 1861, to serve for three years. The purpose was to organize a full regiment, but the undertaking did not meet with sufficient encouragement, and on May 24, 1862, the five companies became a part of the 3d Maryland infantry.

First Potomac Home Brigade Cavalry.—Colonel, Henry A. Cole; Lieutenant-Colonel, George W. F. Vernon; Majors, A. M. Flory, J. T. Daniel, R. S. Mooney, O. A. Horner. This regiment is better known as "Cole's cavalry." Companies A, C and D were organized at Frederick City, and Co. B at Cumberland from August 10 to November 27, 1861, and were mustered in as a battalion for three years under the command of Major Henry A. Cole, from whom the regiment took its name. During the winter of 1861-62 the battalion was on duty along the Maryland side of the Potomac, while the Confederate forces occupied the opposite bank, Co. B being actively engaged for a portion of the winter in West Virginia. A part of the battalion was with General Lander in the defense of Hancock, Maryland, when the surrender of the town was demanded by Stonewall Jackson in the early part of January, 1862, and the remainder of the command made a long night march to the relief of the place, resulting in the repulse of the Confederates. To follow the movements of Cole's cavalry in detail would require a whole volume. The battalion was composed of men well acquainted with the country along the upper Potomac and in the Shenandoah Valley, hence companies or squadrons were being constantly detached for the purpose of reconnoitering the enemy's positions. Frequent attempts were made by the Confederates to cut off and capture these scouting parties, but by their familiarity with the numerous byroads and bridle paths through the mountains the Marylanders always made their escape. Early in March, 1862, the command crossed the Potomac at Williamsport with Williams' brigade of Banks' army, and remained in the Shenandoah Valley until the following September, when it fell back to Harper's Ferry. Between Bunker Hill and Winchester on March 7, 1862, it lost 1 man killed and 2 wounded, which was the first bloodshed of the Valley campaign of that year. In November, 1862, the battalion was attached to the 12th corps, under General Slocum, and remained with that command until the corps marched into eastern Virginia, when it was left in the Shenandoah Valley. Scouts from the battalion found their way through the enemy's lines in June, 1863, and notified General Milroy at Winchester that he was about to be surrounded, and after Milroy had been overwhelmed by Lee's army, it was Cole's cavalry that covered the retreat of those who escaped from Winchester. On February 13, 1864, the battalion reenlisted and the men were granted a thirty days' furlough. They marched to Frederick City, where they were received with great honors by the people, conducted to the city hall and formally welcomed home by Justice Nelson of the supreme court, after which they were tendered a banquet . Upon the reenlistment the war department gave authority to recruit the battalion to a full regiment of twelve companies, and at the expiration of the furlough Cole's cavalry reentered the army as a regiment. It was with General Hunter in his advance upon Lynchburg, after which it was assigned to Merritt's division of Torbert's cavalry corps of the Army of the Shenandoah under General Sheridan, where it was almost constantly engaged until Early was driven from the Shenandoah Valley. It was mustered out at Harper's Ferry on June 28, 1865, at the close of nearly four years of arduous service, proceeded to Baltimore and was there finally discharged. Few regiments of the Union Army can show a larger list of engagements than Cole's cavalry. Either by company, detachments, as a battalion or a regiment, it participated, according to official reports, in eighty battles or skirmishes, including five actions at Winchester, Virginia, four at Charlestown, two at Martinsburg, two at Kernstown, Antietam, Gettysburg, Catoctin Mountain, Romney, Crampton's gap, Hagerstown, Ashby's gap, two fights at Berryville, Shepherdstown, and in fact in almost all the engagements in the Shenandoah Valley and about Harper's Ferry. During its service the command marched over 7,000 miles and lost 169 men, 47 of whom were killed in battle and 122 died of wounds or in prison. The regiment was made up chiefly of young, unmarried men. active and brave, many of whom brought their own horses into the service. On several occasions the regiment, or some detachment of it, received letters of congratulation from the commanding officers of the army for gallant conduct on the field, or for invaluable services in reconnoitering the enemy's position.

