Toucey through Tyner

TOUCEY, Isaac, statesman, born in Newtown, Fairfield County, Connecticut, 5 November, 1796; died in Hartford, Connecticut, 30 July, 1869. He was descended from Thomas, first Congregational minister of Newtown. He received a private classical education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1818 at Hartford, where he afterward practised. He was state's attorney for Hartford County in 1822-26, a representative in Congress from the First Connecticut District in 1835-'9, and was again state's attorney for Hartford County in 1842-'4. He was unsuccessful as the Democratic candidate for governor of Connecticut in 1845, and in 1846, there being no choice by the people, was elected by the legislature, but he was again defeated in 1847. He was appointed Attorney-general of the United States, serving from 21 June, 1848, till 3 March, 1849, and was also for part of this time acting Secretary of State. He was a member of the state  senate in 1850, and of the state house of representatives in 1852, and was elected a U. S. Senator from Connecticut as a Democrat, serving from 14 May, 1852. till 3 March, 1857. Mr. Toucey was appointed by President Buchanan Secretary of the Navy, served from 6 March, 1857, till 3 March, 1861, and afterward returned to Hartford and resumed the practice of his profession. He was charged with favoring the cause of the seceding states while Secretary of the Navy by deliberately sending some of the best vessels of the U.S. Navy to distant seas to prevent their being used against the Confederates. This was denied, but he was generally thought to sympathize with the south and to be opposed to prosecution of the war. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 142.


TOUSEY, Sinclair, publisher, born in New Haven. Connecticut, 18 July, 1818; died in New York City, 16 June, 1887. He received the rudiments of a common-school education, and was employed on farms and as a clerk till 1836, when he came to New York and became a newspaper-carrier. He was subsequently an agent till 1840, and established and published in Louisville, Kentucky, the "Daily Times," the first penny paper that was issued west of the Alleghany Mountains. He engaged in farming in New York State in 1840-'53, and in the autumn of the latter year became partner in a news agency in Nassau Street. In May, 1860. Mr. Tousey became sole proprietor of the agency, the business of which had increased from $150,000 to $1,000,000 per annum. The American News Company was organized, 1 February, 1864, and he was elected president, which office he held till his death. He joined the Republican Party at its organization, was an enthusiastic Abolitionist, writing and speaking against slavery, was at one time a vice-president of the Union League Club, and took an active interest, in philanthropic schemes and organizations. He published "Papers from over the Water" (New York, 1869). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 144.


TOWALIGA BRIDGE, GEORGIA, November 17, 1864. 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Mississippi. On this date, while the division, commanded by Brigadier-General Judson Kilpatrick, was pursuing Wheeler's cavalry and the Georgia militia from Lovejoy's Station toward Griffin, the advance came up with a detachment of the enemy near the Towaliga river. The Confederates hurried across the stream and burned the bridge, thus checking the pursuit for the time being. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 874-875.


TOWER BASTION is one which is constructed of masonry, at the angles of the interior polygon of some works; and has usually vaults or casemates under its terre-plein, to contain artillery, stores, &c. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 614).


TOWER, Zealous Bates, soldier, born in Cohasset,  Massachusetts, 12 January, 1819. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1841, first in a class of fifty-two, among whom were Horatio G. Wright, Thomas J. Rodman, Nathaniel Lyon, and Don Carlos Buell. He was promoted 2d lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, 1 July, 1841, assigned to duty as assistant to the board of engineers, and in 1842 as principal assistant, professor of engineering at West Point. During the years 1843-'6 he was engaged on the defences of Hampton Roads. He served with great credit in the war with Mexico in 1846-'8, especially at Cerro Gordo, Contreras (where he led the storming column), Chapultepec (where he was wounded), and in the final assault and capture of the city of Mexico. He became 1st lieutenant in April. 1847, and captain, 1 July, 1855. During 1848-'8 he was engaged upon river and harbor improvements, on the building of the San Francisco custom-house, and on the board to project the defences of the Pacific Coast. He was promoted major of engineers, G August, 1861, and assigned as chief engineer of the defence of Fort Pickens. For his conduct there he was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers, 23 November, 1861, the date of the bombardment. He participated, in command of troops, in the operations in northern Virginia, under General Nathaniel P. Banks and General John Pope, until the second battle of Bull Run, 30 August, 1862, where he was severely wounded. Upon his recovery he served as superintendent of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point from July till September, 1864, when he rejoined the armies in the field as chief engineer of the defences of Nashville, took part in the battle, and held responsible staff offices in the military divisions of the Mississippi and Tennessee until the close of the war. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of engineers in 1805, and mustered out of volunteer service, 15 January, 1866. Thereafter General Tower was employed in the supervision of the work of improving the great harbors, both for commercial and military purposes, until 13 January. 1874, when he was promoted colonel of engineers, and, having served more than forty years, was, at his own request, retired from active service. He received eight brevets for "gallant and meritorious service" in war—from 1st lieutenant, 18 April, 1847, for Cerro Gordo, to major-general, U. S. Army, 13 March, 1865. General Tower is one of the original members of the Aztec Club, founded in the city of Mexico, 13 October, 1847, by the officers of General Scott's army. He is the author of" An Analytical Investigation of the Possible Velocity of the Ice-Boat," published in “Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 146.


TOWN CREEK, ALABAMA, April 27-28, 1863. (See Courtland, Expedition to.)


TOWN CREEK, ALABAMA, December 29, 1864. (See Hillsboro, same date.)


TOWN CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, February 19-20, 1865. (See Fort Anderson and Wilmington.)


TOWNSEND, Edward Davis, soldier, born in Boston,  Massachusetts, 22 August, 1817. His paternal grandfather, David was a surgeon in the Massachusetts line during the Revolution, and his maternal grandfather was Elbridge Gerry. His father, David S. Townsend, was an officer of the U. S. Army and lost a leg at the battle of Chrysler's Field in the war of 1812. Edward was educated at Boston Latin school and at Harvard, and was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1837. He became 2d lieutenant in the 2d U.S. Artillery, 1 July, 1837, was adjutant in 1838-'46, promoted 1st lieutenant in 1838, assistant adjutant-general with brevet rank of captain in 1846, captain in 1848, brevet major in 1852, lieutenant-colonel, 7 March, 1861, colonel, 3 August, 1861, and adjutant-general with rank of brigadier-general, 22 February, 1869. He served during the Florida War in 1837-'8, on the northern frontier during the Canada border disturbances in 1838-'41, and thenceforward in the office of the adjutant-general of the army and as chief of staff to Lieutenant-General Scott in 1861. He was brevetted brigadier general, U. S. Army, 24 September, 1864, "for meritorious and faithful service during the rebellion," and major-general. 13 March. 1865, for "faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services in the adjutant-general's department during the rebellion." He was retired from active service, 15 June, 1880. During the entire Civil War General Townsend was the principal executive officer of the war department, and was perhaps brought into more intimate personal contact with President Lincoln and Secretary of War Stanton than any other military official. As adjutant-general of the army he originated the plan of a U. S. military prison, urged legislation on the subject, and established the prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. General Townsend is a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He is the author of "Catechism of the Bible—The Pentateuch" (New York, 1859); "Catechism of the Bible—Judges and Kings " (1862); and "Anecdotes of the Civil War in the United States" (1884). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 147-148.


TOWNSEND, Frederick, soldier, born in Albany, New York, 21 September, 1825. He was graduated at Union College in 1844, and admitted to the bar. Having a leaning toward military matters, he became adjutant-general of the state in 1856. He found the militia in a most disordered condition and addressed himself to the task of making it what it ought to be. He prepared an annual report from this department for the first time, and he was reappointed by the next governor of the state. To his efficiency is due the fact that the state of New York sent so many troops to the field in the Civil War. He declined a reappointment as adjutant general in 1861, and organized a regiment, being commissioned colonel. He took part in the battle of Big Bethel, but soon afterward he was commissioned a major in the regular army and resigned his colonelcy. As major his duties led him to organize troops in Columbus, Ohio. Afterward he participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, and other engagements at the west. In 1863 he was detailed as assistant provost-marshal-general in Albany, which position he filled for several years. In 1867 he was ordered to California and made a thorough inspection of all the military posts in Arizona. In 1868 he resigned from the army, and he has resided in Albany since that time. In 1878 he was appointed a brigadier-general in the state militia, and he afterward became adjutant-general of the state under Governor Alonzo B. Cornell. In this post he again addressed himself to the condition of the citizen soldiers and increased their numbers to 12,000 effective men. He successfully urged the adoption of a state service uniform and a state military camp.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 148.


TOWNSEND, George Alfred, author, born in Georgetown, Delaware, 30 January, 1841. His father, the Reverend Stephen Townsend, a Methodist clergyman for half a century, studied and practised medicine at the age of fifty, and at seventy obtained the degree of Ph. D. by actual university study. The son was educated mainly in Philadelphia, where he began writing for the press and speaking in public, and in 1860 adopted the profession of journalism. In 1862 he was a war-correspondent of the New York "Herald," describing for that journal McClellan's Peninsula Campaign and Pope's Campaign in Northern Virginia. Later in the year he went to Europe, where he wrote for English and American periodicals, and lectured on the Civil War. In 1864 he became war-correspondent of the New York "World." was permitted to sign his letters, and quickly made a reputation as a descriptive writer. After the war he became a professional lecturer, continuing also his miscellaneous writing for the press, and. going to Europe, described the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. His pen-name, "Gath," was first used in 1868 in letters to the Chicago "Tribune." In 1885 he built a house on the battle-field of Crampton's Gap, South Mountain, Maryland, where a small village has since sprung up, to which he gives the name Gapland. His publications in book-form are " The Bohemians, a play (New York, 1862); "Campaigns of a Non-Combatant" (1865); "Life of Garibaldi" (1867); "Real Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1867): "The New World compared with the Old " (1868); "Poems" (1870): "Washington Outside and Inside" (1871); "Mormon Trials at Salt Lake" (1872); "Washington Re-builded " (1873); "Tales of the Chesapeake" (1880); "Bohemian Days" (1881); "Poetical Addresses" (1883); "The Entailed Hat" (1884); "President Cromwell." a drama (1885); "Katy of Catoctin." a novel (1886); and a Campaign life of Levi P. Morton (1888). He is now writing a romance entitled "Dr. Priestley, or the Federalists." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 148.


TOWNSEND, Jonas Holland, 1820-1872, African American, journalist, abolitionist leader, community activist. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 11, p. 216)


TOWNSEND, Robert, naval officer, born in Albany, New York, in 1819; died at sea, off Shanghai, China, 15 August, 1866. He was graduated at Union in 1835, and entered the U. S. Navy the same year as a midshipman. He served in the Mexican War in 1846-'7, was engaged in the capture of Vera Cruz, became 1st lieutenant in 1850, and resigned from the navy in 1851. At the beginning of the Civil War he re-entered the service as acting lieutenant, participated under Admiral David G. Farragut in the passage of the forts below New Orleans, and the taking of that city, and did efficient service in command of the " Miami" in the sounds of North Carolina. He was restored to the regular navy in 1862, with the rank of commander, was in charge of the iron-clad " Essex " at the siege of Port Hudson, and was subsequently division commander under Admiral David D. Porter, and in the Red River Campaign. He became captain in 1866, and afterward was ordered to the East Indian Squadron, where his conduct of affairs at Newchwang, China, preserved the peace of the port, and at the same time did not interfere with the authority of the native officials. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 149.


TOWNSEND, Thomas S., compiler, born in New York City, 27 August, 1829. His father, John R., was a well-known member of the New York bar. The son received a classical education, and at an early age entered the mercantile firm of Lawrence, Trimble and County, New York City. In 1860 he determined to form a chronological history of every important occurrence in connection with the impending Civil War by preserving from the newspapers every statement of value relating to any circumstance that directly or indirectly led to secession, to national complications growing out of the struggle, to the cause, conduct, and results of the rebellion, to personal records of soldiers from the lowest to the highest rank, and to the military and civil history of the Union and the Confederacy. This journalistic record comprises about 120 volumes containing 60,000 pages. William Cullen Bryant said of it: "The age has given birth to few literary undertakings that will bear comparison with this work. The forty academicians who compiled the dictionary of the French language had a far less laborious task." This collection is now in Columbia College library, New York City. He has delivered numerous lectures and addresses on the subject of the war, including an oration on Memorial day, 1885, in Brooklyn, New York, on " The Empire State in the Rebellion." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 149-150.


TOWNSHEND, Norton Strange, educator, born in Clay-Coton, Northamptonshire, England, 20 December, 1815. He came to this country in 1830, and settled with his parents in Avon, Ohio, where he attended school and also taught. Subsequently he began the study of medicine, and was graduated in 1840 at the College of physicians and surgeons in New York. He then went abroad, and, after attending the World's anti-slavery convention in London in July, 1840, as the delegate of the Anti-slavery society of Ohio, he studied in the hospitals of Paris, Edinburgh, and Dublin. In 1841 he returned to Elyria, Ohio, where he settled in the practice of his profession, but in 1848 he was elected to the Ohio legislature, where he was active in securing a repeal of the 'black laws " of that state and the return of Salmon P. Chase to the U. S. Senate. He was a member of the convention that in 1850 framed the present constitution of Ohio, and in the same year was elected as a Democrat to Congress, serving from 1 December 1851, till 3 March, 1853. At the end of his term he was elected to the Ohio Senate, where he introduced measures that led to the founding of an asylum for training imbecile youth, of which institution he was a trustee for twenty-one years. Later he was active with Dr. John S. Newberry and others in the movement that aimed to establish an agricultural college in Ohio. In 1858 he was chosen a member of the board of agriculture and served till 1863, also in 1868-9. Early in 1863 he was appointed medical inspector in the U. S. Army, and he served in that capacity until the end of the Civil War. In 1867 he was named a member of the committee that was appointed to examine and report upon the system of wool appraisement and duties in the custom-houses of Boston, New York, and elsewhere, prior to the tariff revision of that year. He was appointed professor of agriculture in Iowa agricultural college in 1869, but resigned a year later to accept the appointment of trustee and assist in founding the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Ohio, in which institution, now known as the University of Ohio, he has held since 1873 the chair of agriculture. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 151.


TOWNSHIP, FLORIDA, January 26, 1863. Detachment of 1st South Carolina Colored Infantry. The report of Colonel T. W. Higginson, of the 1st South Carolina, commanding an expedition up the Saint Mary's river, contains the following: "At Township, Florida, a detachment of the expedition fought a cavalry company which met it unexpectedly on a midnight march through pine woods and which completely surrounded us. They were beaten off with a loss on our part of 1 man killed and 7 wounded, while the opposing party admits 12 men killed, besides many wounded." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 875.


TOWNSLEY, Theodore, radical abolitionist, follower of abolitionist John Brown (see entry for John Brown.) (Rodriguez, 2007, p. 206)


TRACING. (See OUTLINE.)


TRACY, Henry W., Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


TRACY CITY, TENNESSEE, January 20, 1864. Detachment of 20th Connecticut Infantry. By a sudden dash into Tracy City some 150 Confederates under Captain Joe Carter cut off Captain Upson, commander of the garrison, with 6 of his men. The remainder of the garrison took refuge in the stockade. The Confederates sent in a demand to surrender, and when it was refused a number of the railroad buildings were fired. The enemy withdrew at dusk. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 875.


TRADE. Licenses to trade with Indians shall not be granted to any but citizens of the United States, unless by express direction of the President; (Act April 29, 1816.) The superintendent of Indian affairs in the Territories, and Indian agents under the direction of the President of the United States, may grant licenses, not exceeding seven years, to trade with Indians; which licenses shall be granted to citizens of the United States and none others, taking from them bonds with securities, in the penal sum not exceeding five thousand dollars according to capital employed, and conditioned upon the due observance of the laws regulating trade and intercourse with Indian tribes. The superintendents and agents shall return to the Secretary of War, within each year, an abstract of the licenses granted, to be laid before Congress at the next session thereof; (Act May 6, 1822.)

Unlicensed trade punishable by forfeiture of merchandise, a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding thirty days; (Act March 30, 1802.) Receiving, or purchasing from any Indian, in the way of trade or barter a gun, any instrument of husbandry, or article of clothing, except skins or furs, punishable by forfeiture not exceeding fifty dollars and thirty days' imprisonment; (Act March 30, 1802.) The purchase of horses from Indians without license from the superintendent or other person authorized by the President to grant licenses, punishable with forfeiture not exceeding one hundred dollars for every horse purchased; (Act March 30, 1802.) No agent, superintendent, or other person authorized to grant licenses to trade or purchase horses shall have any interest or concern with any trade with Indians, excepting for and on account of the United States, under penalty of forfeiture not exceeding one thousand dollars and imprisonment not exceeding twelve months; (Act March 30, 1802. See WAR.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 614-615).


TRAIL-HANDSPIKE for field-carriages, 53 inches in length. (Hickory, or young oak.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 615).


TRAIN. At the beginning of the French Revolution, artillery, engineer, and other supplies, and hospital trains were conducted by hired drivers. These men had neither military pride nor honor. They were cowardly and insubordinate, deserted in combats, cut the traces of their horses, and sought personal safety by abandoning equipages. On march and in camp or cantonments they were not unfrequently drunk and neglected their horses. These evils were corrected by enrolling them under the name of soldiers of the artillery train and equipages. They were given officers, a uniform and arms, and have since rivalled other corps of the army in zeal, courage, and devotedness. The artillery train now forms a part of the artillery, and is commanded by artillery officers. The train of provisions and ambulances is composed of squadrons and companies. The squadrons are commanded by a captain, and the companies by a lieutenant. Each soldier conducts two harnessed horses. He is armed with a pistol and a small sword.

In 1850 the corps of military equipages in France consisted of a central bureau for wagon parks at Vernon; of two arsenals of construction at Vernon and at Chateauroux; of three arsenals for repair in Algiers; and three companies of workmen. The soldiers properly belonging to the train made four squadrons. (Consult BARDIN and LE COUTRIER.) The quartermaster's department in our army is charged with wagon trains, but neither enlisted soldiers as workmen or drivers have yet been added to the department. (See CONVOY; QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT; WAGON.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 615-616).


TRAIN, Charles Russell, lawyer, born in Framingham,  Massachusetts, 18 October, 1817, was graduated at Brown in 1837, studied law at Harvard, and was called to the bar in 1841. He was elected a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1847, and was U. S. district attorney for northern Massachusetts from 1848 till 1851. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1853, a member of the governor's council in 1857-'8, and was elected to Congress in 1859, serving until 1863. He was a volunteer aide on the staff of General George H. Gordon, and took part in the battle of Antietam. He was again in the Massachusetts legislature from 1868 till 1871, and was attorney-general from 1871 till 1878. He published, in conjunction with Franklin F. Heard, "Precedents of Indictments, Special Pleas, etc., adapted to American Practice, with Notes" (Boston, 1855). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp.


TRANSFERS. Officers of engineers are liable to be transferred, at the discretion of the President, from one corps to another, regard being paid to rank; (ART. 63.) During the recess of Congress, the President may, on the application of the Secretary of the proper department and not otherwise, direct, if in his opinion necessary for the public service, that a portion of the moneys appropriated for any one of the following, branches of expenditure in the military department, viz.: For the subsistence of the army; for forage; for the medical and hospital department; for the quartermaster's department be applied to any other ( f the above-mentioned branches of expenditure in the same [military] department; (Act March 3, 1809.) No appropriation for the service of one year shall be transferred to another branch of expenditure of a different year; (Act May 1, 1820.)

Nothing in the act of March 3. 1809, shall authorize the President to direct any sum appropriated for fortification, arsenals, armories, custom-houses, docks, navy-yards or buildings of any sort, or to munitions of war, or to the pay of the army or navy, to be applied to any other object of public expenditure; (Act March 3, 1817.) But the President, under the restrictions of the act of Alay 1, 1820, may transfer from one head of appropriations for fortifications to that of another for like objects; (Act. July 2, 1836.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 616)


TRANSPORTATION. (See QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT; SUPPLIES; TRAIN; WAGON.)

By Sea. For transportation by sea, make an inventory of the number of articles, the weight of each, and the total weight of each kind, leaving room for remarks. In estimating the weight, increase the total by one half the weight of the small articles, such as accoutrements, tools, &c., which occupy considerable space in proportion to their weight, and apply for vessels sufficient for the transportation of the whole weight. Inventories of articles on each vessel should be made in duplicate, one copy being kept by the master of the vessel, the other by the person having the stores in charge. (See EMBARKATION.)

Horses. The following arrangements on the English horse-transport steamer Himalaya, Capt. McClellan, gives as a model: Two rows of stalls, with the rear ends 2 1 at least from the vessel's side, are arranged on each deck. These stalls (Fig. 230) are each furnished with movable side-boards, a movable breast-board, and a fixed tail-board, all padded; the side-boards on both sides, the tail-board next to the horse and nearly to the bottom of the stall, and the breast-board on top and on the side next the horse. The padding used consists of felt, or raw hide, (the FIG. 230. n latter objectionable on account of the odor,) stuffed with cow's hair wherever the animal can gnaw it, with straw in other parts. It is from 2" to 3" thick. The feed-troughs are of wood, bound on the edges with sheet-iron or zinc, and attached to the breast-boards with two hooks. The breast and side-boards ship in grooves. Fig. 230 represents the horizontal projection of one stall. In front of each head-post a haltering A is placed, and over this near the top of the post is a hook, to which the sea-halter is hung when not in use. The feed-troughs, headboards, and stalls are whitewashed and numbered. FIG. 231.

Fig. 231 represents a section of one of these stalls through the axis. The flooring is raised above the deck on battens, and is divided into separate platforms for every two stalls, so that it can easily be raised to clean the deck beneath; 4 strong battens are nailed across to give the animals a foot-hold.

Fig. 232 is a section through the side-boards of a stall, and shows the dimensions of the timbers and height of side-boards, as well as the manner of inserting them in their grooves. B is the hook for hanging FIG. 232. up the sea-halter. This halter is made of double canvas, 2 f wide, and has two ropes, which, being fastened one to each post, keep the animal's head still, and prevent him from interfering with his neighbor. C and E are battens for securing the ropes of the slings, shown in Fig. 233. Z, bolts, for the same purpose, when the sling is of the form represented in Fig. 234. On the spar deck, the stalls are under sheds, every 8 stalls forming a separate set, so that they can readily be moved about when the decks are to be cleaned. Water-proof curtains are provided for the front and rear; a passage way of at least 2' is left between the sheds and the bulwarks. When practicable, a staging is erected alongside, that the horses may be walked on and off the vessel; when this cannot be done, they are hoisted on board in the sling, a small donkey engine being used for the purpose. In this way, horses may be shipped or unloaded at the rate of one per minute. The slings are of canvas, of the shape and dimensions represented in Figs. 233 and 234. For hoisting in and out the horses, the sling is provided with a breast strap and breeching. On the main and orlop decks the sling ropes are attached to the bolts; on the spar deck to battens. It was intended to adopt the sling represented in Fig. 234, as diminishing vibration. At sea, the sling is used only when the animals show signs of weakness in bad weather, in which case about 1" play is given to the sling, as it is only intended to prevent the horses from falling. To place the horses in the stalls, all the side-boards are removed except the one at the end of the row; a horse is then walked along to the last stall, and the other side-board put in, and so on with all the rest. They should be placed FIG. 234 in the same order that they are accustomed to stand in the stable or at the picket rope. If it becomes necessary to remove a horse from his stall during the voyage, the breast-board is taken away, and he is walked out. All wooden parts are washed with some disinfecting compound, or simply whitewashed. Chloride of zinc is freely used. The decks are washed every day, and the stalls cleaned after every feed, especially at 7 P.M. From the spar and main decks, the stale passes off through the scuppers; from the orlop deck it passes to the hold, and is pumped out by the engine. On the Himalaya not the slightest disagreeable odor could be detected. The feed-troughs and horses' nostrils are washed every morning and evening with vinegar. A scraper, brush, and shovel are allowed to every eight stalls. A guard always remains over the horses, and in case of necessity a farrier or non-commissioned officer is sent for. Great attention is paid to ventilation. The orlop deck, although hotter than the others, appears to be the most favorable one for the horses.

