Stearns through Stowe

STEARNS, Charles Woodward, physician, born in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1818; died in Longmeadow, Massachusetts, 8 September, 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1837, and took his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1840. After practising for some time he entered the army as a surgeon, subsequently travelled and studied in Europe, and at the opening of the Civil War re-entered the service as surgeon of the 3d New York Regiment. He was on service at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Suffolk, Virginia., Fortress Monroe, and in the field. Dr. Stearns was widely known as an enthusiastic Shakespearean student and writer. His principal works are "Shakespeare's Medical Knowledge " (New York, 1865): "The Shakespeare Treasury of Wisdom and Knowledge " (1869); and "Concordance of the Constitution of the United States " (1872). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 655.


STEARNS, Frank Preston, 1846-1917, writer, abolitionist.  Worked with abolitionist leader Elizur Wright.  Member of and active in American Anti-Slavery Society.  (Stearns, 1907)


STEARNS, George Luther, 1809-1867, Medford, Massachusetts, merchant, industrialist, Free Soil supporter, abolitionist.  Chief supporter of the Emigrant Aid Company which financed anti-slavery settlers in the Kansas Territory.  Founded the Nation, Commonwealth, and Right of Way newspapers.  Member of the “Secret Six” who secretly financially supported radical abolitionist John Brown, and his raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, (West) Virginia, on October 16, 1859.  Recruited African Americans for the all-Black 54th and 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiments, U.S. Army.  (Filler, 1960, p. 268; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 207, 327, 338; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 655; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 543)

STEARNS, George Luther, merchant, born in Medford, Massachusetts, 8 January, 1809; died in New York, 9 April, 1867. His father, Luther, was a teacher of reputation. In early life his son engaged in the business of ship-chandlery, and after a prosperous career undertook the manufacture of sheet and pipe-lead, doing business in Boston and residing in Medford. He identified himself with the anti-slavery cause, became a Free-Soiler in 1848, aided John Brown in Kansas, and supported him till his death. Soon after the opening of the Civil War Mr. Stearns advocated the enlistment of Negroes in the National Army. The 54th and 55th Massachusetts Regiments, and the 5th Cavalry (colored), were largely recruited through his instrumentality. He was commissioned major through the recommendation of Secretary of War Stanton, and was of great service to the National cause by enlisting Negroes for the volunteer service in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Tennessee. He was the founder of the “Commonwealth” and “Right of Way” newspapers for the dissemination of his ideas. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 655.    


STEBBINS, Giles B., Wisconsin, New York, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1850-1851, 1851-1852, Manager, 1852-1853.


STEDMEN, William, Randolph, Ohio, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1848-1856.


STEARNS, John, physician, born in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, 16 May, 1770; died in New York City, 18 March, 1848. He was graduated at Yale in 1789, and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1812. He settled at Waterford, New York, in 1793, was in the New York Senate in 1809-'13, in 1810 moved to Albany, and in 1819 went to New York City, where he remained till his death. He originated the Saratoga County Medical Society, and in 1807 the Medical Society of the State of New York, and in 1846 was the first president of the New York Academy of Medicine. He was also a founder of the American Tract Society. He contributed valuable medical discoveries to the New York "Medical Repository," and published numerous addresses (1818-'47).  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 655.    


STEARNS, Ozora Pierson, soldier, born in De Kalb, Lawrence County, New York, 15 January, 1831. He was educated at Oberlin College and Michigan University, where he was graduated in the literary department in 1858, and in law in 1860. Immediately after his graduation he began practice in Rochester, Minnesota, and shortly afterward was elected prosecuting attorney for Clinton County. In August, 1862, he entered the National Army as 1st lieutenant in the 9th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and in April, 1864, he was commissioned colonel of the 39th Regiment of U. S. Colored Infantry. His regiment suffered severely at the mine-explosion before Petersburg on 30 July. He accompanied General Benjamin F. Butler on his Fort Fisher Expedition, was with General Alfred H. Terry at the capture of that fort, and afterward remained with his command in North Carolina until he was mustered out of the service in December, 1865. He then returned to Rochester, Minnesota, was soon afterward offered the professorship of agriculture in Cornell University, which he declined, was again elected county attorney, and then appointed register in bankruptcy. In 1871 he was elected U. S. Senator for the unexpired term of Daniel S. Norton, deceased, and served for a short period. In the spring of 1872 he moved with his family to Duluth, and two years later became judge of the 11th Judicial District of Minnesota, which office he has held ever since. He is in favor of granting the right of suffrage to women.—His wife, Sarah Burger, reformer, born in New York City, 30 November, 1836, is the daughter of Edward G. Burger. She was educated chiefly at the Ann Arbor High-School, and the State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Michigan. In 1858 and afterward she made formal application to be admitted as a student to the Michigan State University, which, though it was refused, had an influence in finally deciding the regents in 1869 to make their classes open to women. During the Civil War Mrs. Stearns was well known as a worker on the Sanitary Commission, and lectured on behalf of the soldiers' societies in Michigan and elsewhere. She married Colonel Stearns in 1863, and moved to Minnesota in 1866. For many years she has been vice-president for Minnesota of the National Woman Suffrage Association. She is president of the Duluth Home Society, and was instrumental in establishing a temporary home for needy women and children in that city. She has been active for years as an advocate of woman's rights. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 656.


STEDMAN, Edmund Clarence, poet, born in Hartford, Connecticut, 8 October, 1833. He is the son of Edmund B. Stedman, a merchant of Hartford, and Elizabeth C. Dodge, a sister of William E. Dodge, who, subsequent to the death of Mr. Stedman in 1835, married William B. Kinney. Through his mother Mr. Stedman is further related to William Ellery Channing and to Bishop Arthur Cleveland Coxe. He was prepared for college by his great-uncle, James Stedman, and entered Yale in 1849. As an under graduate he distinguished himself in Greek and in English composition. His poem of "Westminster Abbey," published in the "Yale Literary Magazine" in 1851, received a first prize. In his junior year he was suspended for irregularities, and he did not return to receive his degree, but in 1871 the college authorities restored him to his class, and conferred on him the degree of A. M. He became editor of the Norwich " Tribune " in 1852, and in 1854 of the Winsted "Herald," but two years later he relinquished this post after establishing some reputation for the pure literary tone of his journal. He then moved to New York City, where for many years he contributed to "Vanity Fair," " Putnam's Monthly," "Harper's Magazine." and other periodicals. After a hard struggle for a competence, he drifted into journalism. His poems, " The Diamond Wedding," a widely read satire on a society event, " How Old John Brown took Harper's Ferry," " The Ballad of Lager-Bier," and similar lyrics, appeared in the "Tribune" during 1859, and their success led him to issue his " Poems, Lyric and Idyllic " (New York, 1860). In 1860 he joined the editorial staff of the "World," and he was its war-correspondent in 1861-3. during the early campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, from the headquarters of General Irvin McDowell and General George B. McClellan, and then from Washington. He afterward accepted a confidential appointment under Attorney-General Bates, but in 1864 he returned to New York, and relinquished journalism to adopt some pursuit that would afford him more leisure for literary work. Mr. Stedman soon purchased a seat in the stock exchange, and became a broker. His poetry of this period is included in his "Alice of Monmouth, an Idyl of the Great War, and other Poems" (New York, 1864), which was followed by "The Blameless Prince, and other Poems " (Boston, 1809). A collective edition of his "Poetical Works " was published in 1873. With Thomas B. Aldrich he edited "Cameos " (Boston, 1874), selected from the works of Walter Savage Landor; also, with an introduction, " Poems of Austin Dobson " (New York, 1880). About 1875 he began to devote attention to critical writing, and contributed to "Scribner's Monthly" a series of sketches of the poets and poetry of Great Britain from the accession of Queen Victoria to the present time, which were rewritten and published as " Victorian Poets " (Boston, 1875; London, 1876; 13th ed., with a supplement, bringing it down to 1887). In a similar manner he prepared " Poets of America," a critical review of American poets and poetry (Boston, 1886). At present he is engaged with Ellen M. Hutchinson in editing a " Library of American Literature," to be completed in ten volumes, of which three are now published (1888). Mr. Stedman has delivered several poems on public occasions. Of these the more important are " Gettysburg." read at the annual meeting of the Army of the Potomac in Cleveland in 1871, and the "Dartmouth Ode," delivered in 1873 before that college. In 1870 he read "The Monument of Greeley " at the dedication in Greenwood cemetery of the printers' monument to Horace Greeley, and in 1878 he delivered his poem on "The Death of Bryant" before the Century Club. At the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Yale class of 1853 he read " Meridian, an Old-Fashioned Poem," and in July, 1881, his "Corda Concordia" was read before the Summer School of Philosophy. He has also been engaged at intervals during many years on a complete metrical translation of the Greek idyllic poets. His other publications include " Rip Van Winkle and His Wonderful Nap" (Boston, 1870); "Octavius Brooks Frothingham and the New Faith" (New York, 1876); "Favorite Poems" (Boston, 1877); "Hawthorne, and other Poems" (1877); "Lyrics and Idylls, with other Poems " (London, 1879); "The Raven, with Comments on the Poem" (Boston, 1883); and a "Household Edition" of his poems (1884).—His cousin. Alexander Griffin, soldier, born in Hartford, Connecticut, 6 January, 1838; died near Petersburg, Virginia, 6 August, 1864, was graduated at Trinity in 1859, and began to study law, but in 1861 entered the volunteer army as captain in the 5th Connecticut Regiment. He was transferred to the 11th Connecticut as major after seeing service in the Shenandoah Valley, and took part in the battle of Antietam, leading half of the regiment in the charge on the stone bridge, and receiving a severe wound. He commanded the regiment at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and at the beginning of the Overland Campaign of 1864 was placed at the head of a brigade. He repeatedly won the commendation of his superiors, and was mortally wounded in one of the skirmishes that followed the mine-explosion at Petersburg. Fort Stedman, one of the works near that place, had been named for him. He had been strongly recommended for promotion to brigadier-general, and was given that rank by brevet, to date from 5 August, 1864. His grave at Hartford is marked by a monument of granite and bronze. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 658.


