Wad Wadding through Warwick Swamp, Virginia

WAD WADDING. Ring wads (or grommets, as they are called in the naval service) increase the accuracy of fire, and are preferred where the object is to keep the ball in its place. They consist of a ring of rope yarn, with two pieces of strong twine tied across it at right angles with each other. The ring is the full diameter of the bore. These wads may be attached with twine to the straps, or to the balls; or inserted like other wads after the ball. Wads, for firing hot shot, may be made of hay, wrapped with rope yarn, and are made in the same manner as junk wads for proving cannon. (Consult Ordnance Manual.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 651-652).


WADDEL, Alfred Moore, lawyer, born in Hillsborough, North Carolina, 16 September, 1834, was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1853, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He became clerk of the court of equity of New Hanover County, North Carolina, edited the " Wilmington Herald" in 1860, and the same year was a delegate to the Conservative-Union convention which nominated John Bell for president. During the Civil War he served in the Confederate Army as lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. He was chosen to Congress as a Democrat in 1870, served by reelection till 1879, and was chairman of the committee on post-offices and post-roads in the 44th Congress. He was defeated in the next election, and resumed the practice of law. He has in manuscript " A Colonial Officer and his Times."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 309.


WADDELL, James Iredell, naval officer, born in Pittsboro, Chatham County, North Carolina, in 1824; died in Annapolis, Maryland, 15 March, 1886, on 10 September, 1841, was appointed a midshipman in the U, S. Navy, and in May, 1842, he received a wound in a duel which incapacitated him from service for eleven months and lamed him for life. He did good service in the war with Mexico, was graduated at the Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1847, and while on a cruise on the Brazilian Station in September, 1855, was promoted from passed midshipman to 2d lieutenant and navigator of the "Germantown." He was detached and served on the store-ship "Release " at Aspinwall during the building of the Panama Railroad, where he contracted the yellow fever. The ship went to sea and day by day the officers and crew were stricken down by the disease, until Lieutenant Waddell was the only officer left to command her with a few convalescent seamen. The vessel finally reached Boston. He afterward was on duty at the Naval Academy, as assistant professor of navigation, until 11 July, 1859. In the spring of 1860 he sailed in the " Saginaw" for the China station, where he led a successful expedition. On 20 November, 1861, he forwarded his resignation to the Secretary of the Navy, but on 11 January, 1862, when he arrived in New York, he was offered a command in the U. S. bomb-fleet, then being fitted out for an attack on New Orleans, which he declined. In February, 1862, he ran the blockade from Annapolis to Richmond, where he entered the Confederate Navy, his commission as lieutenant being dated 27 March. 1862. He was assigned to duty on board the ram " Louisiana " at New Orleans, and when the Confederate fleet at that port was dispersed by Farragut, Lieutenant Waddell was sent back to destroy the "Louisiana," which he did by blowing her up. He then served at Drewry's Bluff, on James River, as ordnance officer, and afterward at Charleston, South Carolina, and subsequently was ordered to England to take command of one of the cruisers that was fitting out at Liverpool. He arrived there in May, 1863, and on 5 October, 1864, was ordered to the command of the "Shenandoah" for a cruise in the Pacific Ocean. She was originally a British merchant steamer. The "Shenandoah was commissioned off Madeira, 19 October, 1864, and steered for Australia. Before arriving at Melbourne, 25 January, 1865, Commander Waddell made nine captures. The " Shenandoah" left that port, 8 February, 1865, and in three months began her destructive work among the whalers in the Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Long after the fall of the Confederate government he captured and sank or burned vessels until 2 August, 1865, more than three months after the surrender of General Lee, when he met with the British bark "Barracouta," from whose captain he heard of the close of the war. After this he stowed away his guns in the hold and at once sailed for Liverpool, where he surrendered the ship to the British government. He and his crew were liberated, and on 10 November, 1865, the " Shenandoah" was delivered to the U. S. consul at Liverpool. The sultan of Zanzibar afterward bought her, and several years later she went down in a gale with all on board. The " Shenandoah," while under Commander Waddell, captured thirty-eight vessels, of which she released six on bond and destroyed thirty-two. She was the only vessel that carried the flag of the Confederacy around the world. After the release of Waddell he remained in Liverpool, and then went to Paris to reside. He afterward returned to the United States, and in 1875 was made commander of the "San Francisco," of the Pacific Mail Line between Yokohama and San Francisco. On 16 May, 1877, his steamer struck on a rock and sank. All the passengers were saved, and the captain was the last to leave the ship. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 309-310.


WADDELL'S FARM, ARKANSAS, June 27, 1862. Detachment of 3d Iowa Cavalry, guarding wagon train.


WADESBURG, MISSOURI, December 24 1861. Missouri Home Guards.


WADESBURG, MISSOURI, July 9, 1862. (See Sugar Creek, same date.)


WAITE'S SHOP, VIRGINIA, May 10, 1864. For a detailed account of the action at Waite's shop on this date see Spottsylvania Court House. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 902.


WADE, Benjamin Franklin, 1800-1878, lawyer, jurist, U.S. Senator, strong and active opponent of slavery.  In 1839, opposed enactment of stronger fugitive slave law, later calling for its repeal.  Demanded the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.  U.S. Senator, March 1851-1869.  Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854.  Supported passage of the Confiscation Act, which prevented escaped slaves from being returned to their former owners by the Union Army.  Reported a bill in the Senate to abolish slavery in U.S. Territories in 1862.  Voted for the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery. 

(Appletons’, 1888, pp. 310-311; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 2, p. 303; Blue, 2005, pp. 11-13, 213-237; Filler, 1960, pp. 103, 151, 229; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 23, 25, 48-49, 54, 71, 116, 132, 143-144, 172, 189, 216, 217, 227, 228, 230; Rodriguez, 2007, p. 499; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 22, p. 431; Congressional Globe)

WADE, Benjamin Franklin, senator, born in Feeding Hills, near Springfield, Massachusetts, 27 October, 1800; died in Jefferson, Ohio, 2 March, 1878. His ancestor, Jonathan, came from Norfolk, England, to Massachusetts in 1632. His father, James, a soldier of the Revolution, moved to Andover, Ohio, in 1821. The son's education was received chiefly from his mother. He shared in the pioneer work of his new home, and in 1823, after aiding in driving a herd of cattle to Philadelphia, went to Albany, New York, where he spent two years in teaching, also beginning the study of medicine with his brother, and at one time working as a common laborer on the Erie canal to obtain funds. On his return to Ohio he began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1827, and began practice in Jefferson. He formed a partnership with Joshua R. Giddings in 1831, and in 1835 was elected prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County, which office he held till 1837. In that year he was chosen as a Whig to the state senate, where, as a member of the judiciary committee, he presented a report that put an end to the granting of divorces by the legislature. In 1839 he was active in opposition to the passage of a more stringent Fugitive-Slave Law, which commissioners from Kentucky were urging on the legislature. The law passed, but his forcible speech against it did much to arouse state pride on the subject and to make it a dead letter. His action cost him his re-election to the Senate, but he was chosen again in 1841. In February, 1847, he was elected by the legislature president-judge of the 3d judicial district, and while on the bench he was chosen, on 15 March, 1851, to the U. S. Senate, where he remained till 1869. He soon became known as a leader of the small anti-slavery minority, advocated the homestead bill and the repeal of the Fugitive-Slave Law, and opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill of 1854, the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton constitution of 1858, and the purchase of Cuba. After the assault on Charles Sumner, Robert Toombs avowed in the Senate that he had witnessed the attack, and approved it, whereupon Mr. Wade, in a speech of great vehemence, threw down the gage of personal combat to the southern senators. It was expected that there would be an immediate challenge from Toombs, but the latter soon made peace. Subsequently Mr. Wade, Zachariah Chandler, and Simon Cameron made a compact to resent any insult from a southerner by a challenge to fight. This agreement was made public many years afterward. Wade was present at the battle of Bull Run with other congressmen in a carriage, and it is related that after the defeat seven of them alighted, at Wade's proposal, being armed with revolvers, and for a quarter of an hour kept back the stream of fugitives near Fairfax Court-House. This incident, as narrated in the journals, made a sensation at the time. Mr. Wade labored earnestly for a vigorous prosecution of the war, was the chairman and foremost spirit of the joint committee on the conduct of the war in 1861-'2, and was active in urging the passage of a confiscation bill. As chairman of the committee on territories, he reported a bill in 1862 to abolish slavery in all the territories. He was instrumental in the advancement to the portfolio of war of Edwin M. Stanton, whom he recommended strongly to President Lincoln. Though he cordially supported the administration, he did not hesitate to criticise many of its acts, and after the adjournment of the 38th Congress he issued, with Henry Winter Davis, what became known as the Wade-Davis manifesto, condemning the president's proposed reconstruction policy. Mr. Wade became president pro tempore of the Senate, and thus acting vice-president of the United States, on 2 March, 1867, succeeding Lafayette S. Foster. He advised President Johnson to put on trial for treason a few of the Confederate leaders and pardon the rest, and was radical in his ideas of reconstruction. In the impeachment of President Johnson he voted for conviction. In 1869, at the close of his second term, he was succeeded in the Senate by Allen G. Thurman, and he then returned to his home in Jefferson, Ohio. He was one of the chief members of the Santo Domingo commission in 1871, and then became attorney for the Northern Pacific Railroad. He was chairman of the Ohio delegation in the Cincinnati national convention of 1876, and earnestly advocated the nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes, but after his accession to the presidency Mr. Wade bitterly condemned his course in relation to the southern states. Though Mr. Wade had been called “Frank Wade” in Ohio, from his middle name, he was known in Congress and throughout the country as Ben or “Old Ben” Wade. He was popularly looked upon as one of the bulwarks of the National cause in the darkest hours of the Civil War, and was widely admired and respected for his fearlessness, independence, and honesty. His rugged and forcible style of oratory always commanded attention. See his “Life,” by Albert G. Riddle (Cleveland, Ohio, 1888).—His son, JAMES FRANKLIN, entered the army on 14 May, 1861, as 1st lieutenant of the 6th U. S. Cavalry, and rose in rank till at the close of the war he was major and brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. He became lieutenant-colonel on 20 March, 1879, and colonel of the 5th U.S. Cavalry on 21 April, 1887. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 310-311.


WADE, Edward, 1802-1866, West Springfield, Massachusetts, Ohio, lawyer, prominent abolitionist.  Free Soil party U.S. Congressman from Ohio in the 33rd Congress.  Republican representative in the 34th and 35th Congresses.  Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.  (Blue, 2005, pp. 11-13, 213, 226, 236, 268; Dumond, 1961, pp. 302, 363; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 23, 25, 26, 48, 65, 71, 72; Rodriguez, 2007, p. 56).


WADE, Melancthon Smith, merchant, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 December, 1802; died in Avondale, near Cincinnati, Ohio, 11 August, 1868. His father, David E. Wade, moved to Ohio from New Jersey in 1789. The son was educated in his native place, and became a dry-goods merchant, but retired from business in 1840. He was active in militia matters, holding successively the offices of captain, colonel, and brigadier-general, and on 1 October, 1861, was commissioned a brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers. He was the first post-commander of Camp Dennison, Ohio, but resigned from the army, 18 March, 1862, on account of feeble health. He devoted his leisure to the cultivation of fruit, and was an active member of the Cincinnati horticultural society. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 311.


WADSWORTH, James Samuel, soldier, born in Geneseo, New York, 30 October, 1807; died near Chancellorsville, Virginia, 8 May, 1864, was educated at Harvard and Yale and studied law in Albany, completing his course with Daniel Webster. Although he was admitted to the bar in 1833, he never practised his profession, but devoted himself to the management of the family estate in western New York, which amounted to 15,000 acres. In 1852 he was elected president of the State Agricultural Society, in which he was interested during his life. He promoted education and the interests of the community in which he lived. He founded a public library in Geneseo. was a subscriber to the endowment of Geneseo College, aided in establishing the school-district library system, and was active in philanthropical labors. Although a Federalist by education and a Democrat by conviction,  he supported the Free-Soil Party in 1848, and continued to act in defence of the anti-slavery movement. He was a presidential elector on the Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860. In 1861 he was a delegate to the Peace Convention in Washington, and at the beginning of the Civil War he was among the first to offer his services to the government. In April, 1861, he was commissioned a major-general by Governor Edwin D. Morgan, but the appointment was subsequently revoked. When communication with the capital was cut off, he chartered two ships upon his own responsibility, loaded them with provisions, and went with them to Annapolis, where he superintended the delivery of the supplies. He was volunteer aide to General Irvin McDowell at the first battle of Bull Run, where he was commended for bravery and humanity. Afterward he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 9 August, 1861, assigned to a command in the advance under General George B. McClellan, and guarded the city of Washington. On 15 March, 1862, he became military governor of the District of Columbia. In the autumn of 1862 he was the Republican candidate for governor of New York, but was defeated by Horatio Seymour. In the following December he was assigned to the command of a division in the Army of the Potomac under General Ambrose B. Burnside, and participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, 13 December, 1862. He displayed great military skill in the command of the 1st Division of the 1st Army Corps under General John F. Reynolds. At Gettysburg his division was the first to engage the enemy on 1 July, 1863, and on that day lost 2,400 out of 4,000 men. During the second and third days' fighting he rendered good service in maintaining the heights on the right of the line. At the council of war held after the victory he was one of the three that favored pursuit of the enemy. Early in 1864 he was sent on special service to the Mississippi Valley, and made an extensive tour of inspection through the southern and western states. On the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac in 1864, he was assigned to the command of the 4th Division of the 5th Corps, composed in part of his old command. While endeavoring to rally his troops during the battle of the Wilderness, 6 May, 1864, he was struck in the head by a bullet, and before he could be removed the enemy had gained possession of the ground where he lay. Although unconscious, he lingered for two days. It is said that his troops were inspired by his heroic bearing continually to renew the contest, when but for him they would have yielded. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 6 May, 1864. Horace Greeley, in his " American Conflict" (Hartford, 1864-'6), says: "The country's salvation claimed no nobler sacrifice than that of James S. Wadsworth, of New York. . . . No one surrendered more for his country's sake, or gave his life more joyfully for her deliverance." In 1888 a movement was in progress for the erection in Washington of a monument to his memory. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 312-313.


WAGNER, Webster, inventor, born near Palatine Bridge, New York, 2 October, 1817; died near Spuyten Duyvil, New York, 13 January, 1882. He received a common-school education and became a wagon-maker. Subsequently he received the appointment of freight agent on the New York Central Railroad, and then invented the sleeping-car. In 1858 he had four of these cars in operation, and their use gradually extended until they were adopted on all the lines of the Vanderbilt system. In 1867 he manufactured the first drawing-room car, and founded the Wagner Palace-car Company, of which he was president until his death. He also invented the oval car-roof, and patented the elevated panel. Mr. Wagner was elected as a Republican to the New York assembly in 1870, and from 1871 till 1882 he was state senator. In 1880 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. He was killed in a railroad disaster on the Hudson River Road. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 315.


WAGON-MASTER. The quartermaster-general is authorized to employ from time to time as many forage-masters and wagon-masters as he may deem necessary for the service, not exceeding twenty in the whole, who shall be entitled to receive forty dollars per month, and three rations a day, "and forage for one horse; and neither of whom shall be interested or concerned directly or indirectly in any wagon or other means of transport, employed by the United States, nor in the purchase or sale of any property procured for or belonging to the United States, except as an agent of the United States; (Act July 5 1838, Sec. 10.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 652).


WAGONS are used by armies for the transportation of subsistence, other military stores, baggage, ammunition, sick and wounded. The different purposes for which they are used require differences in details which demand thought and study. In an able memoir, Sur Divers Perfectionnements Militaires, par J. CAVALLI, Col. d'Artillerie, (Paris, 1856,) it is proposed that all the different carriages for army transportation should be on two large wheels, and that there should be only two different models for the height of the wheels. The number of models for carriages is thus reduced to seven at most, which might be substituted for the wagons on four wheels now in use. The different vehicles used by the French in campaign, according to the recent work of M. LEON GUILLOT, Sur Legislation et Administration Militaire, are: the four-wheeled military wagon, made and lined with sheet-iron, specially intended for the transportation of bread and other important necessaries, but also adapted for ambulance purposes, as its interior admits the placing of four boards for the accommodation of the sick; the ammunition wagon and campaign forge for the artillery; and the ambulance wagon used in service by the French army in the East in 1854. The latter is suspended on six springs and has four wheels; it carries five persons, three upon the front seat, which is uncovered and rests on the wagon, while in the interior there are two places for reclining, each on a movable bed.

According to M. Vauchelle, the vehicles for administration purposes on four wheels should be the ordinary wagon and a light wagon, both covered with water-proof cloth; the first would serve for the transportation of bread, and also for medical and hospital stores, &c.; the second, suspended upon springs, should be specially devoted to hospital purposes. He would have, besides, ammunition wagons and field-forges; all on four wheels drawn by four horses, and conducted each by two soldiers. The maximum capacity of the wagon, according to Guillot, should be for 1,200 rations, weighing about 1,900 lbs. This burden is the mean between that for 1,000 rations weighing about 1,700 lbs. prescribed by Vauchelle, and that for 1,600 rations weighing about 2,650 lbs. adopted, notwithstanding the opposition of M. Vauchelle, by the French minister of war. If, for all these vehicles on four wheels drawn by four horses, there be substituted carts or two-wheeled vehicles, according to the models prepared by Cavalli, the four-wheeled vehicles carrying only 2,200 lbs., will give place to the carts carrying each 3,300 lbs.; that being only one-half of the burden of carts loaded in the same way now used in European commerce drawn by two horses. Under the proposed system, then, for an army of 100,000 men the number of vehicles, &c., would experience the following reductions:

860 wagons would be reduced to

573 carts. 3,268 conductors  . 1,092 3,

820 horses  . 1,277

If meat and forage are also to be transported for the army, and these articles are omitted in the foregoing calculations, then, supposing an army of 100,000 men has 30,000 horses, the proposed system would reduce

2,567 wagons to. 1,711 two large wheeled carts.

9,804 conductors to 3,276 conductors.

11,460 horses to . . 3,831 horses.