First Cavalry.—Colonels, Andrew G. Miller, Eugene Von Keilmansegge, Andrew W. Evans; Lieutenant-Colonels, Charles Wetschky, James M. Deems, Jacob H. Counselman; Majors, Charles H. Russell, Charles H. R. Shriber, George Thistleton, Vincent E. Von Koerber. The organization of this regiment began in August, 1861, but was not completed until the following June, though some of the first companies were mustered in during the fall of 1861. Companies A, B, C, D and E were raised in the city of Baltimore, F at Cockeysville and in Baltimore, G and K at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. H and I in Washington and Allegany counties, and L and M in Washington, D. C. Portions of the regiment were engaged during Stonewall Jackson's raid to Hancock, Maryland. with General Banks' army in the Shenandoah Valley, Companies A, B. C, G and I covering the retreat of the army from Winchester to Harper's Ferry. In June, 1862, it was attached to the Army of the Potomac, then commanded by General Pope, with which it took part in the battles of Cedar Mountain and the second Bull Run. Companies H and I formed part of the garrison at Harper's Ferry which was surrendered to Stonewall Jackson just before the battle of Antietam. In the spring of 1863 the regiment was attached to the cavalry commanded by General Stoneman_ during his raid through the Confederate lines in Virginia, and distinguished itself in the battle at Brandy Station on June 9, of that year. It was active in the defeat of the Confederate cavalry under General Stuart in the Gettysburg campaign, and was subsequently with the Army of the Tames for a short time, but when General Sheridan rejoined the Army of the Potomac, after his defeat of the Confederate forces under Early in the Shenandoah Valley, the regiment formed a part of his famous cavalry command in the siege of Petersburg and Richmond. It was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox, which ended the war in the east, and was mustered out on August 8. 1865. During its service the regiment was in about sixty engagements, including Ball's Bluff, Cedar Mountain, Gainesville, Groveton, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Shepherdstown, the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns, Bermuda Hundred, Deep Bottom, the siege of Petersburg, Hatcher's run, Five Forks, Farmville and Appomattox Court House. It lost 201 men, 68 of whom were killed in action.

Second Cavalry.—Only five companies of this regiment were ever organized. Companies A, B and E were recruited in the city of Baltimore, C in Howard county and the city of Baltimore, and D in Washington, D. C. Under command of Captain William F. Bragg, the captain of Co. A, the command was on special duty in Anne Arundel and Calvert counties, and at Annapolis, during its entire service. Companies A and B were mustered out on January 26, 1864, E on January 31, and C and D on February 6.

Third Cavalry.—Colonel, C. Carroll Tevis; Lieutenant-Colonel, Byron Kirby; Majors, William Kesley, Henry E. Clark, Adolph Berry. The 3d cavalry was otherwise known as the "Bradford Dragoons," having been so named in honor of Governor Augustus W. Bradford. The regiment originally consisted of ten companies, mustered in for three years, but on December 9, 1864, owing to the depletion of its ranks, it was consolidated into a battalion of six companies. As soon as the regimental organization was completed the 3d was sent to Louisiana, where it entered upon active duty immediately. It was with General Banks in the Red River campaign, and served under General Canby in the operations about Mobile. During its service it traveled by water 3,285 miles, by rail 1,405 miles, and marched 198 miles. It was engaged with the enemy at Mansura, Marksville, Yellow Bayou and Morgan's ferry, Louisiana, and in the capture of Forts Gaines, Morgan and Blakely and Spanish Fort in Alabama. The regiment was mustered out at Vicksburg, Mississippi, September 7, 1865.

Purnell Legion Cavalry.—This was a battalion of three companies, two of which—A and B—were organized at Pikesville in the fall of 1861, at the same time the Purnell Legion of infantry was formed, and Co. C was organized at Baltimore in September, 1862. Co. A was on duty on the eastern shore of Virginia and in St. Mary's county, Maryland, until the Gettysburg campaign, when it joined the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac and took part in the battle of Gettysburg. It was mustered out on July 28, 1865, having served as a cavalry company during its entire term of enlistment. Co. B was on special duty in various parts of Maryland and Delaware, under the immediate orders of Governor Bradford, until May 28, 1864, when it was dismounted and the following month  joined the Purnell Legion infantry, and served with that regiment until mustered out. Co. C was on duty in Maryland and Delaware from the_ time of its organization until Oct . 26, 1864, when it was consolidated with the veterans and recruits of Co. B, and the consolidated company was made a part of the 8th infantry on November 17, 1864. Of the three companies Co. B saw the most arduous service, taking part in the battles around Petersburg, the Weldon railroad, Poplar Spring Church and Peebles' farm, as well as numerous minor skirmishes.