So long as cleanliness is preserved, the commander of the vessel does not interfere as to the hours for feeding, which are usually at 6 and 11 A.M. and 5 P.M. If any horse refuses his food, the fact is at once reported. A supply of forage is always carried on board the ship. The horses drink condensed steam. The ration at sea was established at 10 lbs. of hay, 6 lbs. of oats, half peck of bran, and 6 galls, of water, as a maximum; but it is generally considered this is too great, and that of the allowance except the water, would be ample, as it is found there is great danger from over-feeding at sea. No grain is given the day the horses come on board, but simply a mash of bran, which is considered the best habitual food at sea. For the men, bunks and hammocks are generally used. Standing bunks are found to be very objectionable, on account of the difficulty of keeping them clean. Hammocks are regarded as preferable for men in good health, while many officers consider it best to provide neither hammocks nor bunks, but to allow the men to lie down on the fore-decks, with their blankets and overcoats. When the transports are numerous, each one should have on the starboard and larboard, and on a broad pendant at the top of the mainmast, an easily distinguished number. By means of these numbers, which are marked on the bills of lading, the disposable resources of the expedition are known at any time. Vessels carrying some particular flag should be specially appropriated for the transportation of powder, fire-works, and ammunition, which may be separated from the pieces.

Disembarkation. If it becomes necessary to transship, or leave any articles upon the vessels, the fact should be carefully noted on the manifests. The ships' crews load and unload, using for these purposes the yard-arms and tackle. It is ordinarily sufficient to furnish them with rollers and skids, in order to place the articles convenient to the tackle. Under some circumstances, it becomes necessary to establish bridge abutments, sheers, gins, &c. For the want of the ordinary means, a temporary crane may be established. To do this a long mortise is cut in a beam about of the distance from its end, and upon the ground is fixed a framework, furnished with a strong vertical pin. The beam is laid on this frame with the pin in the mortise, like an ordinary pintle, but in such a way that the ends of the beam can be raised and lowered. The shortest part of the beam is then turned towards the load, and the different weights being slung to it, are raised by lowering the opposite end, previously raised to make the lashing shorter. The beam is then turned around on its pintle until the weight is in the proper position, when it is lowered gently and unlashed. If a tree or beam fit for the purpose cannot be obtained, several small pieces may be lashed and pinned together.

Railroad Transportation. In railroad transportation, when several trains are required, they should be in proportion to the power of ^the engine employed, and full loads should be placed on them. The men are provided, before starting, with provisions to last during the trip, which should be cooked and carried in the haversack. The canteens are filled with water; the French, in warm weather, mix brandy with it. As the horses can eat in the wagons, even whilst the train is in motion, hay (pressed if possible) should be distributed at the rate of about 8, 14, or 24 lbs. per horse, according as the trip is to last less than 12, between 12 and 24, or more than 24 hours A feed of oats (half a ration, 6 lbs.) is carried in bags, and placed in the baggage wagons. It should not be given to the horses on the road, but after they have arrived at the terminus. The horses are carried in cattle-cars, or, if possible, in box-cars, which are covered. They are provided with bars at the doors to prevent the horses from backing out when the doors are opened. By taking care to keep the horses quiet, however, these bars may be dispensed with. The saddles, &c., the valises of the driver, and the bags of oats, are placed in the baggage cars, which should be provided with brakes. The materiel  is carried on trucks or common platform cars. The troops should be at the station at least two hours before starting. The horses should have finished feeding about two hours previous to their arrival at the station, as they are then more docile. The baggage should arrive half an hour before the troops, under charge of an officer, and be loaded under the direction of the employes of the road.

The cars for artillery should be arranged as near as possible in the following order: 1st, a baggage wagon; 2d, a truck carrying the beams, platforms, &c.; 3d, the horse-cars; 4th, the cars for the men, one at least of which should be provided with a brake; 5th, trucks loaded with materiel; 6th, baggage cars (with brakes) loaded with saddles, &c. Cars with brakes should always be placed at the head and tail of the train. Guards should be detailed and so stationed on the train as to preserve order both when in motion and during stoppages. The commanding officer should pay especial regard to the wishes of those having the train in charge, and enforce an observance of the road regulations in his command. On arriving at the station, the commander at once divides his command and materiel into the portions to occupy the different cars.

Horses. An officer is detailed to superintend the embarkation of the horses. He furnishes each car with two bundles of litter, and places forage along the long side of the car opposite to the door. A non-commissioned officer is charged with loading the saddles, &c. The men are, under an officer, formed into detachments proportional to the importance of the materiel to be embarked.

As soon as a truck has received its load, the wheels of the different trains are locked together with cord from .5 to .6 inch in diameter, chocks are placed under the wheels and nailed to the floor, and the stability of the whole secured by tying the carriages to the rings of the truck. Straw ropes, or other means, are made use of to prevent friction between the parts.

The men, with their knapsacks and arms, are divided, under the superintendence of an officer, into portions corresponding to the capacity of the cars. Each division is conducted promptly to the car it is to occupy, the men entering first going to the end farthest from the door, and so on. They seat themselves, holding their arms between their legs, the stock or scabbard resting on the floor. Fire-arms should never be laid on the seats or stood in corners, except when leaving the cars at the principal stopping places and stations.

Inspecting. Immediately before starting, the commanding officer and conductor of the train inspect the cars to ascertain that every thing is in order. They should see that the couplings of the car containing the “materiel” are short enough to insure the contact of the buffers. The officers then enter the car assigned to them.

Regulations. The men are strictly prohibited putting their heads or arms out of the car while it is in motion; passing from one car to another; uttering loud cries of any kind; and from leaving the cars at the station before the signal for doing so is given. The men with the horses, keep them from putting their heads outside the car. They feed them with hay from the hand, until they get used to the motion, hold them by the bridle or halter, and quiet their fears whilst the locomotive is whistling. In case of any accident, they make a signal outside the car, by waving a handkerchief. If at any station the commander deems it necessary for the men to leave the cars, after the time indicated by the conductor, he informs the officers of the length of the halt. The officers remain in the vicinity of the cars containing their men, in order to direct and govern their movements. The guard posts sentinels wherever it is necessary, especially at the doors, to prevent the men from gathering near or opening them. At a given signal on the bugle, the men leave the cars in order, and without side-arms. The men in the horse-cars get out over the side. If it becomes necessary to open the doors of these cars, the door-bars are first placed in position. About the middle of the trip, as near as possible, the police-guard and men with the horses, are relieved. At each halt of more than ten minutes, the commander, or some other officer, and the conductor inspect the cars and especially those which carry the ammunition wagons. Five minutes before starting a bugle-call gives the signal for entering the cars. At the station immediately preceding the terminus, the horses are bridled, and the forage is collected and formed into one bundle for each car. During feeding time there should be at least one man to every two horse-cars. In general, oats should be distributed only after the horses leave the cars. Hay is fed by hand by the drivers whilst the train is in motion. In ordinary weather, the horses are watered only when the trip exceeds twelve hours; and even in this case they need but little, and a single ordinary-size pailful suffices for two horses.

Unloading. To prevent accidents, it is well to provide one or several movable bridges for discharging the horses, which are carried on the train. They are about sixteen feet long, a little wider than the car door, and are provided with hand-rails or ropes, movable at will. The bridge is supported at its upper extremity by a movable trestle of a height corresponding to the sill of the door, and the cars are unloaded by passing them in succession in front of this bridge; or, by fixing to the forepart of the bridge two strong flanges of iron which rest upon the floor of the car, the bridge may be applied in succession to each of the cars to be unloaded.

The non-commissioned officers in charge of the freight cars, immediately on arriving at the station, unload it as originally divided in the cars by the inverse means used to load it. As soon as the horse-cars reach the proper position, the men fix the movable bridges, open the doors, and bring the horses out in the inverse order in which they entered. If the horses have to be taken out of the same door they entered, the first two are backed out, and the rest follow after making a half turn. As soon as a rear team is disengaged it is taken to the place where the harness is deposited, and harnessed to a carriage which is conducted to the park, where the harnessing is completed. (Consult GIBBON; MCCLELLAN.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 616-623).


TRANTER'S CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, May 30, 1862. Detachment of 3d New York Cavalry. Lieutenant Allis with 15 men, while reconnoitering on the Greenville road from Washington learned that 12 or 15 Confederates were just ahead of him on the other side of a creek. He followed and was shortly attacked by the enemy, who fled after receiving a volley, closely pursued by Allis, who captured 2 prisoners. On his return he found himself -surrounded by a body of infantry, but after releasing his prisoners cut his way out, losing 1 man wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 875.


TRANTER'S CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, June 5, 1862. Detachments of 24th Massachusetts Infantry and 3d New York Cavalry. Soon after arriving at Washington with his regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis A. Osborn started to surprise the enemy at Pactolus. When the column reached the bridge at Tranter's creek the Confederates were found posted in good position, but after about 45 minutes of sharp fighting they were routed. Thinking that it would be useless to go farther, Osborn returned. The Federals loss was 4 killed, 3 mortally and 6 slightly wounded. The Confederates left 8 dead on the field. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 875.


TRASK, George, 1798-1875, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Warren, Massachusetts, clergyman. Massachusetts Abolition Society, President, 1846, Vice-President, 1846-, 1850-.  Also active in the temperance movement and anti-tobacco use.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 154)

TRASK, George, clergyman, born in Beverly.  Massachusetts, 15 August, 1798; died in Fitchburg,  Massachusetts, 25 January, 1875. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1826, and at Andover theological seminary in 1829, was ordained, 15 September, 1830, and held pastorates in Framingham, Warren, and Fitchburg,  Massachusetts, till 1850, after which he was a temperance agent in the last-named town until his death. Mr. Trask became specially known for his efforts against the use of tobacco, in opposition to which he labored earnestly with voice and pen. He delivered many lectures throughout the United States, and was the author of many anti-tobacco tracts. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 154.


TRAVELLING ALLOWANCE. Where any commissioned officer is obliged to incur any extra expense in travelling, and sitting on general courts-martial, he shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for such extra expense actually incurred, not exceeding one dollar and twenty-five cents per day to officers who are not entitled to forage, and not exceeding one dollar per day to such as shall be entitled to forage; (Act March 16, 1802.) (See ORDNANCE; TRAVELLING FORGE. )

An officer, who travels not less than ten miles from his station, without troops, escort of military stores, and under special orders in the case from a superior, or summons to attend a military court, shall receive ten cents a mile; or if he prefer it, the actual cost of his transportation, and of his field-allowance of baggage for the whole journey, provided ho has travelled in the customary reasonable manner; (Regulations for the Quartermasters Department.)

Whenever any officer or soldier shall be discharged from the service, except by way of punishment for any offence, he shall be allowed his pay and rations, or an equivalent in money, for such term of time as shall be sufficient for him to travel from the place of his discharge to the place of his residence, computing at the rate of twenty miles to a day; (Act March 16, 1802.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 623).


TRAVELLING-FORGE. (See ORDNANCE.)


TRAVELLING-KITCHEN. Marshal Saxe, it is believed, first suggested the idea of cooking while inarching, so as to economize the strength of soldiers; have their food well cooked in all weather, and avoid the numerous diseases caused by bad cooking, and want of rest. Colonel Cavalli, of the Sardinian artillery, has with the same laudable motive embraced a kitchen-cart in the improvements suggested by him to replace the wagons now in use, (see WAGON ;) and an attempt is here made to elaborate the same idea of a travelling-kitchen, designed for baking, making soup, and other cooking, while on a march. Pig. 235 represents a cart, 12| feet long, mounted on two 6-feet FIG. 235. wheels, and covered with a very light canvas roof with leather-cloth curtains. A large range or stove forms the body of the vehicle; its grate is below the floor, its doors opening on a level with it. A Papin's digester is inclosed above the grate, in a flue whence the heat may pass around the double-oven in the rear, or straight up chimney, as regulated by dampers. At the side of the digester, over the grate, is a range, suited to various cooking vessels. The top of the oven forms a table nearly 5 feet square, at which three cooks may work, standing upon the rear platform. A foot-board passes from this platform to the front platform, where the driver and a cook may stand. Stores may be placed in the lockers at the side of the range, and under the rear foot board. The chimney may be turned down, above the roof, to pass under trees, &c., and may be of any height to secure a good draft. By bending the axle like that of an omnibus, the vehicle may bo hung without danger of top-heaviness. Cooking vessels, more bulky than heavy, may be suspended from the roof, over the range, when not in use. The digester may have a capacity of 100 gallons, and an oven, of 60 to 75 cubic feet, would bo quite adequate to the cooking for 250 men; or the dimensions of the cart may be smaller, and each company of 100 men might have its own travelling-kitchen, which would also furnish oven and cooking utensils for camp. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 624-625).


TRAVERSES are portions of parapets, which cross the breadth of the covered-way, at the salient and re-entering places of arms. Other traverses are also placed between these, where necessary, to afford proper protection. Traverses are thrown up, to bar enfilade fire, along any line of work or passage which is liable to it. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 625).


TRAVERSE TABLE is the tabulated form in which the northing, southing, easting, and westing are made on each individual course and distance in a traverse, for the purpose of finding readily, by inspection of the table, the difference of latitude and departure of any particular course and distance. Traverse tables afford a simple means of land-surveying, with' compass and chain. If the sum of each adjacent pair of distances perpendicular to a meridian (departures) without survey, be multiplied by the northing or southing between them, in succession round the figure in the same order, the difference between the sum of the north products and the sum of the south products will be double the area of the tract. The meridian distance of a course is the distance of the middle part of that course from an assumed meridian. Hence, the double meridian distance of the first course is equal to its departure. And the double meridian distance of any course is equal to the double meridian distance of the preceding course, plus its departure, plus the departure of the course itself, having regard to the algebraic sign of each.

Then to find the area: 1. Multiply the double meridian distance of each course by its northing or southing. 2. Place all the plus products in one column, and all the minus products in another. 3. Add up each column separately and take their difference. This difference will be double the area of the land. In balancing the work, the error for each particular course is found by the proportion: as the sum of the courses is to the error of latitude, (or departure,) so is each particular course to its correction. When a bearing is due east or west, the error of latitude is nothing, and the course must be subtracted from the sum of the courses before balancing the columns of latitude. And so with the departures. Let it be required to find the contents of a piece of land, of which the following are the field-notes:

STA. COURSE. 1 N. 4G W. 2 N. 51f E. 3 East Dis. STA. COURSE. Dis. 20 chains. 4 S. 5G E. 27.GO chains. Stations. Courses. Dist. Chains. Diff. Lat. Departures. Balanced. D. Error in westing. (Consult Tables and Formulae by Capt. T. J. LEE, Top. Engineer.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 625-626).


TRAVISVILLE, KENTUCKY, September 29, 1861. (See Albany, same date.)


TREADWELL, Daniel, inventor, born in Ipswich, Massachusetts. 10 October, 1791; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 27 February, 1872. He early displayed inventive talent, his first device, made when he was quite young, being a machine for producing wooden screws. In 1818 he devised a new form of printing-press, and in 1819 went to England, where he conceived the idea of a power-press. This was completed in a year after his return, and was the first press by which a sheet was printed on this continent by other than hand power. It was widely used, and in New York City large editions of the Bible were published by its means. In 1825 he was employed by the city of Boston to make a survey for the introduction of water, and in 1826 he devised a system of turnouts for railway transportation on a single track. He completed the first successful machine for spinning hemp for cordage in 1829. Works capable of spinning 1,000 tons a year were erected in Boston in 1881, and by machines that he furnished in 1836 to the Charlestown Navy-yard all the hemp was spun and the cordage made for some time for the U. S. Navy. These machines were used in Canada, Ireland, and Russia, and one of them, called a circular hackle or lapper, has been generally adopted wherever hemp is spun for coarse cloth. In 1835 he perfected a method for making cannon from wrought-iron and steel, resembling the process that was subsequently introduced by Sir William Armstrong. He patented it and received government contracts, but the great cost of his cannon prevented a demand for them. From 1834 till 1845 he was Rumford professor in Harvard, and in 1822, with Dr. John Ware, he established and conducted the "Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts." His publications include "The Relations of Science to the Useful Arts" (Boston, 1855); "On the Practicability of constructing a Cannon of Great Calibre" (Cambridge, 1856); and " On the Construction of Hooped Cannon," a sequel to the foregoing (1864). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 115.


TREADWELL, Seymour Boughton, 1795-1867, political leader, temperance and anti-slavery activist.  Wrote, “American Liberties and American Slavery Morally and Politically Illustrated,” 1838.  Editor of anti-slavery newspaper, Michigan Freeman.  (Appletons’, 1888, vol. VI, pp. 155-156)

TREADWELL, Seymour Boughton, politician, born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1 June, 1795; died in Jackson, Michigan, 9 June, 1867. His parents moved in his infancy to Monroe County, New York, where he was educated. He taught in western New York and Ohio, and in 1830 engaged in trade in Albion, New York, where he began to attract notice as a temperance and anti-slavery advocate. He moved to Rochester in 1837, and went to Michigan in 1839 to conduct the “Michigan Freeman,” an anti-slavery organ, at Jackson. He took an active part in all the conventions and movements of the Abolitionists, supporting James G. Birney for president in 1840 and 1844 and John P. Hale in 1852. In 1854 he was nominated by the Free-Soil party for commissioner of the state land-office and twice elected. He acquired note, especially by a remarkable state paper in which he denied the constitutionality of the payment by the state of the expenses of the judges of the supreme court. The correctness of his views on the question was maintained by the state auditors in opposition to the attorney-general. He lived in retirement after 1859 on a farm near Jackson. He became first known to the public as the author of a work entitled “American Liberties and American Slavery Morally and Politically Illustrated” (Rochester, 1838). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 155-156. 


TREADWELL'S PLANTATION, MISSISSIPPI, October 16, 1863. Cavalry Detachment, 15th Army Corps. In an expedition from Messinger's ferry, on the Big Black river, toward Canton, Colonel E. F. Winslow, chief of cavalry of the 15th corps, with four regiments moved to Treadwell's place, near the Clinton and Vernon cross-roads, where he found the enemy posted in a strong position with artillery. Winslow encamped for the night close to the Confederate lines, and threw out strong pickets. Major Farnan. with the 5th Illinois, was posted on the road to the left, where during the night he captured a lieutenant and 11 Texas cavalry who were doing picket duty. This was the only casualty reported by either side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 875.


TREATY. No purchase, grant, license, or other conveyance of lands or of any title or claim thereto from any Indian nation, or tribe of Indians within the bounds of the United States, shall be of any validity in law or equity, unless the same be made by treaty or convention, entered into pursuant to the constitution. Penalty not exceeding forfeiture of $1,000 and 12 months' imprisonment for violation of this act. Provided, nevertheless, that any agent or agents of any State, who may be present at any treaty made by United States authority, in the presence and with the approbation of the United States commissioners, may propose to, and adjust with, the Indians the compensation to be made to them for land claims within such States, extinguished by the treaty; (Act of Congress.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 626-627).


TREGO, William Henry, expressman, born in Middleburg, Carroll County, Maryland, 18 February, 1837. He was educated at the Baltimore public schools, entered the service of Adams Express Company at Baltimore in 1852, and passed through various grades to the superintendency in 1856. During the Civil War he had charge of the transportation of express matter for troops in the southern states. In 1877 he projected and organized on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad system the first trunk-line railway express in the United States, and he was intimately associated with its subsequent history. In 1887 he organized the railway express over the Erie system, allied with the Baltimore and Ohio express, and he brought about other railway express alliances which, under rulings of the U. S. Supreme Court, acquired an area rivalling that of corporate expresses, and advantages that seemed to menace the existence of the latter. Previously all express business on railroads was done by express companies as separate corporations, paying the railroads a certain percentage of the earnings for hauling, usually forty per cent. Under the railway express system the railway company performed the service directly, and secured the entire profit. The large financial interests that were involved placed the wealthy corporate expresses on the defensive. The question promised to become important in American railway management. The railway express that had been founded by Mr. Trego grew to great proportions in spite of a combined corporate opposition of ten years, when peculiar circumstances banished it as an institution from the United States. Early in 1887 a new management of the Philadelphia and Reading road sold that company's express to corporate interests. Later, the same year, embarrassments impelled the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to part with its express, and in 1888 the remaining railway express, the Erie, succumbed to allied pressure, and was sold. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 156.


TREMAIN, Henry Edwin, soldier, born in New York City, 14 November, 1840. He was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1800 and then entered Columbia law-school. On 17 April, 1861, he enlisted in the 7th New York Regiment as a private, and served through its two months' campaign about Washington, after which, on, 13 July, he entered the National volunteer service as 1st lieutenant of the 2d New York Fire Zouaves. During the Peninsular Campaign he was on General Daniel R. Sickles’ staff, and was in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and Malvern Hill. He was then transferred to General John Pope's army, and engaged at Bartow Station and the second battle of Bull Run, where he was captured while endeavoring to check a temporary panic and the rapid advance of the enemy. After several months' confinement in Libby prison he was exchanged, resumed duty on General Sickles’ staff as assistant inspector-general, and was present at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, where he served as an aide to General Joseph Hooker. Meanwhile, on 25 April, 1863, he had been commissioned major, and was chief staff officer to General Sickles at the battle of Gettysburg. He was on General Daniel Butterfield's staff at Chattanooga, and took part in the battles of Dalton and Resaca. In 1864 he was ordered to the Army of the Potomac and served successively on the staffs of General David M. Gregg and General George Crook, participating in the cavalry battles under these officers, until the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 30 November, 1865, and continued on duty in the Carolinas until his discharge on 29 April, 1866. General Tremain then resumed his law studies and was graduated in 1867. after which he entered into practice, forming in 1868 the firm of Tremain and Tyler. From 1870 till 1885 he was usually retained either by or against the government in its legal controversies in New York, and he was connected with the Marie Garrison litigation involving the title to the Missouri Pacific Railroad. He has been active as a Republican in political canvasses, and for five terms, beginning in 1871. he has been president of the associate alumni of the College of the City of New York. On 19 April, 1887, he was elected colonel of the veterans of the 7th Regiment, the oldest organization of its kind in this country. His campaign notes of "Last Hours of Sheridan's Cavalry" were edited by John Watts de Peyster (1885). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 158.


TREMAIN, Lyman, lawyer and statesman, born in Durham, Greene County, New York, 14 June, 1819: died in New York City, 30 November, 1878. After passing through college, he studied law, and was called to the bar in 1840. He began practice in his native county, and continued it in Albany, was elected supervisor of Durham in 1842, and became district attorney in 1844. In 1840 he was elected surrogate and county judge of Greene County, and in 1858 he became attorney-general of the state of New York. He was sent to the assembly in 1866-'8 and in 1872 was elected congressman as a Republican over Samuel S. Cox. serving from 1 December, 1873, to 3 March, 1875.—His son, Lyman, soldier, born in Durham, Greene County, New York, in June, 1843: died near Petersburg, Virginia, 6 February, 1865, entered Hobart in 1860, but abandoned his studies in 1862, and entered the National Army. He was appointed adjutant of the 7th New York Heavy Artillery, served in the defences of Washington, and was afterward made assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of captain, on the staff, in Kilpatrick's division of the Army of the Potomac. In December, 1864, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 10th New York Cavalry. He commanded this regiment at the battle of Hatcher's run, where he received the wound of which he died. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 158.