The carts proposed by Col. Cavalli are the following: 1. A dray for the transportation of heavy loads for the artillery and engineer trains, intended as a substitute for the platform or block carriage, and also for the siege truck. This dray weighs about 1,540 lbs.; it will carry a piece of ordnance weighing 7,500 lbs. suspended under it in place of its corbeille, and has been drawn by two horses at a trot from the glacis to the citadel, and by three horses over the ramps of the ditch of the citadel from which it had been lowered. The corbeille of this dray will carry 80 shells, and its flooring 60, weighing in all 8,000 lbs. The usual weight to each horse in the field, however, should not exceed 2,200 lbs. This dray is suitable for all heavy and embarrassing weights, and the division between the load below and that upon the superior bed is so arranged as to maintain the bars in a stable equilibrium without liability to be overturned, and without exerting any pressure upon the horse. 2. The ammunition cart, covered or uncovered, with two large wheels and having a movable water-proof cover, is designed to replace the present ammunition and battery wagons. It will hold 24 cases of powder, 120 lbs. each, of which about 18 would be filled up. The interior void of this cart is about 35 cubic feet. 3. The spring cart is of the same form as the ammunition cart, and differs from it only in being on springs. It is intended principally for the transportation of provisions and articles easily spoiled, as ammunition; and in cases of need as an ambulance. 4 and 5. Two models of carts for ambulances and other purposes drawn, one by two horses and the smaller by one horse; these two vehicles have also only two large w r heels, and are not liable to upset. They are intended as substitutes for the ambulance wagon and other wagons. Two persons may be placed in front, and six behind, four of whom may recline on beds suitably arranged at the sides. The smaller cart will answer for two or three persons at most, only two of whom can recline. The smaller carts may also be issued to commanding officers and staff officers entitled to wagons. 6 and 7. The kitchen-cart one to a battalion for 1,000 soups, or a smaller one for 250 soups. The two differ from each other only in length. They should be provided with boilers a la Papin with an interior fire-place. These constitute the body of the cart, the superior part of which is furnished with plank to be used as a table. At the extremity of the cart there are two foot boards upon which the cooks may rest while working during the march. Papin's digester is essential to cook well and rapidly. The interior arrangement of the fire-place which is suited to baking is very economical in fuel. The kitchen-cart is otherwise like the preceding. (See TRAVELLING-KITCHEN.)

Model No. 2, or even Nos. 4 and 5, will answer for the sutler. A field-forge may be readily placed in the rear of model No. 2, by means of a movable fire-place and bellows. It is proposed to harness to each vehicle intended as a transport two horses, in file; each cart has one conductor not mounted. The importance of the travelling-kitchen will be manifest to all soldiers. The cooking is done on the march. The soup is ready at the moment of halting. The strength of the soldier is economized; his food is well cooked in any weather; and numerous diseases, caused by bad food and want of rest, which too often decimate armies, will be avoided by its introduction into service. (See AMBULANCE; BAGGAGE; CONVOY.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 652-654).


WAGONER, Henry O., 1816-1901, African American, abolitionist, journalist, political leader.  Active in abolitionist newspaper, Western Citizen, and Frederick Douglass’s Frederick Douglass’ Paper, a weekly publication.  Active in Underground Railroad in Chicago area.  Helped enlist soldiers for the Black Union Army regiments. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 11, p. 356)


WAINWRIGHT, Jonathan Mayhew, naval officer, born in New York City, 27 July. 1821; died near Galveston, Texas, 1 January, 1863, entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 30 June, 1837, attended the naval school at Philadelphia in 1842-'3, and became a passed midshipman, 29 June, 1843. He was appointed acting master, 10 November, 1849, and commissioned lieutenant, 17 September, 1850. He was on special duty at Washington in 1861, and commanded the steamer "Harriet Lane," which was Admiral Porter's flag-ship in Farragut's fleet during the engagements with Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip and the capture of New Orleans in April, 1862. He took part in the operations of the fleet below Vicksburg, and in October, 1862, commanded the "Harriet Lane" in Commander Renshaw's squadron at the capture of Galveston. While he was holding possession of Galveston, General Magruder attacked the " Harriet Lane," then lying above the city. Wainwright was killed while gallantly leading his men to repel the Confederate boarders, and in ten minutes after half the crew of the "Harriet Lane" were shot down and the vessel was captured by the Confederates. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 316.


WAINWRIGHT, Richard, naval officer, born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, 5 January, 1817; died near New Orleans, 10 August, 1862. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 11 May, 1831, attended the naval school at Norfolk in 1837-'8, and became a passed midshipman, 15 June, 1837. In 1838-'41 he served on the coast survey in the brig "Consort." He was commissioned lieutenant. 8 September, 1841, commanded the steamer " Water-Witch " on the home station in 1848-'9, served again on coast survey in 1851-'7, and cruised in the steam frigate " Merrimack" in 1857-'60. He was stationed at the Washington Navy-yard on ordnance duty in 1860-'l, promoted to commander, 24 April of the latter year, and given the flag-ship " Hartford" of Admiral Farragut's fleet, fitted out for the capture of New Orleans. During the passage of the forts the Confederate tug " Mosher" pushed a fire-raft alongside of the "Hartford," which threatened the destruction of the ship. Wainwright distinguished himself in this conflict with the flames and continued to fight the forts on 24-25 April. He participated in the operations of Farragut’s fleet below Vicksburg, and was highly commended by the admiral. At the time of his death he still commanded the "Hartford." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 316.


WAITE, Carlos Adolphus, soldier, born in 1800; died in Plattsburg, New York, 7 May, 1866. He entered the U. S. Army as 2d lieutenant of infantry, 28 January, 1820, became 1st lieutenant, 1 Mav. 1828, and captain, 3 July, 1836. From 7 July, 1838, till 8 May, 1845, he was captain and assistant quartermaster. He was appointed major of the 8th U.S. Infantry, 16 February, 1847, and served in the Mexican war, receiving the brevets of lieutenant-colonel, 20 August, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, and colonel, 8 September, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at Molino del Rev, where he was severely wounded. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th U.S. Infantry on 10 November, 1851, and colonel of the 15th U.S. Infantry on 5 June, 1860. In 1864 he was placed on the retired list, owing to impaired health, and he resided in Plattsburg until his death. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, for long and faithful service in the army.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 317.


WAITE, Charles Burlingame, jurist, born in Wayne County, New York, 29 January, 1824. He was educated at Knox College, Illinois, studied law at Galesburg and Rock Island, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. After fifteen years' successful practice, chiefly in Chicago, he was appointed by President Lincoln in 1862 associate justice of the supreme court of Utah. In 1865 he resigned this post and became district attorney of Idaho, and a year later he returned to Chicago, since which time he has devoted himself to literary pursuits. Judge Waite has published a " History of the Christian Religion to the Year A. D. 200" (Chicago, 1881), and made numerous contributions to the press on suffrage and other politico-legal questions. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 317.


WAITE, Morrison Remick, jurist, born in Lyme, Connecticut, 29 November, 1816; died in Washington, D. C., 23 March, 1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1837, where he was a classmate of William M. Evarts, Benjamin Silliman, and Samuel J. Tilden, and began the study of law in his father's office, but in 1838 travelled extensively, and then completed his legal education with Samuel M. Young in Maumee City, Ohio. In 1839 he was admitted to the bar, and formed a partnership with Mr. Young. He proved himself capable of grasping all the minute details of legal controversies and rose rapidly. The firm moved to Toledo in 1850, and continued until his youngest brother, Richard, came to the bar, when the two brothers formed a partnership. Mr. Waite in the meantime had become widely known for his successful management of difficult cases, and his studious habits and upright character. Opposing counsel often said that his assertion on any question of law was unanswerable. During more than three decades he was the acknowledged leader of the Ohio bar. Politically he was a Whig until the disbandment of that party, after which he was a Republican. But he took no part in political affairs, although repeatedly solicited to accept a nomination to Congress, and he declined a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of Ohio. In 1849 he was a member of the Ohio legislature. He first attracted national attention as counsel for the United States before the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1871-'2,: his associates being Caleb Cushing and William M. Evarts. He assisted in the preparation of the case, and was chosen to argue the liability of the English government for permitting Confederate steamers to be supplied with coal in British ports during the Civil War, the robust clearness and directness of his logic carrying conviction on all the points he raised. His argument was published (Geneva, 1872). When he returned in 1872, the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Yale. In 1874 he was the choice of both political parties as a delegate to the Ohio constitutional convention, and on its assembling in Cincinnati he was unanimously elected its president. When the death of Chief-Justice Chase had created a vacancy in the highest judicial office of the United States, two or three eminent jurists were successively nominated for the post, but their names were withdrawn. On 19 January, 1874, the president sent to the Senate the name of Mr. Waite. The nomination met with general approval, and the nominee received every vote that was cast. Mr. Waite took the oath of office on 4 March, 1874, and immediately entered upon its duties. He rigidly enforced the rules and precedents of the court in all matters of practice, watched the docket, and pushed the business rapidly. The second great period of constitutional interpretation began with his first year on the bench. The amendments were coming up for judicial exposition, and questions were to be settled as to the powers of Congress, the rights of states, and the privileges of citizens. Some of the most important corporation cases that were ever argued in the United States came before him, involving the most intricate questions of interstate commerce. One of his associates on the bench says: "His administrative ability was remarkable. None of his predecessors more steadily or more wisely superintended the court or more carefully observed all that is necessary to its workings. He has written many of the most important opinions of the court — too many to be particularized." Among these opinions are the decision on the head-money-tax cases in 1876, on the polygamy cases in 1879, on the election laws in 1880, on the powers of removal by the president, and the Virginia land cases in 1881, on the civil-rights act in 1883, on the Alabama claims, the legal tender act, and the Virginia coupon tax cases in 1885, on the express companies and the extradition cases in 1886, and on the Kansas prohibition cases, the Virginia debt cases, the national banks, and the affair of the Chicago anarchists in 1887. A marked feature of Chief-Justice Waite's judicial career was the pronounced advocacy of the doctrine of state rights in his opinions. His conception of our novel and complex theory of government, and his independence of political considerations, are clearly shown in the Ku-klux, civil rights, and other decisions, in which he did not hesitate to set aside Republican legislation if he deemed it necessary; nor was he deterred, by fear of being accused of friendliness to large corporations, from pronouncing decisions in their favor—for example, his decision on the validity of the Bell telephone patents, which was his last official action. He was assigned to the 4th circuit, which included Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Carolinas, and also acted as circuit judge in New York in consequence of the disability of Justice Ward Hunt. He often was known to hurry away from a state dinner, to bestow conscientious labor upon some important opinion, working late into the night. It will be remembered to his honor that he never allowed any whisperings of ambition to divert his attention from his duties. He made it clear to the country in the most emphatic language in 1876 that he would not be considered a possible candidate for president. He also declined to serve on the electoral commission. Judge Waite was from 1874 till his death one of the Peabody trustees of southern education, continuously served on one of the standing committees of that body, and was also on the special committee of three that urged on Congress the bestowal of national aid for the education of the southern Negroes. Robert C. Winthrop, chairman of the trustees, at their annual meeting in 1888, in the course of remarks on Judge Waite's life and character, said of him: "Coming to the office without the prestige of many, or perhaps of any, of those whom he followed, he had won year by year, and every year, the increasing respect and confidence of the whole country, and the warm regard and affection of all who knew him." Services were held in the capital by the two houses of Congress before the removal of his remains to Toledo. In the U. S. circuit court in Charleston, South Carolina, where he had often presided, members of the bar of that city spoke in his praise, especially alluding to his kindliness of manner and impartiality during the reconstruction period. “Fortunate, indeed, said one of the speakers, "that there was a man who, amidst the furious passions which rent the country and shook the land, could hold in his steady and equal hand the balances of justice undisturbed." The degree of LL. D. was given him by Kenyon in 1874. and by the University of Ohio in 1879. Chief-Justice Waite was of medium height, broad-shouldered, compactly built, and erect. His step was light and firm, and all his movements were quick and decisive. His well-poised, classically shaped head was massive and thickly covered with handsome grayish hair. His manners were graceful and winning, but unassuming. He was one of the most genial of men, and his whole bearing commanded instant respect. His private character was singularly pure and noble. Judge Waite was a member of the Protestant Episcopal church, and a regular attendant on its services. Mrs. Waite, four sons, and one daughter survive him. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 317-318.


WAITERS. (See SERVANTS.)


WAITSBORO, KENTUCKY, June 6, 1863. Detachment of 45th Ohio Mounted Infantry. Brigadier-General Samuel P. Carter sent the following despatch to Brig-General S. D. Sturgis on the 7th: "Captain Scott, of the 45th Ohio mounted infantry, crossed the river yesterday at Waitsboro, with 35 men, surprised and captured 1 captain, 1 first lieutenant, 3 sergeants, and 10 privates of the 65th (rebel) North Carolina regiment, together with horses and arms, and crossed the river last evening at mouth of Fishing creek, without loss." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 902.


WALBRIDGE, Hiram, lawyer, born in Ithaca, New York, 2 February, 1821; died in New York City, 6 December, 1870. He moved to Ohio with his parents at an early age, was educated at the university of that state, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842, was elected colonel of militia the same year, and in 1848 he was appointed brigadier-general. With others he formed a plan to establish four newspapers in Texas, to advocate the independence of that country, and to create an anti-annexation sentiment; but the annexation of Texas rendered their enterprise futile, and Walbridge returned to Toledo, whence he moved to New York in 1847 to engage in commercial transactions. He was elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving from 5 December, 1853, till 3 March, 1855, and advocating a Pacific Railroad Bill and the introduction of a bill to regulate the militia of the seas, which attracted public attention. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, and during the war he frequently addressed the boards of trade in western cities, advocating a support of the government. He was vice-president of the National Commercial Convention at Chicago, and subsequently presided at similar conventions in Detroit and Louisville. At these meetings he advocated free banking, a reduction of taxation, and the development of the resources of the west.—His brother, Henry S. (1809-1869), served in Congress as a Whig from 1 December, 1851, till 3 March, 1853, and was a judge of the Supreme Court of New York. He was killed in a railroad accident in the Bergen tunnel, near Hoboken.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 319.


WALDEN, John Morgan, M. E. bishop, born in Lebanon, Warren County, Ohio, 11 February, 1831. He was graduated at Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1852, and engaged in educational work for two years and in editorial work for four years, during the last year and a half of which he was editor and publisher of a free-state paper in Kansas. He was also a member of the Topeka legislature, and of the Leavenworth Constitutional Convention at the time of its adoption of a constitution in 1858, under which he was elected superintendent of public instruction. In September of that year he left Kansas and entered, as a minister, the Cincinnati conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, where he occupied several important posts. After a few years he was elected corresponding secretary of the Freedmen's Aid Commission, an undenominational society. He remained in this office until August, 1866, when, on the organization of the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, he was chosen its first corresponding secretary, and he has been officially connected with it ever since, being its president at the present time. In 1868 he was elected one of the publishing agents of the Western Methodist book concern, and he held that post sixteen years. He was a member of every general conference from 1868 till 1884, when he was elected bishop. He is a man of great industry and capacity for business   and giving attention to energy thing that is committed to his care. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 320.


WALDEN'S RIDGE, Tennessee, July 5, 1862. Troops not stated. On the 4th Major Gano left Knoxville with a battalion of Confederate cavalry for the purpose of joining Colonel J. H. Morgan for a raid through Kentucky. At Walden's ridge, on the afternoon of the 5th, his command was fired on by a small detachment of Union troops and 1 man was killed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 902.


WALDRON, ARKANSAS, September 11, 1863. 14th Kansas Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 902.


WALDRON, ARKANSAS, December 29, 1863. Detachment of 2nd Kansas Cavalry. An abstract from the "Record of Events," District of the Frontier, reads: "December 29, outpost at Waldron, Arkansas, consisting of 35 men from the 2nd Kansas cavalry, under command of Captain John Gardner, attacked by 100 rebels, under Major Gibson. Rebels repulsed, with 8 men wounded and Gibson killed. Federal loss, 1 man killed and 6 wounded." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 902.


WALDRON, ARKANSAS, February 1, 1864. 2nd Kansas Cavalry. Walker's Bridge, South Carolina, February 8, 1865. 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry. Maj .-General F. P. Blair, commanding the 17th army corps, mentions in his report that this regiment, under Colonel S. T. Hughes, made a successful reconnaissance to Walker's bridge, compelling the enemy to burn it. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 902.


WALES, Philip Skinner, surgeon, born in Annapolis, Maryland, 27 February, 1837. He was educated at the University of Maryland, and, after a course of study in the medical department there, settled in Baltimore, and finally in Washington. He entered the U.S. Navy as an assistant surgeon, 7 August, 1856, was commissioned surgeon, 12 October, 1861, and served in the steamer " Fort Jackson," of the North Atlantic and Western Gulf Squadrons, in 1862-'5. He was a member of the board of examiners in 1873-'4, commissioned medical inspector. 30 June, 1873, and appointed surgeon-general of the navy and chief of the bureau of medicine and surgery on 26 January, 1880, serving until 27 March, 1884. When President Garfield was shot he assisted in attendance for a short time. While he was chief of the bureau of medicine, unscrupulous clerks in his office contrived to defraud the government, and he was tried by a court-martial and suspended for five years for neglect of duty, though acquitted of all real responsibility for the acts of his subordinates. He is a member of various medical societies, and the author of "Mechanical Therapeutics" (Philadelphia, 1867); "A New Method of controlling the Velum Palati" in the New York " Medical Record" for November, 1875; "A New Rectal Dilator and Explorer" (Washington, 1877); and papers in the " American Journal of Medical Science" and in the "Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter." He has in preparation a large work on medical science. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 323.