Smith's Independent Cavalry.—This company was organized at Snow Hill, Worcester county, October 15, 1862, and mustered into the United States service for three years. It was used to prevent the recruiting of men for the Confederate service, and operated about Snow Hill, Newton, Point Lookout, etc. It was mustered out on June 30, 1865.

Battery A, Light Artillery.—This battery, better known as "Rigby's," was originally a part of the Purnell Legion. It was organized at Pikesville in the months of August and September, 1861, and mustered into the United States service for three years. John W. Wolcott was the first captain, and upon his resignation he was succeeded by James H. Rigby, from whom the organization took its name. It was with General McClellan in the Peninsular campaign of 1862, performing splendid service in that campaign, especially at the battle of Malvern Hill, the last of the Seven Days' battles. In the fall of that year it was again with McClellan in driving Lee out of Maryland, and received the commendation of General Slocum for its bravery and efficiency in the battle of Antietam. It was at Fredericksburg the following December and was an active participant in the celebrated Gettysburg campaign. The principal engagements in which it took part were Malvern Hill, Crampton's gap, Fredericksburg, Marye's heights, Salem heights, and Gettysburg. On March 11, 1865, it was consolidated with Battery B, and was mustered out as part of that organization.

Battery B, Light Artillery.—This battery was also a part of the Purnell Legion when it was first organized at Pikesville in the fall of 1861 and mustered into service for three years. It was commanded by Captain Alonzo Snow, and was generally referred to as "Snow's" battery. Its first service was along the eastern shore of Virginia, but in the summer of 1862 it joined the Army of the Potomac, then on the Chickahominy river. It played a considerable part in repulsing the Confederates at the battle of Malvern hill, and after the Peninsular campaign was with McClellan in the campaign against Lee in Maryland, distinguishing itself at the battle of Antietam. In the spring of 1863 it was assigned to the department of West Virginia, and was with Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley the following year, when it joined the army under General Hunter for the advance upon Lynchburg. It participated in the following battles and skirmishes: New Bridge, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Fredericksburg, New Market, Piedmont, Lynchburg, Salem and some minor actions along the eastern shore during the early part of its service. It was mustered out on July 3, 1865.

Battery D, Light Artillery.—This battery was mustered in at Baltimore on November 29, 1864, to serve for three years. During its entire service it was used to garrison the defenses of Washington and was never actually engaged with the enemy. It was mustered out on June 24, 1865.

Baltimore Battery, Light Artillery.—In the summer of 1862 Captain Frederick W. Alexander organized a battery at Baltimore under the president's call for 30o.000 men to serve for three years. It soon became known as "Alexander's" battery and within a month after it was mustered in to service it was ordered to Monocacy Junction, where it was assigned to the Maryland brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General John R. Kenly. It remained on the upper Potomac until the early part of Dec, 1862, when it was ordered with the brigade to Maryland heights, where it went into winter quarters. Toward the last of April, 1863, it moved to Berryville, Virginia, to relieve two sections of Battery B. West Virginia artillery, and remained with General Milroy until that officer was surrounded with his command at Winchester, where the battery lost 48 men captured. The. battery was then reassembled at Baltimore, where it was furnished with new horses and equipments, including 3-inch rifled guns, soon after the battle of Gettysburg, and it remained there on garrison duty until the summer of 1864. When Early reached the Potomac on July 4, 1864, in his demonstration against Washington, Alexander's battery joined the Union forces under General Lew Wallace at Monocacy, where on the 9th Early was checked by a force about equal to one-third of his army, Alexander's battery being the only artillery on the Federal side. The battery was mentioned in complimentary terms by General Tyler in his report. On July 30, 1864, the battery was dismounted at Halltown, Virginia, its horses, which were in good condition, being taken to supply the batteries of the 6th corps by order of General Wright, and broken down horses were supplied to the Maryland battery, which was then attached to the defenses of Harper's Ferry, where it remained until January, 1865. It then marched to Camp Barry, near Washington, D. C., and was mustered out on June 17, 1865. During its service the battery was engaged at Berryville, Opequan creek, Winchester, Martinsburg pike, Middletown, Catoctin Mountain, Frederick and Monocacy. In these actions it lost 1 man killed and while in service 7 died from wounds or disease.