STEEDMAN, Charles, naval officer, born in Charleston, South Carolina, 24 September, 1811. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman, 1 April, 1828, became a passed midshipman, 14 January, 1834, and cruised in the Mediterranean in the frigates "Constitution" and " United States." He was promoted to lieutenant, 25 February, 1841, and during the Mexican War served in the sloop "St. Mary's " in 1846-'7. At the bombardment of Vera Cruz he commanded the siege-guns in the naval battery on shore, and he participated in other operations on the coast and in the boat expedition that captured Tampico. He was commissioned commander, 14 September, 1855, and in the Paraguay Expedition commanded the brig "Dolphin." Notwithstanding the efforts of his family and friends in his native state to induce him to join the seceded states, he remained loyal and rendered valuable service to the Union. He immediately asked for duty, took command of the railroad ferry steamer " Maryland," and conveyed General Benjamin F. Butler with the 8th Massachusetts Regiment from Havre de Grace to Annapolis, Maryland, in April, 1861. He then went to the west temporarily and assisted Admiral Foote in organizing the naval forces that operated on the Mississippi River in the gun-boats. In September, 1861, he commanded the steamer " Bienville," in which he led the second column of vessels at the capture of Port Royal, South Carolina, and participated in operations on the coast of Georgia and Florida. He returned north in the spring, and took command of the steamer "Paul Jones," in which he assisted in the capture of Fort McAllister, on Ogeechee River, in August, 1862, and operated on St. John's River, Florida, during the following month. He was promoted to captain, 13 September, 1862, and in the steamer " Powhatan " took part in the blockade off Charleston and in several engagements there. He then towed the captured ram "Atlanta " to Philadelphia, took command of the steamer " Ticonderoga, and went to the coast of Brazil in pursuit of the Confederate cruiser "Florida" until November, 1864. He participated in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, remained in command of the " Ticonderoga" on a cruise in the Mediterranean, and returned in command of the steam frigate "Colorado" in September, 1867. He was promoted to commodore, 25 July, 1866, and was in charge of the Boston U.S. Navy-yard in 1869-'72. He was made a rear-admiral, 25 Mav, 1871, and retired, 24 September, 1873. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 659.


STEEDMAN, James Barrett, soldier, born in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, 30 July, 1818; died in Toledo, Ohio, 18 October, 1883. He went to Ohio in 1837 as a contractor on the Wabash and Erie canal, and in 1843 was chosen to the legislature of that state as a Democrat. In 1849 he organized a company to cross the plains to California in search of gold, but he returned in 1850, and in 1851 became a member of the Ohio board of public works. During Buchanan's administration he was public printer at Washington, and in 1860 he was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Charleston, advocating the nomination of Stephen A. Douglas. At the opening of the Civil War he became colonel of the 4th Ohio Regiment, and was ordered to western Virginia. After taking part in the battle of Philippi he joined General Don Carlos Buell in Kentucky, was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, 17 July, 1862, and rendered valuable service at Perryville, arriving on the battle-field just in time to drive back the enemy, who had broken the National line and were pushing a heavy column toward the gap. In July, 1863, he was placed in command of the 1st Division of the reserve corps of the Army of the Cumberland. At the battle of Chickamauga he re-enforced General George H. Thomas at a critical moment, and it has been claimed that he thus saved the day, though credit for ordering the movement is usually given to General Gordon Granger. For his services here he was promoted major-general, 24 April, 1864. He was afterward active in the Atlanta Campaign, relieving the garrison at Dalton and defeating General Joseph G. Wheeler's cavalry in June, 1864. When Sherman marched to the sea he joined General Thomas, and did good service at Nashville. He resigned on 19 July, 1866, after serving as provisional governor of Georgia, and was appointed U. S. collector of internal revenue at New Orleans bv President Johnson, whose close friend he was. Here his lack of business ability involved him in financial trouble, and he returned to Ohio, where in 1879 he was chosen to the state senate, but was defeated in a second canvass. In the May before his death he became chief of police of Toledo, and he was editor and nominal owner of the " Weekly Ohio Democrat." On 26 May, 1887, a fine monument was dedicated to his memory in Toledo. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 659.


STEEL, William, 1809-1881, reformer, abolitionist leader, southeastern Ohio, active in Underground Railroad. Congressional candidate for congress in the Liberty Party Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 659.

STEEL, William, reformer, born in Biggar, Scotland, 26 August, 1809; died in Portland, Oregon, 5 January, 1881. He came to the United States with his parents in 1817 and settled near Winchester, Virginia., but moved soon afterward to Monroe County, Ohio, where, from 1830 till the Civil War, he was an active worker in the “Underground Railroad,” of which he was one of the earliest organizers. During these years large numbers of slaves were assisted to escape to Canada, and in no single instance was one retaken after reaching him. At one time the slave-holders of Virginia offered a reward of $5,000 for his head, when he promptly addressed the committee, offering to bring it to them if the money were placed in responsible hands. He acquired a fortune as a merchant, but lost it in 1844. From 1872 till his death he resided with his sons in Oregon. In the early days of the anti-slavery movement Mr. Steel was the recognized leader of the Abolitionists in southeastern Ohio. He was at one time a candidate of the Liberty Party for Congress, and in 1844 circulated in eastern Ohio the “great petition,” whose signers agreed to vote for Henry Clay if he would emancipate his one slave. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 659.


STEELE, John B., Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


STEELE'S BAYOU, MISSISSIPPI, October 25, 1864. Expeditionary Forces. During the operations of the expedition, commanded by Colonel E. D. Osband, in Issaquena and Washington counties, a slight skirmish occurred on Steele's bayou, in which the enemy lost 2 killed and 1 mortally wounded. Osband's loss, none. He reported the capture of about 70 bales of cotton, 100 horses and mules, 300 sheep, 50 head of cattle, 50,000 feet of lumber and 20,000 brick. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 840.


STEELE'S EXPEDITION TO CAMDEN, ARKANSAS, March 23-May 3, 1864. (See Camden, Expedition to.)

STEELVILLE, MISSOURI, August 31, 1864. Missouri Militia. At daylight the town was robbed by a gang of guerrillas under one Lennox, and a citizen was mortally wounded. As the Confederates retired they met 5 militiamen on the way to join their command and killed all of them. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 840.


STEMININE'S FORD, ALABAMA, April 17, 1863. (See Courtland Expedition.)


STEPHENS, George E., 1832-1888, African American, journalist, soldier, abolitionist.  Wrote for the New York Weekly Anglo-African newspaper.  Enlisted and fought in 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment.  Supported equal pay for colored troops in the Union Army. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 509)


STEPHENS, Uriah Smith, 1821-1882, labor leader, abolitionist leader (Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 581; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 759-762)


STEPHENSON'S DEPOT, VIRGINIA, September 5, 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia. On this date the brigade, commanded by Colonel Henry Capehart, moved from Darkesville toward Stephenson's depot, where it was attacked by Rodes' division of Breckenridge's corps and after a sharp fight, in which the casualties were slight on both sides, fell back to Darkesville.


STEVENSBURG, VIRGINIA, April 29, 1863. Cavalry Reserve, Stoneman's Raid. In the raid upon the railroads leading into Richmond the cavalry reserve was commanded by Brigadier-General John Buford. While his command was halted at the forks of the road near Stevensburg on the 29th, his pickets upon all the roads were fired upon about the same time, and for a little while it looked as though an attack in force was contemplated by the Confederates. If so their intention was soon changed by the heroic stand of the pickets, who repulsed all the attacks without calling for support or reinforcements. No reports of casualties. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 840.