WALKE, Henry, naval officer, born in Princess Ann County, Virginia, 24 December, 1808. He was appointed from Ohio a midshipman in the U.S. Navy, 1 February, 1827, became a passed midshipman, 10 June,1833, and a lieutenant. 9 February, 1839, and during the Mexican War served in the Gulf Squadron as executive of the bomb brig "Vesuvius, was present at the capture of Vera Cruz and participated in the  expeditions to Alvarado, Tobasco. and Tuspan. He was promoted to commander, 14 September, 1855, and during the secession excitement in the southern states he was at Pensacola Navy-yard, where he assisted in the removal of Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer's command to Fort Pickens, by which that, fort was saved to the Union. In January. 1861, he was ordered to Vera Cruz, but took the responsibility of conveying the loyal officers, seamen, and marines, with their families, to New York, when the U.S. Navy-yard was seized by the secessionists. He was court-martialed for this disobedience of orders, and reprimanded by the Secretary of the Navy; but as this reprimand was published by Secretary Gideon Welles, it was more of a compliment to him for his good judgment than a censure for the disobedience of orders. He commanded the steamer "Mount Vernon " from May till September, 1861, after which he was assigned to duty in the Mississippi River Flotilla, where he served with ability until September, 1863. He commanded the gunboat "Taylor" and the squadron of gun-boats at the battle of Belmont in co-operation with General Grant, by whom he was complimented for his services in protecting the retreat. He had the gunboat " Carondelet " in the engagement and capture of Fort Henry, 6 February, 1862. for which he, with other officers of Flag-Officer Foote's squadron, received a vote of thanks from Congress and the state of Ohio. With the same vessel he was in the capture of Fort Donelson, 13-16 February, 1862, during which he bore the brunt of the engagement. In this ship he ran the batteries of Island No. 16, 17 March, 1862, a feat that had never been performed before by the Mississippi River Flotilla. It was done at night during a violent storm with only the lightning and the flashes of the enemy's guns to indicate the course down the river. After this he led in the "Carondelet" at the battle at Fort Pillow, 11 May, 1862, and at Memphis, 6 June, 1862, when the Confederate gun-boats were captured and sunk, during which contest he chiefly engaged the ram "Arkansas." He was commissioned a captain, 16 July, 1862, and took command of the iron-clad ram "Lafayette," in which he ran the batteries at Vicksburg, and served in the battle of Grand Gulf, Mississippi, 29 April, 1863. He dispersed General Richard Taylor's army at Simmsport, Louisiana, and blockaded the mouth of Red River, 4 June, 1863. He was transferred to the steamer " Fort Jackson," 24 July, 1863, and continued to render valuable services on the Mississippi River until 24 September, 1863, when he was detached and placed in command of the steamer " Sacramento" to chase the "Alabama." He was promoted to commodore, 25 July, 1866, and to rear-admiral, 13 July, 1876. and voluntarily went on the retired list, 26 April, 1871. He is the author of " Naval Scenes in the Civil War" (New York, 1877). He is a good artist, and his sketches of the scenes in the Civil War are valuable additions to the above-mentioned work. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 323-324.


WALKER, Alexander, journalist, born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, 13 October, 1819. He received a good education, taught while pursuing legal studies, was graduated at the law department of the University of Virginia, and moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he practised law and became a journalist at the same time. He was the editor of the "Jeffersonian," which was established as the organ of the Louisiana Democracy, and afterward of the "Delta," the "Times," the "Herald," the "Picayune," and for some time of the Cincinnati " Enquirer." He was appointed judge of the city court of New Orleans by the governor, and in January, 1861, was a member of the secession convention of Louisiana. He has published "Jackson and New Orleans" (New York, 1850): "Life of Andrew Jackson "; and, during the Civil War. "History of the Battle of Shiloh (New Orleans) and "Butler at New Orleans." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 324.


WALKER, Amasa, 1799-1875, Boston, Massachusetts, political economist, abolitionist.  Republican U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts.  Active and vigorous opponent of slavery.  Walker was an early supporter of the New England Anti-Slavery Society, 1834.  He submitted a resolution outlining the objectives of the Society to be the principles of religion, philanthropy and patriotism.  American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) Manager, 1837-1840, 1840-1841, 1843-1844, Counsellor, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1840-1841.  Co-founder of Free Soil Party in 1848.  Served in Congress December 1862 through March 1863. 

(Filler, 1960, pp. 60, 254; Mabee, 1970, pp. 258, 340, 403n25; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 324-325; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, p. 338; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 22, p. 485; Wilson, Henry, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. 1.  Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1872, 223-230; Annual Report of the New England Anti-Slavery Society, 1834)

Biography from Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography :

WALKER, Amasa, political economist, born in Woodstock, Connecticut, 4 May, 1799; died in Brookfield, Massachusetts, 29 October, 1875. He received a district-school education in North Brookfield, where among his fellow-students was William C. Bryant. In 1814 he entered commercial life, and in 1820 formed a partnership with Allen Newell in North Brookfield, but three years later withdrew to become the agent of the Methuen manufacturing Company. In 1825 he formed with Charles G. Carleton the firm of Carleton and Walker, of Boston, Massachusetts, but in 1827 he went into business independently. In 1840 he withdrew permanently from commercial affairs, and in 1842 he went to Oberlin, Ohio, on account of his great interest in the college there, and gave lectures on political economy at that institution until 1848. After serving in the legislature, he became the Free-Soil and Democratic candidate for speaker, and in 1849 was chosen to the Massachusetts Senate, where he introduced a plan for a sealed-ballot law, which was enacted in 1851, and carried a bill providing that Webster's Dictionary should be introduced into the common schools of Massachusetts. He was elected Secretary of State in 1851, re-elected in 1852, and in 1853 was chosen a member of the convention for revising the state constitution, becoming the chairman of the committee on suffrage. He was appointed in 1853 one of the examiners in political economy in Harvard, and held that office until 1860, and in 1859 he began an annual course of lectures on that subject in Amherst, which he continued until 1869. Meanwhile, in 1859, he was again elected to the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1860 he was chosen a member of the electoral college of that state, casting his ballot for Abraham Lincoln. He was also elected as a Republican to Congress, and served from 1 December, 1862, till 3 March, 1863. Mr. Walker is best known for his work in advocating new and reformatory measures. In 1839 he urged a continuous all-rail route of communication between Boston and Mississippi River, and during the same year he became president of the Boston temperance society, the first total abstinence association in that city. He was active in the anti-slavery movement, though not to the extent of recommending unconstitutional methods for its abolition, and in 1848 he was one of the founders of the Free-Soil party. Mr. Walker was a member of the first International Peace Congress in London in 1843, and was one of its vice-presidents, and in 1849 he held the same office in the congress in Paris. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Amherst in 1867. In 1857 he began the publication of a series of articles on political economy in “Hunt's Merchant's Magazine,” and he was accepted as an authority on questions of finance. Besides other contributions to magazines, he published “Nature and Uses of Money and Mixed Currency” (Boston, 1857), and “Science of Wealth, a Manual of Political Economy” (1866), of which eight editions have been sold, and it has been translated into Italian. With William B. Calhoun and Charles L. Flint he issued “Transactions of the Agricultural Societies of Massachusetts” (7 vols., 1848-'54). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 324-325.


WALKER, Edwin G., 1831?-1901, African American, lawyer, politician, abolitionist.  Participated in Boston’s abolition groups. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 11, p. 380)


WALKER, Francis Amasa, statistician, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 2 July, 1840, was graduated at Amherst in 1860, and began the study of law under Charles Devens, and George F. Hoar in Worcester. He joined the 15th Massachusetts Volunteers, commanded by Colonel Devens, on 1 August, 1861, as sergeant-major, and became assistant adjutant-general of the brigade under General Darius N. Couch on 14 September, 1861, with the rank of captain. On 11 August. 1862, he was made adjutant-general of General Couch's division, with the rank of major, and he was promoted colonel on the staff of the 2d Army Corps, 23 December, 1862. Thereafter he continued with that corps as adjutant-general, serving successively on the staffs of General Gouverneur K. Warren and General Winfield S. Hancock, and was severely wounded at Chancellorsville, 1 May, 1863, and captured at Ream's Station, 25 August, 1864. He was confined in Libby prison, in consequence of which his health was impaired, so that he resigned on 12 January, 1865. The brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers was conferred on him on 13 March, 1865. He taught Latin and Greek at Williston Seminary during 1865-'7, and then was assistant editor of the "Springfield Republican." In 1869 he became chief of the bureau of statistics in the Treasury Department at Washington, and in 1870-'2 he held the office of superintendent of the 9th census. During 1871-'2 he was also commissioner of Indian Affairs. He was called to the professorship of political economy and history in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale in 1873, and held that chair till 1881, when he was elected to the presidency of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Meanwhile, from May till November, 1870, he was chief of the bureau of awards at the World's Fair in Philadelphia, and during 1879-'81 he was superintendent of the 10th Census while on leave of absence from Yale. He held the lectureship on tenure of land at Harvard in 1883. While residing in New Haven he was a member of the city and state boards of education, and on his removal to Boston, Massachusetts, he was called on to serve similarly in that state. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Amherst in 1863 and by Yale in 1873, that of Ph. D. by Amherst in 1875, and that of LL. D. by Amherst and Yale in 1881, by Harvard in 1883, by Columbia in 1887, and by St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1888. He was U. S. Commissioner to the International Monetary Conference in Paris in 1878, and was elected in 1878 to the National Academy of Sciences. He is president of the American Statistical Society and of the American Economic Association, and is an honorary fellow of the Royal Statistical Society of London, his writings include annual reports as superintendent of the 9th Census (3 vols., Washington, 1870-'2), as commissioner of Indian Affairs (1872), as superintendent of the 10th Census (8 vols., 1879-'81), and as president of the Massachusetts institute of technology (5 vols.. Boston, 1883-8); and he has compiled 'Commerce and Navigation of the United States " (2 vols., Washington, 1808-9); " Ninth Census " (4 vols., 18723); 'Statistical Atlas of the United States" (1874); "Judges' Reports on Awards" (8 vols., Philadelphia, 1878); and "Tenth Census " (24 vols., Washington. 1883 et seq.). President Walker is the author of "The Indian Question" (Boston, 1874); "The Wages Question" (1870): "Money " (1878); "Money, Trade, and Industry " (1879); " Land and its Rent" (1883); "Political Economy" (New York, 1883); and "History of the Second Army Corps " (1880). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 325.


WALKER, Isaac P., 1813-1872, lawyer, U.S. Senator, anti-slavery Democrat from Wisconsin.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 326-327)

WALKER, Isaac P, senator, born in 1813; died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1 April, 1872. He adopted the profession of law, moved to Wisconsin in 1841, practised in Milwaukee, and took an active part in early political events in the state. He served in the territorial congress in 1847-'8, and in the latter year was chosen to the U. S. Senate as an Anti-slavery Democrat. His policy in that body was deemed timid by his constituents, for, although he wished to preserve the Union, he did not properly represent their attitude on the Wilmot Proviso. He was not returned in the next election, retired from politics, and resumed the practice of law. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 326-327.


WALKER, James Daniel, senator, born in Logan County, Kentucky, 13 December, 1830. He moved to Arkansas in 1847, was educated in private schools and at Ozark Institute, Arkansas, studied law, and was admitted to practice in Fayetteville, Arkansas, in 1850. During the Civil War he served as colonel of an Arkansas regiment in the Confederate Army. After the war he resumed the practice of his profession, was solicitor-general of the state of Arkansas, a presidential elector in 1876 on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and in 1878 was chosen to the U. S. Senate as a Democrat, serving till 3 March, 1885. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 327.


WALKER, John Grimes, naval officer, born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, 20 March, 1835. He was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1856, promoted to master, 22 January, 1858. and became lieutenant, 23 January. 1858. During the Civil War he served on the Atlantic Coast Blockade in the steamer "Connecticut" in 1861, and was transferred to the steamer " Winona" of the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron in 1862. In this vessel he participated in the engagements that ended in the capture of New Orleans, with the subsequent operations against Vicksburg in 1862. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and had command of the river iron-clad "Baron de Kalb" of the Mississippi Squadron in 1862-'3, in which he participated in the attacks on Vicksburg and operations in Yazoo River in the winter of 1862-'3, co-operating with General William T. Sherman and the army. He participated in both attacks on Haines's Bluff, in the Yazoo River Expedition against the Confederate gun-boats, in the capture of Fort Hindman and Yazoo City, and in the attack on Fort Pemberton. For these services he was highly commended by Admiral Porter in his report, and also in his "Naval History of the Civil War." After he had forced a passage through Yazoo pass, he took command of the naval battery with cannon from the gun-boats in the bombardment of Vicksburg from the rear, which contributed greatly to the final surrender. After the fall of that place he had command of the naval expedition against Yazoo River in co-operation with 5,000 troops in transports. Walker led in the "De Kalb," and while engaging the batteries his vessel ran afoul of a torpedo, which exploded and caused the vessel to sink almost instantly, a second torpedo exploding under her stern as she went down. He commanded the steamer "Saco" on the North Atlantic Blockade in 1864, and the " Shawmut" in 1865, in which he participated in the capture of forts near Wilmington. He was promoted and advanced over others for his services during the war to the grade of commander on 25 July, 1866, served at the naval academy in 1866-'9, and commanded the frigate "Sabine "on a special cruise in 1869-'70. He was promoted to captain, 25 June, 1877, appointed chief of the Bureau of Navigation and office of detail, 22 October, 1881, for four years, and reappointed in 1885 for a second term. He is the senior captain on the list, and is entitled to be promoted to commodore upon the first occurrence of a vacancy. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 328.


WALKER, Leroy Pope, lawyer, born near Huntsville, Alabama, 8 July, 1817; died there, 22 August, 1884, studied law, attained a high place at the bar of northern Alabama, early entered public life, was speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives in 1847-'50, and served as judge of the state circuit court in 1850-'3. He became well known as an advocate of the policy of internal improvement and of secession, and in 1861-'2 was Confederate Secretary of War, directing the military operations by which the Civil War was begun. He was also commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate Army, but resigned. 1 March, 1862. After the war he resumed the practice of law at Huntsville. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 328.


WALKER, Jonathan, Captain, 1799-1878, abolitionist, reformer.  Attempted to aid escape of slaves from Pensacola, Florida.  Was caught, tried and convicted, and branded on hand with “SS” for “slave stealer.”  His story revealed evil of slave trade and slave laws.  (Filler, 1960, p. 164; Mabee, 1970, pp. 266, 268, 269, 298; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 328; Wilson, 1872, Vol. 2, pp. 82-83)

Biography from Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography.

WALKER, Jonathan, reformer, born on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in 1799; died near Muskegon, Michigan, 1 May, 1878. He was captain of a fishing vessel, in his youth, but about 1840 he went to Florida, where he became a railroad-contractor. He was interested in the condition of the slaves, and in 1844 aided several of them in an attempt to make their escape in an open boat from the coast of Florida to the British West Indies. After doubling the capes, he was prostrated by illness, and the crew being ignorant of navigation, they would all have been drowned had they not been rescued by a wrecking sloop that took Walker to Key West, whence he was sent in irons to Pensacola. On his arrival there he was put in prison, chained to the floor, and deprived of light and proper food. Upon his trial in a U. S. court, he was convicted, sentenced to be heavily fined, put on the pillory, and branded on his right hand with a hot iron with the letters “S. S.,” for “slave-stealer,” a U. S. marshal executing the sentence. He was then remanded to jail, where he was confined eleven months, and released only after the payment of his fine by northern Abolitionists. For the subsequent five years he lectured on slavery in the northern and western states. He moved to Michigan about 1850, where he resided near Muskegon until his death. A monument was erected to his memory on 1 August, 1878. He was the subject of John G. Whittier's poem “The Man with the Branded Hand.” See “Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America,” by Henry Wilson (Boston, 1874). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 328.

Chapter: “Underground Railroad. - Operations at the East and in the Middle States,” by Henry Wilson, in History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, 1872.

About the year 1840, Captain Jonathan Walker, of Massachusetts, took a contract to build a portion of a projected railroad in Florida. In fulfilling that contract, he employed several Negroes.  Being a Christian man, he so far carried his religion into his daily life, as to treat his workmen as human beings, permitting them to sit at the same table with himself, and to bend the knee around the same family altar. The natural result followed. Kindness begat kindness, and they loved him and trusted in him. Accordingly, in 1844, they persuaded him to enter upon the every-way hazardous venture of aiding them in an attempt, in an open boat, to escape from the land of chains to a neighboring island, belonging to the British crown. After doubling the capes of Florida, he was prostrated by violent sickness. He helpless, and the fugitives ignorant of navigation, they were at the mercy of the winds and waves. Found by the crew of a wrecking-sloop, he was taken into Key West, where he was thrown into prison, and kept in irons until he was despatched to Pensacola. During the passage he was compelled, like a criminal of the vilest sort, to lie on the bottom of the steamer in chains. Arriving in Pensacola, he was cast into a cell in which, two days previously, a man had committed suicide, the floor still saturated with blood. There, chained to the floor, he was allowed neither bed, chair, nor table. He was tried in a United States court, convicted, and sentenced to be branded on the right hand with the capitals “S. S.''; to stand in the pillory one hour; to pay as many fines as there were slaves "stolen"; to suffer as many terms' imprisonment; to pay the costs, and to stand committed until the fines were paid. The execution of these sentences was at once entered upon. A United State marshal branded his hand with the initials of the words "slave stealer,” he was compelled to stand in the pillory, was pelted with rotten eggs by a renegade Northerner, and remanded to prison, where he lay for eleven months, with a heavy chain on his leg, which the jailer would not remove, even for the purpose of changing his clothing. By efforts of friends, in which Loring Moody took a leading part, a sufficient sum was raised to liquidate his fines, and in the summer of 1845 he was set at liberty. The most impressive lessons of that strange and revolting incident lie in the sharp and broad contrast between the personal bravery and moral grandeur of the man and the craven cowardice and heartless ignominy of the nation; and in the profound mistake they made who supposed that they could thus fix a stigma upon such a person, or tarnish his good name, and that the disgrace was not all their own, and all the honor his. For there were many, even in those days of darkness, who saw, with Whittier, that that brand was "highest honor;" and who welcomed the "brave seaman" back to his New England home as the chivalrous possessor of the old "heroic spirit of an earlier, better day." Like him, too, they said in thought, if not in his own ringing words: 


“Then lift that manly right hand, bold ploughman of the wave,

Its branded palm shall prophesy "SALVATION TO THE SLAVE'':

Hold, up its fire-wrought language, that whoso reads may feel

His heart swell strong within him, his sinews change to steel.


"Hold it up before our sunshine, up against our Northern air.

Ho! men of Massachusetts, for the love of God, look there!

Take it henceforth for your standard like the Bruce's heart of yore;

In the dark strife closing round ye, let that hand be seen before."

Source:  Wilson, Henry, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. 2.  Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1872, 82-84.