Battery A, 2nd Light Artillery.—This battery, otherwise called the "Junior Artillery," was organized at Baltimore in July, 1863, under the president's call for six months' men. Its service was of a local nature in guarding the defenses of Baltimore, and it was mustered out on January 19, 1864, by reason of expiration of its term of enlistment. Battery B, 2nd Light Artillery.—Battery B was organized at the same time and under the same call as Battery A, above mentioned. It was engaged in guarding the city of Baltimore and was mustered out on January 16, 1864, at the expiration of its six months' service.

Fourth Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops.—Colonel, Samuel A. Duncan; Lieutenant-Colonels, George Rogers, A. S. Boernstein; Major, Wareham C. Hill. This regiment was organized at Baltimore from July 15 to September 1, 1863. for three years' service. Soon after the organization was completed the regiment was moved to Yorktown, Virginia, where it was drilled and employed in erecting fortifications. It was then on duty in various places until May, 1864, when it was attached to General Butler's Army of the James. Upon arriving at Bermuda Hundred it was assigned to the 18th corps, with which it remained during the rest of its service until after the surrender of General Johnston in April, 1865. It was then employed in garrison duty in the Southern states until May 4, 1866, when it was mustered out. During its service the regiment was engaged at Bermuda Hundred, Petersburg, Dutch gap, Chaffin's farm or Fort Harrison, Fort Fisher, Sugar Loaf hill and numerous skirmishes. The casualties amounted to 105 killed in battle and 187 who died of wounds and disease.

Seventh Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops.—Colonel, James Shaw, Jr.; Lieutenant-Colonels, Oscar E. Pratt, Lewellyn F. Haskell; Majors, Edelmiro Mayer. Marcellus Bailey. The 7th was one of the regiments recruited under the authority given to Colonel William Birney by the war department, its history beginning on September 26, 1863, when Companies A, B and C were mustered in at Birney barracks in the city of Baltimore. The organization was completed on November 15, and the winter of 1861-62 was spent at Camp Stanton, Benedict, Maryland. On March 4, 1864, the regiment was moved by steamer to Portsmouth, Virginia, and three days later embarked for Hilton Head, S. C., where it arrived on the 10th. On the 14th it left Hilton Head for Jacksonville. Fin. It remained on duty in Florida until June 27, when it returned to Hilton Head and formed part of General Foster's expedition to the North Edisto river. In this expedition it was engaged with the enemy every day for 17 days and suffered heavy casualties. It then returned to Florida and remained on duty there until August 5, 1864. when it embarked for Fortress Monroe, and on the nth was ordered to join the Army of the James at Bermuda Hundred. Here it became a part of the colored brigade, 3d division, 10th corps, and was with that command until after the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox. On May 24, 1865, it embarked on steamers at City Point. Virginia, and proceeded via Mobile and the mouth of the Mississippi river to Indianola, Tex., where it arrived on June 23. It remained on garrison duty in Texas until October 14, 1866, when it embarked for -Baltimore, where it was finally disbanded On November 15, 1866. It lost an aggregate of 393 men, 85 of whom were killed in battle or died of wounds. Among the engagements in which it participated were Cedar Creek, Florida, Baldwin, Kingland road, Fussell's mill, Fort Gilmer, Darbytown road, Armstrong's mill, Petersburg, Appomattox and John's island.