STERLING, G.W., Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Abolition Society, Vice-President, 1841-42


STERLING, John M., Cleveland, Ohio, abolitionist.  Manager, 1833-1840, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833. (Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833)


STEELE, Frederick, soldier, born in Delhi, New York, 14 January, 1819; died in San Mateo, California, 12 January, 1868. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1843, and served as 2d lieutenant in the Mexican War, receiving the brevets of 1st lieutenant and captain for gallant conduct at Contreras and Chapultepec respectively. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, 6 June, 1848, and served in California till 1853, and then principally in Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska till the Civil War, receiving his captain's commission on 5 February, 1855. He was promoted to major on 14 May, 1861, and commanded a brigade in Missouri from 11 June, 1861, till April, 1862, being engaged at Dug Spring and Wilson's Creek, and also in charge of the southeastern district of that state after February. He had become colonel of the 8th Iowa Regiment on 23 September, 1861, and on 29 January, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He led a division in the Army of the Southwest from May till November, 1862, being engaged at Round Hill, 7 July, and in the occupation of Helena, Arkansas. On 29 November he was made major-general of volunteers, and, after engaging in the Yazoo Expedition, he commanded a division in the Vicksburg Campaign, taking part in the operations at Young's Point, the advance to Grand Gulf, the attack on Jackson, and the siege of Vicksburg. For his services in this campaign he received the brevet of colonel in the regular army, 4 July, 1863, and on 26 August he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. From July, 1863, till 6 January, 1864, he was at the head of the Army of Arkansas, taking part in the capture of Little Rock, 10 September, 1863, and then till 29 November he commanded the department of that state. He led a column in the Mobile Campaign, and at the close of the war received the brevet of brigadier-general, U.S. Army, for services in the capture of Little Rock, and that of major-general for services during the war. He was then transferred to Texas, and placed in command on the Rio Grande, and from 21 December, 1865, he had charge of the Department of the Columbia. From 23 November, 1867, till his death he was on leave of absence. He had been promoted colonel of the 20th U.S. Infantry, 28 July, 1866. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 659-660.


STEELE, Joel Dorman, educator, born in Lima, New York, 14 May, 1836; died in Elmira, New York, 25 May, 1886. He was graduated at Genesee College in 1858, and then taught at the Mexico Academy, of which institution he was appointed principal in 1859. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War he became captain in the 81st New York Volunteers, and served in the Peninsula Campaign, being severely wounded at Seven Pines. He was chosen principal of the Newark, New York, High-School in 1862, and in 1866 accepted a similar office in the Elmira Free Academy, which place he retained until 1872. Subsequently he devoted his time exclusively to the preparation of text-books. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him by the regents of the University of the State of New York in 1870, and during the same year he presided over the New York State Teachers' Association. In 1872 he was elected a fellow of the Geological Society of London, and also in 1872 he was chosen by the alumni a trustee of Syracuse University, in which Genesee College had been merged, and to that university he bequeathed $50,000 to found a professorship of theistic science. Dr. Steele was the author of a popular series of scientific text-books, each intended or a course of fourteen weeks, including “Chemistry” (New York, 1867); “Astronomy” (1868); “Natural Philosophy” (1869); “Geology” (1870); “Human Physiology” (1873); “Zoölogy” (1875); and “Key to the Practical Questions in Steele's Sciences” (1871); also “Barnes's Popular. History of the United States” (1875); and with his wife,  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 660.


STEELE, William, soldier, born in Albany, New York, in 1819; died in San Antonio, Texas, 12 January, 1885. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1840, assigned to the 2d U.S. Dragoons, and served in the Florida War, the military occupation of Texas, and the war with Mexico, being promoted 1st lieutenant, 9 May, 1846, and brevetted captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco. He was stationed in Texas from 1849 till 1852, being promoted captain, 10 November, 1851, and was then in New Mexico till 1854. From that time till the Civil War he was chiefly in Kansas, Dakota, and Nebraska, taking part in several expeditions against  Indians. He resigned on 30 May, 1861, joined the Confederate Army as colonel of the 7th Texas Cavalry, and took part in General Henry H. Sibley's Expedition to New Mexico. On its return, he was made brigadier-general, 12 September, 1862, and in January, 1863, was assigned to the command of the Department of Western Arkansas and the Indian Territory. He commanded at Galveston, Texas, in December, 1863, and had charge of a cavalry division in Louisiana in 1864, where he opposed the Red River Expedition of General Nathaniel P. Banks. In 1867 he became a commission merchant in San Antonio, Texas, and for some time after 1874 he was adjutant-general of the state. In this office he did good service by procuring and publishing, at great pains and expense, lists of escaped convicts and other fugitives from justice, which he furnished to the sheriffs of the various counties in the state. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 660-661.


STEINBEL, Roger Nelson, naval officer, born in Middleton, Maryland., 27 December, 1810. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman. 27 March, 1832, and cruised in the schooner " Porpoise" when she was wrecked near Vera Cruz in 1833. He was on duty in New York at the naval school in 1834-'8, and became a passed midshipman, 23 June, 1838. He was commissioned lieutenant, 23 October, 1843, served in the  U.S. Coast Survey until 1847, and then was on the Brazil Station, on special duty in Washington, and in the steamer "Mississippi,'' on the East India Station, in 1857-'9. When the Civil War began he went to Cincinnati to fit out river gun-boats, and then rendered good service in the Mississippi River Flotilla. He commanded the river gun-boat " Lexington " at Belmont when General Grant's force was defeated and saved by the gun-boats in November, 1861. From August, 1861, until May, 1862, he participated in several engagements, and contributed greatly to the successes and victories at Lucas Bend, 9 September, 1861, Fort Henry, 6 February, 1862, Island No. 10 from 16 March until its capture on 7 April, 1862, and in the action with the rams at Fort Pillow in May, 1862. In this last engagement his vessel, the " Cincinnati," was sunk, and he was seriously wounded. He then had special duty at Philadelphia and Pittsburg until 1865. He was commissioned captain, 25 July, 1866, and commanded the "Canandaigua " in the Mediterranean in 1866-'7. He next served at the rendezvous in Boston, and was commissioned commodore, 13 July, 1870, and appointed commander-in-chief of the Pacific Squadron in 1872. He was retired on 27 December, 1872, and subsequently promoted to rear-admiral on the retired list, 5 June, 1874. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 661.


STEINER, Lewis Henry, physician, born in Frederick city, Maryland., 4 May, 1827. He was educated at the Frederick Academy and at Marshall College, Pennsylvania, where he received the degree of A. M. in 1849. and was graduated the same year at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania. He began to practise in Frederick, but in 1852 moved to Baltimore, where for three years he was associated with Dr. John R. W. Dunbar in the conduct of the Baltimore Medical Institute, at the end of which time he returned to Frederick. Soon after he began to practise his attention was especially directed to chemistry and the allied sciences, and during his residence in Baltimore his time was largely occupied in teaching. He was professor of chemistry and natural history in Columbian College, Washington, D. C. and also of chemistry and pharmacy in the National Medical College, Washington. in 1853; lecturer on chemistry and physics in St. James College, Maryland., in 1854; lecturer on applied chemistry in the Maryland Institute in 1855, and professor of chemistry in the Maryland College of Pharmacy in 1850. During the Civil War he was actively employed as an inspector by the U. S. Sanitary Commission, and for a period was in charge of its operations in the Army of the Potomac as chief inspector. In 1871 he was elected by the Republicans to the state senate for four years. He was re-elected for a like term in 1875, and again in 1879. From 1855 till 1858 he was a contributor to, and afterward assistant editor of, "The American Medical Monthly." In 1884 he was appointed librarian of the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Baltimore, which office he now holds. He has published " H. Wills's Outlines of Chemical Analysis," translated from the 3d German edition, with Dr. Daniel Brud (Cambridge, 1855); " Cantate Domino: a Collection of Chants, Hymns, etc., for Church Service." with Henry Schwing (Boston, 1859); " Report containing a Diary kept during the Rebel Occupation of Frederick, Maryland., etc." (New York, 1802); and also translations from the German, with monographs, reports, lectures, and speeches. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 661-662.


STEINWAY, Henry Engelhard (stine'-way), piano-forte manufacturer, born in Wolfshagen, Germany, 15, February, 1797; died in New York City, 7 February, 1871. The original spelling of the name is Steinweg. After receiving a common-school education in his native place, he was first apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, then worked in an organ-factory, and thereafter studied the art of piano-forte making. His earliest youthful musical constructions were zithers and guitars, for his own amusement. At the age of fifteen the boy was left an orphan and thrown on his own resources. After a time Mr. Steinway began to make piano-fortes in a small way in his native place, but, being dissatisfied with the surroundings, came with his family to New York City in 1850. Here for several years father and sons were employed as journeymen in noted factories, until they resolved to unite their knowledge and experience and established the firm of Steinway and Sons. In 1802 they gained the first prize in London in competition with the most eminent makers in Europe; and this victory was followed in 1807 by a similar success at the Universal exposition in Paris. According to Liszt, Rubinstein, and other high authorities, the Steinways have done more to advance the durability, action, and tone-quality of their instruments than any other makers of Europe or America.—Henry Engelhard's son, Albert, born in Seesen, Germany, 10 June, 1840; died in New York City, 14 May, 1877, early in the Civil War was advanced to the colonelcy of the 0th Regiment of New York Volunteers, and later became brigadier-general on the staff of Governor John T. Hoffman. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 662.