TRENCH. The communications, boyaux or zigzags, as well as the parallels or places of arms opened by besiegers against a fortification are trenches. They are from 6 to 10 feet wide and about 3 feet deep. To open the trenches, is to break ground for the purpose of carrying on approaches towards a besieged place. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 627).


TRENCHARD, Stephen Decatur, naval officer, born in Brooklyn. New York, 10 July, 1818, was appointed a midshipman in the U. S. Navy, 23 October. 1834, after making a cruise as acting midshipman in the European Squadron in 1832. He was at the naval school in Philadelphia in 1839-40, became passed midshipman, 16 July, 1840 and was on coast survey duty in 18456. During this service Trenchard was on board the brig "Washington" when she was wrecked off the coast of North Carolina, and was one of the few that were saved. He was made lieutenant, 27 February, 1847, was on the "Saratoga" in Mexico in that year, and while again on coast survey duty in 1853-'7 rescued the British bark "Adieu" off Gloucester,  Massachusetts, when in great peril, saving all hands and the entire cargo, for which service he was presented with a sword by the queen of England, and a watch by the underwriters of the bark. He was in the "Powhatan" on her diplomatic cruise to China and Japan in 1857-'60, and acted as aide, or flag-lieutenant, to Commodore Josiah Tatnall, and was with the commodore when he visited the British Admiral Hope. Lieutenant Trenchard was slightly wounded at the battle of Peiho River. During the Civil War he was one of the first officers to go on duty, as he was ordered to command the "Keystone State" on 19 April, 1861. He went with that steamer to Norfolk Navy-yard; but the yard was burning when the "Keystone State" arrived, and the vessel assisted in rescuing such property as was saved. Lieutenant Trenchard was ordered on 19 June, 1861, to the " Rhode Island," which was first used as a supply and special despatch ship, but she was afterward converted into a heavily armed cruiser and ordered to the North Atlantic Squadron. While the "Rhode Island" was towing the " Monitor " from Hampton Roads to Beaufort, North Carolina, the latter foundered off Cape Hatteras, but, through the exertions of the officers and crew of the "Rhode Island," the majority of the " Monitor's " crew were saved. His vessel was afterward attached to the special West Indian Squadron to look after the " Alabama" and "Florida," and also to the South Atlantic Squadron for a short time. During her early service as a cruiser she captured several valuable prizes. Trenchard was made commander in July, 1862, and took an active part in both bombardments of Fort Fisher and its capture. He became captain in July, 1866, and commodore, 7 May, 1871, was on the examining board in 1871-'2, and served as light-house inspector and on headquarters duty in 1873-'5. He was promoted rear-admiral, 10 August, 1875, and commanded the North Atlantic Squadron in 1876-'8. In 1876 Admiral Trenchard had twenty-one vessels in his squadron, which was the largest since the war. He was retired, 10 July, 1880.—Stephen Decatur's son, Edward, artist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 17 August, 1850, studied art with Peter Moran and others during 1864-'72, and afterward at the National Academy and the Art Students' League. His works include "The Passing Shower" (1874), "The Old Wreck " (1875), and " Sea, Sand, and Solitude" (1876), all exhibited at the Academy of Design; "The Breaking Waves Dashed High" (1876); and "A Tropic Beach" (1879). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 158-159.


TRENHOLM, George A., merchant, born in South Carolina in 1806; died in Charleston, South Carolina, 10 December, 1876. He was for many years a merchant in Charleston. Prior to the Civil War his firm transacted a large business in cotton, and enjoyed almost unlimited credit abroad. During the war they were engaged extensively in blockade-running, and were interested in many daring attempts to obtain supplies from Nassau. He was a strong adherent of the Confederacy, and was appointed Secretary of the Confederate Treasury in 1864, which office he held until the close of the war. He was taken prisoner by National troops and held until October, 1865, when he was pardoned by President Johnson. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 159.


TRENTON, NORTH CAROLINA, December 12, 1862. 3d New York Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 875.


TRENTON, NORTH CAROLINA, July 6, 1863. 23d Massachusetts and 9th New Jersey Infantry, and Belger's Battery. In an expedition against the Wilmington & Weldon railroad, Brigadier-General Heckman sent Lieutenant Colonel Chambers, with the 23d Massachusetts and a section of Belger's battery, to hold the junction of the Comfort and Free Bridge roads near Trenton. At the bridge about 50 of the enemy's cavalry were discovered. Chambers threw out skirmishers and advanced, when the enemy opened with artillery. Heckman sent forward the 9th New Jersey and under its support the artillery was moved to the front and soon silenced the Confederate guns. The infantry then advanced and drove them from the bridge. The Union loss was 2 men wounded, one of whom was Chambers. The enemy's casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 876.


TRENTON, TENNESSEE, August 7, 1862. 2d Illinois Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 876.


TRENTON, TENNESSEE, December 20, 1862. (See Forrest's Expedition into West Tennessee.)


TRENTON, TENNESSEE, April 19, 1863. Detachment of 3d Michigan Cavalry. Colonel John K. Mizner, chief of cavalry of the District of Jackson, sent the following report under date of April 21: "Captain T. V. Quackenbush, with 23 men of the 3d Michigan cavalry, came upon a party of rebels, 25 in number, at Trenton, on Sunday morning (19th), routing them, and capturing 15 out of the 25. He was attacked in return by a party of 63, under Captain Blackmore Sparks, and Thomas, all of whom he successfully repulsed and drove them from the town, holding the prisoners captured, only 1 escaping." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 876.


TRESCOT, William Henry, diplomatist, born in Charleston, South Carolina, 10 November, 1822. He was graduated at the College of Charleston in 1840, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. He also engaged in planting on one of the sea Islands near Beaufort. Mr. Trescott became U. S. secretary of legation at London in December, 1852, and assistant Secretary of State in June, 1860, but he resigned that office upon the secession of his state. He was elected to the legislature in 1862, 1864, and 1866, and during that period was on the staff of General Roswell S. Ripley and afterward a member of the executive council. He was selected by James L. Petigru to assist him in preparing the code of law for the state. At the close of the Civil War he was sent to Washington to represent the state on certain questions under the reconstruction acts. In June, 1877, he was appointed counsel for the United States on the fishery commission at Halifax, N. S. He was one of the plenipotentiaries to China to revise the treaties in April, 1880, and was appointed by Sec. Evarts to continue and conclude the negotiations with the Columbian minister, and the protocol in reference to the rights of the United States on the Isthmus of Panama, in February, 1881. He was appointed special envoy to the belligerents in South America (Peru, Chili, and Bolivia) in November, 1881, and plenipotentiary with General Grant to negotiate a commercial treaty with Mexico in August, 1882. At present he is practicing law in Washington, D. C, and is agent for the state of South Carolina for the settlement of direct tax questions. He is the author of "Thoughts on the Foreign Policy of the United States" (privately printed, Charleston, 1849); "Diplomacy of the Revolution" (New York, 1852); "Letter to Andrew P. Butler on the Diplomatic System of the United States" (1853); "An American View of the Eastern Question" (Charleston, 1854): "Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams" (Boston, 1857); a memoir of General Johnson Pettigrew (1870); and various addresses, including one on General Stephen Elliott, delivered before the South Carolina legislature. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 159.


TRESSLER, David Loy, clergyman, born in Loysvillc. Perry County, Pennsylvania, 5 February. 1839; died in Carthage, Illinois, 20 February, 1880. He was graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, in 1860, with the highest honors of his class. In the autumn of the same year he became principal of Loysville Academy. In 1862 he raised a company of volunteers, and served as captain for nine months in the Civil War. participating in the battles of South Mountain. Antietam, and Fredericksburg, where he received two severe wounds. He was admitted to the bar in 1864, and was engaged in the practice of his profession until 1870, when he moved to Mendota, Illinois, and shortly afterward entered the ministry of the Lutheran church, accepting a call to Lena, Illinois In 1872 he became professor of ancient languages in Carthage College, Illinois, and its treasurer. In the following year he was elected president of the college, which post he occupied until his death. Under him the college was thoroughly organized, and prospered. In 1876 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio. He published two baccalaureate sermons and occasional articles in the periodicals of his church. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 159.


TRESTLE OR TRESSEL. The form of a trestle is the same as a carpenter's horse, that is, a horizontal beam supported by four legs. (See BRIDGE.) The horizontal. beam, termed the cap or ridge beam in trestles used for field-bridges, is usually of eight-inch scantling, and from twelve to sixteen feet long. The legs are of four and a half inch scantling; they have a spread towards the bottom, the distance between them across being equal to half the height, and lengthwise of the cap, their inclination is one-twelfth of the height. They are fastened to the cap, about 18 inches from the ends, by nails; the side of the cap and the top of the leg being properly prepared for a strong, accurate fit. The legs are connected either in pairs, or else all four by horizontal pieces of three-inch scantling; sometimes diagonal pieces, going from the top of one leg to the bottom of the opposite one, are used. Bridges or trestles are principally useful in crossing small streams not more than six feet deep. The trestles should not be placed farther apart than sixteen feet between the ridge beams; the balks should jut at least one foot beyond the ridge beams. The action of the current is counteracted by attaching each trestle to two cables stretched across the stream above and below the bridge. Another plan consists in making a network of tough twigs or cords around the legs near the bottom, and filling it in with broken stone. (Consult MAHAN.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 627).


TREVILIAN STATION, VIRGINIA, June 11, 1864. 1st and 2nd Cavalry Divisions, Army of the Potomac. On the 7th Major-General P. H. Sheridan, with the two divisions, the 1st commanded by Brigadier-General A. T. A. Torbert and the 2nd by Brigadier-General David McM. Gregg, began his movement against the Virginia Central railroad. On the 10th he crossed the North Anna river at Carpenter's ford and took the road to Trevilian Station, where the Confederate cavalry under General Wade Hampton was then encamped. Another body of the enemy's cavalry, under Fitzhugh Lee, was near Louisa Court House, 6 miles east of Trevilian, and Hampton directed Lee to move by a cross-road to join in an attack on Sheridan before the latter could reach the railroad. On the morning of the 11th Sheridan's advance encountered Hampton's forces, dismounted and occupying a breastwork across the road, about 3 miles from the station. Devin's and Merritt's brigades :,f Torbert's division were dismounted, while Custer's passed unnoticed between Hampton and Lee and reached the station without opposition. As soon as Custer was in position Devin and Merritt attacked the enemy's works in front and carried them, forcing Hampton back on Custer, who opened fire with Pennington's battery while the 1st, 5th and 7th Michigan charged and drove the enemy in all directions, capturing about 800 led horses, a large number of wagons, ambulances, caissons, etc. Colonel Alger with the 5th did not stop his pursuit at the station as he had been directed to do, and the enemy, taking advantage of this, reoccupied the station, cutting Alger off from support. Devin and Merritt had not yet come up and Custer was compelled to take a position where he could fight on the defensive, being attacked from all sides, the wagons and other property captured falling again into the hands of the enemy. Two charges on the battery were repulsed, after which Hampton withdrew. Custer, with the 7th Michigan, then started after the trains and again captured several wagons, 2 caissons and 3 ambulances. About 500 prisoners were captured during the engagement . In the meantime Gregg had met Lee and driven him in the direction of Louisa Court House, continuing the pursuit until dark. No detailed statement of losses was made, but they were about equal on the Federal and Confederate sides, Custer's brigade suffering the heaviest in killed and wounded and the enemy in the number of prisoners taken. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 876-877.


TRIALS shall be carried on only between the hours of eight in the morning and three in the afternoon, except in cases which, in the opinion of the officer ordering the court, require immediate example; (ART. 75.) No officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier shall be tried a second time for the same offence; (ART. 87.) And no person shall be liable to be tried and punished by a general court-martial for any offence which shall appear to have been committed more than two years before the issuing of the order for such trial, unless the person, by reason of having absented himself, or some other manifest impediment, shall not have been amenable to justice within that period; (ART. 88.)

All trials before courts-martial, like those in civil courts, are conducted publicly; and in order that this publicity may in no case be attended with tumult or indecorum of any kind, the court is authorized, by the Rules and Articles of War, to punish at its discretion, all riotous and disorderly proceedings or menacing words, signs, or gestures, used in its presence; (ART. 76.)

The day and place of meeting of a general court-martial having been published in orders, the officers appointed as members, the parties and witnesses, must attend accordingly. The judge-advocate, at the opening, calls over the names of the members, who arrange themselves on the right or left of the president, according to rank; (ART. 61.)

 The members of the court having taken their seats and disposed of any preliminary matter, the prisoner, prosecutor, and witnesses are called into court. The prisoner is attended by a guard, or by an officer, as his rank or the nature of the charge may dictate; but during the trial, should be unfettered and free from any bonds or shackles, unless there be danger of escape or rescue. Accommodation is usually afforded, at detached tables, for the prosecutor and prisoner; also for any friend or legal adviser of the prisoner or prosecutor, whose assistance has been desired during the trial; but the prisoner only can address the court, it being an admitted maxim, that counsel are not to interfere in the proceedings or to offer the slightest remark, much less to plead or argue. The judge-advocate, by direction of the president, first reads, in an audible voice, the order for holding the court. He then calls over the names of the members, commencing with the president, who is always the highest in rank. He then demands of the prisoner, whether he has any exception or cause of challenge against any of the members present, and if he have, he is required to state his cause of challenge, confining his challenge to one member at a time; (ART. 71.) After hearing the prisoner's objections, the president must order the court to be cleared, when the members will deliberate on and determine the relevancy or validity of the objection; the member challenged retiring during the discussion.

Sufficient causes for challenge are: the expression of an opinion relative to the subject to be investigated; having been a member of a court of inquiry which gave an opinion; or of another general court-martial, in which the circumstances were directly investigated; or of another general court-martial in which the circumstances were investigated incidentally and an opinion formed thereon; prejudice, malice, or the like. The privilege of challenge is not confined to the prisoner; for there may be sources of prejudice in favor of the prisoner as well as against him, and urgent motives that may sway to acquit, as well as condemn. When the prisoner and prosecutor decline to challenge any of the members, or where the causes of challenge have been disallowed, the judge-advocate proceeds to administer to the members of the court, the oath prescribed by the 69th Article of War, which is in the following words: “You, A. B., do swear, that you will well and truly try and determine, according to evidence, the matter now before you, between the United States of America and the prisoner to be tried; and that you will duly administer justice according to the provisions of ' an act establishing rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United States,' without partiality, favor or affection: and if any doubt shall arise, not explained by said articles, according to your understanding and the custom of war in like cases: and you do further swear, that you will not divulge the sentence of the court, until it shall be published by the proper authority: neither will you disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court-martial, unless required to give evidence thereof, as a witness, by a court of justice in due course of law. So help you God.” The oath is taken by each member holding up his right hand and repeating the words after the judge-advocate. After the oath has been administered to all the members, the president administers to the judge-advocate, the particular oath of secrecy to be observed by him, and which, as prescribed by Article 69, is as follows: “ You, A. B., do swear that you will not disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court-martial, unless required to give evidence thereof as a witness, by a court of justice in due course of law, nor divulge the sentence of the court to any but the proper authority, until it shall be duly disclosed by the same. So help you God.”

The oath taken by the president and members contains a twofold obligation to secrecy: 1st, That they will not divulge the sentence of the court, until it shall be published by proper authority; and, 2d, That they shall not disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court-martial, unless required to give evidence thereof by a court of justice, in a due course of law. Both these obligations have their foundation in reason and good policy.

No sentence of a general court-martial is complete or final, until it has been duly approved. Until that period it is, strictly speaking, no more than an opinion, which is subject to alteration or revisal. In this interval, the communication of that opinion could answer no ends of justice, but might, in many cases, tend to frustrate them. The obligation to perpetual secrecy, with regard to the votes or opinions of the particular members of the court, is likewise founded on the wisest policy. The officers who compose a military tribunal are, in a great degree, dependent for their preferment on the President. They are even, in some measure, under the influence of their commander-in-chief considerations which might impair justice. This danger is, therefore, best obviated by the confidence and security which every member possesses, that his particular opinion is never to be divulged. Another reason is, that the individual members of the court may not be exposed to the resentment of parties and their connections, which can hardly fail to be excited by those sentences, which courts-martial are obliged to award. It may be necessary for officers, in the course of their duty, daily, to associate and frequently to be sent on the same command or service, with a person against whom they have given an unfavorable vote or opinion on a court-martial. The publicity of these votes or opinions would create the most dangerous animosities, equally fatal to the peace and security of individuals, and prejudicial to the public service.

The oath which is taken by the judge-advocate, contains the same obligation to secrecy, except so far as it relates to the person who has the approving disapproving of the sentence of the court. It is not inconsistent with his oath or duty, for the judge-advocate to communicate to the proper authority, his views of the proceedings of the court.

The judge-advocate is, however, bound by oath, as well as the members of the court, to maintain the strictest secrecy with regard to the votes or opinions of individuals for the reasons above stated. The oath taken by the members of the court commences with these words: “ You, A. B., do swear that you will well and truly try and determine, according to evidence, the matter now before you, between the United States of America and the prisoner to be tried; “ (Art. 69.) The expression, “ prisoner,” in the singular number, seems to imply that the swearing, and consequently the trial, should in each case be separate. That course should therefore be pursued.

Application to delay the assembling of the court, from the absence or indisposition of the witnesses, the illness of the parties, or other cause, should be made, when practicable, to the authority convening the court; but application to put off or suspend the trial may be urged with a court-martial, subsequent to the swearing of the members. It may be supported by affidavit, and the court, in allowing it to prevail, must be satisfied, if the cause be absence of a witness, that the testimony proposed to be offered is material, and that the applicant cannot have substantial justice without it. The points, therefore, which each witness is intended to prove, must be set forth in the application, and it must also be shown that the absence of the witness is not attributable to any neglect of the applicant.

A precise period of delay must be applied for, and it must be made to appear that there is reasonable expectation of procuring the attendance of the witness by the stated time; or, if the absence of a witness be attributed to his illness, a surgeon, by oral testimony, or by affidavit, must state the inability of the witness to the court, the nature of his disease, and the time which will probably elapse before the witness may be able to give his testimony. The court must obviously be adjourned at any period of its proceedings, prior to the final close of the prosecution and defence, on satisfactory proof, by a medical officer, that the prisoner is in such a state, that actual danger to his health would arise from his attendance in court; and where the prisoner is so ill as to render it probable that his inability to attend the court will be of such continuance as to operate to the inconvenience of the service, either by the detention of the members of the court from their regiments, or from other cause, the court may be dissolved by the authority which convened it. Though the prisoner may have been arraigned, and the trial proceeded with, the prisoner, on recovery, would be amenable to trial by another court. The illness of the prosecutor would, in few cases, justify the suspension of the trial, excepting, perhaps, for a very limited period; all prosecutions before courts-martial being considered at the suit of the United States, or an individual State, as the case may be. The court being regularly constituted, and every preliminary form gone through, the judge-advocate, as prosecutor for the United States, desires the prisoner to listen to the charge or charges brought against him, which he reads with an audible voice, and then the prisoner is asked, whether he is guilty or not guilty of the matter of accusation.

The charge being sufficient, or not objected to, the prisoner must plead either: 1st, Guilty; or 2d, Specially to the jurisdiction, or in bar; or 3d, The general plea of not guilty, which is the usual course where the prisoner makes a defence.

If from obstinacy and design the prisoner stand mute, or answer foreign to the purpose, the court may proceed to trial and judgment, as if the prisoner had regularly pleaded not guilty, (ART. 70 ;) but if the prisoner plead guilty, the court will proceed to determine what punishment shall be awarded, and to pronounce sentence thereon. Preparatory to this, in all cases where the punishment of the offence charged is discretionary, and especially where the discretion includes a wide range and great variety of punishment, and the specifications do not show all the circumstances attending the offence, the court should receive and report, in its proceedings, any evidence the judge-advocate may offer, for the purpose of illustrating the actual character of the offence, notwithstanding the party accused may have pleaded guilty; such evidence being necessary to an enlightened exercise of the discretion of the court, in measuring the punishment, as well as for the approving authority. If there be any exception to this rule, it is where the specification is so full and precise as to disclose all the circumstances of mitigation or aggravation which accompany the offence. When that is the case, or when the punishment is fixed, and no discretion is allowed, explanatory testimony cannot be needed.

Special pleas are either to the jurisdiction of the court, or in bar of the charge. If an officer or soldier be arraigned by a court not legally constituted, cither as to the authority by which it is assembled, or as to the number and rank of its members, or other similar causes, a prisoner may except to the jurisdiction of the court-martial. Special pleas in bar go to the merits of the case, and set forth a reason why, even admitting the charge to be true, it should be dismissed, and the prisoner discharged. A former acquittal or conviction of the same offence would obviously be a valid bar, except in case of appeal from a regimental to a general court-martial. Though the facts in issue should be charged to have happened more than two years prior to the date of the order for the assembling of the court-martial, yet it is not the province of the court, unless objection be made, to inquire into the cause of the impediment in the outset. It would be to presume the illegality of the court, whereas the court should assume that manifest impediment to earlier trial did exist, and leave the facts to be developed by witnesses in the ordinary course. A pardon may be pleaded in bar. If full, it at once destroys the end and purpose of charge, by remitting that punishment which the prosecution seeks to inflict; if conditional, the performance of the condition must be known; thus, a soldier arraigned for desertion, must plead a general pardon, and prove that he surrendered himself within the stipulated period.

No officer or soldier, being acquitted or convicted of an offence, is liable to be tried a second time for the same. But this provision applies solely to trials for the same incidental act and crime, and to such persons as have, in the first instance, been legally tried. If any irregularity take place on the trial rendering it illegal and void, the prisoner must be discharged, and be regarded as standing in the same situation as before the commencement of these illegal proceedings. The same charge may, therefore, be again preferred against the prisoner who cannot plead the previous illegal trial in bar.

A prisoner cannot plead in bar that he has not been furnished with a copy of the charges, or that the copy furnished him differed from that on which he has been arraigned. It is customary and proper to furnish him with a correct copy; but the omission shall not make void, though it may postpone the trial. If the special plea in bar be such that, if true, the charge should be dismissed and the prisoner discharged, the judge-advocate should be called on to answer it. If he does not admit it to be true, the prisoner must produce evidence to the points alleged therein; and if, on deliberation, the plea be found true, the facts being recorded, the court will adjourn and the president submit the proceedings to the officer by whose order the court was convened, with a view to the immediate discharge of the prisoner. The ordinary plea is not guilty, in which case the trial proceeds. The judge advocate cautions all witnesses on the trial to withdraw, and to return to court, only on being called. He then proceeds to the examination of witnesses, and to the reading and proof of any written evidence he may have to bring forward. After a prisoner has been arraigned on specific charges, it is irregular for a court-martial to admit any additional charge against him, even though he may not have entered on his defence. The trial on the charges first preferred, must be regularly concluded, when, if necessary, the prisoner may be tried on any further accusation brought against him. On the trial of cases not capital, before courts-martial, the deposition of witnesses not in the line or staff of the army, may be taken before some justice of the peace, and read in evidence, provided, the prosecutor and person accused are present at the same, or are duly notified thereof. The examination of witnesses is invariably in the presence of the court; because, the countenance, looks, and gestures of a witness add to, or take away from, the weight of his testimony. It is usually by interrogation, sometimes by narration; in either case, the judge-advocate records the evidence, as nearly as possible, in the express words of the witness. All evidence, whatever, should be recorded on the proceedings, in the order in which it is received by the court. A question to a witness is registered before enunciation; when once entered, it cannot be expunged, except by the consent of the parties before the court; if not permitted to be put to the witness, it still appears on the proceedings accompanied by the decision of the court. The examination in chief of each particular witness being ended, the cross-examination usually follows, though it is optional with the prisoner to defer it to the final close of the examination in chief. The reexamination by the prosecutor, on such new points as the prisoner may have made, succeeds the cross-examination, and finally, the court puts such questions as in its judgment may tend to elicit the truth.