WALKER, Mary Edwards, 1832-1919, feminist, physician (surgeon), Union Army surgeon, women’s rights and suffrage activist, abolitionist.  Received the Medal of Honor for her services during the Civil War, the only woman to have received this honor.  (Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, p. 352)


WALKER, Robert John, 1801-1869, Northumberland, Pennsylvania, statesman, lawyer, United States Senator.  Sustained treaty for suppressing the African slave trade.  Advocate for gradual emancipation and colonization of slaves.  Freed his own slaves.  During Civil War, supported emancipation as a necessity for Union victory.  Strong supporter of the Union.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 329; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, p. 355)

WALKER, Robert John, statesman, born at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, 23 July, 1801; died in Washington, D. C., 11 November, 1869. His father was a soldier of the Revolution, and a judge of the common pleas, of the high court of errors and appeals of Pennsylvania, and of the U. S. district court. After his graduation in August, 1819, at the state university at Philadelphia, with the first honor of a large class, he began the practice of law at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1822, with great success. In 1826 he moved to Mississippi, where he entered vigorously into law and politics, taking an active part in 1832 and 1833 against nullification and secession. In January, 1833, in the Natchez “Journal,” he made an extended argument against the doctrine of disunion and in favor of coercion against rebellious states, which was highly extolled by James Madison. In January, 1836, he was Union candidate for the U.S. Senate in opposition to George Poindexter, and was elected, and at this time he influenced the legislature of Mississippi to adopt resolutions denouncing nullification and secession as treason. In 1840 he was re-elected to the U. S. Senate by a two-to-one majority over the orator Sergeant S. Prentiss. During his service in the Senate he took an active part in its debates, especially in opposition to John C. Calhoun. He supported the administrations of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren; but when the latter disapproved of the annexation of Texas, Walker opposed him, and in the Baltimore convention of 1844 labored for the nomination of James K. Polk to the presidency. By Mr. Polk he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury, which office he held till 5 March, 1849. In his course in the Senate Mr. Walker opposed the Bank of the United States and the distribution of the surplus revenue among the states, advocating, instead, its application to the public defences. He opposed a protective tariff, and in a speech on 3 March, 1836, proposed the celebrated Homestead Bill. He sustained with much energy the treaty for suppressing the African slave-trade, and throughout his political career always and consistently advocated gradual emancipation, exhibiting his sincerity in 1838 by manumitting all his own slaves. He sustained New York in the McLeod case, and introduced and carried the resolution of 1837 recognizing the in dependence of Texas. He was the first to propose the annexation of Texas by a letter in the public prints in January, 1844, recommending, as a condition, a scheme for gradual emancipation and colonization, which was fiercely attacked by John C. Calhoun. While Secretary of the Treasury he prepared and carried the tariff of 1846, various loan bills, the warehousing system, the Mexican tariff, and the bill to organize the department of the interior. After leaving the treasury, he was offered by President Pierce in 1853 the post of commissioner to China, which he declined. The part that he took in the events that immediately preceded the Civil War was active. He opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, though after it became a law he supported it on the ground that was assumed by Stephen A. Douglas. In 1857 he accepted the post of governor of Kansas on the pledge of President Buchanan that the state constitution should be submitted to the vote of the people; but after rejecting the forged and fraudulent returns in Kansas, and opposing the Lecompton Constitution, Mr. Walker resigned, and, going before Congress, defeated the attempt to force the corrupt measure on the territory. After Abraham Lincoln's election Mr. Walker took ground, earnestly and immediately, in favor of re-enforcing the southern forts and of sustaining the Union by force if necessary. In April, 1861, he addressed a great meeting in Union square, New York, advocating prompt and vigorous measures, and he did this when many of the best men of both parties deprecated a resort to extremities. His decided course had great influence in shaping the policy of the government. Early in 1863 he joined James R. Gilmore in the conduct of the “Continental Monthly,” which the latter had established the year before to advocate emancipation as a political necessity, and he wrote for it some of its ablest political articles. In the same year he was appointed by the government financial agent of the United States in Europe, and succeeded in negotiating $250,000,000 of the 5-20 bonds. Returning to the United States in November, 1864, he devoted himself thereafter to a large law-practice in Washington, and to writing for the “Continental Monthly” articles on financial and political topics, in which he was understood to present the views of the state and treasury departments. During this period he was influential in procuring the ratification of the Alaska Treaty and in securing the passage of the bill for a railroad to the Pacific. During his public life of nearly forty years Mr. Walker exercised a strong and often controlling influence on affairs. He had a broad and comprehensive mind, and a patriotism that embraced the whole country. As a financier he takes high rank.   Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 329.


WALKER, William, adventurer, born in Nashville, Tennessee, 8 Mav, 1824: died in Trujillo, Honduras, 12 September, 1860. He studied law in Nashville and medicine in Heidelberg. Germany, was a journalist in New Orleans and San Francisco, and finally settled in the practice of law in Marysville, California. In July, 1853, he organized an expedition for the conquest of the state of Sonora, Mexico, and, eluding the vigilance of the authorities of the port of San Francisco, early in November landed at La Paz, Lower California, with 170 men and three field-guns. He then issued a manifesto to the people, proclaimed himself president of the Pacific Republic and, having received re-enforcements, set out in January, 1854, for Sonora. He was pursued by a strong force of Mexicans, and, as he was near the frontier, he surrendered to the U. S. commander at San Diego, California In May, 1854, he was tried at San Francisco for violating the neutrality laws, and was acquitted. He continued to plan expeditions against Sonora. but was compelled to abandon them, and in 1855 he was induced by American speculators in Nicaragua to interfere in the intestine troubles in that country, ostensibly in aid of the Democratic party there. He landed at Realejo on 11 June, with sixty-two followers, was joined by a small native force, and endeavored to take possession of the southern transit route. He was defeated at Rivas, but, being re-enforced with 170 native soldiers, routed the Nicaraguan Army of 540 men at La Virgen on 1 September, took possession of the city of Grenada on 15 October, and by a treaty with General Ponciano Corral, the opposing leader, was made Secretary of War and commander-in-chief. Recruits rapidly arrived from the United States, and on 1 March, 1856, Walker had 1.200 men. In the meantime he charged Corral with conspiracy, presided over a court-martial for his trial, and sentenced him to be shot on 8 November, 1855. War began with Costa Rica, and Walker was defeated at Guanacaste on 20 March. 1856, but routed the enemy at Rivas on 11 April, and hostilities ceased. He was then in undisputed control of Nicaragua, but to replenish his treasury he broke up the interoceanic transit route by confiscating the property and revoking the charter of the Vanderbilt steamship Company, he caused himself to be elected president, and in September, 1850, annulled the existing prohibition of slavery. His minister, whom he sent to Washington, was recognized by President Pierce. Walker's arbitrary acts soon provoked an insurrection, which was assisted by several surrounding states and by agents of the Vanderbilt Company. He was defeated in several encounters, burned the city of Grenada, which he was unable to hold, and on 1 Mav, 1857, surrendered with sixteen officers, at San Juan del Sur, lo Commodore Charles H, Davis, of the U. S. sloop-of-war ' Mary." which conveyed him to Panama. Thence he went to New Orleans and was put under bonds to keep the peace, but returned to Nicaragua in November. He soon organized a new force, but in December Commodore Hiram Paulding, of the U. S. Navy, compelled him and his 182 men to surrender, and took them to New York. President Buchanan declined to recognize Walker as a prisoner, on the ground that his arrest on foreign soil was illegal. He sailed with a new expedition from Mobile, Alabama, in October, 1858, but was arrested at the mouth of Mississippi River and tried at New Orleans and acquitted. In June, 1860, he again set out with a small force from that city, intending to create a revolution in Honduras. He reached Trujillo and issued a proclamation against the government; but his arrest was demanded by the commander of the British man-of-war "Icarus," and he was forced to retreat to Tinto River, where he surrendered on 3 September, 1850. The commander of the "Icarus" delivered him to the Honduras authorities on their demand, and he was tried by court-martial and shot. He published "The War in Nicaragua " (Mobile, 1860). See also " Walker's Expedition to Nicaragua" by William Vincent Wells (New York, 1850) and "Reminiscences of the Filibuster War in Nicaragua," by Colonel Charles W. Doubleday (1880). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 331-332.


WALKER, William H. T., soldier, born in Georgia in October, 1810; died near Decatur, Georgia, 20 July, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1837, served in the Florida War, was wounded three times at the battle of Okeechobee, 25 December, 1837, and was brevetted 1st lieutenant for services in that action. He resigned from the army in 1838, was reappointed in 1840 as 1st lieutenant of infantry, served in the Florida war of 1840-'2, and became captain in 1845. During the Mexican war he participated in all the important battles, and was brevetted major in the U. S. Army for gallant conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, and lieutenant-colonel for Molino del Rey, where he was severely wounded. He was on recruiting service in 1849-'52, became deputy governor of the East Pascagoula Branch Military Asylum in the latter year, and in 1854-'6 was commandant of cadets, and instructor in military tactics at the U. S. Military Academy. He became major in 1855, served on the frontier, and in 1860 resigned. He entered the Confederate Army in 1861, became a major-general, served principally in the west, and was killed at the battle of Decatur. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 332.


WALKER, William McCreary, naval officer, born in Baltimore. Maryland, 2 September, 1813; died in New York City, 19 November, 1860. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 1 November, 1827, became a passed midshipman, 10 June, 1833, and was promoted to lieutenant, 8 December, 1838, serving in Lieutenant Charles Wilkes's Exploring Expedition in command of the "Flying Fish," in which he participated in the discovery of the Antarctic Continent in 1838-'42. He commanded the steamer " Union " on the home station in 1843-'4, and cruised in the Mediterranean Squadron as aide in 1844-'6. He was promoted 14 September, 1855, and commanded the frigate "Constellation" in 1856. He served on special duty on boards and inspecting duty until the beginning of the Civil War, was commissioned a captain, 16 July, 1862, and commanded the steamer " De Soto" throughout the Civil War. He was one of the most successful blockaders during the war, and captured more prizes than any other vessel. Captain Walker died of heart disease at the Naval Hospital in New York. He was the author of a work on "Screw Propulsion" (New York. 1861). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 332.


WALKER, William S., naval officer, born in New Hampshire, 6 December, 1793; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 24 November, 1863. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 30 November, 1814, was promoted to lieutenant, 13 January, 1825, and to master-commandant, 8 September, 1841, and commanded the sloop " Concord " on the coast of Africa in 1841—'2, and the receiving-ship at Boston in 1843-'6. He saw no service during the Mexican War. He commanded the sloop "Saratoga," on the Asiatic Station, in 1850-'4, was promoted to captain, 14 September, 1855, and served at the receiving-ship at Boston in 1854-'5, after which he was on leave until the Civil War began, when he was ordered to command the steam sloop " Brooklyn," but his failing health compelled him to decline to go to sea. He was placed on the retired list, and promoted to commodore, 16 July, 1862. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 332.


WALKER'S FORD, TENNESSEE, December 2, 1863. 2nd Cavalry Brigade, Army of the Ohio, and 1st Division, 9th Army Corps. On December the cavalry brigade, marching to relieve the besieged army at Knoxville, was heavily pressed on the Maynardville road and compelled to retire to that town. In the night Colonel Graham, commanding the cavalry, lighted his campfires and withdrew toward Walker's ford on the Clinch river. On the morning of the 2nd Wheeler's cavalry drove in Graham's rear-guard and soon came upon the main body, which fell back stubbornly, fighting at every advantageous point. Detecting a movement of the enemy to turn his left flank by crossing the river at a ford above Walker's Graham sent Colonel Horace Capron, with 325 men of the 14th Illinois cavalry, who met the enemy about 2 miles from the ford and posted his men in a narrow gorge. The Confederates charged and were repulsed, though later the regiment was compelled to fall back to the ford, having been outflanked by sharpshooters. When Graham reached the ford he was joined by Jackson's brigade of Willcox's division, and when the cavalry ammunition was exhausted Jackson relieved Graham until dark, when the Confederates gave way. The Union loss on this day was 9 killed, 43 wounded and 12 captured or missing; the Confederate casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 903.


WALKER'S FORD, TENNESSEE, December 5, 1863. Brigadier-General O. B. Willcox, commanding the Federal left wing at Knoxville, during the siege of that place, reports: "Colonel Graham is threatened with an immediate attack, and is probably now engaged. I have therefore ordered back another regiment to Walker's ford, making two regiments and two guns to cover the ford. I shall wait here until I hear from Colonel Graham again." This is the only official mention of the affair. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 903.


WALKERSVILLE, MISSOURI, April 2, 1862. 2nd Missouri Militia Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 903.


WALL, James Walter, senator, born in Trenton, New Jersey, 26 May. 1820; died in Elizabeth, New Jersey, 9 June, 1872, was graduated at Princeton in 1838, studied law with Daniel Haines; was admitted to the bar in 1841, and began to practice in his native place, holding the office of commissioner in bankruptcy. He moved to Burlington, New Jersey, in 1847, and devoted himself to literary pursuits, becoming mayor of the city in 1854. During the early part of the Civil War he attacked the administration for interfering with the liberty of the press, writing a severe letter to Montgomery Blair, and he was imprisoned for several weeks in Port Lafayette. It is said that he offered to furnish 20,000 Belgian rifles to the so-called "Knights of the Golden Circle" for use against the U. S. government. He was chosen to the U. S. Senate in 1863 to fill the unexpired term of John R. Thomson, deceased, and served from 21 January till 3 March of that year. In 1869 he moved to Elizabeth, New Jersey. Mr. Wall's publications include "Foreign Etchings" (Burlington, 1856); "Essays on the Early English Poets.” which appeared in the "Knickerbocker Magazine "; and various essays and addresses. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 333.


WALLACE, David, congressman, born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 4 April, 1799; died in Indianapolis, Indiana. 3 September, 1859. He moved with his father's family to Brookville, Indiana, in 1817, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1831, and was assistant professor of mathematics there for two years, but resigned from the army, studied law, and established a lucrative practice in Franklin County, Indiana. He served several terms in the legislature, was a member of the Constitutional Convention, lieutenant-governor in 1831-'4, and governor in 1837-'40. During that service he was active as an advocate of internal improvements and in establishing a school system. He was chosen to Congress as a Whig in 1840, served one term, and, as a member of the committee on commerce, gave the casting-vote in favor of an appropriation to develop Samuel F. B. Morse's magnetic telegraph, which vote cost him his re-election. He returned to practice in 1843, and from 1850 until his death was judge of the Marion County Court of Common Pleas. He was a popular political speaker and a laborious and impartial jurist. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 333.


WALLACE Lewis, soldier, born in Brookville, Franklin County, Indiana, 10 April, 1827, received a common-school education, and at the beginning of the Mexican War was a law-student in Indiana. At the call for volunteers he entered the army as a 1st lieutenant in company H, 1st Indiana Infantry. He resumed his profession in 1848, which he practised in Covington and subsequently in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and served four years in the state senate. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed adjutant-general of Indiana, soon afterward becoming colonel of the 11th Indiana Volunteers, with which he served in West Virginia, participating in the capture of Romney and the ejection of the enemy from Harper's Ferry. He became brigadier-general of volunteers, 3 September, 1861, led a division and the centre of the Union lines at the capture of Fort Donelson. and displayed such ability that his commission of major-general of volunteers followed on 21 March, 1862. The day before the battle of Shiloh, his division was placed on the north side of Snake Creek, on a road leading from Savannah or Crump's Landing, to Purdy. He was ordered by General Grant, on the morning of 6 April (the first day of the battle), to cross the creek and come up to General William T. Sherman's right, which covered the bridge over that stream, that general depending on him for support; but he lost his way, and did not arrive until the night. He rendered efficient service in the second day's fight, and in the subsequent advance on Corinth. In November, 1862, he was president of the court of inquiry on the military conduct of General Don Carlos Buell in the operations in Tennessee and Kentucky. In 1863 he prepared the defences of Cincinnati, which he saved from capture by General Edmund Kirby Smith, and was subsequently assigned to the command of the middle department and the 8th Army Corps, with headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland. With 5,800 men he intercepted the march of General Jubal A. Early with 28,000 men on Washington, D.C. and on 9 July, 1864, fought the battle of the Monocacy. Although he was defeated, he gained sufficient time to enable General Grant to send re-enforcements to the capital from City Point. By order of General Henry W. Halleck. he was removed from his command, and superseded by General Edward O. C. Ord; but when General Grant learned the particulars of the action, he immediately reinstated Wallace, and in his official report in 1865 says: "On 6 July the enemy (Early) occupied Hagerstown, moving a strong column toward Frederick City. General Wallace, with Ricketts's division and his own command, the latter new and mostly undisciplined troops, pushed out from Baltimore with great promptness and met the enemy in force on the Monocacy, near the crossing of the railroad bridge. His force was not sufficient to insure success, but he fought the enemy nevertheless, and, although it resulted in a defeat to our arms, yet he detained the enemy and thereby served to enable Wright to reach Washington before him." Returning to his command. General Wallace was second member of the court that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and president of that which tried and convicted  Henry Wirz, commandant of Andersonville prison. General Wallace was mustered out of volunteer service in 1865, returned to the practice of law in Crawfordsville, was governor of Utah in 1878-'81, and in 1881 became U. S. minister to Turkey, serving till 1885, when he again resumed practice in Crawfordsville. He has lectured extensively in this country, and is the author of two successful novels, entitled "The Fair God," a story of the conquest of Mexico (Boston. 1873). “Ben-Hur, a Tale of the Christ," of which 200,000 copies have been sold (New York, 1880); a " Life of Benjamin Harrison" (1888); and "The Boyhood of Christ" (1888).—His wife, Susan Arnold Elston, author, born in Crawfordsville. Indiana, 25 December, 1830. was educated there, and married General Wallace in 1852. Her maiden name was Elston. She has written many articles for newspapers and magazines, her short poem, " The Patter of Little Feet," attaining wide popularity. Her other publications are " The Storied Sea "(Boston, 1884); "Ginevra. or the Old Oak Chest" (New York, 1887); the "Land of the Pueblos," with other papers (1888); and "The Repose in Egypt" (1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 333-334.