STEINWEHR, Adolph Wilhelm August Friedrich, Baron von, soldier, born in Blankenburg, duchy of Brunswick, Germany, 25 September, 1822; died in Buffalo, New York, 25 February, 1877. His father was a major in the ducal service, and his grandfather a lieutenant-general in the Prussian Army. Adolph was educated at the military academy in the city of Brunswick, and entered the army of the duchy as lieutenant in 1841. In 1847 he resigned and came to the United States to offer his services to the government during the Mexican War. Failing to obtain a commission in the regular army, he returned to Germany after marrying an American lady. In 1854 he again visited this country and purchased a farm near Wallingford, Connecticut. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised a regiment, the 29th New York, which he commanded at the first battle of Bull Run, forming part of the reserve under Colonel Dixon S. Miles. On 12 October, 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and placed at the head of the 2d Brigade, General Louis Blenker's division, which was attached in May, 1862, to the Mountain Department under General John C. Fremont. When General Franz Sigel assumed command of the corps, after the organization of the Army of Virginia, General Steinwehr was given the 2d Division, and with it took part in the campaign on the Rapidan and Rappahannock in the following August. He also retained it when the command of the corps passed into the hands of General Oliver O. Howard, and under that officer fought in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He remained with the army until the close of the war. His home for several years before his death was in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he prepared an "Eclectic Series" of school geographies that was widely circulated, and published 'A Topographical Map of the United States" and "The Centennial Gazetteer" (Philadelphia, 1873). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 552.


STEPHENS, Alexander Hamilton, statesman, born near Crawfordsville, Georgia, 11 February, 1812; died in Atlanta, Georgia, 4 March. 1883. His grandfather, Alexander, founder of the American branch of the Stephens family, was an Englishman, and an adherent of Prince Charles Edward. He came to this country about 1746, settled in the Penn colony, was engaged in several conflicts with the Indians and in the old French war, serving under Colonel George Washington. His home was at the junction of the Juniata and Susquehanna Rivers. He was a captain in the Revolutionary Army, and soon after the peace moved to Georgia. Alexander became an orphan at the age of fifteen. Under the charge of his uncle he attracted the attention of Charles C. Mills, a man of means, and after five months at school he was offered a home in Washington, Wilkes County, and a place in the high-school that was taught by the Reverend Alexander Hamilton Webster, pastor of the Presbyterian Church. His middle name, Hamilton, was taken from this gentleman. He regarded this charity as a loan, and afterward repaid the full amount. He also accepted the offer of the Presbyterian educational Society to send him to college, with a view to the ministry, with the proviso that he was to refund the cost in case of his change of mind, and in any event when he should be able. He entered Franklin College (now the State University) in August, 1828, was graduated in 1832 with the first honor, and subsequently earned money by teaching to pay his indebtedness. At that period of his life he was much given to morbid introspection, which was partly the result of constitutionally delicate health. On 22 July, 1834. after two months study, he was admitted to the bar, being congratulated by Senator William H. Crawford and Judge Joseph Henry Lumpkin on the best examination they had ever heard. He lived on six dollars a month, and made $400 the first year. Then he began to win reputation, and he soon owned his father's old homestead, and bought the estate that is now Liberty hall.

In 1836 he was elected to the lower branch of the legislature against bitter opposition because he strove against nullification, while believing in state sovereignty, and opposed vigilance committees and the then common "slicking clubs," the parent of the Ku-Klux Klan. His first speech in the legislature secured the passage of the appropriation for what is now the Western and Atlantic Railway from Atlanta to Chattanooga, the property of Georgia. His advocacy secured a charter for the Macon, Georgia, Female College, the first in the world for the regular graduation of young women in classics and the sciences. In 1839 he was a delegate to the Charleston Commercial Convention, and in 1843 he was nominated for Congress under the "general-ticket system," there being then no division of the state into congressional districts. He was elected by 8,000 majority. His first speech was in favor of the power of Congress to pass an act requiring the states to be divided into congressional districts. He seemed thus to question his own right to sit, as Georgia had not obeyed the law. He won both point and seat. It was, in fact, the entering-wedge of the assertion of the power of the general government to legislate in state domestic affairs, under the plea of regulating its own organization. On the same principle Mr. Stephens, as senator-elect from Georgia, in 1866, was not allowed to sit, Georgia not having complied with the terms of Congress. He advocated the annexation of Texas by legislative resolution as early as 1838-'9, and opposed the John Tyler treaty of 1844, but, with seven other southern Whigs, secured the passage of the Milton-Brown Plan of 1845. He bitterly opposed President James K. Polk on the Mexican War, but adopted all its results as a godsend of southern territory. In 1848 he had a personal encounter with Judge Cone, of Greensboro, which illustrated the physical courage for which he had been noted from youth—the courage that comes, not from principle or duty, but from utter indifference to consequences. The difficulty grew out of a quarrel on the Clayton compromise of 1848. Cone cut Stephens terribly with a knife and cried: "Now, you, retract, or I'll cut your throat." The bleeding, almost dying Stephens said: "Never!—cut," and grasped the swiftly descending knife-blade in his right hand. That hand never again wrote plainly. Few of the witnesses of the affair, which occurred on the piazza of Thompson's hotel, Atlanta, expected him to recover, he did, however, in time to make a speech in favor of Zachary Taylor for the presidency, the carriage being drawn to the stand by the people. In 1850 Mr. Stephens opposed the secession movement at the south, and thought the admission of California as a free state a blessing, as repealing the Missouri restrictions and opening all the remaining territories north and south to slavery. He was one of the authors of the "Georgia Platform" of 1850. Its first resolve was "that we hold the American Union secondary in importance only to the rights and principles it was designed to perpetuate." On the nominations of Franklin Pierce and General Winfield Scott, at Baltimore, the lines of Whig and Democrat were drawn for the last time. Pierce approved the settlement of 1850; Scott did not. Stephens, with Charles G. Faulkner, Walker Brooke, Alexander White, James Abercrombie, Robert Toombs, James Johnson, Christopher H. Williams, and Meredith P. Gentry, killed the Whig Party forever by their famous card of 3 July, 1852, giving their reasons for refusing to support General Scott. Stephens wrote it. Daniel Webster was nominated without a party, but died, and Toombs and Stephens voted for him after he was dead. In 1854 Mr. Stephens defended the principles of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, as embodying the principle of 1850, " the people of the territories left free to form and regulate their own domestic institutions (including slavery), subject only to the Constitution of the United States." In 1859 he retired from Congress, and in a farewell speech in Augusta, Georgia intimated that the only way to get more slaves and settle the territories with slave-holding voters was to reopen the African slave-trade.

Mr. Stephens seemed a bundle of contradictions, but he always acted upon reasons and principles. While a state-rights man, he supported Harrison in 1840. In 1844, though in favor of the acquisition of Texas, he supported Clay, who said it would reopen the slave issue and make war, as it did. In 1845 he voted with the Democratic Party in admitting Texas. In 1846 and 1847 he stood with Calhoun and the Whig Party upon the Mexican War. His house resolutions in February, 1847, became the basis of the Whig reorganization, and General Zachary Taylor was elected president on the same policy in 1848. In 1850 he differed with Fillmore on policy, as he had with Polk, and approved the compromise of Clay. In 1854 he was with Stephen A. Douglas, and In 1856 aided to elect James Buchanan, his extreme foe. In 1859 he resigned his seat in Congress, saying: "I saw there was bound to be a smash-up on the road, and resolved to jump off at the first station." In 1860 he supported Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency against John C. Breckinridge, the professed exponent of state rights, holding that the territorial views of Mr. Douglas were his life-long principles. In 1860 he made a great Union speech, and in 1861 became the Vice-President of the Confederacy of seceded states—both times on principle. By 1862 he was as much at issue with Jefferson Davis as he had been with Mr. Lincoln in 1860, and on the same matter—state rights—and he continued to differ to the end. Mr. Stephens, Governor Joseph E. Brown, and General Robert Toombs, one Union man and two of the bitterest of the original secessionists of 1860, formed the head of the Georgia Peace Party of 1864, and all the three supported by speeches and letters the Linton-Stephens peace, and habeas corpus resolutions passed by the Georgia legislature in that year. In February, 1865, he was at the head of the Peace Commission on the part of the Confederate government in the Hampton Roads Conference. After the downfall of the Confederacy he was arrested and confined for five months in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, as a prisoner of state, but in October, 1865, he was released on his own parole. On 22 February, 1866, he made a strong reconstruction speech and plea for the new freedmen. He had been chosen to the Senate by the legislature, but Congress ignored the restoration of Georgia to the Union under the presidential proclamation of Andrew Johnson, and he did not take his seat. On 16 April, 1866, he was called to testify before the Congressional Reconstruction Committee. He both testified and spoke on his life-long theme.