It is customary, when deemed necessary by the court, or desired by a witness, to read over to him, immediately before he leaves the court, the record of his evidence, which he is desired to correct if erroneous, and, with this view, any remark or explanation is entered upon the proceedings. No erasure or obliteration is, however, admitted, as it is essentially necessary that the authority which has to review the sentence, should have the most ample means of judging, not only of any discrepancy in the statements of a witness, but of any incident which may be made the subject of remark, by either party in addressing the court.

Although a list of witnesses, summoned by the judge-advocate, is furnished to the court on assembling, it is not held imperative on the prosecutor to examine such witness; if he should not do so, however, the prisoner has a right to call any of them. Should the prisoner, having closed his cross-examination, think proper subsequently to recall a prosecutor's witness in his defence, the examination is held to be in chief, and the witness is subject to cross-examination by the prosecutor. Although either party may have concluded his case, or the regular examination of a witness, yet should a material question have been omitted, it is usually submitted by the party to the president, for the consideration of the court, which generally permit it to be put. The prisoner being placed on his defence, may proceed at once to the examination of witnesses; firstly, to meet the charge, and secondly, to speak as to character, reserving his address to the court, until the conclusion of such examination. The prisoner, having finished the examination in chief of each witness, the prosecution cross-examines; the prisoner re-examines, to the extent allowed to the prosecutor, that is, on such new points as the cross-examination may have touched on, and the court puts any questions deemed necessary. The prisoner, having finally closed his examination of witnesses, and selecting this period to address the court, offers such statement or argument as he may deem conducive to weaken the force of the prosecution, by placing his conduct in the most favorable light, accounting for or palliating facts, confuting or removing any imputation as to motives; answering the arguments of the prosecutor, contrasting, comparing, and commenting on, any contradictory evidence; summing up the evidence on both sides, where the result promises to favor the defence, and, finally, presenting his deductions therefrom.

The utmost liberty consistent with the interest of parties not before the court and with the respect due to the court itself, should, at all times, be allowed a prisoner. As he has an undoubted right to impeach, by evidence, the character of the witnesses brought against him, so he is justified in contrasting and remarking on their testimony, and on the motives by which they, or the prosecutor, may have been influenced. All coarse and insulting language is, however, to be avoided, nor ought invective to be indulged in, as the most pointed defence may be couched in the most decorous language. The court will prevent the prisoner from adverting to parties not before the court, or only alluded to in evidence, further than may be actually necessary to his own exculpation. It may sometimes happen, that the party accused may find it absolutely necessary, in defence of himself, to throw blame and even criminality on others, who are no parties to the trial; nor can a prisoner be refused that liberty, which is essential to his own justification. It is sufficient for the party aggrieved, that the law can furnish ample redress against all calumnious or unjust accusations. The court is bound to hear whatever address, in his defence, the accused may think fit to offer, not being in itself contemptuous or disrespectful.

It is competent to a court, if it think proper, to caution the prisoner, as he proceeds, that, in its opinion, such a line of defence as he may be pursuing would probably not weigh with the court, nor operate in his favor; but, to decide against hearing him state arguments, which, notwithstanding such caution, he might persist in putting forward, as grounds of justification, or extenuation, (such arguments not being illegal in themselves,) is going beyond what any court would be warranted in doing. It occasionally happens, that, on presenting to the court a written address, the prisoner is unequal to the task of reading it, from indisposition or nervous excitement; on such occasions, the judge-advocate is sometimes requested by the president to read it; but, as the impression which might be anticipated to be made by it, may, in the judgment of the prisoner, be affected more or less by the manner of its delivery, courts-martial generally feel disposed to concede to the accused the indulgence of permitting it to be read by any friend named by him, particularly if that friend be a military man, or if the judge-advocate be the actual prosecutor. Courts-martial are particularly guarded in adhering to the custom of resisting every attempt on the part of counsel to address them. A lawyer is not recognized by a court-martial, though his presence is tolerated, as a friend of the prisoner, to assist him by advice in preparing questions for witnesses, in taking notes, and shaping his defence.

The prisoner having closed his defence, the prosecutor is entitled to  reply, when witnesses have been examined on the defence, or where new facts are opened in the address. Thus, though no evidence may be brought forward by the prisoner, yet should he advert to any case, arid, by drawing a parallel, attempt to draw his justification from it, the prosecutor will be permitted to observe on the case so cited. When the court allows the prosecutor to reply, it generally grants him a reasonable time to prepare it; and, upon his reading it, the trial ceases.

Should the prisoner have examined witnesses to points not touched on in the prosecution, or should he have entered on an examination impeaching the credibility of the prosecutor's evidence, the prosecutor is allowed to examine witnesses to the new matter; the court being careful to confine him within the limits of this rule, which extends to the re-establishing the character of his witnesses, to impeaching those of the defence, and to rebutting the new matter brought forward by the prisoner, supported by evidence. He cannot be allowed to examine on any points, which, in their nature, he might have foreseen previously to the defence of the prisoner. The prosecutor will not be permitted to bring forward evidence to rebut or counteract the effect of mutter elicited by his own cross-examination; but is strictly confined to new matter introduced by the prisoner, and supported by his examination in chief. A defence, resting on motives, or qualifying the imputation attaching to facts, generally lets in evidence in reply; as, in such cases, the prisoner usually adverts, by evidence, to matter which it would have been impossible for the prosecutor to anticipate. The admissibility of evidence, in reply, may generally be determined by the answer to the questions: Could the prosecutor have foreseen this? Is it evidently new matter? Is the object of the further inquiry to re-establish the character of the witnesses impeached by evidence (not by declamation) in the course of the defence, or is it to impeach the character of the prisoner's witnesses? Cross-examination of such new witnesses, to an extent limited by the examination in chief, that is, confined to such points or matter as the prosecutor shall have examined on, is allowed on the part of the prisoner. (See CHALLENGE; COURT-MARTIAL; JURISDICTION. Consult MACOMB.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 627-636).


TRICKUM'S CROSS-ROADS, GEORGIA, October 26-29, 1864. Foraging Party of the 20th Army Corps. Brigadier-General John W. Geary with about 4,000 men, artillery, cavalry and infantry, moved out from Atlanta on the 26th to get forage and provisions. Trickum's cross-roads were reached about dark, and early next day detachments were sent to load the trains at different points. Several attacks were made on the outposts and pickets guarding the main camp, but each one was repulsed. A cavalry reconnoitering party discovered a body of Confederates at Lawrenceville and charged into the town, driving the enemy out in confusion. One of the Federal soldiers was killed in the attack on the outposts. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 877.


TRIGGER. It has blade, tang or finger-piece, and hole for screw. (See ARMS.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 636).


TRIGONOMETRY. Ordinary trigonometrical tables contain the logarithm of the sines, cosines, tangents, and cotangents for every ten seconds; but if the values of any one of the four be computed for the different angles between and 90, the values of all the others will be obtained at the same time. Thus, since cos. A = sin. (90 A), a table of the values of the sine is also a table of the values of the cosine; and since tan. A = sin. A -cos. A, the logarithm of the tangent of any angle is obtained by subtracting the logarithm of the cosine from the logarithm of the sine, and the logarithm of the cotangent by subtracting the logarithm of the sine from that of the cosine. It is usual to designate the semi-circumference of a circle whose radius is 1 by TT = 3.14159265. The solution of triangles is the proper object of trigonometry, and if tables contain the logarithms of the sines, cosines, tangents, and cotangents to every minute or smaller division of the quadrant, the means will be easy of applying such tables to each particular case; as, of the six parts of which a triangle consists, it is known from geometry that when any three except the three angles are known, all the rest are determined. Plane Trigonometry. A, J5, 67, the three angles;, &, c, the three sides respectively opposite to them; 7, the tabular radius; S, the area of the triangle; p = %(a + b + c). Eight-angled Triangles: A being the right angle. sin. B. 12" a = Oblique-angled Triangles: a sin. sin. B (A B) = tang. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 636-637).


TRIMBLE, David, manufacturer, born in Frederick County, Virginia about 1782; died in Trimble's Furnace, Kentucky, 26 October, 1842. He was educated at William and Mary College, studied law, and moved to Kentucky in 1804. He was engaged in the war of 1812, and served during two campaigns under General William Henry Harrison. In 1817 he was elected to Congress, where he served without interruption till 1827, and was highly esteemed for his integrity and devotion to his public duties. After retiring from Congress he engaged in agriculture and iron manufacture, and in the latter industry did much to develop the resources of the state. —His nephew, Isaac Ridgeway, soldier, born in Culpeper County, Virginia, 15 May, 1802; died in Baltimore, Maryland, 2 January, 1888, was the son of John Trimble, who moved to Kentucky in 1805 and settled on the military reservation at Fort Stirling. His uncle David procured him the appointment of cadet at the U. S. Military Academy, where he entered in 1818, making the entire journey on horseback, and generally by night, to avoid being attacked by Indians. He was graduated in 1822, and detailed to survey the military road from Washington to Ohio River. He also served at Boston and New York. He resigned in 1832, and pursued the profession of civil engineering. In 1834 he became chief engineer of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, which he completed to York. Pennsylvania, in 1837. He was also chief engineer of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, and of the Boston and Providence Railroad. He was engaged in large railroad operations in the West Indies when the Civil War began in 1861, and was on the point of setting out from Cuba when he was assigned to the command of the non-uniformed volunteers that were organized to defend Baltimore from northern troops. He entered the military service of the state of Virginia in May, 1861, as colonel of engineers, and was ordered by General Robert E. Lee to take charge of the construction of the field-works and forts for the defence of Norfolk. Upon their completion he was promoted brigadier, and ordered to report to General Joseph E. Johnston at Centreville, who directed him to locate and construct batteries at Evansport on Potomac River, so as to close that river against U. S. vessels. With them he effectually blockaded the river during the winter of 1861-'2. In November, 1861, he was assigned to the command of the 7th Brigade of Ewell's division, and when General Ewell was ordered to report to General Thomas J. Jackson in May, 1862, Trimble took an active part in the campaign that ensued against General Nathaniel P. Banks, General John C. Fremont, and General James Shields. He selected the Confederate position for the battle of Cross Keys, 8 June, 1862, with the consent of General Ewell, who gives him credit for it in his report. He led his brigade at the battle of Gaines's Mills and the subsequent seven days' battles. At the battle of Slaughter's Mountain, 12 August, 1862, between the armies of General John Pope and General Jackson, he did good service, and on the night of 27 August, 1862, with the 21st North Carolina and 21st Georgia Regiments, he captured Manassas Junction, with supplies of subsistence, clothing, and ammunition. For this General Jackson recommended his promotion to be major-general. When Jackson was promoted to command a corps he selected General Trimble to succeed him in command of his division. Trimble was wounded at the second battle of Bull Run, 28 August, 1862, was appointed major-general on 23 April, 1863, commanded a division of the 2d Corps at Chancellorsville, and in June, 1863, General Lee offered him the command of the valley district to form the left wing of the Army of Northern Virginia. He was in General George E. Pickett's charge on the third day of the battle of Gettysburg, where he was wounded and captured, and lost a leg. He remained in prison at Johnson's Island twenty-one months, and was exchanged in April, 1865. Hastening to rejoin General Lee, on reaching Lynchburg he found that Lee had surrendered the day before at Appomattox. He then returned to Baltimore, where he remained until his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 160-161.


TRINITY, ALABAMA, July 25, 1862. Detachment of Company E, 31st Ohio Infantry. The detachment, numbering 24 men and commanded by Lieutenant Harman, was engaged in repairing the railroad near Trinity when it was attacked by a greatly superior force of Confederate cavalry. Harman put up a gallant defense, retiring slowly toward Decatur. The Union loss was 2 killed and 12 wounded, Harman himself among the latter. The Confederate casualties were not ascertained. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 877.


TRINITY, ALABAMA, August 22, 1862. Detachments of the 7th Illinois Cavalry. About half a mile from Trinity the Confederates made an attack on a train which was off the track. The only force to defend the train was 20 infantry and 26 cavalry. Lieutenant S. F. Lee, commanding the cavalry, dismounted his men and formed a line behind the embankment of the road to await the enemy's advance. The first volley caused the horses to break loose and the Confederates, who vastly outnumbered the Union troops, closed in on both flanks. Lee ordered his men to fall back, but the order came too late. The Union loss was 4 wounded and 20 missing. About this time Lieutenant Voris, with 27 men of the 7th Illinois cavalry, who had been patrolling the road toward Fort Rose, was returning to Decatur. At Bolding's farm he was met by a messenger from Lee. Voris pushed forward through the woods and fields until within half a mile of the railroad, where he met the little remnant of Lee's band in full retreat, hotly pursued by the enemy. Before Voris had time to form his men in a little open space which he had selected, the enemy in overwhelming force was upon him and scattered his men in every direction. He afterward got them together on the Decatur road and reported a loss of 1 man wounded and 2 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 877.


TRINITY, LOUISIANA, March 2, 1864. (See Harrisonburg, same date.)


TRINITY RIVER, CALIFORNIA, November 13, 1863. Two companies 1st Battalion California Mountaineer Infantry. Trion, Alabama, April 1, 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division of the Mississippi. As McCook's brigade entered Trion, during Wilson's raid, the rear-guard of Forrest's cavalry was just leaving the place. The Federals charged and hurried the movement. No casualties were reported. Triplett's Bridge, Kentucky, June 16, 1863. Detachments of 9th and 10th Michigan, and 10th and 14th Kentucky Cavalry. Colonel John F. De Courcy with this command started in pursuit of Everett in the latter's raid in eastern Kentucky after he had sacked Maysville. He overtook the enemy at Triplett's bridge in Rowan county at sunset and after a brisk engagement succeeded in making the Confederates take to the brush, with a loss of 3 killed, several wounded and 100 captured. All the Union property taken at Maysville was recaptured. Two Federals were wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 877-878.


TRIUNE, TENNESSEE, December 27, 1862. Right Wing, Army of the Cumberland. The right wing, commanded by Major-General A. McD. McCook, left Nolensville on the morning of the 27th and marched toward Murfreesboro with Johnson's division in advance. Skirmishes occurred at several places along the line of march and upon approaching Triune the Confederate cavalry under Wharton was found drawn up to resist the further progress of the Union troops. Colonel P. P. Baldwin, commanding the 3d brigade of the 2nd division, deployed the 1st Ohio and 6th Indiana on the right of the road, and these regiments, supported by the 93d Ohio, the Louisville legion and Simonson's battery, drove the enemy back to the town, where Wharton made another stand. Colonel Tripp made a charge with the 6th Ind. and again drove them from their position, after which the command went into bivouac. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 878.


TRIUNE, TENNESSEE, March 8, 1863. (See Harpeth River.)


TRIUNE, TENNESSEE, March 21, 1863. Cavalry Detachment, 3d Division, 14th Army Corps. In a report Confederate Brigadier-General John A. Wharton states that a Federal cavalry outpost 3 miles and a half from Triune to within a mile of that town where the Federals were too strongly posted to be dislodged by the attacking party. No casualties were reported. Union reports make no mention of the affair. Triune, Tennessee, June 9, 1863. General Mitchell's Cavalry Division. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 878.


TRIUNE, TENNESSEE, June 11, 1863. 1st Cavalry Division, Department of the Cumberland. About 10 a. m. a considerable cavalry force of the enemy attacked the Federal pickets on the Eagleville pike near Triune. After the attack had been repulsed the Federals followed on the Chapel Hill and Eagleville pikes and drove the Confederates across the Harpeth river after they had attempted to make a number of stands. The Union loss in the affair was 5 killed and 12 wounded, while the enemy was known to have 23 killed and 58 wounded, besides a loss of 10 in prisoners. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 878.


TRIUNE, TENNESSEE, February 10, 1865. Detachment of 14th Tennessee Cavalry. Upon learning that a gang of guerrillas were to attend a ball at the house of one Luster, Captain Robert H. Clinton of the 10th Tennessee infantry with 35 men of the 14th Tennessee cavalry proceeded to the place and surrounded the house. The demand for a surrender was met by an attempt to break through Clinton's lines, during which 4 of the enemy were killed and 1 was mortally wounded. Two Federal soldiers were slightly wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 878.


TROOP. A company of cavalry. A particular beat of the drum. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 638).


TROPHY. Flags, colors, &c., captured from an enemy, and shown or treasured as a token of victory. Among the ancients, a trophy consisted of a pile or heap of arms taken from the vanquished troops, and raised by the conquerors on an eminence on the field of battle. As these were usually dedicated to some of the gods, it was considered sacrilege to demolish a trophy. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 638).


TROTTER, James Fisher, jurist, born in Brunswick County, Virginia, 5 November, 1802: died in Holly Springs, Mississippi, 9 March, 1866. He emigrated with his parents to eastern Tennessee at an early age, received a careful education, and in 1820 was admitted to the bar. He settled in Hamilton, Monroe County, Mississippi, in 1823, and soon established a reputation as a constitutional lawyer. After serving several terms in the legislature, he was chosen, in 1837, a judge of the circuit court of his district, and in 1838 succeeded Judge John Black in the U. S. Senate, having been chosen as a Democrat. After serving from February to December of that year, he resigned to accept a seat in the court of appeals of Mississippi, which he held till 1840. He then resumed his profession, and was vice-chancellor of the northern district of the state in 1855-'7, and professor of law in the University of Mississippi in 1860-'2. He ardently supported the southern cause during the Civil War, but subsequently did much to promote peaceable submission to the U. S. authorities. He became a circuit judge in 1866. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 162.


TROUBLESOME CREEK, KENTUCKY, April 27, 1864. Detachment of 45th Kentucky Mounted Infantry. Captain Adams with four companies of the 45th Kentucky overtook a Confederate force near the mouth of Troublesome creek. He attacked and succeeded in killing 4 and capturing 16, together with 24 horses and 28 stands of arms. In the pursuit which followed one of the Confederate leaders was killed and 35 men were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 878.


TROUS-DE-LOUP portrapholes; are rows of pits in the form of inverted cones. They should be either 2J or 8 feet deep, so as not to be serviceable to the enemy's riflemen. They should be traced in a checkered form, and a strong pointed stake should be driven in the middle of each, (Fig. 236.) (See OBSTACLES.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 638).


TROUT CREEK, FLORIDA, July 15, 1864 . Detachment of 3d U. S. Colored Infantry. This affair was an incident of an expedition from Jacksonville up Trout creek. The advance guard under Captain Hart skirmished' with the enemy for a distance of 10 miles, inflicting some loss. One wounded man fell into Federal hands and 1 Union man was killed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 878.


TROWBRIDGE, William Petit, engineer, born in Oakland County, Michigan, 25 May, 1828. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1848 at the head of his class, and promoted 2d lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. During the last year of his course he acted as assistant professor of chemistry, and after graduation he spent two years in the astronomical observatory at West Point, preparing himself for duty in the U. S. Coast Survey, to which he was ordered at his own request. In 1852 he was assigned to duty under Alexander D. Bache in the primary triangulation of the coast of Maine, which in 1852 was placed under his immediate charge. Later he executed surveys of Appomattox River, in Virginia, with a view to the improvement of its navigation, and also similar surveys of James River near Richmond. He also surveyed the Dutch Gap, and recommended the " cut-off” or canal, that was subsequently constructed. In 1853 he was sent to the Pacific Coast, where he conducted a series of tidal and magnetic observations extending through a period of three years along the coast from San Diego to Puget Sound. He became 1st lieutenant, 18 December, 1854, returned from the west in 1856, and resigned from the Corps of Engineers on 1 December to accept the professorship of mathematics in the University of Michigan, which chair he held for a year. At the solicitation of Supt. Alexander D. Bache he accepted the permanent appointment of assistant on the coast survey, and was engaged in preparing for publication the results of the Gulf stream exploration. In 1860 he was sent to Key West to superintend the erection of a permanent self-registering magnetic observatory, and in 1861 he prepared minute descriptions of the harbors, inlets, and rivers of the southern coast, for the use of the U.S. Navy. Later he was ordered to execute a hydrographic survey of Narragansett Bay, where there was a design to erect a U.S. Navy-yard, but the results of the survey were not favorable to the project. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War he was placed in charge of the engineer office in New York City, where his duties included the supply of materials for fortifications and other defences, and the construction and shipping of engineer equipage for armies in the field. He also was superintending engineer of the constructing of the fort at Willett's point, New York, of repairs of Fort Schuyler, New York, and in charge of works on Governor's Island in New York Harbor. In 1865 he became vice-president of the Novelty Iron-Works in New York City, with direction of their shops, where he remained for four years. He was then elected professor of dynamical engineering in the Sheffield scientific school of Yale until 1870, when he was called to take charge of the engineering department of the School of Mines of Columbia, which place he now holds. Professor Trowbridge held various state offices while he was in New Haven, notably that of adjutant-general with the rank of brigadier-general on the governor's staff in 1872-'6. The degree of A. M. was conferred on him by Rochester in 1850 and by Yale in 1870, that of Ph. D. by Princeton in 1879, and that of LL. D. by Trinity in 1880, and the University of Michigan in 1887. He is a member of scientific societies, and vice-president of the New York Academy of Sciences, was vice-president of the American association for the advancement of science, presiding over the section of mechanical science in 1882, and in 1878 was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In addition to many papers in scientific journals and the transactions of societies of which he is a member, he has published " Proposed Plan for building a Bridge across the East River at Blackwell's Island " (New York. 1869); "Heat as a Source of Power" (1874); and "Turbine Wheels " (1879). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 165.


TROY, William, 1827-1905, Essex County, Virginia, enslaved African American, Baptist minister, author.  Active in the Underground Railroad.  Wrote Hair Breadth Escapes from Slavery to Freedom in 1861.


TRUCK. The casemate truck weighs GOO lbs., and is designed for transporting guns in casemate galleries. The store truck Weighs 80 lbs; it is a common hand truck used for moving boxes. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 638).


TRUE, Charles Kittridge, 1809-1878, abolitionist, educator, Methodist clergyman, author, censured for abolitionist views (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 165-166; Sernett, 2002, p. 81)

TRUE, Charles Kittridge, educator, born in Portland, Maine, 14 August, 1809; died in Brooklyn, New York, 20 June, 1878. He was graduated at Harvard in 1832, and was subsequently pastor of various Methodist churches, and principal of the Amenia seminary, New York He was professor of moral and intellectual philosophy at Wesleyan in 1849-'60. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1849. He edited the “Oregonian and Indian Advocate” in 1839, in Boston,  Massachusetts, and was the author of “Elements of Logic” (Boston, 1840); “Shawmut or the Settlement of Boston” (1845) ; “John Winthrop and the Great Colony” (New York, 1875); “Life and Times of Sir Walter Raleigh” (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1878); “Life and Times of John Knox” (1878); “Memoirs of John Howard” (1878); “The Thirty Years' War” (1879); “Heroes of Holland” (1882); and “Life of Captain John Smith” (1882). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 165.


TRUMAN, Benjamin Cummings, author, born in Providence, R. I, 25 October, 1835. He was educated in Canterbury, Merrimack County, New Hampshire, and adopted the profession of journalism. In 1862-65 he served on the staff of Andrew Johnson, then military governor of Tennessee, and as a volunteer participated in the battles of Stone River, Nashville, Mobile, and other engagements. He afterward became private secretary to President Johnson, and in 1865-'6 was special commissioner to the southern states to inquire into the condition of the Negroes and poor white inhabitants. . He was special agent of the post-office department for the Pacific Coast in 1866-'9 and again in 1878-'9, was president and secretary of the Southern district agricultural society of California in 1873-'7, and now (1888) is connected with the Pacific Railroad Company. He has published "The South after the War" (New York, 1867); "Semi-Tropical California " (1870); "Occidental Sketches " (1878); " Winter Resorts of California" (1880); "From the Crescent City to the Golden Gate " (1882); "The Field of Honor," a history of duelling (1884); and Homes and Happiness in the Golden Gate " (1886). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 166.