WALLACE, William Harvey Lamb, soldier, born in Urbana, Ohio. 8 July, 1821; died in Savannah, Tennessee, 10 April, 1862. He moved with his father to Illinois in 1832, and adopted the profession of law, which he was licensed to practice in 1846, but the same year volunteered as a private in the 1st Illinois Regiment for the Mexican War. He rose to the rank of adjutant, participated in the battle of Buena Vista and other engagements, and after the peace resumed his profession, becoming district attorney in 1853. In May, 1861. he was appointed colonel of the 11th Illinois Volunteers, and at the battle of Fort Donelson, in February, 1862. He commanded a brigade in General John A. McClernand's division, with ability that led to his appointment as brigadier-general of volunteers. In the succeeding battle of Shiloh he commanded General Charles F. Smith's brigade, which for six hours withstood the assault of the enemy, and was the last to leave the field. Wallace fell, mortally wounded, in an ineffectual attempt to resist the enemy. See James Grant Wilsons "Sketches of Illinois Officers " (Chicago, 1862). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 335.


WALLACE, William Ross, poet, born in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1819; died in New York City, 5 May, 1881. He was educated at Bloomington and South Hanover College, Indiana, studied law in Lexington, Kentucky, and in 1841 moved to New York City, where he practised his profession, and at the same time engaged in literary pursuits. His first work that attracted favorable criticism, a poem entitled " Perdita," published in the "Union Magazine," was followed by " Alban." a poetical romance (New York, 1848), and "Meditations in America, and other Poems " (1851). Other fugitive verses that attained popularity include " The Sword of Bunker Hill." a national hymn (1861): "Keep Step with the Music of the Union" (1861): and "The Liberty Bell " (1862). William Cullen Bryant said of his writings: "They are marked by a splendor of imagination and an affluence of diction which show him the born poet." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 335.


WALLACE'S CROSS ROADS, TENNESSEE, July 15, 1862. 25th Brigade, 7th Division, Army of the Ohio.' The brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General J. G. Spears, surprised a body of Confederate cavalry at Wallace's crossroads about 11 a. m. and completely routed it . The enemy lost 10 killed, several wounded and 18 captured, together with 30 horses, 30 sabers and about 100 stands of small arms. No casualties were reported on the Union side.


WALLACE'S FERRY, ARKANSAS, July 26, 1864. Detachments of the 56th and ooth Colored Infantry, 2nd U. S. Colored Artillery and 15th Illinois Cavalry. Colonel W. S. Brooks, with Lembke's colored battery and portions of the 56th and 60th U. S. colored infantry, was sent out from Helena to ascertain the strength and position of the enemy. Some 150 men of the 15th Illinois cavalry was sent down the Mississippi in a steamer below Old Town and were to cooperate with Brooks. At 5 a. m. of the 26th Brooks crossed Big creek at Wallace's ferry and learned that the Confederate General Dobbin was in force somewhere below. He at once recrossed his command, but Dobbin was quicker and got across 3 miles 'below. The forces met near this point and Brooks was getting the worst of the encounter when Major Carmichael, commanding the 15th Illinois cavalry, came up by a forced march, and scattered the Confederates in all directions. Carmichael had heard the firing when some distance off and had hastened up just in time to save the day. The Federal loss was about 50 in killed and wounded, including many officers; the enemy lost about 150 altogether. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 903.


WALL BRIDGE, VIRGINIA, May 5, 1864. Cavalry Division, Army of the James; Kautz's Raid. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 903.


WALL'S BRIDGE, LOUISIANA, May 1, 1863. (See Grierson's Raid.) Walnut Creek, Georgia, November 20, 1864. 2nd Brigade, Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division. The division was in pursuit of Wheeler's cavalry in its retreat toward Macon, with the 2nd brigade, commanded by Colonel S. D. Atkins, in advance. After the Confederates had been driven across Walnut creek, about 2 miles from Macon, they took a position in intrenchments near East Macon. The 92nd Illinois mounted infantry was dismounted and pushed forward to hold the bridge. The enemy opened fire with several pieces of artillery, which was promptly answered by the Union batteries, but without being able to silence the Confederate guns. Atkins then ordered the 10th Ohio to dismount and charge the enemy's battery. The regiment crossed the creek in a difficult place, charged in column of fours up the road, gained possession of the outer line of works, and captured 9 guns, which had to be abandoned later for want of adequate support to hold the position, the regiment being forced to retire. The entire brigade was shortly afterward withdrawn. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 903-904.


WALLEN, Henry Davies, soldier, born in Savannah, Georgia, 19 April, 1819; died in New York City, 2 December, 1886. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1840 in the class with William T. Sherman and George H. Thomas, and was assigned to the 4th U.S. Infantry. His first service was in the Florida War in 1840-'2, and, after garrison duty during 1842-'5, he was engaged in the military occupation of Texas and in the war with Mexico, being wounded at Palo Alto. After five years of frontier duty at Detroit and Plattsburg, he was sent to the Pacific Coast, where he remained until the beginning of the Civil War, serving in various forts, with the Yakmia Expedition in 1855, and in command of the exploring expedition to Salt Lake in 1859. Meanwhile he had been promoted captain on 31 January, 1850, and major on 25 November, 1861. He was acting assistant inspector-general of the Department of New Mexico from June, 1862, till June, 1864, and in command of a regiment at Fort Schuyler, New York, thereafter until May, 1865. The brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel were given him on 23 February, 1865, and that of brigadier-general on 13 March, 1865, while the actual rank of lieutenant-colonel was conferred on him, 30 July, 1865. For a year he served in the west, and commanded successively the District of the Gila and the district of Arizona, but in 1867 he was given command of Governor's Island, New York harbor, which post he held until 1869. In 1872 he was on the Yellowstone Expedition, and on 19 February, 1873, he was made colonel of the 2d U.S. Infantry. He was retired from active service on 18 February, 1874, and subsequently resided in New York City. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 337.


WALLIS, Severn Teaekle, lawyer, born in Baltimore. Maryland, 8 September, 1810. He was graduated at St. Mary's College, Baltimore, in 1832, studied law with William Wirt and John Glenn, and in 1837 was admitted to the bar. Mr. Wallis early developed a taste for literature and contributed to periodicals many articles of literary and historical criticism, also occasional verses. He became a proficient in Spanish literature and history and was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of History of Madrid in 1843. In 1846 he was chosen a fellow of the Royal society of  northern antiquaries of Copenhagen. In 1847 he visited Spain and in 1849 the U. S. government sent him on a special mission to that country to examine the title to the public lands in east Florida, as affected by royal grants during the negotiations for the treaty of 1819. From 1859 till 1861 he contributed largely to the editorial columns of the Baltimore "Exchange," and he has also written for other journals. He was a Whig till the organization of the American or Know-Nothing Party, after which he was a Democrat. In 1861 he was sent to the house of delegates of Maryland, and took an active part in the proceedings of the legislature of that year at Frederick. He was chairman of the committee on Federal relations, and made himself obnoxious to the Federal authorities by his reports, which were adopted by the legislature, and which took strong ground against the Civil War, as well as against the then prevailing doctrine of military necessity. In September of that year Mr. Wallis was arrested with many members of the legislature and other citizens of the state, and imprisoned for more than fourteen months in various forts. He was released in November, 1862, without conditions and without being informed of the cause of his arrest. He then returned to the practice of the law in Baltimore. In 1870, on the death of John P. Kennedy, he was elected provost of the University of Maryland. In December, 1872, as chairman of the art committee of private citizens appointed by the Maryland legislature, he delivered the address upon the unveiling of William H. Rinehart's statue of Chief-Justice Taney. He has contributed to periodicals, and has published "Glimpses of Spain" New York, 1849); "Spain: her Institutions, Politics, and Public Men" (Boston, 1853); a "Discourse on the Life and Character of George Peabody " (Baltimore, 1870); and numerous pamphlets on legal and literary subjects. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 338-339.


WALNUT CREEK, KANSAS, September 25, 1864. Troops of Department of Upper Arkansas. This affair was a fight between a scouting party and a band of Indians. The latter were driven after some sharp skirmishing, leaving 9 dead on the field. The troops lost 1 killed, 7 wounded and 1 missing.


WALNUT CREEK, MISSOURI, August 9, 1862. Detachment of Missouri Militia Cavalry. During a pursuit of the guerrilla Porter and his band the Federals under Colonel James McFerran came up with the rear-guard at Walnut creek. The ambuscade which the enemy had prepared at that place was scattered by a few shells from the howitzers. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 904.


WALNUT HILL, MISSISSIPPI, May 14, 1863. Detachments of 2nd Iowa, and 7th Illinois Cavalry, 6th Iowa Infantry and 3 guns of 1st Illinois Artillery. At 2 a. m. of the 14th, during an expedition from La Grange to Panola, the enemy made an attack on the Federal pickets. Again at 6 a. m. another attack was made, but, like the first, it was repulsed. Thinking that the Confederates had about used all their strength Colonel Edward Hatch, commanding the expedition, moved northward and at Walnut Hill the enemy again charged, this time striking two companies of the 2nd la. constituting the left flank. Again he was repulsed, and driven out of the town. While Hatch was crossing the Hecula, 5 miles north of Walnut Hill, the Confederates opened fire from 3 pieces of artillery, creating a stampede among the led animals and negroes. With two 2-pounder guns the enemy's artillery was soon silenced. Hatch's casualties were 2 wounded and 2 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 904.


WALTER, Thomas Ustick, architect, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 4 September, 1804; died there, 30 October, 1887. His early education was liberal but not collegiate, and at the age of fifteen he entered the office of William Strickland, the architect of the mint and the custom-house, Philadelphia. After acquiring a knowledge of linear drawing and a general acquaintance with the professional practice of architects, he resumed his general studies, prosecuted them for seven years, and after two more years with Mr. Strickland he began practice as an architect in 1830. His first important work was the now county prison (1831), which is now generally known as Moyamensing jail, and in 1833 he made the original designs for Girard College, and was sent to Europe by the building committee of that institution, that he might study there. On his return he took charge of the college building, which was completed in 1847, and which it is claimed is the finest specimen of classic architecture on this continent. Mr. Walter's next great work was the breakwater at Laguayra for the Venezuelan government; in 1851 his design for the extension of the capitol at Washington was adopted. Having been appointed government architect, he moved to Washington, and remained there till the completion of the work in 1865. (See illustration.) While in Washington he also designed the extensions of the patent-office, treasury, and post-office buildings, the dome on the old capitol, the Congressional library, and the government hospital for the insane. Among the works of his private practice in Philadelphia were the designs for St. George's hall, the Preston retreat, and the Biddle and Cowperthwaite places on Delaware River. He assisted the architect of the new Public buildings at Philadelphia in their erection, and was so engaged till his death. He was a member of the Franklin Institute after 1829, held its professorship of architecture, and in 1860 delivered a course of lectures on that subject in Columbia College, New York. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society after 1841, and was one of the original members of the American Institute of Architects, of which he was president at the time of his death. He received the degree of D. C. L. from the University of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1853, and that of LL. D., from Harvard in 1857. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 341-342.


WALTERS, William Thompson, merchant, born on the Juniata River, Pennsylvania, 23 May, 1820. He is of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and his father, Henry Walters, a banker of Pennsylvania, sent him to Philadelphia to be educated as a civil engineer. He was placed in charge of a large smelting establishment in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, where under his management the first iron that was manufactured in the United States from mineral coal was made. In 1841 he moved to Baltimore, Maryland, and engaged in the general commission business, and in 1847 he established the firm of W. T. Walters and Company, wine-merchants. When the first line of steamers between Baltimore and Savannah was established he was chosen its president, and from that time he has been a director in every line from Baltimore to the south. After the Civil War he aided in the reorganization of the Southern Steamship Lines. For many years he has been a director of the Northern Central Railway Company, and he is also interested in many southern lines. From 1861 till 1865 he resided in Europe, where he became the personal friend of many prominent continental artists, and travelled extensively to study the history and development of art and to purchase pictures for the collection that he had begun at an early period. He was art commissioner from the United States to the Paris exposition of 1867, that in Vienna in 1873, and that in Paris in 1878. He is one of the permanent trustees of the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington, D. C., and is also chairman of the purchasing committee, a trustee of the Peabody Institute, and chairman of its committee on art. He is also a trustee of the estate left for art uses by the sculptor William H. Rinehart, who was enabled to procure his art education largely through the generosity of Mr. Walters. Albert Wolff, the French critic, says that Mr. Walters's private collection is the most complete gallery of French pictures in the world with a single exception. He owns a large and rare collection of Bonvin's water-colors, and many Barye bronzes. […]. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 342.


WAPPING HEIGHTS, VIRGINIA, July 23, 1863. 3d Army Corps. Early on the morning of the 23d, while the Army of the Potomac was in pursuit of Lee after the battle of Gettysburg, the 3d corps under Major-General William H. French was ordered to relieve the cavalry holding Manassas gap. A small battalion of skirmishers was thrown out to develop the strength of the enemy on the heights in front of the gap, and Ward's division then led in a general movement in which all three divisions were deployed, the skirmishers meeting and driving the enemy at all points until the entire line of heights had been carried. During the day long lines of trains and troops could be seen moving from the direction of Winchester toward Strasburg and it was concluded that the enemy in front of French was a flank guard thrown out to delay the Federal advance. The 1st division (Ward's) was formed in line of battle and the 2nd brigade of the 2nd division was ordered to report to Ward, to help in driving the enemy from behind the slopes which descend from Wapping heights, the eminence Ward had carried in the morning. Brigadier-General Francis B. Spinola, commanding the 2nd brigade of the 2nd division, known as the Excelsior brigade, led his men down the precipitous slope and against the enemy concentrated behind a series of knolls. When near enough a bayonet charge was ordered and the enemy was driven back in confusion out of the gap. The rest of French's corps then took position and lay on their arms over night . The casualties sustained by the Union troops in this engagement amounted to 21 killed and 84 wounded. The enemy's losses were not ascertained. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WAR. The right of making war, as well as of authorizing reprisals, or other acts of vindictive retaliation, belongs in every civilized nation to the supreme power of the state. The exercise of this right is vested by the Constitution of the United States in Congress. A contest by force between independent sovereign states is called a public war. A perfect war is where one whole nation is at war with another nation, and all the members of both nations are authorized to commit hostilities against the other, within the restrictions prescribed by the general laws of war. An imperfect war is limited as to places, persons, and things such were the limited hostilities authorized by the United States against France in 1798. Grotius calls a civil war, a mixed war; but the general usage of nations regards such a war as entitling both the contending parties to all the rights of war as against each other, and even as respects neutral nations. A formal declaration of war to the enemy was once considered necessary to legalize hostilities between nations. The usage now is to publish a manifesto, within the territory of the state declaring war, announcing the existence of hostilities, and the motives for commencing them.

During the second war between the United States and Great Britain, it was determined by the Supreme Court that enemy's property, found within the territory of the United States on the declaration of war, could not be seized and condemned as prize of war, without some legislative act expressly. authorizing its confiscation. The court held that the law of Congress declaring war was not such an act. It is stated by Sir W. Scott to be the constant practice of Great Britain, on the breaking out of war, to condemn property seized before the war, if the enemy condemns, and to restore if the enemy restores.

One of the immediate consequences of the commencement of hostilities, is the interdiction of all commercial intercourse between the subjects of the states at war, without the express license of their respective governments. It follows, as a corollary from this principle, that every species of private contract made with an enemy's subjects during the war is unlawful, and this rule is applied to insurance on enemy's property and trade; to the drawing and negotiating of bills of exchange between the subjects of the powers at war; to the remission of funds in money or bills to the enemy's country; to commercial partnerships, which, if existing before the war, are dissolved by the mere force and act of the war itself, although as to other contracts it only suspends the remedy. But it is the modern usage not to confiscate in war the enemy's actions and credits, and the 10th article of the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, in 1794, stipulates, “ that neither the debts due from individuals of the one nation to individuals of the other, nor shares, nor moneys which they may have in the public funds, or in the public or private banks, shall ever, in any event of war or national differences, be sequestered or confiscated; it being unjust and impolitic that debts and engagements contracted and made by individuals, having confidence in each other and in their respective governments, should ever be destroyed or impaired by national authority on account of national differences and discontents.

A person who removes to a foreign country, settles himself there, and engages in the trade of the country, furnishes by these acts such evidences of an intention permanently to reside there, as to stamp him with the national character of the state where he resides. In questions of domicile the chief point to be considered is the animus manendi; and if it sufficiently appears that the intention of removing was to make a permanent settlement, or for an indefinite time, the right of domicile is acquired by residence even of a few days. In general, the national character of a person, as neutral or enemy, is determined by that of his domicile; but the property of a person may acquire a hostile character, independently of his national character, derived from personal residence. Thus if a person enters into a house of trade in the enemy's country, or continues that connection during war, he cannot protect himself by mere residence in a neutral country; so also, the produce of an enemy's colony or other territory is to be considered as hostile property so long as it belongs to the owner of the soil whatever may be his residence.

In the modern law of nations, the right of postliminy is that by virtue of which persons and things taken by an enemy in war, are restored to their former state, when coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged. The sovereign of a country is bound to protect the person and property of his subjects; and a subject, who has suffered the loss of his property by the violence of war, on being restored to his country can claim to be re-established in all his rights, and to recover his property. But this right does not extend in all cases to personal effects or movables, on account of difficulties of identification.

The rights of war in respect to an enemy are in general to be measured by the object of the war. No use of force is lawful except so far as it is necessary. Those who are actually in arms and continue to resist may be killed; but the inhabitants of the enemy's country who are not in arms, or who, being in arms, submit and surrender themselves may not be slain, because their destruction is not necessary for obtaining the just ends of the war. Those ends may be obtained by making prisoners of those taken in arms, or compelling them to give security that they will not bear arms against the victor for a limited period or during the war. The killing of prisoners can only be justified in those extreme cases where resistance on their part, or on the part of others, who come to their rescue, renders it impossible to keep them. Cartels for the mutual exchange of prisoners of war are regulated by special convention between the belligerent states, according to their respective interests and views of policy. Sometimes prisoners of war are permitted, '“by capitulation, to return to their own country upon condition not to serve again during the war, or until duly exchanged; and officers are frequently released upon their parole, subject to the same condition. By the modern usage of nations, commissaries are permitted to reside in the respective belligerent countries, to negotiate and carry into effect the arrangements necessary for the purpose.