In 1867 he published the first volume of his "War between the States." In December, 1868, he was elected professor of political science and history in the University of Georgia, but declined from failing health. He was kept in the house by rheumatism nearly four years. In 1870 he completed the second volume of "The War between the States," but in a more partisan and less hopeful tone than the first volume. Later in the year he conceived the idea of a "School History of the United States," which he carried out (1870-'l). He taught a law class in 1871 as a means of support, and edited and became in part proprietor of the Atlanta " Sun," which was published chiefly to defeat Horace Greeley for the presidency. The enterprise proved financially unsuccessful, and exhausted all the profits of his books. By 5 September, Charles O'Conor had declined the "straight-out" nomination in Louisville, and with that died Mr. Stephens's last hope. He was defeated in his canvass for a seat in the U. S. Senate in November, 1871, but in 1874 was elected to Congress. He opposed the Civil Rights Bill in a speech on 5 January, and the repeal of the increase of salary act. He was re-elected in 1876, and continuously served until his resignation in 1882. In the contest before the electoral commission, on the Hayes-Tilden issue, he advocated going behind the returns and setting aside those of Florida and Louisiana, but opposed all resort to force for seating Mr. Tilden. In January, 1878, he reviewed the question in the "International Review." On the announcement that Mr. Hayes was elected he advised acquiescence. His speech on the uncovering of the painting, "The Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation," 12 February, brought praise from all quarters. An old admirer proposed to send his crutches to Congress after he should cease to be able to go. In 1881-'2 he undertook to write a "History of the United States," which he completed and published just before his death (New York, 1883). It had neither the vigor nor the value of his "War between the States," and was a failure, carrying with it his last bonds, in which he had invested part of the proceeds of his really great life-work. He had received a bad sprain in May, 1882, on the capitol steps, and at the close of the session left Washington forever. In 1882 he was elected governor of Georgia, by 60,000 majority, over General Lucius J. Gartrell, a Confederate officer and lawyer. He worked hard and was an excellent governor. He made his last public speech at the Georgia sesquicentennial celebration in Savannah, 12 February, 1883. —His brother, Linton, jurist, born in Crawfordsville, Georgia, 1 July, 1823; died in Sparta, Georgia, 14 July, 1872, was left an orphan at the age of three years, but his education was eared for by friends, and he was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1843. He then studied law at the University of Virginia and at Harvard, was admitted to the bar in his native state, and, taking an active part in politics, represented the counties of Taliaferro and Hancock in the legislature for several years. In 1858 he was appointed to a vacancy in the supreme court of Georgia, and his decisions, contained in three volumes of the " Georgia Reports," are characterized by their precision, perspicuity, and power of logic. Judge Stephens was a delegate to the Georgia Secession Convention in 1861, and opposed that measure, but subsequently proposed a preamble and resolution declaring that the lack of unanimity in the convention was in regard to the proposed remedy and its application before a resort to other means of redress, and not as to alleged grievances. This was adopted, and he signed the ordinance. During the Civil War he was a member of the Georgia Legislature, where he introduced the Peace Resolutions of 1864, and vigorously denounced the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus by the Confederate Congress. He also served in the army, and attained the rank of colonel. He continued his activity in politics during the reconstruction period, and prior to the presidential canvass of 1872 publicly spoke in favor of the selection of a purely Democratic ticket instead of adopting the candidacy of Horace Greeley. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 663-665.


STEPHENS, Henry Louis, book-illustrator, born in Philadelphia, 11 February, 1824; died in Bayonne, New Jersey, 13 December, 1882. About 1859 he went to New York under an engagement with Frank Leslie, and after a year or so transferred his services to Harper Brothers. Mr. Stephens was a prolific artist, and accomplished a great amount of work for book and magazine illustration. He was well known as a caricaturist, excelling especially in the humorous delineation of animals, and drew cartoons and sketches for “Vanity Fair” (1859–63). “Mrs. Grundy" (1868). “ Punchinello” (1870), and other periodicals. He gave some attention also to painting in water-colors, but rarely exhibited his works. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 666.


STEPHENSON, Mathew, statesman, born in Buckingham County, Virginia., about 1776; died after 1834. He moved to Washington County, Tennessee, and engaged in farming. The Constitution of Tennessee, adopted in 1797, gave the right of suffrage to all free men. Under it free colored men voted until 1834, when a convention was called and a new constitution adopted, which deprived them of the right. In that convention the party in favor of restricting the suffrage was boldly opposed by twenty members; thirty-eight voted for the restriction. Mathew Stephenson led the liberal element. All those that voted with him were natives of slave states, while every native of a free state voted against every proposition looking toward the freedom of the slave. The friends of liberty sought to have fixed by the constitution a period beyond which slavery should not exist in the state, placing the period in 1866. The points that they made were defended by the Liberals with great power and earnestness, and the journal of the convention shows an advanced sentiment among these men, of whom Mr. Stephenson was the admitted leader. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 666-667.


STERETT, Isaac Sears, naval officer, born in Baltimore, Maryland., 28 October, 1801; died in 1863. He entered the United States U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 24 March, 1819, was commissioned lieutenant, 17 May, 1828, and was variously employed on shore duty and also on leave till 1835, when he made a two-years' cruise in the sloop “John Adams" on the Mediterranean Station. He served in the U.S. Coast Survey in 1839-'41. In January, 1842, he sailed as executive of the frigate "United States " to the Pacific Station, and upon arrival at Calluo took command of the "Relief" until April, 1844. During the Mexican War he rendered valuable services in command of the schooner " Reefer," of the Mosquito Division of the U. S. Naval Forces in the Gulf of Mexico. He participated in the expedition against Frontera and Tabasco, 17-27 October, 1846, where he captured the Mexican schooner " Tabasco." On 14 November, 1846, he took part in the attack and capture of Tampico, where five Mexican vessels, forts, and supplies were captured. He was present during the bombardment of Vera Cruz, 10-25 March, 1847, assisted in covering the landing of Scott's army, and engaged the Mexican forts and batteries. After the war he resumed duties at the naval rendezvous in Baltimore, and was promoted to commander, 5 February, 1850. He was governor of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia in 1852-'3 and in 1854-'5 commanded the sloop " Decatur," protecting New England fisheries. He was placed on the reserved list, 28 September, 1855, and promoted to captain, 2 March, 1857. When the Civil War began he resigned his commission, 23 April, 1861, and entered the navy of the seceded states; but the only record of his services is as a member of the court to investigate the causes that compelled Commodore Josiah Tatnall to destroy the " Merrimac." Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 667.


STERNBERG, George Miller, surgeon, born in Hartwick Seminary, Otsego County, New York, 8 June, 1838. He was graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1860, and appointed assistant surgeon in the U. S. Army on 28 May, 1861. His first duty was with General George Sykes's command in the Army of the Potomac, and, after four months' hospital duty in Rhode Island, he joined General Nathaniel P. Banks's expedition to New Orleans, and then served in the office of the medical director of the Department of the Gulf until January, 1864. Subsequently he was on hospital duty in Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, till April, 1866, and since he has been stationed at various government posts, being promoted on 1 December, 1875, surgeon with the rank of major. Dr. Sternberg has recently been on duty in Baltimore, where he has been engaged in experimental researches in bacteriology at Johns Hopkins University as a fellow by courtesy in that institution. In 1879 he was sent to Havana as a member of the yellow-fever commission by the National Board of Health, and in 1885 he was a delegate to the International Sanitary Conference in Rome, Italy. Dr. Sternberg is an honorary member of the Royal Academies of Medicine of Rome, Rio Janeiro, and Havana, and a fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society of London, and, besides membership in other medical and scientific societies at home and abroad, was in 1887 president of the American Public Health Association. The Lomb prize of $500 was awarded to him by the last association in 1885 for his essay on “Disinfectants,” and he has invented automatic heat-regulating apparatus. Besides contributions to scientific journals on his specialties, he has published “Photo Micrographs, and how to make them ” (Boston, 1883); “Bacteria” (New York, 1884); and “Malaria and Malarial Diseases” (1884). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 667-668.


STEVENS, Aaron Dwight, 1831-1860, militant abolitionist.  Chief aid to abolitionist John Brown in his unsuccessful raid on the U.S. Arsenal in Harper’s Ferry.  He was tried and executed for this action on March 16, 1860


STEVENS, Aaron Fletcher, Congressman, born in Derry, New Hampshire, 9 August, 1819; died in Nashua, New Hampshire, 10 May, 1887. He was educated at Pinkerton Academy, Derry, moved to Peterborough, afterward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and gained a high reputation as a lawyer. He was a member of the legislature in 1849, a delegate to the Whig National Convention in 1852, and a representative in the legislature again in 1854. He identified himself with the Republican Party when it was first organized, and was again sent to the legislature in 1856 and the following years. He was one of the first to enlist in the Civil War, and was made major of the 1st New Hampshire Volunteers, subsequently appointed colonel of the 13th Regiment, and brevetted brigadier-general on 8 December, 1864, for gallantry at Fort Harrison, where he was wounded. On his return home he was elected to Congress and re-elected for the following term, serving from 4 March, 1867, till 3 March, 1871. From 1876 till 1884 he was a member of the legislature, and took part in its debates. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 670.