TRUMBULL, Lyman, 1813-1896,  lawyer, jurist, U.S. Senator, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 166; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, p. 19; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 21, p. 877; Congressional Globe)

TRUMBULL, Lyman, senator, born in Colchester, Connecticut, 12 October, 1813, began to teach at sixteen years of age, and at twenty was at the head of an academy in Georgia, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He moved to Belleville, Illinois, and in 1841 was secretary of the state of Illinois. In 1848 he was elected one of the justices of the state supreme court. In 1854 he was chosen to represent his district in Congress, but before his term began he was elected U. S. Senator, and took his seat, 4 March, 1855. Until that time he had affiliated with the Democratic party, but on the question of slavery he took a decided stand against his party and his colleague, Stephen A. Douglas, especially on the question of “popular sovereignty.” In 1860 he was brought forward by some Republicans as a candidate for president. He had no desire to be so considered, and when his friend, Abraham Lincoln, was nominated, he labored with earnestness for his election. In 1861 he was re-elected to the U. S. Senate, in which he did good service for the National cause, and was one of the first to propose the amendment to the Federal constitution for the abolition of slavery. He was one of the five Republican senators that voted for acquittal in the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, and afterward he acted with the Democratic party, whose candidate for governor of Illinois he was in 1880. Since his retirement from Congress he has had a lucrative law practice in Chicago. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 166.


TRUMBULL, Henry Clay, author, born in Stonington, Connecticut, 8 June, 1831, was educated privately and for a time studied in Williston Seminary. In 1851 he moved to Hartford and engaged in railroad business, but in 1858 was appointed Sunday-school missionary for Connecticut, which office he held until 1862. He was commissioned to the 10th Connecticut Regiment as a chaplain, ordained a clergyman of the Congregational church, and served until the close of the Civil War, except during a part of 1863, when he was in prison in South Carolina and Virginia, having been captured before Fort Wagner. In 1865 he was appointed missionary secretary of the American Sunday school union for New England, and in 1872 normal secretary of the same. […]. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 167.


TRUNNION. Short cylinder projecting from a piece of ordnance by which it rests upon its carriage. (See ORDNANCE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 638).


TRUSS. (See CARPENTRY.)


TRUTH, Sojourner (Isabella Baumfree), 1797?-1883, African American, anti-slavery activist, abolitionist, women’s rights activist.  Truth, born as Isabella Baumfree, was born into slavery.  She was treated harshly by her owner.  Her father died of neglect.  Two of her daughters, and all but one of her siblings, were taken away from her and sold.  In 1827, she escaped with the aid of local Quakers.  She was able to sue for the freedom of her son, Peter.  This was one of the first cases of a Black woman successfully winning a suit against a White man.  Around 1829, Truth moved to New York City.  In 1843, she was inspired to rename herself Sojourner Truth.  That year, she went on a religious mission, traveling through Long Island and Connecticut.  Also that same year, she learned about the abolitionist movement.  She became a member of the Northampton, Massachusetts, Association of Education and Industry, an egalitarian community.  Through this community, she met abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison and African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass.  She was so eloquent that abolitionist leaders sponsored her on a speaking tour.  Beginning in 1850, she also began speaking at women’s rights conventions, becoming a leader in the women’s rights movement.  Around 1850, she moved to Salem, Ohio.  She used the offices of the Anti-Slavery Bugle as a center.  She then traveled to Indiana, Kansas and Missouri.  Wrote The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave, 1850.  She was able to sustain herself by selling copies of her slave narrative.  She was attacked by pro-slavery advocates in Kansas and Missouri.  By the mid-1850s, she traveled to Battle Creek, Michigan.  During the Civil War, she recruited African American soldiers for the Union Army as well as working to see for their care.  On October 29, 1864, Truth met President Abraham Lincoln in the White House.  She stayed in Washington for two years, assisting freed slaves.  In December 1864, she was appointed counselor for the National Freedman’s Relief Association.  After the war, she protested the segregation of streetcars in Washington, DC.  It was the first sit-in protest.  In March 1870, she met President Ulysses S. Grant to petition the federal government to establish a state for freed slaves.  In 1867, Truth began working for the American Equal Rights Association, which sought suffrage in New York for women and African Americans.

(Mabee, 1970, pp. 83-85, 145, 270, 337, 342; Mabee, 1993; Painter, 1996; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 481-482; Stetson, 1994; Yellin, 1994, pp. 30, 139-158; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 603; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 814-816; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 21, p. 880; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 11, p. 236)

SOJOURNER TRUTH, lecturer, born in Ulster County, New York, about 1775; died in Battle Creek. Michigan, 26 November, 1883. Her parents were owned by Colonel Charles Ardinburgh, of Ulster County, and she was sold at the age of ten to John J. Dumont. Though she was emancipated by the act of New York which set at liberty in 1817 all slaves over the age of forty, she does not appear to have obtained her freedom until 1827, when she escaped and went to New York City. Subsequently she lived in Northampton,  Massachusetts, and in 1851 began to lecture in western New York, accompanied by George Thompson, of England, and other Abolitionists, making her headquarters in Rochester, New York. Subsequently she travelled in various parts of the United States, lecturing on politics, temperance, and women's rights, and for the welfare of her race. She could neither read nor write, but, being nearly six feet in height and possessing a deep and powerful voice, she proved an effective lecturer. She carried with her a book that she called “The Book of Life,” containing the autographs of many distinguished persons that were identified with the anti-slavery movement. Her name was Isabella, but she called herself “Sojourner,” claiming to have heard this name whispered to her from the Lord. She added the appellation of “Truth” to signify that she should preach nothing but truth to all men. She spent much time in Washington, D. C., during the Civil War, and passed her last years in Battle Creek, Michigan, where a small monument was erected near her grave, by subscription. See “Narrative of Sojourner Truth, drawn from her 'Book of Life,' with Memorial Chapter,” by Mrs. Francis W. Titus (Battle Creek, 1884). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 603


TRUXTON, William Talbot, naval officer, born in Philadelphia. 11 March, 1824; died in Norfolk, Virginia, 25 February, 1887, entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 9 February, 1841, attended the Naval Academy for one year, and was graduated as a passed midshipman, 10 August, 1847. He cruised in the frigate "Brandywine in 1847-'8 on the Brazil station, whence he returned in command of the prize-slaver "Independence." He served on the Pacific Station in the ship "Supply" in 1849-'52, in the brig " Dolphin " in 1853 on special service in connection with laying the trans-Atlantic cable, and in 1854 with the Strain Expedition to survey a route for a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Darien. He was promoted to master, 14 September, 1855, and to lieutenant the next day by action of the retiring board. He served in the brig " Perry " during the Paraguayan war in 1859-'60, and in the sloop "Dale," of which he succeeded in command in 1861, in the North Atlantic Squadron, where he continued to serve throughout the Civil War. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and had the steamers " Alabama," " Ohocura," and "Tacony " in succession. He participated in the operations in the sounds of North Carolina, in various engagements with the Confederate batteries, in the capture of Plymouth, North Carolina and in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He was promoted to commander, 25 July, 1860, was superintendent of coal shipments for the navy in 1860-'7, commanded the sloop "Jamestown" in the Pacific Squadron in 18f!8-'70 on a special survey, and was Ordnance officer of the Boston Navy-yard in 1871-'3. He was promoted to captain, 25 September, 1873, commanded the ' Brooklyn,” of the North Atlantic Squadron, in 1873-'4, and the flag-ship of the South Atlantic station, 1874-'5. He was a member of the board of inspectors in 1870-'7, and served at the U.S. Navy yards at Boston and Norfolk in 1877-81. He was promoted to commodore, 11 May, 1882, and was commandant of the Norfolk Navy-yard in 1885-'6. He was promoted to rear-admiral by seniority, 18 February, 1886, but action on his nomination was delayed, and he was retired by law as a commodore. 11 March, 1886. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 171.


TUBMAN, Harriet, 1822-1913, Maryland, African American, abolitionist, leader of the Underground Railroad, orator, Civil War Scout and nurse.  Member of the Troy Vigilance Committee.  Tubman was enslaved from her birth.  After being threatened to be sold in 1849, she escaped to Philadelphia.  She began her mission as a guide in the Underground Railroad in December 1850.  In the 1850s, she made 19 trips through Maryland, aiding fugitive slaves escaping to the North and to Canada.  She aided an estimated 300 fugitive slaves, none of whom was ever recaptured.  She often worked alone in her rescue activities.  Her success resulted in a $40,000 bounty on her head.  She was an advisor to radical abolitionist John Brown.  In the spring of 1862, she volunteered for the Union Army as a Scout and a spy, often travelling behind Confederate lines.  After the war, she moved to Auburn, New York, and worked with older former slaves and orphans.  She also worked to support freeman’s schools and worked for women’s right to vote.  In 1897, she was awarded a pension of $20 a month by Congress for her wartime service.

(Mabee, 1970, pp. 284, 321; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 37, 52, 307, 482-483, 489; Still, 1872; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 172; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, p. 27; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 816-817; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 21, p. 888; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 11, p. 238)

TUBMAN, Harriet, abolitionist, born near Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland, about 1821. She was the child of slaves of pure African blood, whose name was Ross. Her original Christian name of Araminta she changed to Harriet. When about thirteen years old she received a fracture of the skull at the hands of an enraged overseer, which left her subject during her whole life to fits of somnolency. In 1844 she married a free colored man named Tubman. In 1849, in order to escape being sent to the cotton-plantations of the south, she fled by night, and reached Philadelphia in safety. In December, 1850, she visited Baltimore and brought away her sister and two children, and within a few months returned to aid in the escape of her brother and two other men. Thenceforth she devoted herself to guiding runaway slaves in their flight from the plantations of Maryland along the channels of the “underground railroad,” with the assistance of Thomas Garrett and others. At first she conducted the bands of escaped slaves into the state of New York, but, when the fugitive-slave act began to be strictly enforced, she piloted them through to Canada. She made nineteen journeys, and led away more than 300 slaves. A reward of $40,000 was offered for her apprehension. Among the people of her race and the agents of the “underground railroad”' she was known as “Moses.” During the Civil War she performed valuable service for the National government as a spy and as a nurse in the hospitals. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 172.


TUCK, Amos, 1810-1879, Parsonfield, Maine, lawyer, politician, abolitionist.  Co-founder of the Republican Party.  Free-Soil and Whig anti-slavery member of the U.S. Congress.  Opposed the Democratic Party and its position supporting the annexation of Texas and the extension of slavery to the new territories.  Elected to Congress in 1847 and served until 1853.  Prominent anti-slavery congressman, allied with Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio and John G. Palfrey of Massachusetts.  (Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 10, Pt. 1, p. 27)


TUCKER, Nathaniel Beverley, journalist, born in Winchester, Virginia, 8 June, 1820, was educated at the University of Virginia, founded the Washington "Sentinel" in 1853, was elected printer to the U. S. Senate in December of that year, and in 1857 was appointed consul to Liverpool, remaining till 1861. He was sent by the Confederate government in 1862 to England and France, and in 1863-"4 to Canada, to obtain commissary supplies. He went to Mexico after the Civil War closed, was there till Maximilian's reign came to an end, then returned to the United States, and has since resided in Washington, D. C. and Berkeley Springs, West Virginia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p.

176.


TUCKER, John Randolph, statesman, born in Winchester, Virginia, 24 December, 1823, received his early education at a private school near his home, entered Richmond Academy, and finished his studies at the University of Virginia, where he was graduated in law in 1844. He was admitted to the bar in 1845, and began the practice of his profession in Winchester. He was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1852 and 1856, was elected attorney general of Virginia in May, 1857, to fill an unexpired term, and was re-elected in 1859 and in 1863. He was dispossessed of this office by the results of the war. He was elected professor of equity and public law in Washington and Lee University. Lexington, in 1870, and continued in this office until he was elected in 1874 to Congress, of which he was a member till 1887. He was for a short time chairman of the ways and means committee, and was a member of that committee for eight years. He was chairman of the judiciary committee in the 48th and 49th Congresses. Mr. Tucker is an orator of much power, and has taken an active part, in the debates on the tariff, in opposition to the protective policy. His speeches on other questions include those on the electoral commission bill, the constitutional doctrine as to the presidential count, the Hawaiian treaty in 1876, the use of the army at the polls, in 1870, and Chinese emigration, in 1883. He delivered an address before the Social science association in 1877, and one in 1887 before the law-school of Yale, which in that year gave him the degree of LL. D. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 176.


TUCKER, St. George, was a lawyer by profession, and was clerk of the Virginia legislature. He joined the Confederate Army, held a lieutenant-colonel's commission, and died from exposure in the seven days' battles around Richmond. He was the author of "Hansford: a Tale of Bacon's Rebellion" (Richmond, 1853); "The Southern Crop"; and the dedicatory poem of Washington's equestrian statue at Richmond. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp.


TUCKER, John Randolph, naval officer, born in Alexandria, Virginia, 31 January, 1812; died in Petersburg, Virginia, 12 June, 1883. He received his early education in his native city, and on 1 June, 1826, entered the U. S. Navy as a midshipman. He became lieutenant, 20 December 1837, served as executive officer on board the bomb-brig "Stromboli" during the war with Mexico, and participated in the capture of Tabasco and other naval operations. During  the latter part of the war Tucker succeeded to the command of the vessel. On 14 September, 1855, he received his commission as a commander, and was ordered to take charge of the receiving ship "Pennsylvania" at Norfolk. His next post was that of ordnance-officer of the Norfolk Navy-yard. He resigned his commission on 18 April, 1861, after the passage by Virginia of a secession ordinance, and on 21 April was appointed a commander in the Virginia Navy. On 22 April he was directed by Governor Letcher to "conduct the naval defences of James River," but on 3 June he was ordered to the command of the steamer " Yorktown," which afterward became the "Patrick Henry." When Virginia joined the Confederate States, Tucker, with all other officers of the state navy, was transferred to the Confederate service with the same rank he had held in the U. S. Navy. The " Patrick Henry" participated in the various conflicts in Hampton Roads, including the battle between the "Merrimac" and the " Monitor" on 9 March, and on the 13th Tucker was placed in command of the wooden fleet. Soon after the repulse of the National Squadron at Drewry's Bluff, in which his vessel took part, Tucker was promoted on 13 May, 1863, to the rank of captain, and ordered to Charleston, South Carolina, where he commanded the Confederate naval forces as flag-officer of the station. When Charleston was evacuated in February, 1865, Captain Tucker returned to Drewry's Bluff, organized the naval brigade, and commanded it there until Richmond was evacuated, when he reported to General Robert E. Lee, and was attached to Custis Lee's division of General Ewell's corps, which formed the rearguard of the Confederate Army on the retreat from Richmond. In 1866 Captain Tucker was appointed to the command of the Peruvian Navy with the rank of rear-admiral. During the war between Peru, Chili, and Spain he commanded the combined fleets of the two republics. When that war ceased, his rank and emoluments were continued, and he was made president of the Peruvian hydrographic commission of the Amazon. His last service was the exploration and survey of the upper Amazon and its tributaries. In a short time he returned to Petersburg. Virginia, where he died. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 176.


TUFTS, Hannah, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS), Boston, Massachusetts (Yellin, 1994, p. 62)


TULIP, ARKANSAS, October 11, 1863. A despatch from Colonel A. S. Dobbin, commanding a Confederate brigade, states that he was driven from Tulip at 4 a. m. of the 11th. This is the only official mention of the affair. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 878.


TULLAHOMA, TENNESSEE, June 29-30, 1863. 14th Army Corps. Van Derveer’s brigade of the 3d division advanced on the Tullahoma road on the 29th and engaged the Confederate outposts and pickets, driving them back toward Tullahoma. Several Confederates were killed or wounded, while the Federals had 2 wounded. About 6 p. m. the brigade was relieved by Steedman's of the same division and next morning, supported by a brigade from Sheridan's division on the right and two regiments of Reynolds' division on the left, Steedman pushed forward to within a mile and a half of Tullahoma, skirmishing briskly all the way. The Federal loss on the 30th was 15 killed or wounded, while the enemy lost heavily. The enemy evacuated Tullahoma during the night and next day Thomas' corps occupied it without resistance. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 878-879.


TULLAHOMA, TENNESSEE, October 23, 1863. 70th Indiana Infantry, acting as escort to a train. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUMBLER. (See ARMS; LOCK; MAYNARD'S Primer.)


TUNICA BAYOU, LOUISIANA, November 8, 1863. A communication from Colonel Henry Maury, of the 15th Confederate cavalry, contains mention of an engagement at Tunica bayou. The Federals, 300 strong, were encamped on a plantation under protection of a gunboat in the bayou. Maury, with six companies of his regiment, attacked and routed them, killing between 50 and 60, capturing 25 men and 3 wagons with teams. But 3 of the attacking party were wounded. Union reports have no account of the engagement . The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUNICA BEND, LOUISIANA, April 21, 1864. Three companies of the 3d Rhode Island Cavalry, on transports. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUNNEL HILL, GEORGIA, September 11, 1863. (See Ringgold, same date.)


TUNNEL HILL, GEORGIA, January 28, 1864. Part of 14th Corps, Army of the Cumberland. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUNNEL HILL, GEORGIA, February 24-26, 1864. (See Dalton, same date.)


TUNNEL HILL, GEORGIA, May 7, 1864. Army of the Cumberland. This was the beginning of the Atlanta campaign. The army moved on Tunnel Hill at daylight , Palmer's (14th) corps on the direct road from Ringgold, Howard's (4th) via Lee's house, and Hooker's (20th) via Nickajack gap. Palmer moved with his 2nd division in advance and when near Tunnel Hill met with some show of resistance from Wheeler's cavalry. Stanley's division of Howard's corps now appeared on the flank. Cruft's brigade was pushed forward to attack the Confederates in front and Whitaker's brigade was sent down the ridge near Rocky Face ridge to attack on the flank. This movement dislodged the enemy and Captain Simonson, chief of artillery, brought forward a section of rifled guns of the 5th Ind. battery, which sent a few well-directed shots into the retreating line of the enemy, materially accelerating their pace. The only casualties reported were 4 men wounded in Stanley's command.


TUNNEL HILL, GEORGIA, March 3, 1865. Detachment of the 145th Indiana Infantry. While Captain John P. Cravens and a squad were repairing a telegraph line near Tunnel hill they were attacked by the Confederates and 4 of the party were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUNNEL HILL, MISSISSIPPI, February 13, 1864. An Incident of the Meridian Expedition. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUNSTALL'S STATION, VIRGINIA, June 13, 1862. (See Stuart's Raid.)


TUNSTALL'S STATION, VIRGINIA, May 4, 1863. 12th Illinois Cavalry. During Stoneman's raid the Confederates at Tunstall's station ran out a train with infantry and a battery of 3 pieces to meet the 12th Illinois Lieutenant-Colonel Hasbrouck Davis, commanding the Federals, ordered a charge in an attempt to break through the line of Confederate infantry. The effort was unsuccessful and the Union command was compelled to retire after having lost 2 killed and several wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUNSTALL'S STATION, VIRGINIA, June 23-28, 1863. (See South Anna River.)


TUNSTALL'S STATION, VIRGINIA, March 3, 1864. 7th Michigan and 1st Vermont Cavalry; Kilpatrick's Raid. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879.


TUNSTALL'S STATION, VIRGINIA, June 21, 1864. (See White House.)


TUPELO, MISSISSIPPI, July 14-15, 1864. This action was the culmination of an expedition led by Major-General A. J. Smith from La Grange, Tennessee, in pursuit of Forrest . The battle really occurred at the little village of Harrisburg, a station on the Tupelo & Pontotoc railroad, a short distance west of Tupelo. (See Harrisburg.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 879-880.


TUPPER, Henry Allen, clergyman, born in Charleston, South Carolina, 29 February, 1828. His father, Tristram, a merchant of Charleston, was at one time president of the South Carolina Railroad. The son was educated in part at Charleston College, and was graduated at Madison University, New York, in 1848, and at its theological seminary in 1850. Having entered the ministry, he became, after three years' service in Graniteville, South Carolina, pastor of the Baptist church at Washington, Georgia, in which relation he continued for nearly twenty years. During the Civil War he was chaplain of the 9th Georgia Regiment of the Confederate Army. […].  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 182.


TURCHIN, John Basil, or Ivan Yasilevitch Turchininoff, soldier, born in the province of Don. Russia, 30 January, 1822. He entered the artillery school at St. Petersburg in 1830, was graduated in 1841, and entered the horse-artillery service as an ensign. He participated in the Hungarian Campaign, in 1849 entered the military academy for officers of the general staff, was graduated in 1852, and was assigned to the stuff of the Imperial guards. During the Crimean war he was promoted till he reached the grade of colonel, was senior staff-officer of the active corps, and prepared the plan that was adopted for the defence of the coast of Finland. He came to the United States in 1856, and was employed in the engineer department of the Illinois Central Railroad Company until 19 June. 1861, when he was appointed colonel of the 19th Illinois Volunteers. He served with his regiment in Missouri. Kentucky, and Alabama, where he took an active part in the capture of Huntsville and Decatur. He was promoted to be a brigadier-general of volunteers. 17 July, 1862, served in the cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland, and resigned, 10 October, 1864. After the close of the war he was a solicitor of patents in Chicago till 1870, for the next three years was employed as a civil engineer, and in 1873 he established the Polish colony of Radone, in Washington County, Illinois, where he now (1889) resides on a farm. He is an occasional contributor of scientific and military articles to periodicals. In January, 1865, he wrote "Military Rambles," a series of criticisms, issued monthly at Chicago, and he has also published "The Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago. 1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 182


TURKEY BRIDGE, VIRGINIA, June 30, 1862. This was an attempt by the Confederate Generals Holmes and Wise to turn the Federal rear while the battle of Glendale was in progress. It was heroically met and defeated by Sykes' corps. (See Seven Days' Battles.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880.

TURKEY ISLAND, VIRGINIA, May 7, 1864. U. S. Gunboat Shawsheen. On this date the Shawsheen moved up the James river to Turkey island for the purpose of establishing an intermediate signal station between Admiral Lee's flag-ship and the headquarters of the army. While lying at anchor in Turkey bend she was fired upon by a Confederate battery of six 12-pounders, and after 10 minutes surrendered. The vessel was burned by the Confederates and 27 men of the crew were taken prisoners. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880.


TURKEYTOWN, ALABAMA, October 25, 1864. 1st and 2nd Divisions of the 15th Army Corps. Major-General P. J. Osterhaus, with Woods' and Hazen's divisions of the 15th corps, moved from camp on the Little river for a reconnaissance up Turkeytown valley. The enemy was first developed at King's hill, where a small cavalry force opposed the Federal advance for a few minutes. At Turkeytown the Confederates were in position behind some hastily constructed works extending from the mountains to the Coosa river. After a slight skirmish they retired and Osterhaus fell back, having accomplished the object of his reconnaissance. No casualties were reported. The affair was an incident of the campaign in north Georgia and north Alabama. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880.


TURNBACK CREEK, MISSOURI, April 26, 1862. 5th Kansas Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880.