Ninth Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops.—Colonel, Thomas Bayley; Lieutenant Colonels, George E. Wagner, Samuel C. Armstrong, George M. Dennett; Major, Lewis S. Barnes. The 9th infantry was organized at Benedict during the latter half of November, 1863. During the following winter it was in camp at Camp Stanton, and on March 3, 1864, embarked for Port Royal, S. C. It was on duty at Port Royal, Hilton Head and in the Ashepoo expedition under General Birney, after which it was at Beaufort and John's island until August 4, when it embarked for Bermuda Hundred, where it arrived on the 8th. In the operations of the army about Petersburg it was engaged several times with the enemy, and always gave a good account of itself. At Fussell's mill it was the last regiment to give up its position, and in the assault on Fort Gilmer it bore a conspicuous part. After the Confederates abandoned Petersburg and Richmond it remained in camp near those places until June 7, 1865, when it embarked for Brazos Santiago, Tex., and arrived there on July 1. Soon afterward it marched to Brownsville, where it remained until October 2, 1866, when it was ordered to New Orleans. On November 10 it received orders for muster out and was transported to Baltimore, where it was finally disbanded. During its service the 9th lost 315 men, 47 of whom were killed in action and a number died of small-pox and cholera. It fought at John's island, S. C., Deep Bottom, Fussell's mill, Fort Gilmer, siege of Petersburg, and in a number of minor engagements incident to the operations about the Confederate capital.

Nineteenth. Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops.—Colonels, Henry G. Thomas, Joseph G. Perkins; Lieutenant-Colonels, Samuel Knorr, William Welsh: Major, Theo. H. Rockwood. This regiment was organized by General Birney at Benedict on December i5, 1863, and was composed of negroes from the eastern shore and the southern part of Maryland. It remained in camp at Benedict until March 1, 1864, when it was ordered to Baltimore. One battalion was engaged during the latter part of March and the early_ part of April around Winchester and Berryville, Virginia, the rest of the regiment remaining on provost duty at Baltimore. Toward the last of April the regiment was ordered to join the Army of the Potomac, where it was attached to the 9th corps, commanded _ by General Burnside, and took part in the Wilderness campaign, participating in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Totopotomy, Cold Harbor, the siege of Petersburg, Weldon railroad, Hatcher's run. Bermuda Hundred and a number of lighter skirmishes. On June 5, 1865, it was ordered to Brazos, Tex., and from there to Brownsville. It remained in Texas until it was mustered out on January 15, 1867, being one of the last volunteer regiments to be discharged from the United States service. Its loss was 293 men, 50 of whom were killed in battle.

Thirtieth Infantry. U. S. Colored Troops.—Colonel, Delavan Bates: Lieutenant-Colonel, Hiram A. Oakman: Majors, Arthur J. Smith, James C. Leeke. The 30th was organized at Camp Stanton, near Benedict, from February 12 to March 18, 1864, and was mustered in for three years. It was assigned to Ferrero's division of the 9th corps, which took part in the Wilderness campaign, and in Dec, 1864, and January, 1865. formed a part of the expeditions against Fort Fisher, N. C. After the fall of Fort Fisher it was with General W. T. Sherman in the campaign of the Carolinas, which resulted in the surrender of General Johnston's army, and was then on garrison duty until December 10, 1865, when it was mustered out . The casualties suffered by the regiment were 225 men, 46 of whom were killed in battle, the rest dying of wounds and disease.

Thirty-Ninth Infantry, U. S. Colored Troops.—Colonel, Ozora P. Stearns; Lieutenant-Colonel, Charles J. Wright; Major, Edward M. Fuller. This regiment was organized in the latter part of March, 1864, at Baltimore, most of the' men composing it coming from that city. It was mustered in for three years and was assigned to Ferrero's division of the 9th corps, with which it served in the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, taking part in all the battles of that campaign and the actions incident to the siege of Petersburg. It formed part of the two expeditions against Fort Fisher, N. C., in the winter of 1864-65, and after the capitulation of that stronghold was with General Sherman in North Carolina until General Johnston's surrender. It was then on garrison duty at various points in the Southern states until December 4, 1865, when it was mustered out and the men returned to their Maryland homes. The losses of the regiment amounted to 272 men, 30 of whom were killed in battle.