STEVENS, John Austin, banker, born in New York City, 22 January, 1795; died there, 19 Oct, 1874, was graduated at Yale in 1813, entered mercantile life, and became a partner in his father's business in 1818. He was for many years secretary of the New York Chamber of Commerce, and one of the organizers and the first president of the Merchants' Exchange. From its first establishment in 1839 till 1866 he was president of the Bank of Commerce. He was a Whig in politics, but an earnest advocate of low tariffs. He was chairman of the Committee of Bankers of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia which first met in August, 1861, and decided to take $50,000,000 of the government 7-30 loan. They subsequently advanced $100,000,000 more, and the terms of the transactions were arranged chiefly by Mr. Stevens, as the head of the treasury note committee. His advice was frequently sought by the officers of the Treasury Department during the Civil War. He was many years governor of the New York Hospital, and took an interest in other benevolent institutions. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 671.


STEVENS, Isaac Ingalls, soldier, born in Andover, Massachusetts, 28 March, 1818; died near Chantilly, Fairfax County, Virginia, 1 September, 1862. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1839, ranking first in his class, and was commissioned as 2d lieutenant of engineers. He was promoted 1st lieutenant on 1 July, 1840, and served as adjutant of the Corps of Engineers during the war with Mexico, being engaged at the siege of Vera Cruz and at Cerro Gordo, at Contreras and Churubusco, where he gained the brevet of captain, at Chapultepec, of major, at Molino del Rey, and at the taking of the city of Mexico, where he was severely wounded. He superintended fortifications on the New England Coast in 1841–27 and in 1848-’9, and had charge of the Coast-Survey office in Washington, D.C., from 14 September, 1849, till 17 March, 1853, when he resigned, having been appointed governor of Washington Territory. He was at the same time placed in charge of the exploration of the northern route for a Pacific Railroad. In 1853, at the head of a large exploring party, he surveyed a route between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Puget Sound, and established the navigability of the upper Missouri and Columbia Rivers for steamers. He was superintendent of Indian Affairs by virtue of his office of governor, and in 1854–5 he made treaties with the Indian tribes of the territory by which they relinquished their titles to more than 100,000 square miles of land. He also crossed the Rocky Mountains to conclude a treaty, in October, 1855, of friendship with the Blackfeet Indians, at the same time intervening successfully to make peace between them and the hunting tribes of Washington and Oregon. While he was absent on this expedition the disaffected Indians of Washington Territory rose against the whites. He returned before January, 1856, called out 1,000 volunteers, and conducted a campaign against the Indians that was so vigorous and successful that before the close of 1856 they were subdued and their chiefs slain. White sympathizers with the Indians were taken from their homes and confined in the towns, and, when Chief-Justice Edward Lander issued a writ of habeas corpus for their release, Governor Stevens declared two counties under martial law, and on 7 May, 1856, caused Judge Lander to be arrested in his courtroom, and held him a prisoner till the close of the war. He resigned in August, 1857, and was elected a delegate to Congress for two successive terms, serving from 7 December, 1857, till 3 March, 1861. In Congress he vindicated his course in the Indian War, and saw his treaties confirmed, and the scrip that he had issued to pay the volunteers assumed by the government. In the presidential canvass of 1860 he acted as chairman of the executive committee of the Breckinridge wing of the Democratic Party. But when the leaders of his party afterward declared for secession, he publicly denounced them, and urged President Buchanan to remove John B. Floyd and Jacob Thompson from his cabinet. At the intelligence of the firing on Fort Sumter he hastened from the Pacific Coast to Washington, and was appointed colonel of the 79th Regiment of New York Volunteers, known as the Highlanders. The regiment had lost heavily at Bull Run, and expected to be sent home to recruit. Disappointment at being kept in the field and commanded by regular army officers caused eight companies to mutiny. The courage and wisdom with which he restored discipline won the respect of the men, who, by their own desire, were transferred to his brigade when he was commissioned as brigadier-general on 28 September, 1861, and took part in the Port Royal Expedition. He attacked the Confederate batteries on the Coosaw in January, 1862, and captured them with the co-operation of the gun-boats. In June he was engaged in actions on Stono River, and commanded the main column in an unsuccessful assault on the enemy's position near Secessionville. After the retreat of General George B. McClellan from his position before Richmond, General Stevens was ordered to Virginia. He commanded a division at Newport News, and was made a major-general on 4 July1862, serving under General John Pope in the campaign in Northern Virginia. He was engaged in skirmishes on the Rappahannock, distinguished himself at Manassas, and while leading his division at the battle of Chantilly was killed with the colors of the 79th Regiment in his hand. He published “Campaigns of the Rio Grande and Mexico, with Notices of the Recent Work of Major Ripley” (New York, 1851), and “Report of Explorations for a Route for the Pacific Railroad near the 47th and 49th Parallels of North Latitude, from St. Paul, Minnesota, to Puget Sound,” which was printed by order of Congress (2 vols., Washington, 1855–60). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 672.


STEVENS, John, engineer, born in New York City in 1748 or 1749; died at Hoboken, New Jersey, 6 March, 1838, was graduated at King's (now Columbia) College in 1768, and was admitted to the bar, but practised little. During the Revolutionary war he held several offices, among which was that of treasurer of New Jersey in 1776-'9, and at its close he married and resided in winter on Broadway, New York, and in summer on the island of Hoboken, which he then owned. His life was devoted to experiments at his own cost for the common good. In 1790 he petitioned Congress for protection to American inventors, and his petition was referred to a committee, which reported a bill that became the law of 10 April, 1790, the foundation of the American patent law. He had begun experiments in the application of steam in 1788, and now continued them, having as his associates Nicholas L Roosevelt and the elder Brunei, who afterward built the Thames tunnel. Toward the close of the century he was engaged with his brother-in-law, Robert R. Livingston, and Roosevelt, in building a steamboat to navigate Hudson River, the legislature of the state of New York having previously offered a monopoly of exclusive privilege to the owners of a boat that, complying with given conditions, should attain a speed of three miles an hour; but their boat failed to achieve the required speed, and their joint proceedings were interrupted by the appointment of Livingston as minister to France in 1801. In Paris, Livingston met Robert Fulton, and afterward was associated with him in establishing steam navigation. Stevens persevered, and in 1804 built a vessel propelled by twin screws that navigated the Hudson. The boiler was tubular and the screw was identically the short four threaded screw that is now used. That it was a helix, his letter of 1804 to Dr. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, shows. This was the first application of steam to the screw-propeller. The engine and boiler of this steamboat are preserved in the Stevens Institute at Hoboken, New Jersey. Mr. Stevens always upheld the efficiency of the screw and its great advantages for ocean navigation. Shortly after his death his sons placed the engine and boiler referred to in a boat, which was tried before a committee of the American Institute of New York, and attained a speed of about nine miles an hour.