TURNBULL, Laurence, physician, born in Shotts, Lanarkshire, Scotland, 10 September, 1821. He was graduated at the Philadelphia College of pharmacy in 1842, taking as his thesis "Salicine." which he had found in the populus tremuoides, and then engaged in the business of manufacturing chemicals. For his success in the production of citrate of iron he received an award of merit from the Franklin Institute, and he also discovered that biborate of sodium would bleach colored oils and ointments. Entering the office of Dr. John K. Mitchell, he studied medicine, and was graduated at the Jefferson Medical College in 1845. He was appointed resident physician of the Philadelphia Hospital in 1845, and was out-door physician to the guardians of the poor in 1846-'8, also vaccine physician to the city of Philadelphia in 1847-'50. Meanwhile, in 1848-'50. he was lecturer on chemistry applied to the arts in Franklin institute, and from 1857 till 1887 he was physician to the department of diseases of the eye and ear in the Howard hospital. At the beginning of the Civil War he was a volunteer surgeon in the hospital-department service on Potomac River, for the relief of the Pennsylvania troops, in Emory Hospital, and at Fort Monroe. Dr. Turnbull has made a specialty of diseases of the ear, and is aural surgeon of the Jefferson Medical College hospital, and superintendent of the ear clinic in I877-'88. […]. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 183-184.


TURNBULL, Robert James, political writer, born in New Smyrna, Florida, in January, 1775; died in Charleston, South Carolina, 15 June, 1833. He was the son of a British physician, who obtained grants from the government in 1772 to establish a Greek colony in Florida. About 15,000 Greeks, Moravians, and other inhabitants of the Mediterranean Islands were induced to emigrate, and they founded New Smyrna, so named in honor of Mrs. Turnbull, who was of Greek descent and a native of Smyrna. The project was unsuccessful, and Dr. Turnbull forfeited his grants by adhering to the cause of the colonies during the Revolutionary war, when he settled in Charleston, South Carolina. The son was educated in England, and then studied law in Charleston and Philadelphia. After his admission to the bar he practised in Charleston until 1810, when he retired to a large plantation in the country. While in Europe he wrote a "Visit to the Philadelphia Penitentiary" (London. 1797), which was translated into French (Paris. 1800), and attracted attention both at home and abroad. He became a leader in the nullification movement, and wrote a series of articles on that subject in 1827 for the "Charleston Mercury," which were afterward issued as " The Crisis," and became the text-book of the nullification party. Mr. Turnbull was "reputed the ablest writer in favor of the principle of nullification." He argued that "each state has the unquestionable right to judge of the infractions of the constitution, and to interpose its sovereign power to arrest their progress and to protect its citizens," which principle he incorporated in his treatise on "The Tribunal of Dernier Ressort" (1830). In 1831 he was a member of the Free trade convention that assembled at Columbia, South Carolina, and wrote the report of that body, and he was active in the similar convention in Charleston in February, 1832. He delivered an oration before an assemblage of the nullification party that showed its influence in the subsequent election, and in November of the same year he was a delegate to the convention of the people of South Carolina that passed the nullifying ordinance, and prepared the address of that convention to the people. After the proclamation of President Jackson was received in South Carolina he was the first to enlist when volunteers were called for, in addition to the organized militia, to resist the National government. A monument was erected to his memory in Charleston by his political admirers and associates. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 184.


TURNBULL, William, engineer, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 9 October, 1800: died in Wilmington, North Carolina, 9 December, 1857. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1819, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant in the artillery. After serving in garrison at Fort McHenry for a year he was on topographical duty until 1832. being made in 1831 assistant topographical engineer, with the brevet of captain. From 1832 till 1843 he was superintending topographical engineer of the construction of the Potomac aqueduct. This work, one of the earliest of the important undertakings of American engineers, gave Colonel Turnbull a high rank among his professional associates. The piers of the aqueduct were founded by coffer-darns on rock, sometimes covered by twenty feet of mud, and nearly forty feet below the water surface. He was made major, 7 July, 1838, and had charge of the repairs of the j Potomac (long) bridge in 1841-3. Subsequently he had charge of Lake Ontario Harbor improvement, the extension of Buffalo Harbor, and inspection of harbor improvements on Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie. In the war with Mexico he was topographical engineer of the array under General Winfield Scott, and was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, the castles of Cerro Gordo, Pedregal, and Churubusco, and the operations that ended with the capture of the city of Mexico. His services gained for him the brevets-of-lieutenant colonel and colonel. During 1848-9 he had charge of the construction of the New Orleans custom-house, and he was assistant in the topographical bureau at Washington, D. C. in 1850-'2 and 1853-'4, where he examined into the practicability of bridging Susquehanna River at Havre de Grace, and the expediency of an additional canal around the Falls of Ohio. He was light-house engineer for Oswego harbor, New York, in 1853-'5, in charge of harbor improvements of Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, and the eastern part of Lake Erie in 1853-'6, and of the improvement of Cape Pear River, North Carolina, in 1856-'7. The illustration shown above represents the Potomac aqueduct as designed by him. Among his various government reports that were published was one "On the Survey and Construction of the Potomac Aqueduct," with twenty-one plates (Washington, 1838).—His son, Charles Nesbit, engineer, born in Washington, D. C, 14 August, 1832; died in Boston,  Massachusetts, 2 December, 1874. was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1854, and made 2d lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He was on the survey of the boundary-line between the United States and Mexico in 1854-'6, on that of the northern lakes in 1857-"9. and at the U. S. Military Academy as assistant professor of mathematics in 1859-'60. During the Civil War he served at first on the staff of General Benjamin P. Butler and in the Department of the Gulf, after which, in 1863-'4, he was with the Army of the Potomac. He received his promotion as captain of Topographical Engineers, 14 July, 1862, and was transferred to the Corps of Engineers on 3 March, 1863. In June, 1864, he was chief engineer of the cavalry corps, during General Philip H. Sheridan's raid, and later chief engineer of the 8th Army Corps. He received the brevets of major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel for his services, and after the war served on the repairs of Port Hamilton. Colonel Turnbull resigned on 31 December 1865, and engaged in the commission business in Boston,  Massachusetts, where he continued until his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 184-185.


TURNER, Charles Coche, naval officer, born in Virginia about 1805; died in Baltimore, Maryland, 4 March, 1861. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 10 May, 1820, was commissioned lieutenant, 17 May, 1828, and served in the sloop " Vandalia," suppressing piracy, and in the Seminole War in 1834-'5. He was in the sloop "Peacock" in the East Indies in 1836-'8, during which time he had a narrow escape on a reef in the Persian Gulf, in which it was necessary to throw the guns overboard in order to save the ship. He commanded the store-ship "Erie" in 1844-'7, visited the Mediterranean, African, and Pacific Squadrons, and assisted in operations for the conquest of California during the Mexican War. He was promoted to master-commandant, 22 March, 1847, served on ordnance duty in Washington in 1849-'51, was fleet-captain in the Mediterranean Squadron in 1852-'3, and commanded the sloop "Levant" on the coast of Africa in 1853-'6. He was on waiting orders in 1857, and served at the Washington Navy-yard from 1857 till 1860. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 185.


TURNER, Eliza Sproat, 1826-1903, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, writer, poet, women’s rights activist and leader, abolitionist.  Leader of the Women’s Congress.  Founder of the New Century Club.  Co-founder, New Century Guild of Working Women.  Member of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in the 1850s.  Co-founder of the Pennsylvania Women’s Suffrage Association in 1869.


TURNER, Henry McNeal, A. M. E. bishop, born in Newberry Court-House, South Carolina, 1 February, 1833. He is of African descent. After he was licensed to preach in 1853 his native eloquence created quite a sensation, and in 1858 he was admitted into the Missouri conference of the African Methodist Episcopal church, and transferred to the Baltimore conference. He studied four years as a non-matriculated student in Trinity College, and was stationed at Israel church, Washington, D. C, in 1863. He greatly assisted in the organization of the 1st Colored Regiment, U. S. Infantry, of which President Lincoln commissioned him the chaplain. At the close of the Civil War President Johnson commissioned him to a chaplaincy in the regular army, but he declined. He was sent into Georgia to assist in the work of reconstruction, called the first Republican state contention, and was elected twice to the Georgia legislature. In 1869 he was appointed postmaster of Matron, but resigned, and in the same year was made coast inspector of customs. In 1870 he was elected book agent of his denomination, and in 1880 he became bishop. His chief work is "Methodist Polity." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 186.


TURNER, Daniel, soldier, born in Warren County, North Carolina, 21 September, 1796: died at Mare Island, California, 21 July, 1860, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1814, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant in the corps of artillery. He served during the second war with England as acting assistant engineer in erecting temporary defences for New York City, after which he was ordered to Plattsburg. On the reduction of the army, he resigned on 17 May, 1815, and then spent two years at William and Mary College. He was elected to the lower branch of the North Carolina legislature, serving from 1819 till 1823. Mr. Turner was elected to Congress, and served from 3 December, 1827, till 3 March, 1829, after which, in 1847-'54. he was principal of the Warrenton, North Carolina, female seminary. His last office was that of superintending engineer of the construction of the public works at Mare Island Navy-yard, San Francisco harbor, which he held from the establishment of that U.S. Navy-yard in 1854 till the time of his death. [Son of James Turner, U.S. Senator].  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 186.


TURNER, John Wesley, soldier, born in Saratoga County. New York, 19 July, 1833. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1855, and assigned to the 1st U.S. Artillery. He took part with his battery in the war against, the Seminoles in 1857-'8, and served in garrisons till 1861, when he was promoted 1st lieutenant, and then captain and commissary of subsistence, in which capacity and in command of a breaching battery in the reduction of Fort Pulaski he rendered valuable service. He was appointed colonel and chief of staff of the Department of the South, was active in the operations against Fort Wagner and Fort Sumter, and in September, 1863, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. General Turner assumed command of a division of the 10th Corps, Army of the James, participating in the campaigns in front of Richmond till August, 1864. Subsequently he served as chief of staff in the Department of North Carolina and Virginia till March, 1865, when, in command of an independent division of the 24th Corps, he was present in the closing incidents of the war, terminating in the surrender at Appomattox. He was brevetted major "for gallant and meritorious service sat Fort Wagner, lieutenant-colonel for similar services " in action at the explosion of the Petersburg mine," colonel for the capture of Fort Gregg, major-general of volunteers "for gallant and meritorious service on several occasions before the enemy," and brigadier-general and major-general, U. S. Army, for services "in the field during the rebellion." General Turner was mustered out of the volunteer service in September, 1866, was depot commissary at St. Louis till 1871. Turner was on duty in the Indian Department till 4 September of that year, when he resigned from the army. Since that time he has been engaged as a civil engineer, and since 1877, he has been a street commissioner and member of the board of public works of St. Louis, Missouri. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 186.


TURNER, Nat, insurgent, born in Virginia about 1800; died in Jerusalem. Virginia. 11 November, 1831. He was a Negro slave who believed himself chosen of the Lord to lead his people to freedom. For a long time he claimed to have heard voices in the air and to have seen signs in the sky. Portents were written on the fallen leaves of the woods and in spots of blood upon the corn in the field to inform him of a divine mission. In his Bible, which he knew by heart, he found prophecies of the great work he was called upon to do. He was regarded as having unusual mental power and resources, but he failed to make plans that promised success. Taking six men into his confidence in the autumn of 1831, he set out at an appointed time to go from house to house and kill every white person, irrespective of age or sex, to inspire universal terror, and arouse the whole slave population. They began at Turner's own home, where they killed his master, and then, going to other plantations, were joined by other slaves. An advance-guard on horseback surrounded each house in turn, holding it until their followers on foot, armed with axes, scythes, and muskets, came up to complete the work of destruction, while the horsemen rode on to the next house. In forty-eight hours fifty-five white persons were killed without loss to the Negroes, whose numbers had increased to sixty. The insurgents then moved toward Jerusalem, where they expected to find plenty of fire-arms and to be joined by large numbers; but they separated and were attacked by two bodies of white men and dispersed. Turner escaped to the woods, and, after spending nearly two months in hiding, was captured, taken to Jerusalem, and after a trial hanged. This outbreak, known as the Southampton Insurrection, resulted in the trial of fifty-three Negroes, of whom seventeen were hanged, and many others, suspected of complicity, were tortured, burned, shot, and mutilated. Terror spread through the states as far west as Kentucky, and south and southwest to Georgia and Louisiana; but no evidences were ever discovered of a concerted movement among the slaves. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 187.


TURNER, Peter, naval officer, born in Rhode Island. 17 February, 1803; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 17 February, 1871. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman. 4 March, 1823, became a passed midshipman, 23 March, 1829, and was commissioned lieutenant, 21 June, 1832. During the Mexican war he was present at the fall of Vera Cruz, and participated in the boat expedition at Tuspan and the second expedition at Tabasco, where he served with credit, He commanded the store-ship "Southampton" in the Pacific Squadron in 1851—'2. He was placed on the reserved list in 1855, and was on waiting orders until 1861, when he was commissioned commander on 1 July, and was governor of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia during the Civil War. He was promoted to commodore, 25 July, 1862. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 187.


TURNER, Thomas, naval officer, born in Washington, D. C, 23 December, 1808; died in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania. 24 March, 1883. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman. 21 April, 1825, became a passed midshipman, 4 June, 1831, and was commissioned a lieutenant, 22 December, 1835. He served in the frigate "Macedonian"' in the exploring expedition of 1837-'8, and in the frigate '"Columbia," the flagship of the East India Squadron, in 1838-'41, during which time he participated in the destruction of the Malay pirates' towns of Quallat Battoo and Mucke, on the Island of Sumatra. 1 January, 1839. He commanded the store-ship " Fredonia," of the Gulf Squadron, from June till October, 1847, was then transferred to the sloop "Albany," and commanded the schooner "Reefer" in the attack on Tuspau in April, 1847. He was promoted to commander, 14 September, 1855,and had charge of the sloop '"Saratoga," on the Home Squadron, in 1858'60. On 6 March, 1860, he captured at Vera Cruz the steamers "Miramon" and "Marques do Habana," which had been purchased in Spain by General Miramon, and had attempted to blockade the port of Vera Cruz in the interests of the revolutionary party. He commanded the armored ship "New Ironsides" in the South Atlantic Squadron, and was highly commended for the skill and ability with which he handled this vessel in the attacks on the forts at Charleston, 7 April, 1863, and in other operations there until August. 1863. He was promoted to commodore, 13 December, 1862, and to rear-admiral, 24 June, 1868, and commanded the South Pacific Squadron in 1868-'70 during the great earthquake in Peru, where he rendered timely assistance to the sufferers. He was retired, 21 April, 1870, after forty-five rears of active service. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 187-188.


Turner's Ferry, Georgia, July 5-15, 1864. (See Chattahoochee River.) Turner's Ferry, Georgia, October 19, 1864. Detachments of 7th Indiana Infantry. Major Zachariah S. Ragan, commanding the 7th Ind. stationed at Turner's ferry on the Chattahoochee river, sent out several detachments to engage the enemy operating in the vicinity. Captain Carson with 30 men struck the Confederate advance guard about 2 miles from the ferry and compelled it to take refuge in an old work over a mile from the first place of encounter. For several hours a heavy fire was kept up on both sides. Lieutenant Hardenbrook had meantime come in contact with another body of the enemy near Howell's ferry, which had also been driven back. After dark Ragan ordered all his scouting parties to return to camp. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880.


TURNER'S GAP, MARYLAND, September 14, 1862. (See South Mountain.)


TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA, April 3, 1865. (See Northport.)


TUSCUMBIA, ALABAMA, February 22, 1863. Cavalry of District of Corinth. Colonel F. M. Cornyn, leading the cavalry of Brigadier-General G. M. Dodge's command, attacked Tuscumbia and the rear of Van Dorn's column at 4 a. m. and captured a piece of artillery, a train of cars, 100 bales of Confederate cotton, 100 prisoners, 200 horses and a large amount of stores. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880.


TUSCUMBIA, ALABAMA, April 23, 1863. (See Courtland, Expedition to.)


TUSCUMBIA, ALABAMA, February 20, 1865. Detachments of 2nd Iowa and 9th Illinois Cavalry. During an expedition from Eastport, Mississippi, to Russellville, Alabama, under command of Major Gustavus Schnitzer, 15 Confederates were encountered 3 miles out of Tuscumbia. Schnitzer drove them back, and when he arrived in the town some 20 of the enemy were found drawn up in line, but they were quickly dispersed and the 2 pieces of artillery in the town destroyed. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880.


TUSCUMBIA, MISSOURI, December 8, 1864. Detachment of Enrolled Missouri Militia. A party of 50 Confederates dressed in Federal uniforms entered Tuscumbia on the 8th. After capturing the detachment of 25 men of enrolled militia, they disarmed and paroled them. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 880-881.


TUSCUMBIA CREEK, MISSISSIPPI, May 30-31, 1862. Army of the Mississippi. The Confederates evacuated Corinth on the 30th and the Union army moved up to take possession. About 8 p. m. the right of General Morgan's division arrived at Tuscumbia creek to find the bridge destroyed and the enemy in force on the opposite bank. Houghtaling's battery was placed in position, supported by the 10th Illinois infantry, the Yates sharpshooters were deployed as skirmishers, and this position was maintained during the night, the men lying on their arms. At daylight the sharpshooters advanced, but were met by a determined resistance and fell back a short distance, with a loss of 1 killed and 5 wounded. The 10th Michigan, 10th and 16th Illinois were then ordered forward. The 10th Illinois moved to the left of the bridge, opened a sharp fire on the pickets, drove them away and got possession of the crossing, the Confederates beating a hasty retreat in the direction of Rienzi. In the meantime General Granger's cavalry division had started in pursuit of the retreating Confederates, and on the evening of the 30th struck the Tuscumbia creek about 8 miles south of Corinth. Part of the 7th Illinois made a charge on the guard at the bridge, but a severe fire of grape from a masked battery drove back the detachment with a loss of 1 killed and 6 wounded. Granger then withdrew to a hill in his rear and bivouacked for the night. When the division advanced again the next morning it was soon discovered that the enemy had evacuated his position under cover of darkness. The Confederate casualties in these skirmishes were not learned. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 881.


TUSKEGEE, ALABAMA, April 14, 1865. (See Columbus Road, same date.)


TUTTLE, James Madison, soldier, born in Summerfield, Monroe County, Ohio, 24 September, 1823. He was brought up on a farm in Iowa, afterward engaged in trade in Van Buren County in the same state, was elected its sheriff in 1855, and in 1859 recorder and treasurer. At the opening of the Civil War he joined the 2d Iowa Regiment as a captain, and became successively lieutenant-colonel and colonel. He served with credit at Fort Donelson, and at Shiloh commanded a brigade until General William H. L. Wallace was mortally wounded, after which he led the 2d Division. For his services in these battles he was promoted brigadier-general, 9 June, 1862. He afterward commanded at Cairo, Illinois, and resigned, 14 June, 1864. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 190.


TWEEDALE, William, civil engineer, born in Beith, Ayrshire, Scotland, 18 May, 1823. He came with his parents to New York in 1833, and was graduated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1853. In 1855 he was a bridge engineer and contractor in Chicago, and in 1859, having obtained the contract for the construction of bridges and buildings on the Dubuque and Sioux City Railway, he moved to the former place. At the opening of the Civil War he raised a company for an engineer regiment, and was mustered in as captain. He was engaged in the engineering operations against New Madrid, which resulted in its capture, and cut a passage for a fleet of transports across the lower end of Island No. 8. This was used for the transportation of troops across the river from New Madrid to operate against Island No. 10, and resulted in the evacuation of the latter. He was in command of advanced parties of engineers with General John Pope's division in the siege of Corinth, and in the pursuit that followed its evacuation under General James B. McPherson. He was afterward engaged in the reconstruction of railroads, dredging of rivers, and the removal of debris at various points on Mississippi River. He was promoted brevet-colonel of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and was mustered out on 31 May the same year. He moved to Topeka, Kansas, in 1867, superintended the erection of the east wing of the state capitol in 1867-'8, and the west wing in 1879-80, and was engineer of the bridge across the Kansas River at Topeka. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 191.


TWELVE MILE ORDINARY, VIRGINIA, April 27, 1864. 1st New York Mounted Rifles. While the regiment was passing through a stretch of woods beyond Twelve Mile Ordinary it was attacked by an ambuscade. The column was wheeled into line and gave the Confederates a volley which scattered them. Some confusion was caused by the explosion of half a dozen torpedoes which the enemy had placed in the road. Only 1 of the Federals was injured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 881.


TWIGGS, David Emanuel, born in Richmond County, Georgia, in 1790; died in Augusta, Georgia, 15 September, 1862. His father, General John Twiggs, raised a brigade at his own expense at the opening of the Revolution. The son was appointed captain in the 8th infantry, 12 March, 1812, became major of the 28th Infantry, 21 September, 1814, and was disbanded. 15 June, 1815. He was reinstated on 2 December, 1815, as captain in the 7th Infantry, served throughout the war with Great Britain, and became major of the 1st U.S. Infantry, 14 May, 1825, lieutenant-colonel of the 4th U.S. Infantry, 15 July, 1831, and colonel. 2d U.S. Dragoons, 8 June, 1836. He served in the Mexican war under General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, was promoted brigadier-general, 30 June, 1840, and brevetted major-general for gallantry at Monterey and presented with a sword by Congress. Being transferred to General Winfield Scott's army, he commanded a brigade at Vera Cruz. During the operations against the city of Mexico he led the 2d Division of regulars, and in 1848 he was military governor of Vera Cruz. He was in command of the Department of Texas in February, 1861, and surrendered his army and military stores to the Confederate General Ben. McCulloch, for which he was dishonorably dismissed from the army. He was appointed a major-general in the Confederate Army, 22 May, 1861, and assigned to the command of the district of Louisiana, but resigned toward the end of the year.—His brother, Levi, soldier, born in Richmond County, Georgia, 21 May, 1793: died in Chapultepec, Mexico, 13 September, 1847, was educated at Franklin College in his native state, which he left to serve in the war of 1812, and in 1813 joined the Marine Corps as 2d lieutenant. He was in the frigate "President" under Commodore Stephen Decatur on her last cruise, was promoted 1st lieutenant, and by his skill elicited the applause of his commander. On 2 June, 1847, he enlisted as a volunteer in the Mexican war, and was killed at Chapultepec. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 191-192.


TWO LEAGUE CROSS ROADS, SOUTH CAROLINA, February 15, 1865. (See Lexington.)


TYLER, Charles Humphrey, soldier, born in Virginia in 1826; died in West Point. Georgia, 17 April, 1865. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1848, and became 2d lieutenant in the 2d U.S. Dragoons. 25 April. 1849. He served in garrison in the cavalry-school at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on frontier duty, and in the Utah Expedition of 1857-'9. On 28 June, 1861, he was promoted captain, but he was dismissed from the Army on 1 June, 1861, for deserting his post. He then entered the Confederate service, became a brigadier-general, and was killed in battle at West Point, Georgia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 192.  