All members of the enemy's state may lawfully be treated as enemies in a public war; but they are not all treated alike. The custom of civilized nations, founded on the general rule derived from natural law, that no use of force is lawful unless it is necessary to accomplish the purposes of war, has therefore exempted the persons of the sovereign and his family, the members of the civil government, women, children, cultivators of the earth, artisans, laborers, merchants, men of science and letters, and generally all public or private individuals engaged in the ordinary civil pursuits of life, from the direct effect of military operations, unless actually taken in arms, or guilty of some misconduct in violation of the usages of war. The application of the same principle has also limited and restrained the operations of war against the territory and other property of the enemy. By the modern usage of nations, which has now acquired the force of law, temples of religion, public edifices devoted to civil purposes only, monuments of art, and repositories of science are exempted from the general operations of war. Private property on land is also exempt from confiscation, excepting such as may become booty in special cases, as when taken from enemies in the field or in besieged towns, and military contributions levied upon the inhabitants of the hostile country. This exemption extends even to the case of an absolute and unqualified conquest of the enemy's country.

The exceptions to these general mitigations of the extreme rights of war, considered as a contest of force, all grow out of the same general principle of natural law, which authorizes us to use such a degree of violence and such only as may be necessary to secure the object of hostilities. Thus, if the progress of an enemy cannot be stopped, a frontier secured, or the approaches to a town cannot be made without laying waste the intermediate territory, the extreme case may justify a resort to measures not warranted by the ordinary purposes of war. But the whole international code is founded on reciprocity. Where, then, the established usages of war are violated by an enemy, and there are no other means of restraining his excesses, retaliation may be justly resorted to in order to compel the enemy to return to the observance of the law which he has violated. The effect of a state of war is to place all the subjects of each belligerent power in a state of mutual hostility. The law of nations has modified this maxim, by legalizing such acts of hostility only as are committed by those who are authorized by the' express or implied command of the state. Such are the regularly commissioned naval and military forces of the state, and all others called out in its defence, or spontaneously defending themselves in case of urgent necessity, without any express authority for that purpose. The horrors of war would be greatly aggravated if every individual of the belligerent states were allowed to plunder and slay the enemy's subjects without being in any manner accountable for his conduct. Hence it is that in land wars, irregular bands of marauders are liable to be treated as lawless banditti, not entitled to the protection of the mitigated uses of war as practised by civilized nations.

The title to property lawfully taken in war may, upon general principles, be considered as immediately diverted from the original owner and transferred to the captor. As to personal property or movables on land, the title is lost to the former proprietor, as soon as the enemy has acquired a firm possession; which, as a general rule, is considered as taking place after the lapse of 24 hours, or after the booty has been carried into a place of safety, infra prcesidia of the captor. In respect to ships and goods taken at sea, the sentence of a competent court is necessary; while, in respect to real property or immovables, the title acquired in war must be confirmed by a treaty of peace before it can be considered as completely valid. But it may be important to determine how far the possession of immovables, and the property arising out of such possession, extend. Grotius simply says that every kind of possession is not sufficient, but that it must be a firm possession, which he explains thus: “ as if a country is so provided with permanent fortifications, that the advance party cannot enter it openly without first making himself master of them by force.” Bynkershoek says: “Possession extends to every thing that is occupied, and what is occupied is placed within our power by the law of nature; but even that is considered as occupied, which is not touched on all sides with our hands or feet.

* * * Hence it is not difficult to discern what may be considered as properly occupied in an occupied country. * * If, from the occupation of a strong place, dominion is exercised over the whole country, yet the victor is not considered in possession of those cities, walled towns, and fortresses, which the sovereign still retains.” There are various modes also in which the extreme rigor of the rights of war may be relaxed at the pleasure of the respective belligerents. 1. A general truce or armistice. This amounts to a temporary peace, and it requires either the previous special authority of the supreme power of the. state, or a subsequent ratification by such power. 2. A partial truce or limited suspension of hostilities may be concluded between the military and naval officers of the respective belligerent states without any special authority for that purpose, where, from the nature and extent of their commands, such an authority is necessarily implied as essential to the fulfilment of their duties. The terms of the armistice should be free from all ambiguity. 3. Capitulations for the surrender of troops, fortresses, and particular districts of country All naturally within the scope of the general powers intrusted to military commanders. 4. Passports, safe conducts, and licenses are documents granted in war to protect persons and property from the general operation of hostilities. A license is an act proceeding from the sovereign authority of the state, which alone is competent to decide on all the considerations of political and commercial expediency by which such an exception from the ordinary consequences of war must be controlled. 5. By rules laid down for the government of an army in an enemy's country in the new relation existing between the invading army and the citizens or subjects of the foreign country.

The martial law order of General Scott in Mexico, given in the article LAW, (Martial,) played so prominent a part in mitigating the horrors of war, as well as in aiding in the conquest of peace, that a concise history of that remarkable order will here find a fitting place. As early as May, 1846, General Scott presented for the consideration of the Secretary of War a project for a law, giving expressly to courts-martial in an enemy's country authority to punish offences, which in the United States are punishable by the ordinary criminal courts of the land. Congress did not, however, act upon the recommendation, and General Scott on the 8th of October, 1846, submitted to Mr. Secretary Marcy the draft of a letter which he recommends should be despatched to each commander of an army now operating against Mexico. “ I am aware (he continues) that it presents grave topics for consideration, which is invited. It will be seen that I have endeavored to place all necessary restrictions on martial law. 1. By restricting it to a foreign hostile country; 2. To offences enumerated with some accuracy; 3. By assimilating councils of war to courts-martial; 4. By restricting punishments to the known laws of some one of the States of the Union; “ (Doc. 59, House of Representatives, 30th Congress, 1st Session.) This project appears to have met with no favor from the Executive. In letters from General Taylor, dated October 6, and October 11, 1846, he reports the “ most shameful atrocities “ as having been committed without punishment, and he asks the Secretary of War " for instructions as to the proper disposition of the culprit “ in a case of cold-blooded murder at Monterey. Mr. Marcy replied Nov. 25, 1846: “ The competency of a military tribunal to take cognizance of such a case as you have presented in your communication of the llth ult., viz., the murder of a Mexican soldier, and other offences not embraced in the express provisions of the Articles of War, was deemed so questionable, that application was made to Congress, at the last session, to bring them expressly within the jurisdiction of such a tribunal, but it was not acted upon. 1 am not prepared to say that, under the peculiar circumstances of the case, and particularly, by the non-existence of any civil authority to which the offender could be turned over, a military court could not rightfully act thereon; yet very serious doubts are entertained upon that point, and the Government does not advise that course. It seriously regrets that such flagrant offender cannot be dealt with in the manner he deserves. I see no other course for you to pursue than to release him from confinement and send him away from the army; and this is recommended.”

The foregoing letter of the cautious War Secretary was written a few days after General Scott had been ordered to the theatre of war, to assume the direction of military operations; but in the opinion of the latter, “ the good of the service, the honor of the United States, and the interests of humanity” demanded that the numerous grave offences not embraced in the Rules and Articles of War should not go unpunished; and accordingly, upon assuming command of the army in Mexico, he did not shrink from the responsibility which his station imposed. He issued his martial law order. Rigid justice was administered to American and Mexican under that order, and it, beyond all doubt, effected as important consequences as any act performed during his brilliant campaign ending with the conquest of peace. (Consult WHEATON'S Elements of International Law ; DUPONCEAU'S Bynkershoek ; GENERAL SCOTT'S Orders in Mexico.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 654-660 ).


WARD, Elijah, congressman, born in Sing Sing, New York, 16 September, 1816; died in Roslyn, Long Island, 7 February, 1882, received a classical education, engaged in commercial pursuits in New York City, and was chosen president of the Mercantile library association in 1839. Afterward he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1843, and practised in New York City. He was judge-advocate-general of the state in 1853-'5, and was elected as a Democrat to Congress, serving from 7 December, 1857, till 3 March, 1859. He was defeated at the next election, but was successful in the following two, serving from 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1865. On being again defeated, he spent two years in Europe and was not again a candidate till 1874, when he defeated his Republican competitor, but he was beaten in the succeeding election by a rival Democrat. In Congress he took part in the discussion of commercial questions, advocating an interoceanic canal, uniform bankruptcy laws, postal subsidies to steamships, and reciprocity with Canada, and opposing a paper currency. In March, 1861, he addressed commercial bodies in New York City in favor of free canals, and in 1871, in response to a request from members of Congress for an expression of his views, proposed freedom of commercial intercourse between the United States and Canada, on which subject he published two reports. Besides single speeches on commercial relations with Canada, the Geneva award, the Hawaiian Treaty, and the shipping act, there has been published a volume of his " Speeches on Commercial, Financial, and other Subjects " (New York, 1877). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 347.


WARD, Durbin, lawyer, born in Augusta, Kentucky, 11 February, 1819; died in Lebanon, Ohio, 22 May, 1886. He moved with his family to Fayette County, Indiana, where he was brought up on a farm, entered Miami University at the age of nineteen, remaining two years, then studied law with Thomas Corwin, and, on being admitted to practice in 1842, became his partner. From 1845 till 1851 he was prosecuting attorney of Warren County, Ohio. He was elected to the first legislature under the present constitution in 1851, was defeated as a Democratic candidate for Congress in 1856, also as nominee for the office of attorney-general of Ohio in 1858, and in 1860 was a member of the Democratic National Convention that met at Charleston. South Carolina, and reassembled at Baltimore, Maryland, in which he supported the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas. He enlisted in the National Army as a private, served in West Virginia under General George B. McClellan, and subsequently took part in the campaigns of General George H. Thomas, being appointed major of the 17th Ohio Infantry on 17 August, 1861, and lieutenant-colonel on 31 December, 1862. He received a disabling wound at Chickamauga and was mustered out without his knowledge; but he obtained the recall of the order, was made colonel of his regiment on 13 November, 1863, and with a crippled arm served through the remainder of the war, being brevetted brigadier-general on 18 October, 1865. In November, 1866, he was appointed U. S. district attorney for the southern district of Ohio, but he was removed when General Grant became president. He entered the state senate in 1870. The plan of the present circuit-court system of Ohio was drafted by him. General Ward was a political orator, and at the Democratic national convention of 1884 presented the name of Allen G. Thurman as a candidate for the presidency. He began, but did not live to complete, a work on constitutional law, to be entitled "The Federal Institutes." A volume of his speeches has been published by his widow (Columbus. 1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 348.


WARD, James Harman, naval officer, born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1806; died near Matthias point, Potomac River, 27 June, 1861. He was appointed as a midshipman in the U.S. Navy, 4 March. 1823, and was allowed to remain under instruction in the military school at Norwich, Vermont, with several other midshipmen. He made a cruise in the "Constitution" in 1824-'8, became a passed midshipman, 23 March, 1829, and was commissioned lieutenant, 3 March, 1831. He was an instructor at the naval academy at Annapolis from its establishment on its present basis in 1845 till 1847. He commanded the steamer " Vixen " of the home Squadron in 1849-50, and was promoted to commander, 9 September, 1853. He was appointed to command the Potomac Flotilla in May, 1861, and immediately essayed to open that river and silence the Confederate batteries on its banks. His flotilla consisted of three small improvised gun-boats, the steamer " Freeborn," "Anacostia," and "Resolute." He attacked and silenced the batteries at Acquia creek, 20 May, 1861, the first time the navy engaged the Confederate batteries during the war. The next day the battle was renewed, and Ward's flotilla was re-enforced by the arrival of the "Pawnee " under Commander Stephen C. Rowan. Ward conducted a series of fights with his flotilla, and succeeded in clearing the banks and keeping the river open. On 27 June, 1861, he planned a landing expedition at Matthias point, and in the bombardment of the batteries he was killed while sighting a gun. He was the author of "Elementary Course of Instruction in Naval Ordnance and Gunnery" (Philadelphia, 1851); "Manual of Naval Tactics" (New York, 1859); and “Steam for the Million" (1860). The first two were used as a text-book at the United States Naval Academy for many years. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 349-350.


WARD, John Elliott, lawyer, born in Sunbury, Liberty County, Georgia, 2 October, 1814. He entered Amherst in 1831, but left on account of the indignation that was manifested toward Georgians after the imprisonment of two Cherokee missionaries, studied law in Savannah, Georgia, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. He attended the lectures in the Harvard law-school before beginning practice, and on his return to Savannah was appointed, in January, 1836, solicitor-general for the eastern district of his state, to fill an unexpired term, at the close of which the legislature continued him in the office. He was appointed U. S. district attorney for Georgia in 1838, but resigned in the following year in order to enter the state legislature. He returned to the house in 1845 and in 1853, when he was chosen speaker, and in 1854 was elected mayor of Savannah. In 1856 he presided over the Democratic National Convention that met in Cincinnati. In 1857 he entered the state senate, and was chosen its president and acting lieutenant-governor of the state, resigning in 1858 on being appointed U. S. minister to China. He departed for his post in January, 1859, and remained till April, 1861, when he returned and resigned in consequence of the adoption by Georgia of the ordinance of secession, although he was strongly opposed to that measure. In January, 1866, he moved from Savannah to New York City, where he has since practised law. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 350.


WARD, John Henry Hobart, soldier, born in New York City, 17 June, 1823. His grandfather, John, a soldier of the Revolution, and his father, James, who fought in the war of 1812, were both disabled by wounds that they received in the service. The son was educated at Trinity Collegiate School, enlisted at the age of eighteen in the 7th U. S. Infantry, and in four years rose through the several grades to that of sergeant-major. In the Mexican War he participated in the siege of Fort Brown, received wounds at Monterey, and was at the capture of Vera Cruz. He was assistant commissary-general of the state of New York from 1851 till 1855, and commissary-general from 1855 till 1859. In the beginning of the Civil War he recruited the 38th New York Volunteers, was appointed colonel of the regiment, and led it at Bull Run and in all the battles of the Peninsula Campaign, and subsequently at the second Bull Run and Chantilly. Being promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 4 October, 1862, he commanded a brigade in the 3d Corps at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania. On the third day at Gettysburg, where he was wounded, as also at Kelly's Ford and Wapping Heights, he was in temporary command of the division. He was again wounded at Spotsylvania, and was frequently commended for courage and capacity, in official reports. After the war he engaged in a civil employment in New York City. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 350.


WARD, John Quincy Adams, sculptor, "born in Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio, 29 June. 1830. At the age of nineteen he began to study with Henry K. Browne, with whom he remained until 1857, assisting him in many of his works. In 1857-'8 he was in Washington modelling busts of Joshua R. Giddings, Alexander H. Stephens, John P. Hale, Hannibal Hamlin, and other public men. At this time he also made his first sketch for the "Indian Hunter," and he subsequently visited the Indian country to make studies for this subject. In 1861 he opened a studio in New York, where he has since resided. He was elected an associate of the National Academy the following year, and an academician in 1863. During this period he made many designs in wax for presentation swords, and executed in 1861 a bronze statuette, "The Freedman," his first full-length figure. It attracted much attention by its subject, and its merits as a work of art won for it the admiration of critics. It was exhibited, together with the "Indian Hunter," at the Paris exposition of 1867, and has been repeated several times by the artist. The " Indian Hunter," completed in 1864 and now in the Central park, was his next work of importance. It won universal praise for its excellence in design and execution, and is among the best of his statues. (See illustration.) New York City possesses several other of his most important works. They are a colossal statue of a citizen soldier for the 7th Regiment (1868); "Shakespeare" (1870-'l); a colossal statue of Washington, on the steps of the Sub-Treasury building in Wall street (1882); ' The Pilgrim" (1884): and a statue of William E. Dodge (1887). His other notable works are "The Good Samaritan," a group to commemorate the discovery of sulphuric ether as an anesthetic (1865), in Boston; statues of Matthew C. Perry, in Newport, Rhode Island (1866), General John F. Reynolds, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (1871), Israel Putnam, in Hartford, Connecticut (1874), George Washington, in Newburyport, Massachusetts (1876), an equestrian statue of General George H. Thomas, in Washington, D. C. (1878), General Daniel Morgan, at Spartansburg, South Carolina, and General Lafayette, in Burlington, Vermont (1880); and the monument to James A. Garfield, in Washington (1887). He is engaged on a large statue of Henry Ward Beecher for the city of Brooklyn. He has also executed various portrait busts, including, besides those already mentioned, Valentine Mott, James T. Brady, Dr. Orville Dewey, and Governor William Dennison, of Ohio. Mr. Ward was vice-president of the National Academy in 1870-'l and president in 1872—His brother, Edgar Melville, artist, born in Urbana, Ohio. 24 February, 1839, studied at the National Academy in 1870-'1, and under Alexandra Cabanel at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, during 1872-'8. He was elected an associate of the National Academy in 1875. and an academician in 1883, and is director of its schools. His more important works are " Paternal Pride" (1878): " Locksmith"; " Lace-Makers "; " Motherly Care "; "The Tobacco-Field" (1881): "Scene in a Foundry"; The Last Shock "; and " The Cobblers " and " The Blessing" (1886). His "Brittany Washerwomen" was at the salon of 1876, the Philadelphia exhibition of 1876, and at Paris in 1878 with " Venetian Water-Carriers " and " The Sabot-Maker." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 350.


WARD, Marcus Lawrence, governor of New Jersey, born in Newark, New Jersey, 9 November, 1812; died there, 25 April, 1884. He received a good education and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was originally a Whig, aided in forming the Republican Party, and was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions in Chicago in 1860 and in Baltimore in 1864. During the Civil War he frequently visited the camps and battle-fields to alleviate suffering, and for his many services was called the Soldiers' Friend. He devised a system by which communication could be transmitted without cost from the soldier on the field to his family, and also established a free pension bureau, which he maintained at his personal expense. In recognition of his patriotism the government gave to the hospital that he equipped in Newark the name of the " U. S. Ward hospital," which after the war was converted into a home for disabled soldiers. In 1862 he was defeated as a candidate for governor of New Jersey, but he held this office in 1865-8. In 1866 he was chosen chairman of the National Republican Committee. He was afterward elected to Congress as a Republican, serving from 1 December, 1873, till 3 March, 1875. In the latter year he declined the office of Indian Commissioner. Governor Ward was an early member of the New Jersey Historical Society, of the Newark Library Association, and the New Jersey Art Union, aided education in the state, improved the condition of the state prison, and was an active philanthropist. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 352.


WARD, Samuel Ringgold, 1817-1866, New York, American Missionary Association (AMA), African American, abolitionist leader, newspaper editor, author, orator, clergyman.  Member of the Liberty Party and the Free Soil Party.  Wrote Autobiography of a Fugitive Negro, His Anti-Slavery Labours in the United States, Canada and England, 1855.  Lecturer for American Anti-Slavery Society.  Member and contributor to the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada.