It is remarkable that after 1804 no serious attempt was made for the practical introduction of the screw until 1837, when it was brought into use simultaneously in England and the United States. Still more remarkable is the fact that its introduction into use in England was by the Archimedian screw of a single thread, and in America by a multi-threaded screw on the outer surface of a cylinder; that the first was completely modified in the course of five or six years into the short four threaded screw that was used by Stevens in 1804, and that in about ten years the multi-threaded screw was also replaced by the screw of 1804. In 1807, assisted by his son Robert, he built the paddle-wheel steamboat " Phoenix" that plied for six years on the Delaware. Professor James Renwick, who from his own observation has left the best description extant of Fulton's boat, the "Clermont, as she ran in the autumn of 1807, says that "the Stevenses were but a few days later in moving a boat with the required velocity,'1 and that " being shut out of the waters of New York by the monopoly of Livingston and Fulton, Stevens conceived the bold design of conveying his boat to the Delaware by sea, and this boat, which was so near reaping the honor of first success, was the first to navigate the ocean by the power of steam." Fulton had the advantage of a steam-engine that was made by James Watt, while his predecessors were provided only with inferior apparatus, the work of common blacksmiths and millwrights. The piston-rod of the "Phoenix" was guided by slides instead of the parallel motion of Watt, and the cylinder rested on the condenser. Stevens also surrounded the water-wheel by a guard-beam. Among the patents that were taken out by Stevens was one in 1791 for generating steam; two in the same year described as improvements in bellows and on Thomas Savary's engine, both designed for pumping; the multi-tubular boiler in 1803, which was patented in England in 1805 in the name of his eldest son, John C.; one in 1816 for using slides; an improvement in rack railroads in 1824; and one in 1824 to render shallow rivers more navigable. In 1812 he made the first experiments with artillery against iron armor. He then proposed a circular vessel, to be rotated by steam to train the guns for the defence of New York Harbor. On 11 October, 1811, he established the first steam-ferry in the world with the "Juliana," which plied between New York City and Hoboken. In 1813 he invented and built a ferry-boat made of two separate boats, with a paddle-wheel between them which was turned by six horses. On account of the simplicity of its construction and its economy, this description of horse-boat continued long in use both on the East River and on the Hudson. In February, 1812, shortly before the war with England and five years before the beginning of the Erie canal, Stevens addressed a memoir to the commission appointed to devise water-communication between the seaboard and the lakes, urging instead of a canal the immediate construction of a railroad. This memoir, with the adverse report of the commissioners, among whom were De Witt Clinton, Gouverneur Morris, and Chancellor Livingston, was published at the time, and again, with a preface, by Charles King, president of Columbia, in 1852, and by the "Railroad Gazette" in 1882. The correctness of his views and arguments contrast strongly with the answer of the commissioners on the impracticability of a railroad. At the date of the memoir, although short railroads for carrying coal had been in use in England for upward of 200 years, there was not a locomotive or passenger-car in use in the world. Stevens's proposal was to build a passenger and freight railroad for general traffic from Albany to Lake Erie having a double track, made with wooden stringers capped with wrought-plate rails resting on piles and operated by locomotives. He enumerates £ the advantages of a general railroad system, naming many details that were afterward found necessary, putting the probable future speed at from twenty to thirty miles an hour, or possibly at from forty to fifty. He gives a definite plan and detailed estimates of the construction and cost. His plan is identical with that of the successful South Carolina Railroad built in 1830–32, the first long railroad in the United States, which has been described as “a continuous and prolonged bridge.” The accuracy of his estimates was proved by the cost of this road. Stevens in 1814 applied to the state of New Jersey for a railroad charter from New York to Philadelphia. He received the charter in February, 1815, and located the road, but proceeded no further. In 1823, with Horace Binney and Stephen Girard, of Philadelphia, he obtained from the state of Pennsylvania a charter for a railroad from Philadelphia to Lancaster, on the site of the present Pennsylvania Railroad. These two were the first railroad charters that were granted in this country. On 23 October, 1824, he obtained a patent for the construction of railroads. In 1826, at the age of seventy-eight, to show the operation of the locomotive on the railroad, he built at Hoboken a circular railway having a gauge of five feet and a diameter of 220 feet, and placed on it a locomotive with a multi-tubular boiler which carried about half a dozen people at a rate of over twelve miles an hour. ' Was the first locomotive that ever ran on a railroad in America. Colonel Stevens was an excellent classical scholar, and not only a close student of natural philosophy, but fond of metaphysical speculations, leaving several philosophical treatises, which have never been £ He was through life an enthusiastic botanist and amateur gardener, importing and cultivating many new plants. The accom Point, Mr. which in 1835 was replaced by a  spacious mansion.—Another son, Robert Livingston, born 18 October, 1787; died in Hoboken, New Jersey, 20 April, 1856, having a strong engineering bias, began to assist his father when only seventeen years old. He took the “Phoenix” to Philadelphia by sea in June, 1808. At the death of Fulton the speed of steamboats on the Hudson was under seven miles an hour, and at about that date Robert L. Stevens built the “Philadelphia,” which had a speed of eight miles. He built many steamboats, increasing the speed of each successive one up to 1832, when the “North America” attained fifteen miles. From 1815 until 1840 he stood at the head of his profession in the United States as a constructor of steam vessels and their machinery, making innumerable improvements, which were generally adopted. In 1821 he originated the present form of ferry-boat and ferry-slips, making his boats with guards encircling them throughout, and constructing the ferry-slips with spring piling and spring fenders. In adopting the overhead working-beam of Watt to navigation, he made important improvements, inventing and applying, in 1818, the cam-board cut-off, substituting in 1821 the gallows-frame that is now used for the column that supported the working-beam, and making that beam of wrought-iron strap with a cast-iron centre, instead of purely of cast-iron. This he improved in 1829 into the shape that is now universally used. He lengthened the proportionate stroke of the piston, and invented t'. split water-wheel in 1826. In 1831 he invented the balance-valve, which was a modification of the Cornish double-beat valve, and is now always used on the beam engine. He placed the boilers on the wheel-guards and over the water, improved the details in every part, and finally left the American working beam (or walking-beam) engine in its present form. At the same time he strengthened the boiler, beginning with a pressure of two pounds to the square inch, and increasing the strength of the boilers, so that fifty pounds could be safely carried. He made the first marine tubular boiler in 1831, and was among the first to use anthracite coal. In the hulls of his vessels he gradually increased the amount of iron fastening until it was finally more than quadrupled, increasing the strength of vessels while diminishing their weight. He reduced the vibration of the hull by the masts and rods that are now used, and added greatly to their strength by his overhead truss-frame. On the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, he went to England, where he had made, from a model he brought over, the rails for the road he was building, with his brother, Edwin A., in New Jersey. This rail is the well-known T-pattern, used in this country and in a large part of Europe, which is fastened by spikes without the intervention of chairs, which are required by the form of rail that is still used in England. He also then ordered from the Stephenson’s the locomotive called the “John Bull.” the prototype of those that are made in this country, which is now preserved at the Smithsonian institution in Washington. Toward the close of the last war with England Robert was engaged in making a bomb that could be fired from a cannon instead of from a mortar, and that could thus be applied to naval warfare. In connection therewith he made many experiments on the Hoboken marshes, for which he obtained from the government the loan of heavy ordnance, and finally he succeeded in producing a successful percussion-shell. President Madison then appointed a board to test this shell in the harbor of New York, both against solid targets of wooden beams and against an actual section of a ship of the line, built for the purpose. Each was demolished by a single shell. The government then adopted the shell, purchasing a large quantity, together with the secret of its construction. In 1814 Edwin, under the direction of his father, had experimented with shot against inclined iron-plating, and in 1841, when, on account of the U. S. boundary disputes with England, public attention was directed to naval defences, he made a series of experiments, which he and his brothers laid before the government. President Tyler appointed a commission of officers of the army and navy to superintend, at Sandy Hook, the experiments of the brothers on the application of iron to war-vessels as a protection against shot, who, after many trials against iron targets, reported that iron four and a half inches thick resisted effectually the force of a sixty-four pound shot fired at thirty yards with battering charges. Thereupon an act was passed, 14 April, 1842, authorizing the Secretary of the Navy to contract with Robert L. Stevens for an iron-clad steam vessel. Stevens immediately began to excavate a dry dock for his vessel, which he had finished within a year, and also had his vessel planned, and began its construction; but the contract was changed in the latter part of 1843, when Commodore Robert P. Stockton constructed a wrought-iron cannon having a bore of ten inches and throwing a round shot that pierced a four-and-a-half-inch target. At each successive important increase of the power of the gun, either at home or abroad, the increased thickness of armor necessary for defence required increased tonnage in the vessel that Stevens had contracted to build, causing interminable interruption and consequent delay. This vessel, which was known as the Stevens battery, lay in its business at Hoboken for many years, and was never launched. It was the first iron-clad ever projected, preceding by more than ten years the small iron-clad vessels used by the French at Kinburn in 1854.—Another son, James Alexander, born in New York city, 29 January, 1790; died in Hoboken, New Jersey, 7 October, 1873," was graduated at Columbia in 1808, and admitted to the bar in New York City in 1811. In -connection with Thomas Gibbons, he established the Union Steamboat Line between New York and Philadelphia, which led to the suit of Ogden V8. Gibbons, memorable for the decision that placed all the navigable waters of the United States under the jurisdiction of the general government.—Another son, Edwin Augustus, born in Hoboken, New Jersey, 28 July, 1795; died in Paris, France, 8 August, 1868, after assisting his brother Robert, in 1820 took charge of the Union line, which was shortly after merged into the Camden and Amboy Railroad, the charter for which the two brothers obtained from the state of New Jersey in 1830. They prosecuted the work so vigorously that the road was opened for traffic on 9 October, 1832, the elder brother being president and the younger treasurer and manager. In the next twenty years the railroad system of the United States, differing materially from that of England, was formed, and in aiding this development the brothers were conspicuous, inventing and introducing many appliances on the road, locomotives, and cars. The germ of many improvements afterward perfected on other roads can be traced back to the Camden and Amboy. Of this the vestibule car is a modern instance. The brothers, while engaged in railroad affairs, still retained their great interests in navigation, and made many improvements in it. In 1827 the elder brother applied forced draught to the "North America,'' and its use immediately became general, while in 1842 the younger patented the air-tight fire-room for this forced draught, and applied it on many vessels. This double invention of the two brothers is now used in all the great navies of the world. Both brothers spent a great part of their lives in devising and effecting improvements in the means of attack and defence in naval warfare. Robert had bequeathed the Stevens battery to his brother, and Edwin, at the beginning of the Civil War, presented to the government a plan for completing the vessel, together with a small vessel, called the "Naugatuck”, to demonstrate the practicability of his plans. This small vessel was accepted by the government, and was one of the fleet that attacked the "Merrimac." She was a twin screw-vessel, capable of being immersed three feet below her load-line, so as to be nearly invisible, of being raised again in eight minutes by pumping out the immersing weight of water, and of turning end for end on her centre in one minute and a quarter. The government refused to appropriate the money on the plans that were proposed by Mr. Stevens, and at his death he left the vessel to the state of New Jersey, together with $1,000,000 for its completion, he founded the Stevens Institute (see illustration), bequeathing to it and to the high school a large plot of ground in Hoboken, and $150,000 for the building and $500,000 for endowment.—His widow, Martha Bayard, has devoted $200,000 to religious and charitable institutions, among which may be mentioned the erection of the Church of the Holy Innocents at Hoboken. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 673-675.