TYLER, Daniel, engineer, born in Brooklyn, Windham County, Connecticut, 7 January, 1799 ; died in New York ; City, 30 November, 1882. His father served in the Revolutionary army, and his mother was a granddaughter of Jonathan Edwards. After graduation at the U. S. Military Academy in 1819 as 2d lieutenant of light artillery, he served in garrison in New England in 1819-'24. and on the reorganization of the army, 1 June, 1821. he was made 2d lieutenant in the 5th U.S. Infantry. In 1824-'6 he served in the Fort Monroe artillery-school for practice, of which he was for a time adjutant. He became 1st lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery on 6 May, 1824. and in 1826 commanded the Pikesville Arsenal, near Baltimore, Maryland While there he translated from the French a work on "Manoeuvres of Artillery," which led to his being sent to Europe in January, 1828, to obtain data for a more comprehensive work for the regular army. In April, 1829, he was admitted into the artillery-school of practice at Metz, and began a translation of the latest French system of artillery. The task was completed at the end of a year, and 300 lithographed copies in three volumes were sent to the war department in Washington, D. C. He also collected copies of every drawing and memoir connected with the French system of field, siege, sea-coast, and mountain artillery at a personal expense of about $2,000, which he offered to the government at Washington, provided a board should adopt the system for the U. S. Artillery. This was not done, but he received from the government $1,600 for his collection of drawings. After his return in 1829 he was kept on ordnance duty to prepare a translation of the "School of the Driver," which in the French service is separate from the artillery. In 1830 he was sent to the Springfield Armory to report upon the manufacture of small arms, and he was a member of the board that met to reorganize the national armories. In 1832 he was made superintendent of the inspectors of contract arms. He resigned on 31 May, 1834, became president of an iron and coal company in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, and was sent to Great Britain to examine the methods of coal-mining and operating furnaces and rolling-mills. On his return in 1835 he erected the first coke hot-blast furnace that was built in this country, and succeeded in making pig-iron, but the operations of the company were suspended. In 1840 he became president of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, and completed the road. In 1843 he was appointed president and engineer of the Morris Canal and Banking Company. In 1845-'9 he was president of the Macon and Western Railroad, and he was afterward superintending engineer of the Dauphin and Susquehanna Railroad and Coal Company and of the Auburn and Allentown Railroad, and president and engineer of the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Railroad Company. At the beginning of the Civil War he became colonel of the 1st Connecticut Volunteers, 23 April, 1861, and commanded a division at the battles of Blackburn's Ford and Bull Run, 18-21 July, 1861. He was mustered out at the expiration of service on 11 August, 1861, but was reappointed in the U. S. volunteer service, with the rank of brigadier-general, on 13 March, 1862. He served with the Army of the Mississippi, engaged in the siege of Corinth from' 29 April till 8 June, 1862, organized volunteer regiments in Connecticut from 13 August till 15 September, 1862, served on the military commission that investigated General Don Carlos Buell’s Campaign in Kentucky and Tennessee, 24 November, 1862, till 10 May, 1863, and guarded the upper Potomac, and was in command of Harper's Ferry and Maryland Heights in June. Afterward he was in command of troops in Baltimore, Maryland, and of the District of Delaware, and resigned his commission on 6 April, 1864. General Tyler then travelled extensively in the south, in Cuba, and in Europe, and on his return in 1872 founded large cotton and iron manufactories in Alabama and built the town of Anniston, Alabama In 1873-'9 he was president of the Mobile and Montgomery Railroad. Subsequently he invested in Texas land, and established the " Capote farm " of 20,000 acres, which was his winter residence. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 192-193.


TYLER. Erastus, soldier, born in West Bloomfield, Ontario County, New York, 24 April, 1822. He moved to Ohio, and was educated at Granville College. In 1845 he engaged in business, which he continued until the beginning of the Civil War. He was commissioned colonel of the 7th Ohio Volunteers in April, 1861, and led his men into western Virginia, where he was assigned by General Frederick W. Lander to a brigade, which he commanded with credit at Cross Lanes, West Virginia, 26 August, 1861, Winchester, Virginia, 23 March, 1862, and Port Republic, Virginia, 9 June, 1862. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he was wounded, 13 December, 1862. On 14 May, 1862, he was made brigadier-general, and on 24 August, 1865, was mustered out of service. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 193.


TYLER, John, tenth president of the United States, born at Greenway, Charles City County, Virginia, 29 March, 1790; died in Richmond, Virginia, i8 January, 1802. He was the second son of Judge John Tyler and Mary Armistead. In early boyhood he attended the small school kept by a Mr. McMurdo, who was so diligent in his use of the birch that in later years Mr. Tyler said " it was a wonder he did not whip all the sense out of his scholars." At the age of eleven young Tyler was one of the ringleaders in a rebellion in which the despotic McMurdo was overpowered by numbers, tied hand and foot, and left locked up in the school-house until late at night, when a passing traveller effected an entrance and released him. On complaining to Judge Tyler, the indignant school-master was met with the apt reply, "Sic semper tyrannis!" The future president was graduated at William and Mary in 1807. At college he showed a strong interest in ancient history. He was also fond of poetry and music, and, like Thomas Jefferson, was a skilful performer on the violin. In 1809 he was admitted to the bar, and had already begun to obtain a good practice when he was elected to the legislature, and took his seat in that body in December, 1811. He was here a firm supporter of Mr. Madison's administration, and the war with Great Britain, which soon followed, afforded him an opportunity to become conspicuous as a forcible and persuasive orator. One of his earliest public acts is especially interesting in view of the famous struggle with the Whigs, which in later years he conducted as president. The charter of the first Bank of the United States, established in 1791, was to expire in twenty years; and in 1811 the question of renewing the charter came before Congress. The bank was very unpopular in Virginia, and the assembly of that state, by a vote of 125 to 35, instructed its senators at Washington, Richard Brent and William B. Giles, to vote against a recharter. The instructions denounced the bank as an institution in the founding of which Congress had exceeded its powers and grossly violated state rights. Yet there were many in Congress who, without approving the principle upon which the bank was founded, thought the eve of war an inopportune season for making a radical change in the financial system of the nation. Of the two Virginia senators, Brent voted in favor of the recharter, and Giles spoke on the same side, and although, in obedience to instructions, he voted contrary to his own opinion, he did so under protest. On 14 January, 1812, Mr. Tyler, in the Virginia Legislature, introduced resolutions of censure, in which the senators were taken to task, while the Virginia doctrines, as to the unconstitutional character of the bank and the binding force of instructions, were formally asserted.

Mr. Tyler married, 29 March, 1813, Letitia, daughter of Robert Christian, and a few weeks afterward was called into the field at the head of a company of militia to take part in the defence of Richmond and its neighborhood, now threatened by the British. This military service lasted for a month, during which Mr. Tyler's company was not called into action. He was re-elected to the legislature annually, until in November, 1816, he was chosen to fill a vacancy in the U. S. House of Representatives. In the regular election to the next Congress, out of 200 votes given in his native county, he received all but one. As a member of Congress he soon made himself conspicuous as a strict constructionist. When Mr. Calhoun introduced his bill in favor of internal improvements, Mr. Tyler voted against it. He opposed the bill for changing the per diem allowance of members of Congress to an annual salary of $1,500. He opposed, as premature, Mr. Clay's proposal to add to the general appropriation bill a provision for $18,000 for a minister to the provinces of the La Plata, thus committing the United States to a recognition of the independence of those revolted provinces. He also voted against the proposal for a national bankrupt act. He condemned, as arbitrary and insubordinate, the course of General Jackson in Florida, and contributed an able speech to the long debate over the question as to censuring that gallant commander. He was a member of a committee for inquiring into the affairs of the national bank, and his most elaborate speech was in favor of Mr. Trimble's motion to issue a scire facias against that institution. On all these points Mr. Tyler's course seems to have pleased his constituents; in the spring election of 1819 he did not consider it necessary to issue the usual circular address, or in any way to engage in a personal canvass. He simply distributed copies of his speech against the bank, and was re-elected to Congress unanimously. The most important question that came before the 16th Congress related to the admission of Missouri to the Union. In the debates over this question Mr. Tyler took ground against the imposition of any restrictions upon the extension of slavery. At the same time he declared himself on principle opposed to the perpetuation of slavery, and he sought to reconcile these positions by the argument that in diffusing the slave population over a wide area the evils of the institution would be diminished and the prospects of ultimate emancipation increased. "Slavery," said he, "has been represented on all hands as a dark cloud, and the candor of the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. Whitman] drove him to the admission that it would be well to disperse this cloud. In this sentiment I entirely concur with him. How can you otherwise disarm it? Will you suffer it to increase in its darkness over one particular portion of this land till its horrors shall burst upon it? Will you permit the lightnings of its wrath to break upon the south, when by the interposition of a wise system of legislation you may reduce it to a summer's cloud? New York and Pennsylvania, he argued, had been able to emancipate their slaves only by reducing their number by exportation. Dispersion, moreover, would be likely to ameliorate the condition of the black man, for by making his labor scarce in each particular locality it would increase the demand for it, and would thus make it the interest of the master to deal fairly and generously with his slaves. To the objection that the increase of the slave population would fully keep up with its territorial expansion, he replied by denying that such would be the case. His next argument was that if an old state, such as Virginia, could have slaves, while a new state, such as Missouri, was to be prevented by Federal authority from having them, then the old and new states would at once be placed upon a different footing, which was contrary to the spirit of the constitution. If Congress could thus impose one restriction upon a state, where was the exercise of such a power to end f Once grant such a power, and what was to prevent a slave-holding majority in Congress from forcing slavery upon some territory where it was not wanted? Mr. Tyler pursued the argument so far as to deny "that congress, under its constitutional authority to establish rules and regulations for the territories, had any control whatever over slavery in the territorial domain." (See life, by Lyon Or. Tyler, vol. i., p. 319.) Mr. Tyler was unquestionably foremost among the members of Congress in occupying this position. When the Missouri compromise bill was adopted by a vote of 134 to 42. all but five of the nays were from the south, and from Virginia alone there were seventeen, of which Mr. Tyler's vote was one. The Richmond "Enquirer" of 7 March, 1820, in denouncing the compromise, observed, in language of prophetic interest, that the southern and western representatives now owe it to themselves to keep their eyes firmly fixed on Texas; if we are cooped up on the north, we must have elbow-room to the west." Mr. Tyler's further action in this Congress related chiefly to the question of a protective tariff, of which he was an unflinching opponent. In 1821, finding his health seriously impaired, he declined a re-election, and returned to private life. His retirement, however, was of short duration, for in 1823 he was again elected to the Virginia legislature. Here, as a friend to the candidacy of William H. Crawford for the presidency, he disapproved the attacks upon the congressional caucus begun by the legislature of Tennessee in the interests of Andrew Jackson. The next year he was nominated to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate created by the death of John Taylor; but Littleton W. Tazewell was elected over him. He opposed the attempt to remove William and Mary College to Richmond, and was afterward made successively rector and chancellor of the college, which prospered signally under his management. In December, 1825, he was chosen by the legislature to the governorship of Virginia, and in the following year he was re-elected by a unanimous vote. A new division of parties was now beginning to show itself in national politics. The administration of John Quincy Adams had pronounced itself in favor of what was then, without much regard to history, described as the " American system" of government banking, high tariffs, and internal improvements. Those persons who were inclined to a loose construction of the constitution were' soon drawn to the side of the administration, while the strict constructionists were gradually united in opposition. Many members of Crawford's party, under the lead of John Randolph, became thus united with the Jacksonians, while others, of whom Mr. Tyler was one of the most distinguished, maintained a certain independence in opposition. It is to be set down to Mr. Tyler's credit that he never attached any importance to the malicious story, believed by so many Jacksonians, of a corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay. (See Adams, John Q., Clay, Henry, and Jackson, Andrew.) Soon after the meeting of the Virginia legislature, in December, 1826, the friends of Clay and Adams combined with the members of the opposite party who were dissatisfied with Randolph, and thus Mr. Tyler was elected to the U. S. Senate by a majority of 115 votes to 110. Some indiscreet friends of Jackson now attempted to show that there must have been some secret and reprehensible understanding between Tyler and Clay; but this scheme failed completely. In the Senate Mr. Tyler took a conspicuous stand against the so-called "tariff of abominations" enacted in 1828. which Benton, Van Buren, and other prominent Jacksonians, not yet quite clear as to their proper attitude, were induced to support. There was thus some ground for the opinion entertained at this time by Tyler, that the Jacksonians were not really strict constructionists. In February, 1830, after taking part in the Virginia convention for revising the state constitution, Mr. Tyler returned to his seat in the Senate, and found himself first drawn toward Jackson by the veto message of the latter, 27 May, upon the Maysville turnpike bill. He attacked the irregularity of Jackson s appointment of commissioners to negotiate a commercial treaty with Turkey without duly informing the Senate. On the other hand, he voted in favor of confirming the appointment of Van Buren as minister to Great Britain. In the presidential election of 1832 he supported Jackson as a less objectionable candidate than the others. Clay, Wirt, and Floyd. Mr. Tyler disapproved of nullification, and condemned the course of South Carolina as both unconstitutional and impolitic. At the same time he objected to President Jackson's famous proclamation of 10 December, 1832, as a " tremendous engine of federalism," tending to the "consolidation " of the states into a single political body. Under the influence of those feelings he undertook to play the part of mediator between Clay and Calhoun, and in that capacity earnestly supported the compromise tariff introduced by the former in the Senate, 12 February, 1833. On the so-called "force bill," clothing the president with extraordinary powers for the purpose of enforcing the tariff law, Mr. Tyler snowed that he had the courage of his convictions. When the bill was put to vote, 20 February, 1833, some of its opponents happened to be absent: others got up and went out in order to avoid putting themselves on record. The vote, as then taken, stood: yeas, thirty-two; nay, one (John Tyler). As President Jackson's first term had witnessed a division in the Democratic party between the nullifiers led by Calhoun and the unconditional upholders of the Union, led by the president himself, with Benton, Blair, and Van Buren, so his second term witnessed a somewhat similar division arising out of the war upon the United States bank. The tendency of this fresh division was to bring Mr. Tyler and his friends nearer to co-operation with Mr. Calhoun, while at the same time it furnished points of contact that might, if occasion should offer, bo laid hold of for the purpose of forming a temporary alliance with Mr. (May and the National Republicans. The origin of the name "Whig," in its strange and anomalous-application to the combination in 1834, is to be found in the fact that it pleased the fancy of President Jackson's opponents to represent him as a kind of arbitrary tyrant. On this view it seemed proper that they should be designated "Whigs," and at first there were some attempts to discredit the supporters of the administration by calling them "Tories." On the question of the bank, when it came to the removal of the deposits, Mr. Tyler broke with the administration. Against the bank he had fought, on every fitting occasion, since the beginning of his public career. In 1834 he declared emphatically : "I believe the bank to be the original sin against the constitution, which, in the progress of our history, has called into existence a numerous progeny of usurpations. Shall I permit this serpent, however bright its scales or erect its mien, to exist by and through my vote" Nevertheless, strongly as he disapproved of the bank, Mr. Tyler disapproved still more strongly of the methods by which President Jackson assailed it. There seemed at that time to be growing up in the United States a spirit of extreme unbridled democracy quite foreign to the spirit in which our constitutional government, with its carefully arranged checks and limitations, was founded. It was a spirit that prompted mere majorities to insist upon having their way, even at the cost of overriding all constitutional checks and limits. This spirit possessed many members of Jackson's party, and it found expression in what Benton grotesque]v called the "demos krateo" principle. A good illustration of it was to be seen in Benton's argument, after the election of 1824, that Jackson, having received a plurality of electoral votes, ought to be declared president, and that the House of Representatives, in choosing Adams, was "defying the will of the people." In similar wise President Jackson, after his triumphant re-election in 1832, was inclined to interpret his huge majorities as meaning that the people were ready to uphold him in any course that he might see fit to pursue. This feeling no doubt strengthened him in his determined attitude toward the nullifiers, and it certainly contributed to his arbitrary and overbearing method of dealing with the bank, culminating in 1833 in his removal of the deposits. There was ground for maintaining that in this act the president exceeded his powers, and it seemed to illustrate the tendency of unbridled democracy toward despotism, under the leadership of a headstrong and popular chief. Mr. Tyler saw in it such a tendency, and he believed that the only safeguard for constitutional government, whether against the arbitrariness of Jackson or the latitudinarianism of the National Republicans, lay in a most rigid adherence to strict constructionist doctrines. Accordingly, in his speech of 24 February, 1834, he proposed to go directly to the root of the matter and submit the question of a national bank to the people in the shape of a constitutional amendment, either expressly forbidding or expressly allowing Congress to create such an institution. According to his own account, he found Clay and Webster ready to co-operate with him in this course, while Calhoun held aloof. Nothing came of the project; but it is easy to see in Mr. Tyler's attitude at this time the basis for a short-lived alliance with the National Republicans, whenever circumstances should suggest it. On Mr. Clay's famous resolution to censure the president he voted in the affirmative. In the course of 1835 the seriousness of the schism in the Democratic party was fully revealed. Not only had the small body of nullifiers broken away, under the lead of Calhoun, but a much larger party was formed in the southern states under the appellation of "state-rights Whigs." They differed with the National Republicans on the fundamental questions of tariff, bank, and internal improvements, and agreed with them only in opposition to Jackson as an alleged violator of the constitution. Even in this opposition they differed from the party of Webster and Clay, for they grounded it largely upon a theory of state rights which the latter statesmen had been far from accepting. The "state-rights Whigs" now nominated Hugh L. White, of Tennessee, for president, and John Tyler for vice-president. The National Republicans wishing to gather votes from the other parties, nominated for president General William II. Harrison as a more colorless candidate than Webster or (Hay. The Democratic followers of Jackson nominated Van Buren, who received a large majority of both popular and electoral votes, in spite of the defections above mentioned. There was a great deal of bolting in this election. Massachusetts threw its vote for Webster for president, and South Carolina for Willie P. Mangum. Virginia, which voted for Van Buren, rejected his colleague, Richard M. Johnson, and cast its twenty three electoral votes Smith, of Alabama, for vice-president. Mr. White obtained the electoral votes of Tennessee and Georgia, twenty-six in all, but Mr. Tyler made a better showing; he carried, besides these two states, Maryland and South Carolina, milking forty-seven votes in all. The unevenness of the results was such that the election of a vice-president devolved upon the Senate, which chose Mr. Johnson. In the course of the year preceding the election an incident occurred which emphasized more than ever Mr. Tyler's hostility to the Jackson party. Benton's famous resolutions for expunging the vote of censure upon the president were before the Senate, and the Democratic legislature of Virginia instructed the two senators from that state to vote in the affirmative. As to the binding force of such instructions Mr. Tyler had long ago, in the case of Giles and Brent, above mentioned, placed himself unmistakably upon record. His colleague, Benjamin Watkins Leigh, was known to entertain similar views. On receiving the instructions, both senators refused to obey them. Both voted against the Benton resolutions, but Mr. Leigh kept his seat, while Mr. Tyler resigned and returned home, 29 February, 1830. About this time the followers of Calhoun were bringing forward what was known as the " gag resolution " against all petitions and motions relating in any way to the abolition of slavery. (See Atuerto.v, Charles G.) Mr. Tyler's resignation occurred before this measure as to the right or petition and the question as to slavery, and thus gave a distinct moral advantage to the Abolitionists. On the seventh anniversary of the Virginia colonization society, 10 January, 1838, he was chosen its president. In the spring election of that year he was returned to the Virginia legislature. In January. 1830, his friends put him forward for re-election to the U. S. Senate, and in the memorable contest that ensued, in which William C. Rives was his principal competitor, the result was a deadlock, and the question was indefinitely postponed before any choice had been made. Meanwhile the financial crisis of 1837—the most severe, in many respects, that has ever been known in this country—had wrecked the administration of President Van Buren. The causes of that crisis, indeed, lav deeper than any acts of any administration. The primary cause was the sudden development of wild speculation in western lands, consequent upon the rapid building of railroads, which would probably have brought about a general prostration of credit, even if President Jackson had never made war upon the United States bank. But there is no doubt that some measures of Jackson's administration—such as the removal of the deposits and their lodgment in the so-called " pet banks," the distribution of the surplus followed by the sudden stoppage of distribution, and the sharpness of the remedy supplied by the specie circular —had much to do with the virulence of the crisis. For the moment it seemed to many people that all the evil resulted from the suppression of the bank, and that the proper cure was the reinstatement of the bank, and because President Van Buren was too wise and clear-sighted to lend his aid to such a policy, his chances for re-election were ruined. The cry for the moment was that the hard-hearted administration was doing nothing to relieve the distress of the people, and there was a general' combination against Van Buren. For the single purpose of defeating him, all differences of policy were for the moment subordinated. In the Whig convention at Harrisburg. 4 December, 1839, no platform of principles was adopted. General Harrison was again nominated for the presidency, as a candidate fit to conciliate the anti-Masons and National Republicans whom Clay had offended, and Mr. Tyler was nominated for the vice-presidency in order to catch the votes of such Democrats as were dissatisfied with the administration. In the uproarious canvass that followed there was probably less appeal to sober reason and a more liberal use of clap-trap than in any other presidential contest in our history. Borne upon a great wave of popular excitement, "Tippecanoe, and Tyler too, were carried to the White House. By the death of President Harrison, 4 April, 1841, just a month after the inauguration, Mr. Tyler became president of the United States. The situation thus developed was not long in producing startling results. Although no platform had been adopted in the nominating convention, it soon appeared that Mr. Clay and his friends intended to use their victory in support of the old National Republican policy of a national bank, a high tariff, and internal improvements. Doubtless most, people who voted for Harrison did so in the belief that his election meant the victory of Clay's doctrines and the reestablishment of the United States bank. Mr. Clay's own course, immediately after the inauguration, showed so plainly that he regarded the election as his own victory that General Harrison felt called upon to administer a rebuke to him. "You seem to forget, sir," said he, "that it is I who am president." Tyler, on the other hand, regarded the Whig triumph as signifying the overthrow of what, he considered a corrupt and tyrannical faction led by Jackson. Van Buren, and Benton; he professed to regard the old National Republican doctrines as virtually postponed by the alliance between them and his own followers. In truth, it was as ill-yoked an alliance as ever was made. The elements of a fierce quarrel were scarcely concealed, and the removal of President Harrison was all that was needed to kindle the flames of strife. "Tyler dares not resist," said Clay; "I'll drive him before me." On the other hand, the new president declared: "1 pray you to believe that my back is to the wall, and that, while I shall deplore the assaults. I shall, if practicable, beat back the assailants"; and he was as good as his word. Congress met in extra session, 31 May, 1841, the Senate standing 28 Whigs to 22 Democrats, the house 133 Whigs to 108 Democrats. In his opening message President Tyler briefly recounted the recent history of the United States bank, the sub-treasury system, and other financial schemes, and ended with the precautionary words: 'I shall be ready to concur with you in the adoption of such system as you may propose, reserving to myself the ultimate power of rejecting any measure which may, in my view of it, conflict with the constitution or otherwise jeopardy the prosperity of the country, a power which I could not part with, even if I would, out which I will not believe any act of yours will call into requisition." Congress disregarded the warning. The ground was cleared for action by a bill for abolishing Van Buren's sub-treasury system, which passed both houses and was signed by the president. But an amendment offered by Mr. Clay, for the repeal of the law of 1836 regulating the deposits in the state banks, was defeated by the votes of a small party led by William C. Rives. The great question then came up. On constitutional grounds, Mr. Tyler's objection to the United States bank had always been that Congress had no power to create such a corporation within the limits of a state without the consent of the state ascertained beforehand. He did not deny, however, the power of Congress to establish a district bank for the District of Columbia, and, provided the several states should consent, there seemed to be no reason why this district bank should not set up its branch offices all over the country. Mr. Clay's so-called "fiscal bank" bill of 1841 did not make proper provision for securing the assent of the states, and on that ground Mr. Rives proposed an amendment substituting a clause of a bill suggested by Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury, to the effect that such assent should be formally secured. Mr. Rives's amendment was supported not only by several "state-rights Whigs," but also by Senators Richard H. Bayard and Rufus Choate, and other friends of Mr. Webster. If adopted, its effect would have been conciliatory, and it might perhaps have averted for a moment the rupture between the ill-yoked allies. The Democrats, well aware of this, voted against the amendment, and it was lost. The bill incorporating the fiscal bank of the United States was then passed by both houses, and on 16 August was vetoed. An attempt to pass the bill over the veto failed of the requisite two-third majority. The Whig leaders had already shown a disposition to entrap the president. Before the passage of Mr. Clay's bill, John Minor Botts was sent to the White House with a private suggestion for a compromise. Mr. Tyler refused to listen to the suggestion except with the understanding that, should it meet with his disapproval, he should not hear from it again. The suggestion turned out to be a proposal that Congress should authorize the establishment of branches of the district bank in any state of which the legislature at its very next session should not expressly refuse its consent to any such proceeding; and that, moreover, in case the interests of the public should seem to require it, even such express refusal might be disregarded and overridden. By this means the obnoxious institution might first be established in the Whig states, and then forced upon the Democratic states in spite of themselves. The president indignantly rejected the suggestion as "a contemptible subterfuge, behind which he would not skulk." The device, nevertheless, became incorporated in Mr. Clay's bill, and it was pretended that it was put there in order to smooth the way for the president to adopt the measure, but that in his unreasonable obstinacy he refused to avail himself of the opportunity. After his veto of  August these tortuous methods were renewed. Messengers went to and fro between the president and members of his cabinet on the one hand, and leading Whig members of Congress on the other, conditional assurances were translated into the indicative mood, whispered messages were magnified and distorted, and presently appeared upon the scene an outline of a bill that it was assumed the president would sign. This new measure was known as the '• fiscal corporation " bill. Like the fiscal bank bill, it created a bank in the District of Columbia, with branches throughout the states, and it made no proper provision for the consent of the states. The president had admitted that a " fiscal agency " of the United States government, established in Washington for the purpose of collecting, keeping, and disbursing the public revenue, was desirable if not indispensable; a regular bank of discount, engaged in commercial transactions throughout the states, and having the United States government as its principal share-holder and Federal officers exerting a controlling influence upon its directorship, was an entirely different affair—something, in his opinion, neither desirable nor permissible. In the "fiscal corporation" bill an attempt was made to hoodwink the president and the public by a pretence of forbidding discounts and loans and limiting the operations of the fiscal agency exclusively to exchanges. While this project was maturing, the Whig newspapers fulminated with threats against the president in case he should persist in his course; private letters warned him of plots to assassinate him, and Mr. Clay in the Senate referred to his resignation in 1836, and asked why, if constitutional scruples again hindered him from obeying the will of the people, did he not now resign his lofty position and leave it for those who could be more compliant! To this it was aptly replied by Mr. Rives that " the president was an independent branch of the government as well as Congress, and was not called upon to resign because he differed in opinion with them." Some of the Whigs seem really to have hoped that such a storm could be raised as would browbeat the president into resigning, whereby the government would be temporarily left in the hands of William L. Southard, then president pro tempore of the Senate. But Mr. Tyler was neither to be hoodwinked nor bullied. The " fiscal corporation" bill was passed by the Senate on Saturday, 4 September, 1841; on Thursday, the 9th, the president's veto message was received; on Saturday, the 11th, Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury, John Bell, Secretary of War, George E. Badger, Secretary of the Navy, John J. Crittenden, Attorney-General, and Francis Granger, Postmaster-General, resigned their places. The adjournment of Congress had been fixed for Monday, the 13th, and it was hoped that, suddenly confronted by a unanimous resignation of the cabinet and confused by want of time in which to appoint a new cabinet, the president would give up the game. But the resignation was not unanimous, for Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, remained at his post, and on Monday morning the president nominated Walter Forward, of Pennsylvania, for Secretary of the Treasury; John McLean, of Ohio, for Secretary of War; Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, for Secretary of the Navy; Hugh S. Legale, of South Carolina, for attorney-general; and Charles A. Wickliffe, of Kentucky, for postmaster-general. These appointments were duly confirmed. Whether the defection of Mr. Webster at this moment would have been so fatal to the president as some of the Whigs were inclined to believe, may well be doubted, but there can be no doubt that his adherence to the president was of great value.