(Dumond, 1961, p. 330; Mabee, 1970, pp. 128, 135, 136, 294, 307, 400n19; Sernett, 2002, pp. 54-55, 62-64, 94, 117, 121, 126, 142, 149, 157-159, 169, 171-172; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 34, 46, 48, 53, 166, 446-447, 454; Sorin, 1971, pp. 85-89, 96, 104, 132; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, p. 440; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 22, p. 649; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 11, p. 380)


WARD, Thomas W., Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1837-40.


WARD, William Greene, soldier, born in New York City, 20 July, 1832, was graduated at Columbia in 1851, and became a banker. He was lieutenant-colonel of the 12th Regiment of New York Militia, with which he served in the field from 21 April till 5 August, 1861. As colonel of the same regiment he was again in the United States service in 1862, participating as acting brigadier, and personally directing his artillery fire, in the defence of Harper's Ferry, where he was made prisoner and paroled. In 1863 he served again as colonel of the regiment in the Pennsylvania Campaign. He partly invented and greatly improved the Ward-Burton breech-loading rifle. After the war he was made a brigadier-general in the state militia service, and served for nearly twenty years.—William Greene's brother, John, soldier, born in New York City, 30 November, 1838, was graduated at Columbia College in 1858 and at Columbia Law-School in 1860, then studied medicine at the New York University Medical College, taking his degree of M. D. in 1864. During the Civil War he served with his brother in the field as lieutenant, and afterward captain, in the 12th New York National Guard, taking part in September, 1862, in the defence of Harper's Ferry, under a heavy artillery fire for three days, when surrounded by a large part of Lee's army under Stonewall Jackson, when he was made prisoner and paroled. Subsequently he became colonel of the 12th New York Regiment for eleven years, till October, 1877, and for some time he acted as secretary to the National Rifle Association. He is the author of many historical papers and of "The Overland Route to California, and other Poems" (New York, 1875). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp.


WARD, William Thomas, soldier, born in Amelia County, Vs., 9 August, 1808; died in Louisville, Kentucky, 12 October, 1878. He was educated at St. Mary's College, near Lebanon, Kentucky, studied law, and practised in Greensburg. In 1847 he joined a regiment of Kentucky volunteers, was commissioned as major, and served in Mexico till July, 1848. He was elected to the Kentucky legislature on his return, and was a representative in Congress from 1 December, 1851, till 3 March, 1853. He was appointed a brigadier-general in the National Army on 18 September, 1861, organized a brigade of volunteers in Kentucky, commanded all troops south of Louisville and was engaged in the pursuit of General John H. Morgan in 1862. was attached to the Army of the Ohio in November, commanded at Gallatin, Tennessee, and served through General William T. Sherman's campaigns, relinquishing the command of a division in the Cumberland at the beginning of the Atlanta Campaign to assume that of a brigade in the 20th Corps. His men effected a lodgment in the enemy's fortifications at Reseca, and he was severely wounded in the arm and side, but would not leave the field. He was also in the battles before the fall of Atlanta, and in the march to the sea commanded a division, performing effective services in the fights that preceded the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston's army. He was brevetted major-general on 24 February, 1865, and mustered out on 24 August, after which he practised law in Louisville, Kentucky. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 356.


WARDENSVILLE, WEST VIRGINIA, May 7, 1862. U. S. Troops of Mountain Department. Lieutenant-Colonel S. W. Downey with a detachment of cavalry and 125 infantry surprised a guerrilla camp near Wardensville and killed the leader of the gang, Captain John Umbaugh, and 3 of his men. Four of the outlaws were wounded and 12 captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARDENSVILLE, WEST VIRGINIA, May 29, 1862. Maryland Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel S. W. Downey. Major-General J. C. Fremont, reporting to President Lincoln from near Moorefield, under date of May 29, says: "The scouting party of Maryland cavalry, sent out last evening under charge of Lieutenant-Colonel Downey, drove the enemy's pickets through Wardensville this morning, killing 2." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARDENSVILLE, WEST VIRGINIA, December 22, 1862. Troops of the Middle Military Department . Major-General Robert C. Schenck, commanding the district, reported that a supply train sent to General Cluseret, with escort of 300 men, was attacked on the 22nd at Wardensville by 350 of Imboden's force, who were repulsed with a loss of 20 killed, wounded or prisoners. The Federal loss was 6 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARDENSVILLE, WEST VIRGINIA, April 20, 1863. Part of 2nd Division, 8th Army Corps. The "Record of Events" for April 20, says: "Brigadier-General W. L. Elliott, with the 1st brigade and a detachment of the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, made a reconnaissance toward Wardensville and Strasburg, and had a brisk skirmish with the rebels, losing 7 killed, 6 wounded and 14 prisoners." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARDER'S CHURCH, MISSOURI, July 10, 1864. Detachment of 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. A scouting party of 50 men under command of Captain Henslee surprised a gang of guerrillas attending service at Warder's church near Wellington. Two of the outlaws were killed and several wounded, while the attacking party had 1 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARE, John Fothergill Waterhouse, clergyman, born in Boston, 31 August, 1818; died in Milton, Massachusetts, 26 February, 1881, was graduated at Harvard in 1838 and at the divinity-school in 1842. He was first settled as a pastor of the Unitarian Society at Fall River, Massachusetts, afterward was stationed at Cambridgeport, and in 1864 became pastor of the Unitarian Church in Baltimore, Maryland. During his residence in Baltimore he gave much attention to the religious needs and other wants of the Negroes, and before and during the Civil War was an anti-slavery man. Mr. Ware returned to Boston, and in 1872 became pastor of the Arlington Street Church. He organized a Unitarian Society at Swampscott, Massachusetts, of which he was pastor at the time of his death, as well as of the Boston church. He was a favorite with the members of the Grand Army of the Republic, having been a worker among the soldiers during the Civil War, and was a frequent orator before their organizations. He published "The Silent Pastor" (Boston, 1848); "Hymns and Tunes for Sunday-School Worship " (1853-'56-'60); and " Home Life: What it Is, and what it Needs (1873). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 357.


WARE, S., S. Deerfield, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Abolition Society, Vice-President, 1839-


WARE BOTTOM CHURCH, VIRGINIA, May 9, 1864. 85th Pennsylvania and 39th Illinois Infantry. While the Army of the James was intrenching a position on Bermuda Hundred, Colonel Osborn was sent with the two regiments to cover a road on the right of the column. Near the church the enemy's pickets were encountered and driven back beyond the Howlett house, frequent shots being exchanged during the rest of the day. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARE BOTTOM CHURCH, VIRGINIA, May 20, 1864. 10th Army Corps. The Confederates made a determined attack on the pickets in front of Terry's and Ames' divisions, drove them back and occupied a line of the Federal rifle-pits. Later in the day General Gillmore, commanding the corps, ordered Howell's brigade of Terry's division, supported by the 6th Connecticut and 142nd New York of Turner's division, to retake the line. Howell charged the rifle pits, drove the Confederates out and reestablished the line, but lost 149 in killed and wounded in the action. The enemy's loss was not learned. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARE'S POINT, VIRGINIA, February 21, 1863. U. S. Gunboats Freeborn and Dragon. These vessels coming down the Rappahannock river from Tappahannock were fired on by some of Stuart's horse artillery. The casualties, if any, were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 905.


WARFIELD'S, TENNESSEE, December 23, 1864. 1st Division, 4th Army Corps. While the Union troops were in pursuit of Hood's army after the battle of Nashville skirmishes occurred at various places. About 2 p. m. on the 23d the cavalry in advance of Kimball's division came up with the rearguard at Warfield's place, 5 miles south of Columbia. Kimball deployed and sent forward a strong line of skirmishers, and ordered the 1st Kentucky battery to open fire at a distance of about 800 yards. The Confederates were soon driven from their position, leaving a captain and 1 man dead on the field. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 905-906.


WARING, George E., sanitarian, born in Poundridge, New York. 4 July, 1833. He was educated at College Hill, Poughkeepsie, and then studied agriculture with James J. Mapes. During the winter of 1854 he made an agricultural lecture tour through Maine and Vermont, and in 1855 he took charge of Horace Greeley's farm at Chappaqua, New York, which he conducted on shares for two years. In August, 1857. he was appointed agricultural and drainage engineer of Central Park, New York City, where he remained for four years, during which time, among other duties, he prepared the soil of the Mall and set out the four rows of elms upon it. He was appointed in May, 1861, after the opening of the Civil War, major of the Garibaldi Guard, with which he served three months. In August, 1861, he was made major of cavalry by General John C. Fremont and went to St. Louis to join him. There he raised six companies of cavalry under the name of the Fremont Hussars, which were afterward consolidated with the Benton Hussars to form the 4th Missouri Cavalry, of which he was commissioned colonel in January, 1862. In this capacity he served throughout the war, chiefly in the southwest. He settled in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1867, where he became the manager of Ogden farm. Colonel Waring then devoted himself to agriculture and cattle-breeding and to engineering, until the latter occupation required his full attention in 1877. Since that date he has been in active practice as an engineer of drainage. He was appointed in June, 1879, expert and special agent of the 10th Census of the United States, with charge of the social statistics of cities, and he has been a member of the National Board of Health since 1882. After the yellow-fever epidemic in Memphis in 1878 he devised the system of sewerage that was accepted for that city and since that time has been generally adopted. He has invented numerous sanitary improvements chiefly in connection with the drainage of houses and towns. He has been connected with various journals and edited the " Herd-Books of the American Jersey Cattle Club" in 1868-'81, of which organization he was the founder. His other works are "Elements of Agriculture" (New York, 1854); "Draining for Profit and Draining for Health" (1867); "Handy Book of Husbandry" (1870, now called " Book of the Farm"); "A Farmer's Vacation" (Boston, 1875); " Whip and Spur" (1875); " Sanitary Drainage of Houses and Farms" (1876); "The Bride of the Rhine" (1877); "Village Improvements and Farm Villages" (1877); "Sanitary Condition of City and Country Dwelling-Houses" (1877); "Tyrol and the Skirt of the Alps " (New York, 1879); " How to Drain a House" (1885); and "Sewerage and Land Drainage" (1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 358-359.


WARM SPRINGS, NEW MEXICO, June 20, 1863. Detachment of the 1st New Mexico Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARM SPRINGS, NORTH CAROLINA, October 20, 1863. Brigadier-General Orlando B. Willcox in a despatch to General Burnside, dated at Greenville, Tennessee, says: "The rebels made a fresh attack on Warm Springs at daylight, and were repulsed after a skirmish of two hours; 1 killed and 5 wounded on our side." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARM SPRINGS, VIRGINIA, August 24, 1863. (See Averell's Raid.)


WARNER, Adoniram Judson, soldier, born in Wales, Erie County, New York, 13 January, 1834. He was educated at Beloit, Wisconsin, and in New York Central College. Soon after leaving college he became principal of the Lewiston, Pennsylvania Academy and superintendent of public schools of Mifflin County, and he was principal of the Mercer Union schools from 1856 till 1862. In the latter year he entered the National Army as captain in a Pennsylvania regiment, and was successively promoted to lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brevet brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. He participated in several engagements, and was severely wounded at Antietam. After the close of the war he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Indianapolis, Indiana, but never practised, and since 1866 has engaged in the railroad, coal, and iron business. He was elected to Congress from Ohio as a Democrat in 1878, 1882, and 1884. He has published "Appreciation of Money" (Philadelphia, 1877); "Source of Value in Money " (1882); and various pamphlets on the silver and other economic questions. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 359.


WARNER, Charles Dudley, author, born in Plainfield, Massachusetts, 12 September, 1829. His father, a man of culture, died when Charles was five years old. During his early boyhood he had access to few books except biblical commentaries, biographies of austere divines, and some Calvinistic treatises, but he was fond of study, especially of the classics, and in 1851 was graduated at Hamilton with the first prize for English. He has embodied his recollections of his youth in New England in one of his most popular works, " Being a Boy " (Boston, 1877), which is partly an autobiography, and a faithful and amusing picture of rural life in a Calvinistic New England neighborhood fifty years ago. While in college he contributed to the "Knickerbocker " and "Putnam's Magazine." He also prepared a "Book of Eloquence" (Cazenovia, New York, 1853), which displayed a critical and appreciative judgment. He joined a surveying party on the Missouri frontier in 1853, became familiar with varied phases of frontier life, returned to the east in 1854, and was graduated at the law department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1856. He then practised his profession in Chicago, Illinois, till 1860, when he returned to the east and became assistant editor of the " Press,"  an evening newspaper in Hartford, Connecticut, of which he assumed control in the following year. In 1867 the "Press" was consolidated with the "Courant," of which he became a co-editor. He spent fourteen months abroad in 1868-'9, and gained reputation by a series of foreign letters to that journal, which were widely copied. He subsequently travelled extensively in Europe and the East, on his return resumed the editorship of the "Courant," and in 1884 became a co-editor of "Harper's Magazine." His most important work in connection with that monthly has been a series of papers beginning with "Studies in the South," followed by "Mexican Papers" and "Studies in the Great West," in which the educational, political, and social condition of these states are carefully discussed. He has also interested himself in the treatment of social science topics in Connecticut, and was for several years a member of the State commission on prisons, and of the National prison association. He has delivered lectures before educational and other societies, which for the most part have been pleas for a higher individual and national culture, for an enlargement of our collegiate courses, and an improvement in their methods. These include an address at Bowdoin on "Higher Education" (Brunswick, Maine, 1871), a series of lectures on "Literature in Relation to Life," delivered before the law department of Yale (1884), address at the unveiling of Paul Gerhardt's statue of Nathan Hale in the capitol at Hartford (1887), that before the literary societies of Washington and Lee University. Lexington, Virginia, 1888, and one on "Shelley " (1888). He was an ardent Abolitionist during the anti-slavery agitation, and has been a Republican since the formation of the party. Yale gave him the degree of A. M. in 1872, and Dartmouth the same honor in 1884. His career as an author began in 1870. In the spring and summer of that year he wrote for the "Courant a series of sketches, lightly and humorously depicting the experiences of an amateur gardener, into which were woven caustic comments on some of the foibles of social and political life. These papers were published in book-form, with an introduction by Henry Ward Beecher, under the title of "My Summer in a Garden," and met with immediate favor (Hartford, 1870). It was followed by "Saunterings," reminiscences of the author's travels on the European continent (Boston, 1870), and " Backlog Studies" (1872), a collection of essays, a part of which first appeared in "Scribner's Monthly." This book is a panegyric of the kindly influences of the fireside circle, and a discussion of current topics of social life, in the peculiar vein of humor that characterizes the writer. His other works include contributions to the magazines on social, artistic, and literary topics; "Baddeck, and That Sort of Thing" (1874); "My Winter on the Nile" (Hartford. 1876); "In the Levant" (1877); "In the Wilderness" (Boston, 1878); "Captain John Smith" (New York, 1881); "Washington Irving," in the "Men of Letters " series, of which he is editor (Boston, 1881); "Roundabout Journey " (1883); " Their Pilgrimage," a serial, depicting the exploits of an author and an artist on a tour of the Atlantic coast and inland northern and southern watering-places (New York, 1886); and "On Horseback” (1888). He has also published, with Samuel L. Clemens, "The Gilded Age" (1873). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 358-360.


WARNER, Hiram, jurist, born in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, 29 October, 1802; died in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1881. He received an academical education, moved to Georgia in 1819, and taught there for three years. He was admitted to the bar in 1825, and began practice in Knoxville, Georgia ne was a member of the state House of Representatives in 1828-31, was elected in 1833 a judge of the superior court of Georgia, re-elected in 1836, and served till 1840. He was appointed in 1845 a judge of the supreme court of the state, served till 1853, when he resigned, and was elected to Congress in 1855. He was a member of the Charleston Democratic convention in 1860, and opposed the secession movement there and in the Georgia secession convention of 1861. After the war he sustained the Reconstruction Acts of Congress. On the reorganization of the judiciary of the state, he was appointed a judge of the supreme court, and in 1872 he was appointed chief justice of that court. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 360.


WARNER, Olin Levi, sculptor, born in Suffield, Connecticut, 9 April, 1844, began life as a telegraph-operator, but subsequently adopted sculpture as a profession, studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, under Francois Jouffroy, during 1869-'72. His studio is in New York, where he was elected a member of the Society of American Artists in 1877, and an associate of the National Academy in 1888. His works include the statuettes "May" (1872) and "Twilight" (1878); a colossal medallion of Edwin Forrest, which was exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876; "Dancing Nymph " (1879): a fountain for Portland, Oregon, completed in 1888; "Diana" (1888); portrait-statues of Governor William A. Buckingham, which was placed in the capitol in Hartford in 1883, and William Lloyd Garrison (1885) in Boston; and numerous portrait-busts, among them those of Rutherford B. Hayes, owned by the Union league club, New York (1876), and the Reverend William F. Morgan, D. D. (1887). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 360.


WARNER, James, Brooklyn, New York, abolitionist, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, Executive Committee, 1844-1855.


WARNER, John, abolitionist leader, founding member, Electing Committee, Acting Committee, Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 1787 (Basker, 2005, pp. 92, 102; Nathan, 1991)


WARNER, Willard, senator, born in Granville, Ohio, 4 September, 1826. He was graduated at Marietta College in 1845, went to California in 1849, engaged in mercantile business in Cincinnati after his return in 1852, and a few years later became general manager of the Newark Machine-Works. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1860. In December, 1861, he joined the volunteer army as major of the 76th Ohio Infantry, and was engaged at Fort Donelson, at the siege of Corinth, and in the Vicksburg Campaign. In 1863 he became lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, which he led from Vicksburg to Chattanooga, and through the battles of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge, and at Ringgold, where he broke through General Patrick Cleburne's strongly posted lines. In the Atlanta Campaign he served on the staff of General William T. Sherman as inspector-general. On 20 October, 1864, he was appointed colonel of the 180th Ohio Volunteers. He was brevetted brigadier and major-general of volunteers in March, 1865 for gallant and meritorious services, and was mustered out in July. He served one term in the Ohio state senate immediately after the war, moved to the south in 1867, where he engaged in cotton-planting, was a member of the Alabama legislature in the succeeding year, and was elected to the U. S. Senate as a Republican from Alabama on the reorganization of the state government, serving from 25 July, 1868, till 3 March; 1871, when his term ended. He was collector of customs at Mobile. Alabama, from July, 1871, till February, 1872, when he declined the appointment of governor of New Mexico, as he did also that of minister to the Argentine Republic. He was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1868, of the Cincinnati Convention that nominated Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, and of all that have since been held. In 1873 he organized the Tecumseh Iron Company, of which he has since been the general manager, and in 1887 he was elected president and manager of the Nashville Iron, Steel, and Charcoal Company. He resides at Tecumseh, Alabama. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 361.