GEORGE WASHINGTON FAYETTE VERNON

George Washington Fayette Vernon came of Revolutionary stock. His grandfather, Thomas Vernon, was a soldier in the Pennsylvania line in the war of the Revolution, and his father, Nathaniel Vernon, was a soldier in the war of 1812. The Vernons are of the Norman-French ancestry, who, under William the Norman, conquered England in the eleventh century and founded the present English dynasty. Colonel Vernon was born at Frederick City, Maryland, June 14, 1843. He was educated at Frederick college and was engaged in the study of law at the outbreak of the war. On August 10, 1861, he entered the army as second lieutenant of Co. A. of the cavalry battalion, which at Colonel Vernon's suggestion was called "Cole's Cavalry," in honor of Captain Henry Cole, the senior captain and commander. In the spring of 1862, when General Banks' army made its campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, Cole's cavalry was in the van, and at Bunker Hill, Virginia, the first blood of the campaign was shed by this command in a successful cavalry skirmish with Ashby's Confederate cavalry, not, however, without serious loss. The brigade commander, General Williams, commanding the 3d brigade, Banks' division, 8th army corps, issued a complimentary order, mentioning Captain Cole and Lieutenant Vernon by name. In all of the various campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley in 1862-63-64 Cole's cavalry was incessantly scouting and skirmishing with the enemy; in fact in all of the Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia campaigns it took an active part and suffered heavily. At Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in September, 1862, the cavalry refused to surrender, and led by Cole's cavalry, successfully cut their way through the enemy's lines, passed by General Robert E. Lee's army, at Sharpsburg, Maryland, and captured General Longstreet's ammunition train, which had its effect in the subsequent battle of Antietam. Lieutenant Vernon was promoted first lieutenant May 10, 1862, and captain October 25, 1862. At the midnight battle in the snow at Loudoun heights, Virginia, January 10, 1864, Captain Vernon was severely wounded, a bullet passing through the left eye and shattering a portion of the skull. Captain Vernon was promoted to major Mar. 5, 1864, and lieutenant-colonel April 20, 1864, the battalion having been recruited to a full regiment. Colonel Vernon commanded a brigade of cavalry, and subsequently a brigade of infantry, in the Shenandoah Valley in the summer and fall of 1864. The repeated and successful raids of the enemy upon the Baltimore & Ohio railroad between Harper's Ferry and Martinsburg, Virginia, in the winter of 186465, caused the detail of Colonel Vernon for its protection, in charge of detachments from the 195th Pennsylvania, 18th Conn., 14th West Virginia and 13th Maryland infantry. There was no trouble from the time Colonel Vernon assumed the command, and the close of the war found him in charge af a military district in the Shenandoah Valley. He was mustered out of service with his regiment at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, June 28, 1865, and in July returned to his home at Frederick City, Maryland, where he established a legal collection agency, but devoted a portion of his time to his farm a short distance from the city. On March 8, 1867, he was appointed postmaster at Frederick City and served until May 24, 1869, when he was appointed a special agent of the U. S. treasury department, which position he held until appointed surveyor of customs at Baltimore, Maryland, on February 13, 1878. He continued in this office until March 13, 1882, and upon the expiration of his commission established a real estate, brokerage and collection business at Baltimore, Maryland, where he at present resides. Colonel Vernon took an active part in politics from 1865 to 1882, being frequently selected as delegate to Republican state and national conventions. He has been an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, having been a post commander and department commander of the Department of Maryland. In the year 1896, Colonel Vernon was instrumental in having a law passed by the legislature of Maryland, authorizing the publication of the roster and history of the 65,000 Union soldiers and sailors of Maryland, who fought for the preservation of the Federal Union. He was appointed a member of the commission, and upon him devolved the laborious supervisory work incident thereto. In the year 1906, Colonel Vernon was again at the head of a movement to secure the passage of a law providing for the erection, in the city of Baltimore, of a suitable monument by the state of Maryland to commemorate the patriotism and heroic courage of the sons of Maryland, who on land and sea, fought for the preservation of the Union, and was appointed by the governor a member of the monument commission. In the preparation of these volumes the manuscript of "Military Affairs in Maryland" passed through the hands of Colonel Vernon, and he carefully edited and revised the same.