By remaining in the cabinet Mr. Webster showed himself too clear-sighted to contribute to a victory of which the whole profit would be reaped by his rival. Mr. Clay, and the president was glad to retain his hold upon so strong an element in the north as that which Mr. Webster represented. Some of the leading Whig members of Congress now issued addresses to the people, in which they loudly condemned the conduct of the president and declared that " all political connection between them and John Tyler was at an end from that day forth." It was open war between the two departments of government. Although many Whig members, like Preston, Talmadge, Johnson and Marshall, really sympathized with Mr. Tyler, only a few, commonly known as " the corporal's guard," openly recognized him as their leader. But the Democratic members came to his support as an ally against the Whigs. The state elections of 1841 showed some symptoms of a reaction in favor of the president's views, for in general the Whigs lost ground in them. As the spectre of the crisis of 1837 faded away in the distance, the people began to recover from the sudden and overmastering impulse that had swept the country in 1840, and the popular enthusiasm for the bank soon died away. Mr. Tyler had really won a victory of the first magnitude, as was conclusively shown in 1844, when the presidential platform of the Whigs was careful to make no allusion whatever to the bank. On this crucial question the doctrines of paternal government had received a crushing and permanent defeat. In the next session of Congress the strife with the president was renewed: but it was now tariff, not bank, that furnished the subject of discussion. Diminished importations, due to the general prostration of business, had now diminished the revenue until it was insufficient to meet the expenses of government. The Whigs accordingly carried through Congress a bill continuing the protective duties of 1833, and providing that the surplus revenue, which was thus sure soon to accumulate, should be distributed among the states. But the compromise act of 1833, in which Mr. Tyler had played an important part, had provided that the protective policy should come to an end in 1842. Both on this ground, and because of the provision for distributing the surplus, the president vetoed the new bill. Congress then devised and passed another bill, providing for a tariff for revenue, with incidental protection, but still contemplating a distribution of the surplus, if there should be any. The president vetoed this bill. Congress received the veto message with great indignation, and on the motion of ex-President John Q. Adams it was referred to a committee, which condemned it as an unwarrantable assumption of power, and after a caustic summary of Mr. Tyler's acts since his accession to office, concluded with a reference to impeachment. This report called forth from the president a formal protest; but the victory was already his. The Whigs were afraid to go before the country in the autumn elections with the tariff question unsettled, and the bill was accordingly passed by both houses, without the distributing clause, and was at once signed by the president. The distributing clause was then passed in a separate bill, but a "pocket veto" disposed of it. Congress adjourned on 31 August, 1842, and in the elections the Whig majority of twenty-five in the House of Representatives gave place to a Democratic majority of sixty-one. On the remaining question of National Republican policy, that of internal improvements, the most noteworthy action of President Tyler was early in 1844, when two river-and-harbor bills were passed by Congress, the one relating to the eastern, the other to She western states. Mr. Tyler vetoed the former, but signed the latter, on the ground that the Mississippi River, as a great common highway for the commerce of the whole country, was the legitimate concern of the national government in a sense that was not true of any other American River. An unsuccessful attempt was made to pass the other bill over the veto. The rest of Mr. Tyler's administration was taken up with the Ashburton treaty with Great Britain (see Webster, Daniel), the Oregon question, and the annexation of Texas. Texas had won its independence from Mexico in 1836, and its governor, as well as the majority of its inhabitants, were citizens of the United States. From a broad national standpoint it was in every way desirable that Texas, as well as Oregon, should belong to our Federal Union. In the eastern states there was certainly a failure to appreciate the value of Oregon, which was nevertheless claimed as indisputably our property. On the other hand, it was felt, by a certain element in South Carolina, that if the northern states were, to have ample room for expansion beyond the Rocky mountains, the southern states must have Texas added to their number as a counterpoise, or else the existence of slavery would be imperilled, and these fears were strengthened by the growth of anti-slavery sentiment at the north. The Whigs, who by reason of their tariff policy found their chief strength at the north, were disposed to avail themselves of this anti-slavery sentiment, and accordingly declared themselves opposed to the annexation of Texas. In the meantime the political pressure brought to bear upon Mr. Webster in Massachusetts induced resignation of his portfolio, and he was succeeded in the state department by Hugh S. Legare, 9 May, 1843. In a few weeks Legare was succeeded by Mr. Upshur, after whose death, on 28 February, 1844, the place was filled by John C. Calhoun. After a negotiation extending over two years, a treaty was concluded, 12 April, 1844, with the government of Texas, providing for annexation. The treaty was rejected by the Senate, by a vote of 35 to 16, all the Whigs and seven Democrats voting in the negative. Thus by the summer of 1844 the alliance between the Whig party and Mr. Tylers wing of the Democrats had passed away. At the same time the division among the Democrats, which had become marked during Jackson's administration, still continued; and while the opposition to Mr. Tyler was strong enough to prevent his nomination in the Democratic national convention, which met at Baltimore on 27 May, 1844, on the other hand he was able to prevent the nomination of Mr. Van Buren, who had declared himself opposed to the immediate annexation of Texas. The result was the nomination of James K. Polk, as a kind of compromise candidate, in so far as he belonged to the " loco-foco " wing of the party, but was at the same time in favor of annexation. On the same day, 27 May, another convention at Baltimore nominated Mr. Tyler for a second term. He accepted the nomination in order to coerce the Democrats into submitting to him and his friends a formal invitation to re-enter the ranks; and accordingly a meeting of Democrats at the Carleton house. New York, on fi August, adopted a series of resolutions commending the principal acts of his administration, and entreating that in the general interests of the opposition he should withdraw. In response to this appeal, Mr. Tyler accordingly withdrew his name. The northern opposition to the annexation of Texas seemed to have weakened the strength of the Whigs in the south, and their candidate, Henry Clay, declared himself willing to see Texas admitted at some future time. But this device cut both ways; for while it was popular in the south, and is supposed to have acquired for Clay many proslavery votes, carrying for him Tennessee, North Carolina, Delaware. and Maryland by bare majorities, it certainly led many anti-slavery Whigs to throw away their votes upon the "Liberty" candidate. James G. Birney, and thus surrender New York to the Democrats. The victory of the Democrats in November was reflected in the course pursued in the ensuing Congress. One of the party watchwords, in reference to the Oregon question, had been "fifty-four forty, or fight," and the House of Representatives now proceeded to pass a bill organizing a territorial government for Oregon up to that parallel of latitude. The Senate, however, laid the bill upon the table, because it prohibited slavery in the territory. A joint resolution for the annexation of Texas was passed by both houses. Proposals for prohibiting slavery there were defeated, and the affair was arranged by extending the Missouri compromise-line westward through the Texan territory to be acquired by the annexation. North of that line slavery was to be prohibited; south of it the question was to be determined by the people living on the spot. The resolutions were signed by President Tyler, and instructions in accordance therewith were despatched by him to Texas on the last day of his term of office, 3 March. 1845. The friends of annexation defended the constitutionality of this proceeding, and the opponents denounced it. After leaving the White House, Mr. Tyler took up his residence on an estate that he had purchased three miles from Greenway, on the bank of James River. To this estate he gave the name of "Sherwood Forest," and there he lived the rest of his life. (See illustration on page 196.) In a letter published in the Richmond "Enquirer" on 17 January, 1861, he recommended a convention of border states—including New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, as well as Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri—for the purpose of devising some method of adjusting the difficulties brought on by the secession of South Carolina. The scheme adopted by this convention was to be submitted to the other states, and, if adopted, was to be incorporated into the Federal constitution. In acting upon Mr. Tyler's suggestion, the Virginia legislature enlarged it into a proposal of a peace convention to be composed of delegates from all the states. At the same time Mr. Tyler was appointed a commissioner to President Buchanan, while Judge John Robertson was appointed commissioner to the state of South Carolina, the object being to persuade both parties to abstain from any acts of hostility until the proposed peace convention should have had an opportunity to meet and discuss the situation. In discharge of this mission Mr. Tyler arrived on 21 January in Washington. President Buchanan declined to give any assurances, but in his message to Congress, on 28 January, he deprecated a hasty resort to hostile measures. The peace convention, consisting of delegates from thirteen northern and seven border states, met at Washington on 4 February and chose Mr. Tyler as its president. Several resolutions were adopted and reported to Congress, 27 February; but on 2 March they were rejected in the Senate by a vote of 28 to 7. and two days later the house adjourned without having taken a vote upon them. On 28 February, anticipating the fate of the resolutions in Congress, Mr. Tyler made a speech on the steps of the Exchange hotel in Richmond, and declared his belief that no arrangement could be made, and that nothing was left for Virginia but to act promptly in the exercise of her powers as a sovereign state. The next day he took his seat in the state convention, where he advocated the immediate passing of an ordinance of secession. His attitude seems to have been substantially the same that it had been twenty-eight years before, when he disapproved the heresy of nullification, but condemned with still greater emphasis the measures taken by President Jackson to suppress that heresy. This feeling that secession was unadvisable, but coercion wholly indefensible, was shared by Mr. Tyler with many people in the border states. On the removal of the government of the southern Confederacy from Montgomery to Richmond, in May, 1861, he was unanimously elected a member of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States. In the following autumn he was elected to the permanent congress, but he died before taking his seat. His biography has been ably written by one of his younger sons, Lyon Gardiner Tyler, "Letters and Times of the Tylers" (2 vols., Richmond, 1884-'5). See also "Seven Decades of the Union," by Henry A. Wise (Philadelphia, 1872).— His wife, Letitia Christian, born at Cedar Grove, New Kent Co., Virginia, 12 November, 1790; died in Washington, D. C, 9 September, 1842, was the daughter of Robert Christian, a planter in New Kent County, Virginia She married Mr. Tyler on 29 March, 1813, and moved with him to his home in Charles City County. When he became president she accompanied him to Washington; but her health was delicate, and she died shortly afterward. Mrs. Tyler was unable to assume any social cares, and the duties of mistress of the White House devolved upon her daughter-in-law, Mrs. Robert Tyler. She possessed great beauty of person and of character, and, before the failure of her health, was especially fitted for a social life.—Their son, Robert, born in New Kent County, Virginia, in 1818; died in Montgomery, Alabama, 3 December, 1877. was educated at William and Mary, and adopted the profession of law. He married Priscilla, a daughter of Thomas Apthorpe Cooper, the tragedian, in 1839, and when his father became president his wife assumed the duties of mistress of the White House till after Mrs. John Tyler's death, when they devolved upon her daughter, Mrs. Letitia Semple. Mr. Tyler moved to Philadelphia in 1843, practised law there, and held several civil offices. In 1844 he was elected president of the Irish repeal association. A little later he became prothonotary of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and in 1858 he was chairman of the Democratic executive committee of the state. He moved to Richmond at the beginning of the Civil War, and was appointed register of the treasury. After the war he edited the "Mail and Advertiser" in Montgomery, Alabama He published " Ahasuerus," a poem (New York. 1842); "Death, or Medora's Dream." a poem (1843); "Is Virginia a Repudiating State? and the States' Guarantee," two letters (Richmond, Virginia, 1858).—President Tyler's second wife, Julia Gardiner, born on Gardiner's Island, near Easthampton, New York, in 1820, was the eldest daughter of David Gardiner, a descendant of the Gardiners of Gardiner's Island. She was educated at the Chegary Institute, New York City, spent several months in Europe, and in the winter of 1844 accompanied her father to Washington, D. C. A few weeks afterward he was killed by the explosion of a gun on the war-steamer "Princeton," which occurred during a pleasure excursion in which he and his daughter were of the presidential party. His body was taken to the White House, and Miss Gardiner, being thrown in the society of the president under these peculiar circumstances, became the object of his marked attention, which resulted in their marriage in New York City, 26 June, 1844. For the succeeding eight months she presided over the White House with dignity and grace, her residence there terminating with a birth-night ball on 22 February, 1845. Mrs. Tyler retired with her husband to "Sherwood Forest" in Virginia at the conclusion of his term, and after the Civil War resided for several years at her mother's residence on Castleton Hill, Staten Island, and subsequently in Richmond, Virginia She is a convert to Roman Catholicism, and devoted to the charities of that church.—Her son, Lyon Gardiner, born in Charles City County, Virginia, in August, 1853. was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1875. and then studied law. During his college course he was elected orator of the Jefferson society, and obtained a scholarship as best editor of the " Virginia University Magazine." In January, 1877. he was elected professor of belles-lettres in William and Mary College, which place he held until November, 1878, when he became head of a high-school in Memphis, Tennessee. He settled in Richmond, Virginia, in 1882, and entered on the practice of law, also taking an active interest in politics. He was a candidate for the house of delegates in 1885. and again in 1887, when he was elected. In that body ne advocated the bills to establish a labor bureau, to regulate child labor, and to aid William and Mary College. In 1888 he was elected president of William and Mary, which office he now fills. He has published "The Letters and Times of the Tylers " (2 vols., Richmond, 1884-'5). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 193-200.


TYLER, Robert Ogden, soldier, born in Greene County, New York, 22 December, 1831; died in Boston,  Massachusetts, 1 December, 1874. When he was seven years old his parents took him to Hartford, Connecticut, and he was appointed from that state to the U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1853. He was assigned to the 3d U.S. Artillery, and served on frontier duty till the Civil War, being engaged against hostile Indians in the Spokane Expedition of 1858. In April, 1861, he was on the expedition to relieve Fort Sumter, and witnessed its bombardment, and on 17 May, after opening communication through Baltimore in command of a light battery, after the attack on the 6th Massachusetts Regiment, he was made assistant quartermaster with rank of captain, and served in the defences of Washington. On 20 August, at the special request of the Connecticut authorities, he was allowed by the war department to undertake the reorganization of the 4th Connecticut Regiment, which had become demoralized, and was commissioned its colonel. Under Colonel Tyler the regiment became one of the best in the army, and in January, 1862, it was made the 2d Connecticut Heavy Artillery. With it he took part in the Peninsular Campaign, and on 29 November, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. At Fredericksburg, he had charge of the artillery of the centre grand division and was brevetted major for gallantry, and on 2 May, 1863, he was given command of the artillery reserve of the Army of the Potomac. In this capacity he did efficient service at Chancellorsville, at Gettysburg, where two horses were shot under him, and in the Rapidan Campaign. He was subsequently a division commander in the 22d Corps, covering Washington, and in May, 1864, was assigned a division of heavy artillery that acted as infantry. On 19 May, while on the extreme right in the actions about Spotsylvania, he drove back an attack of Ewell's corps, and was publicly thanked, with his men, by General Meade for " gallant conduct and brilliant success." At Cold Harbor, he led a brigade of picked regiments and received a severe wound in the ankle which lamed him for life and permanently shattered his constitution. He saw no more active service. At the close of the war he had received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel for Gettysburg, colonel for Spotsylvania, major-general of volunteers and brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for Cold Harbor, and major-general, U. S. array, for services throughout the war. The Connecticut legislature thanked him in a resolution, and the citizens of Hartford presented him with a sword. After the war General Tyler served as chief in the quartermaster's department successively at Charleston, Louisville, San Francisco, New York City, and Boston, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 200-201.


TYLER, Edward Royall, clergyman, born in Guilford, Vermont, in 1800; died in New Haven, Connecticut. 28 September, 1848, was graduated at Yale in 1825 and at the divinity-school in 1828. He was pastor of the South church in Middletown, Connecticut, from 1827 till 1832, and of the Congregational church in Colebrook. Connecticut, in 18336. In 1836-'7 he was agent of the American anti-slavery society. From 1838 till 1842 he was editor of the "Connecticut Observer," and he was the founder, editor, and proprietor of the " New Englander." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 201.


TYLER'S MILL, MISSOURI, October 7, 1864. Detachment of 6th Missouri Cavalry. Major Samuel Montgomery with 200 men attacked the camp of 300 Confederates at Tyler's mill on Big river and scattered them, killing 21, wounding several and capturing 1. The Federals had 1 man wounded. The engagement was an incident of Price's Missouri expedition.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 881.


TYNDALE, Hector, soldier, born in Philadelphia, 24 March. 1821: died there, 19 March, 1880. His father was a merchant engaged in the importation of china and glassware, and young Tyndale succeeded to the business in 1845, in partnership with his brother-in-law, Edward P. Mitchell. He made several tours of Europe, inspecting closely all the chief factories, and becoming practically familiar with the whole art of pottery. His natural taste, thus cultivated, made him a most expert connoisseur, and led to his selection in 1876 as one of the judges of that section of the Centennial exhibition, in which capacity he wrote the elaborate report on pottery. His private collection was one of the most complete in the country. He first became interested in politics in 1856 as a Free-Soiler, and was a member of the first Republican committee in Philadelphia. He was not an Abolitionist, and had neither knowledge of nor sympathy with John Brown's raid, but when Mrs. Brown came to Philadelphia on her way to pay her last visit to her husband and bring back his body after his execution, she was without escort and was believed to be in personal danger. An appeal was made to Tyndale, who at once accepted the risks and dangers of escorting her. In the course of this self-imposed duty he was subjected to insults and threats, and on the morning of the execution was shot at by an unseen assassin. It had been threatened in the more violent newspapers of the south that John Brown's body should not be restored to his friends, but ignommiously treated, and a "nigger's" body substituted for his friends. When the coffin was delivered to Tyndale by the authorities, he refused to receive it until it was opened and the body was identified. He was in Europe when he heard the news of the firing on Fort Sumter, and at once returned home and offered his services to the government. He was commissioned major of the 28th Pennsylvania Regiment in June, 1861, and in August was put in command of Sandy Hook, opposite Harper's Ferry. The regiment fought in twenty-four battles and nineteen smaller engagements, in all of which Tyndale took part, except when he was disabled by wounds. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in April, 1802, and served in General Nathaniel P. Banks's corps in the Shenandoah valley, under General John Pope at Chantilly and the second battle of Bull Run, and later in General Joseph K. F. Mansfield's corps. At Antietam as the senior officer, he commanded a brigade in General George S. Greene's division of the 12th Corps, holding the ground in front of the Dunker church against three separate assaults of the enemy, in which the brigade captured seven battle-flags and four guns. Early in the day he received a wound in the hip, but he kept the field until the afternoon, when he was struck in the head by a musket-ball and carried off the field. For "conspicuous gallantry, self-possession, and good judgment at Antietam" he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862. After slow and partial recovery from his wounds he applied for active duty, and in May, 1863, was assigned to a brigade under General Erasmus D. Keyes near Yorktown. and served with the Army of the Potomac until September, when he was sent with General Joseph Hooker to the relief of Chattanooga. In the battle of Wauhatchie he carried by a bayonet charge a hill (subsequently known as Tyndale's hill), thus turning the flank of the enemy and relieving General John W. Geary's division from an assault by superior numbers. He also participated in the series of battles around Chattanooga, and in the march to the relief of Knoxville. He was sent home on sick-leave in May, 1864, and, finding his disability likely to be lasting, he resigned in August. In March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious services during the war. In 1868 he was the Republican nominee for mayor of Philadelphia, and was defeated by 68 votes in a poll of more than 120,000. In 1872 his kinsman. Professor John Tyndall of London, delivered a series of lectures in this country, and resolving to devote the proceeds to the establishment of a fund "for the promotion of science in the United States by the support in European universities or elsewhere of American pupils who may evince decided talents in physics," he appointed General Tyndale with Professor Joseph Henry and Dr. Edward L. Youmans trustees. Professor Tyndall in 1885 changed the trust and established three scholarships, in Harvard, Columbia, and the University of Pennsylvania. The last-named institution called its share the Hector Tyndale scholarship in physics. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 202.


TYNER, James Noble, postmaster-general, born in Brookville, Indiana, 17 January, 1826. He was graduated at Brookville Academy in 1844, and from 1846 till 1854 was associated with his father in business. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1857, and practised in Peru, Indiana He was secretary of the Indiana Senate in 1857-'61, a presidential elector in 1860, and from 1861 till 1866 served as a special agent of the post-office department. He was chosen to Congress as a Republican, to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Daniel D. Pratt to the U. S. Senate, and served from 1869 till 1875, being a member of the committees on appropriations and post-offices. President Grant then appointed him second assistant postmaster-general, and from the resignation of Marshall Jewell till the end of Grant's administration, 3 March. 1877, he was postmaster-general. In April, 1877, he became first assistant postmaster-general, which office he resigned in October. 1881. Mr. Tyner was the delegate from the United States to the International Postal Congress in Paris in 1878. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 202.