WARNER, William, congressman, born in Wisconsin in 1840. He was educated at Lawrence University, Wisconsin, and at the University of Michigan, but was not graduated. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, but entered the army in 1862, and served till the end of the Civil War in the 33d and 34th Wisconsin Regiments. He then settled in the practice of his profession at Kansas City, Missouri., became city attorney in 1867, and circuit attorney in 1869, and in 1871 was elected mayor. He was a Republican presidential elector in 1872, U. S. district attorney for western Missouri in 1882-'4, and twice received the votes of the Republican members of the legislature for U. S. Senator. In 1884 he was chosen to Congress, and he was re-elected in 1886. He was the first department commander of the Grand Army of the Republic in Missouri, and was chosen commander-in-chief at the National Encampment in 1888. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 361.


WARRANT. A writ of authority. Warrant officers are such as are immediately below commissioned officers, exercising their authority by warrant only. Cadets are warrant officers. They may be tried by garrison courts-martial; but by the custom of war a court-martial cannot sentence a warrant officer to corporal punishment or reduction to the ranks. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 660).


WARREN, Asa, New York, abolitionist leader (Sorin, 1971).


WARREN, Fitz-Henry, soldier, born in Brimfield, Massachusetts, 11 January, 1816, died there, 21 June, 1878. He emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, in 1844, and became interested in journalism and politics in that locality. He was appointed second assistant postmaster-general in 1849, and afterward served as first assistant. During the Civil War he was in command of the 1st Iowa Cavalry, and he became brigadier-general of volunteers, 16 July, 1862, and afterward major-general by brevet, being mustered out of the service, 24 August, 1865. He was a member of the Iowa State Senate in 1866, minister to Guatemala in 1867-'8, and a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1872. He was editor of the Burlington (Iowa) " Hawkeye" for a time, and was also, at a later period, connected with the "Sun " and the " Tribune " in New York City. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 361-362.


WARREN, Gouverneur Kemble, soldier, born in Cold Spring. New York 8 January, 1830; died in Newport, Rhode Island, 8 August, 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1850, standing second in his class, and was assigned to the Topographical Engineers as brevet 2d lieutenant. After four years of duty in connection with the surveys of the delta of the Mississippi and other river surveys under Captain Andrew A. Humphreys, he engaged in compiling reports of the Pacific Railroad Exploration. In 1855 he accompanied the Sioux Expedition as chief topographical engineer on General William S. Harney's staff, being engaged in the action of Blue Water, and subsequently until 1859 he was occupied in Dakota and Nebraska in making maps of those territories for the exploration of the routes for railroads between Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. The general direction of this route was under Captain Humphreys, and Lieutenant Warren was his principal assistant. He then served at the military academy as assistant professor of mathematics until the beginning of the Civil War, when he entered active service as lieutenant-colonel of the 5th New York Volunteers, of which regiment he became colonel on 31 August, 1861. He was also promoted captain in the engineers on 9 September, 1861. His regiment was ordered to Fortress Monroe and he took part in the action of Big Bethel, where he was the last to leave the field, remaining to rescue the body of Lieutenant John T. Greble, the first officer in the regular army killed in the Civil War. During the remainder of the year he was stationed at Baltimore, where he constructed the fort on Federal Hill. In the spring of 1862 he joined the Army of the Potomac, serving in the Peninsular Campaign, and at Yorktown his regiment formed part of the siege-train under the command of the chief of artillery. He was given a brigade in the 5th Army Corps in May, with which he covered the extreme right of the army and took part in the capture of Hanover Court-House, the pursuit of Confederate cavalry under General James E. B. Stuart, the battle of Gaines's Mills, the affair at Malvern Hill and subsequent battle, and the skirmish at Harrison's Landing. His brigade was then sent to, re-enforce General John Pope, and he participated in  the battle of Manassas. In the subsequent campaign he served with the 5th Corps, was engaged at Antietam, and then took part in the Rappahannock Campaign and the battle of Fredericksburg. On 26 September, 1862, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers for his services at Gaines's Mills. During the winter months of 1862-'3 he did much individual work in reconnoitering and correcting maps, and on 2 February, 1863, he was ordered, as chief of Topographical Engineers, to the staff of General Joseph Hooker, then in command of the Army of the Potomac. Soon after the consolidation of the two Corps of Engineers on 3 March, 1863, he was appointed chief of engineers of the Army of the Potomac, and during the Chancellorsville Campaign he took part in the action on Orange Pike, the storming of Marye's Heights, and the battle of Salem. He continued as chief of engineers under General George G. Meade, and was engaged at Gettysburg, where he seized Little Round Top, the key to the entire National position, and, using General Meade's name as his staff-officer, ordered the 140th New York Regiment, under Colonel Patrick H. O'Rorke (q. v.), to occupy the hill. This was accomplished after a severe hand-to-hand fight. Thereafter he was engaged in engineering duties connected with the passage of the Potomac until 11 August, when on the receipt of his major-general's commission, bearing date of 3 May previous, he was assigned to the temporary command of the 2d Corps. His next important service was during the march on Centerville in October, 1863, when he was attacked by General Ambrose P. Hill, arid, although his force was about one half that of the Confederates, he held his position until he was re-enforced by the 5th Corps. In the official report it was said: "The handling of the 2d Corps in this operation, and the promptitude, skill, and spirit with which the enemy was met, were admirable." When the Army of the Potomac was reorganized into three corps for the Richmond Campaign, he received the permanent command of the 5th Corps and participated in the battles of the Wilderness, North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, and those around Petersburg. Before the battle of Five Forks, General Sheridan, having expressed to General Grant his dissatisfaction with General Warren's habit, of criticising the acts and orders of his superior officers, received authority to remove him, should there be satisfactory reasons for so doing. At Five Forks, when the 5th Corps advanced according to General Sheridan's orders, it was found that the indicated point of attack was too far to the right. This error was corrected by General Warren, who in person led the charge that closed the battle and secured the victory. At this moment he received an order relieving him from the command of his corps. The reasons given by General Sheridan for this act were: 1. "That Warren failed to reach me on the 1st of April, when I had reason to expect him ": 2. ''That the tactical handling of his corps was unskilful ": 3. "That he did not exert himself to get his corps up to Gravelly run church "; and 4. "That when portions of his line gave way he did not exert himself to restore confidence to his troops." In reply to these charges General Warren answered that his first order to relieve General Sheridan on 31 March was received from General George G. Meade at 9.17 P. m., when he had already accomplished General Sheridan's relief by sending troops to his assistance without orders, on his own responsibility, earlier than 5 P. M., also that he carried out his orders to General Meade's entire satisfaction and joined General Sheridan sooner than General Meade had expected: that the only lack of skill was that of General Sheridan, who delivered the attack of the 5th Corps at a point three quarters of a mile distant from the point intended. A court of inquiry, convened in 1879 at General Warren's request, found: 1. That General Warren, after the receipt of General Meade's first order, should have moved his main force sooner than he did. 2. It did not find that his handling of the corps was unskilful. 3. "That there was no unnecessary delay in this march of the 5th Corps, and that General Warren took the usual methods of a corps commander to prevent delay." 4. That "by continuous exertions of himself and staff he substantially remedied matters "; and the court thinks '"that this was for him the essential point to be attended to, which also required his whole efforts to accomplish." General Warren after his removal was assigned by General Grant to the charge of the defences of the Petersburg and Southside Railroad, and then had command of the Department of the Mississippi. On 27 May, 1865, he resigned his commission in the volunteer army and returned to duty as major in the Corps of Engineers, to which grade he had been advanced on 25 June, 1864. He received the successive brevets in the U. S. Army up to major-general, of which the last two were given him on 13 March, 1865. From May, 1865, till his death he was employed in various parts of the country in making surveys and in other works connected with his department. He was made lieutenant-colonel on 4 March, 1879. General Warren was elected a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1858, of the American Philosophical Society in 1867, of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1874, and to the National Academy of Sciences in 1876. A heroic statue by Paul Gerhardt (shown in the accompanying illustration) was unveiled with appropriate ceremonies on Little Round Top, Gettysburg, on 8 August, 1888. His works include "Explorations in the Dakota Country" (2 vols., Washington, 1855-'6); "Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855-'7" (1858): various reports to the government on military and engineering subjects; and a pamphlet giving " An Account of the 5th Army Corps at the Battle of Five Forks" (New York, 1866). See sketch by General Henry L. Abbot in "Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences" (vol. ii., Washington, 1886). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 362-363.


WARREN, James, Cincinnati, Ohio, abolitionist.  Manager, 1833-1834, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), December 1833. (Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833)


WARRENSBURG, MISSOURI, November 18, 1861. U. S. Wagon Trains. Two U. S. wagon trains on their return to Fort Leavenworth without escort were attacked and captured by a band of Confederates. No casualties were reported.


WARRENSBURG, MISSOURI, March 26, 1862. Sixty men of the 7th Missouri Militia Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


Warrensburg, Missouri, March 28, 1862. 1st Illinois Cavalry.


WARRENSBURG, MISSOURI, June 17, 1862. Detachment of 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Lieutenant Sandy Lowe with 18 men came suddenly upon a small squad of bushwhackers at the house of a Mrs. Davenport, 9 miles west of Warrensburg. The outlaws fired upon the militia and then fled, and Lowe pursued until he found his little command surrounded by 80 or 90 Confederates. He succeeded in cutting his way through with a loss of 4 men wounded, killing 8 or 9 guerrillas in the engagement. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARRENSBURG ROAD, Missouri, September 9, 1864. Detachment of 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry. A despatch from Lieutenant-Colonel Bazel F. Lazear contains the following: "Lieutenant Augustine reports that on the 9th he came upon a party of 4 (guerrillas) on the Warrensburg road just as they had completed robbing the Warrensburg mail. In the chase after them he captured 1 of their horses and thinks 1 of the party was wounded." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARRENTON, MISSISSIPPI, February to April, 1863. The Warrenton batteries were part of the Vicksburg defenses. For accounts of the passage of these batteries by the Federal gunboats on February 2 and 3, March 23, and April 22, 1863, see Vicksburg, and also the operations of the Mississippi flotilla in the naval volume. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARRENTON, MISSOURI, October 29, 1864. U. S. Troops of District of St. Louis. Some 900 guerrillas derailed a freight train near Warrenton and had a severe skirmish with the escort of 30 men. Troops from Warrenton were sent to the scene as soon as the news was received. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARRENTON, VIRGINIA, November 5, 1862. Major-General J. E. B. Stuart in reporting operations in Loudoun county stated that a Federal force attacked Warrenton on the 5th, but was repulsed by a portion of the 2nd N. C cavalry. Union reports do not mention the affair.


WARRENTON, VIRGINIA, December 25, 1862. Detachment of Averell's Cavalry Brigade. A scouting parry sent out by Brigadier-General W. W. Averell encountered Confederate pickets within 4 miles of Warrenton and drove them for a mile. On the return, the scouting party was surrounded by about 60 of the enemy and it was with difficulty, because of the jaded condition of the horses, that the Federals cut their way out. Five were reported missing next morning. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARRENTON, VIRGINIA, September 22, 1863. Detachment of 19th New York Cavalry. Twenty-two men of the 19th New York were attacked at the house of one Matthews on the road between Warrenton and Centerville by about 50 Confederates. Six men and 10 horses were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 906.


WARRENTON, VIRGINIA, November 7, 1863. Detachment of 143d Pennsylvania Infantry. Seven men of this regiment acting as pickets were surprised, captured and paroled by a party of Confederates near the Warrenton railroad. The lieutenant commanding was placed under arrest for negligence. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 906-907.


WARRENTON, VIRGINIA, January 7, 1864. Detachment of 3d Pennsylvania Cavalry. A party of Mosby's men charged the reserve picket of the 3d Pennsylvania at daylight, wounded the officer in charge and 6 of his men. Some 18 more were captured, together with 43 horses. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 907.


WARRENTON JUNCTION, VIRGINIA, May 3, 1863. 1st West Virginia and 5th New York Cavalry. Between 9 and 10 a. m., while a portion of the 1st West Virginia cavalry were grooming and feeding their horses, they were attacked by 125 Confederates under Mosby. The attack was a complete surprise to the Federals and after a short resistance they were compelled to surrender. Just as the Confederates were making off with their captives 70 men of the 5th New York cavalry under Major Hammond came up and charged the enemy. A running fight ensued, in which all but 2 of the Union prisoners were released, 3 of Mosby's men killed and 23 captured, of whom 17 were more or less badly wounded. The Federal casualties amounted to 2 killed and 15 wounded. Warrenton Springs, Virginia, November 15, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 9th Army Corps. As the brigade was passing from Warrenton or Sulphur springs toward Fayetteville it was opened upon by a battery planted on a hill south of the Rappahannock, the greater part of the fire being directed against the wagon train. A regiment was sent back to protect the train and Durell's battery was brought to bear upon the hill from which the enemy was firing, though it was not until another battery of 20-pounder Parrotts opened upon them that the Confederate pieces were silenced. A portion of the enemy's cavalry charged the bridge during the artillery duel, but was repulsed by two companies of the 7th Rhode Island infantry. The casualties in this affair were 1 killed and 4 wounded on the Federal side; the enemy's loss, if any, was not ascertained. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 907.


WARRENTON SPRINGS, Virginia, October 12, 1863. (See Sulphur Springs.)


WARSAW, MISSOURI, October 7, 1863. Colonel Joseph O. Shelby (Confederate), reporting his raid in Arkansas and Missouri, states that on the morning of the 7th he reached Warsaw and found quite a force of Federals drawn up in line to dispute his crossing of the river. A regiment was dismounted and sent straight at the opposing force and Shelby was soon in possession of the town. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 907.


WARSAW, MISSOURI, October 29, 1863. Detachment of 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. A scouting party of 25 men came upon some stragglers belonging to Shelby's Confederate command and attacked them vigorously. The result was the killing of 2 or 3 Confederates and the capture of a number of horses and a quantity of stolen goods. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 907.


WARSAW, NORTH CAROLINA, July 5, 1863. 3d New York Cavalry. While this regiment was destroying stores, railroad supplies, etc., at Warsaw during a raid on the Wilmington & Weldon railroad, the pickets kept up a desultory firing with the guerrillas who were harassing the command. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 907.


WARSAW, VIRGINIA, March 12, 1865. 3d Brigade, 3d Division, 24th Army Corps. Colonel S. H. Roberts, commanding the brigade, was on an expedition from Fortress Monroe into Westmoreland county. On the morning of the 12th he landed his troops at Kinsdale and moved directly on Warsaw, where he found a body of Mosby's guerrillas under the command of a Lieutenant-Colonel Chapman. Roberts at once gave chase, but, the enemy being better mounted than the Union cavalry, were able to make their escape without much difficulty. At every cross-road they would separate into smaller parties, thus making the pursuit so difficult that it was abandoned. The Union loss was 6 men wounded and 3 captured. Several of the enemy were known to be killed or wounded and 2 were taker prisoners. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 907-908.


WARTBURG, TENNESSEE, June 17, 1863. Detachment of 1st East Tennessee Mounted Infantry. As an incident of his raid in East Tennessee Colonel W. P. Sanders sent 400 men of the 1st East Tennessee regiment to surprise and capture a Confederate detachment stationed at Wartburg. The movement was successfully executed, 104 prisoners being taken, besides a quantity of stores, ammunition, etc., and a number of horses and mules. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 908.


WARTRACE, TENNESSEE, April 11, 1862. 42nd Indiana Infantry. The camp of the 42nd Ind. at Wartrace was surprised by a detachment of the 8th Tennessee Confederate cavalry. After a short engagement the enemy was repulsed with a loss of 3 killed and 8 wounded. The Federal casualties, if any, were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 908.


WARTRACE, TENNESSEE, October 6, 1863. 1st and 3d Brigades, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. Colonel William W. Lowe, commanding the two brigades of cavalry, telegraphed the following to General Rosecrans on the 6th: "After a march of 35 miles today, succeeded in coming up with the enemy at Wartrace. Fight lasted about one hour, enemy at last retreating in the direction of Shelbyville. Followed some 3 miles." The affair was an incident of Wheeler and Roddey's raid. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 908.


WARWICK AND YORKTOWN ROADS, VIRGINIA, April 5, 1862. 1st Division, 3d Army Corps. On the 4th General McClellan issued orders for the movements of the army the following day. General Heintzelman, commanding the 3d corps, was directed to move Porter's division to the junction of the Warwick and Yorktown roads, with Hamilton's division in supporting distance. When the forks of the roads were reached skirmishers soon became engaged with the enemy's pickets. Morell's brigade was deployed on the right and left of the road, Weeden's and Griffin's batteries were brought up and opened fire on the enemy, driving him from intrenchments to the shelter of the woods. Berdan's sharpshooters were deployed as skirmishers and after a time Martindale's brigade relieved Morell's, which took a position in support. Martin's battery was moved to the left, along the Warwick road and shelled the enemy's position in its front. Skirmishing continued throughout the day, the Union casualties being 4 killed and 31 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 908.


WARWICK SWAMP, VIRGINIA, July 12, 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. The brigade, commanded by Colonel J. I. Gregg, moved out on the Jerusalem plank road on a reconnaissance. When near Warwick swamp the 2nd and 4th Pennsylvania were sent on in advance, and after crossing the swamp found an unoccupied barricade, which was removed. About 200 yards beyond the barricade the 2nd Pennsylvania, which was in advance, was charged by a brigade of the enemy's cavalry and compelled to fall back to the line of the swamp, where Colonel Brinton, commanding the regiment, was reinforced by the 4th and the position was held until the two regiments were ordered to withdraw. The Union loss was 12 wounded and 31 missing. The enemy's loss was not ascertained. Washington, Louisiana, April 22, 1863. (See Bayou Boeuf.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 908.