STEVENS, John L., 1820-1895, author, journalist, clergyman, newspaper publisher, diplomat, anti-slavery activist and leader, political leader.  Co-founder of the Republican Party in Maine.  Co-owner and editor of the Kennebec Journal in Augusta.


STEVENS, Thaddeus, 1792-1868, statesman, lawyer, abolitionist leader.  Anti-slavery leader in U.S. House of Representatives.  As member of Whig Party and leader of the radical Republican Party, urged Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation.  Led fight to pass Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, abolishing slavery and establishing citizenship, due process and equal protections for African Americans. He is depicted in the 2012 film “Lincoln”.

(Appletons’, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 677-678; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 620; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 764-767; Congressional Globe; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20, p. 711)

STEVENS, Thaddeus, statesman, born in Danville, Caledonia County, Vermont, 4 April, 1792; died in Washington, D. C., 11 August, 1868. He was the child of poor parents, and was sickly and lame, but ambitious, and his mother toiled to secure for him an education. He entered Vermont University in 1810, and after it was closed in 1812 on account of the war he went to Dartmouth, and was graduated in 1814. He began the study of law in Peacham, Vermont, continued it while teaching an academy in York, Pennsylvania, was admitted to the bar at Bel Air, Maryland., established himself in 1816 at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and soon gained a high reputation, and was employed in many important suits. He devoted himself exclusively to his profession till the contest between the strict constructionists, who nominated Andrew Jackson for the presidency in 1828, and the national Republicans, who afterward became the Whigs, drew him into politics as an ardent supporter of John Quincy Adams. He was elected to the legislature in 1833 and the two succeeding years. By a brilliant speech in 1835, he defeated a bill to abolish the recently established common-school system of Pennsylvania. In 1836 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention, and took an active part in its debates, but his anti-slavery principles would not permit him to sign the report recommending an instrument that restricted the franchise to white citizens. He was a member of the legislature again in 1837, and in 1838, when the election dispute between the Democratic and anti-Masonic parties led to the organization of rival legislatures, he was the most prominent member of the Whig and anti-Masonic house. In 1838 he was appointed a canal commissioner. He was returned to the legislature in 1841. He gave a farm to Mrs. Lydia Jane Pierson, who had written poetry in defence of the common schools, and thus aided him in saving them. Having incurred losses in the iron business, he moved in 1842 to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and for several years devoted himself to legal practice, occupying the foremost position at the bar. In 1848 and 1850 he was elected to Congress as a Whig, and ardently opposed the Clay compromise measures of 1850, including the Fugitive-Slave Law. On retiring from Congress, March, 1853, he confined himself to his profession till 1858, when he was returned to Congress as a Republican. From that time till his death he was one of the Republican leaders in that body, the chief advocate of emancipation, and the representative of the radical section of his party. His great oratorical powers and force of character earned for him the title, applied to William Pitt, of the “great commoner.” He urged on President Lincoln the justice and expediency of the emancipation proclamation, took the lead in all measures for arming and for enfranchising the Negro, and initiated and pressed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. During the war he introduced and carried Acts of Confiscation, and after its close he advocated rigorous measures in reorganizing the southern states on the basis of universal freedom. He was chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means for three sessions. Subsequently, as chairman of the House Committee on Reconstruction, he reported the bill which divided the southern states into five military districts, and placed them under the rule of army officers until they should adopt constitutions that conceded suffrage and equal rights to the blacks. In a speech that he made in Congress on 24 February, 1868, he proposed the impeachment of President Johnson. He was appointed one of the committee of seven to prepare articles of impeachment, and was chairman of the Board of Managers that was appointed on the part of the house to conduct the trial. He was exceedingly positive in his convictions, and attacked his adversaries with bitter denunciations and sarcastic taunts, yet he was genial and witty among his friends, and was noted for his uniform, though at times impulsive, acts of charity. While skeptical in his religious opinions, he resented slighting remarks regarding the Christian faith as an insult to the memory of his devout mother, whom he venerated. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University of Vermont in 1867. He chose to be buried in a private cemetery, explaining in the epitaph that he prepared for his tomb that the public cemeteries were limited by their charter-rules to the white race, and that he preferred to illustrate in his death the principle that he had advocated through his life of “equality of man before his Creator.” The tomb is in a large lot in Lancaster, which he left as a burial-place for those who cannot afford to pay for their graves. He left a part of his estate to found an orphan asylum in Lancaster, to be open to both white and colored children. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 677-678.


STEVENS, Thomas Holdup, naval officer, born in Middletown, Connecticut, 27 May, 1819, was appointed a midshipman on 14 December, 183*6, served as aide to President Tyler in 1842, received his commission as lieutenant on 10 May, 1849, and in 1852-'5 commanded the schooner " Ewing" in surveys of the California and Oregon Coasts. When the Civil War began he applied for duty at the front, was ordered to command the "Ottawa," one of the ninety-day gunboats then building, raised a crew of volunteers at Erie, Pennsylvania, and joined the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron of Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont. While commanding a division of gun-boats, he drove the fleet of Commodore Josiah Tatnall under the protection of the forts at Port Royal, 4 November, 1861. In the battle of Port Royal he engaged Fort Walker at short range. On 1 January, 1862, he had an engagement with Commodore Tatnall's Mosquito fleet in Savannah River. His command was the leading vessel in a combined attack of the navy and land forces on Fort Clinch, 3 March, 1862, and in the capture of the town of St. Mary's, Georgia, and commanded the first expedition up St. John's River, occupying Mayport, Jacksonville, Magnolia, and Palatka and Fort Steele and Fort Finnegan, and capturing the yacht “America." He left the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron early in May, 1862. to take command of the steamer "Maratanza," was present at the battle of West Point, and commanded the first expedition to Cumberland and White House to open James River, taking part in the demonstration against Petersburg and the battle of Malvern Hill. On 4 July, 1862, he captured the Confederate gun-boat " Teazer." He was promoted commander on 16 July, and ordered to the iron-clad "Monitor," with which he covered the flank of the army on James River and its rear during the withdrawal from the Peninsula. In September, while attached to Commodore Charles Wilkes's Flying Squadron, he captured five prizes, and chased the privateer "Florida" on the Bahama banks. On 7 October, 1862, off St. George, Bermuda, he stopped the steamer "Gladiator, which had the appearance of a blockade-runner, while she was under the convoy of the British sloop-of-war "Desperate," and both commanders cleared their decks for action. Early in August, 1863, he assumed command of the ironclad " Patapsco," and in the engagements with the forts in Charleston Harbor he performed gallant services. After a severe engagement with the batteries on Sullivan's Island, he led a boat attack against Fort Sumter. Afterward he commanded the "Oneida," of the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron, but was temporarily transferred to the iron-clad "Winnebago” for the operations before Mobile in July, 1864, in which he was conspicuous for the handling of his vessel and his personal daring. He commanded the " Oneida" off the coast of Texas in 1865, was commissioned captain on 26 July, 1866, commodore on 20 November, 1872, and rear-admiral on 27 October, 1879, and, after commanding the Pacific Fleet and acting as president of the Board of Visitors at the U. S. Naval Academy, he was retired on 27 May, 1881.—His son, Thomas Holdup, is a lieutenant in the U. S. Navy. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 678.


STEVENS, Walter Husted, soldier, born in Penn Yan, New York, 24 August, 1827; died in Vera Cruz, Mexico, 12 November, 1867. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1848, and commissioned as lieutenant of engineers. He was engaged in constructing and repairing fortifications at New Orleans, Louisiana. He built two forts on the coast of Texas, moved the great Colorado River raft by order of Congress, and built the Ship shoal light-house in 1855-'6, and superintended the erection of the custom-house at New Orleans after Major Pierre T. G. Beauregard was called away, and also built the custom-house at Galveston, Texas. In May, 1861, having resigned his commission and entered the Confederate service, he accompanied General Beauregard to Virginia as his chief engineer. He was made a brigadier-general, and was the chief engineer of the Army of Northern Virginia until the autumn of 1862, when he was placed in charge of the fortifications of Richmond. He completed these defences and again became chief engineer of Lee's army, and continued as such to the close of the war. He then sought and obtained employment as an engineer on the Mexican Railway between Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico, and at the time of his death was its superintendent and constructing engineer. An English company was building this road, and during the revolution in which Maximilian was dethroned General Stevens remained in sole charge of it, and he skilfully preserved the property through that difficult period. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 679..


STEVENSBURG, VIRGINIA, June 9, 1863. 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. In the operations along the Rappahannock river, Colonel Alfred N. Duffie, commanding the division, sent a battalion of the 6th Ohio, under Major Stanhope, to occupy Stevensburg. At 8:30 a. m. on the 9th Duffie received word from Stanhope that the enemy was approaching the town in force. The division was ordered under arms and proceeded without delay toward Stevensburg, orders being sent to Stanhope to hold the place at all hazards, and, in case he was pushed too hard to retreat slowly. About a mile and a half from the town Duffie met the battalion falling back, the skirmishers being closely engaged with the enemy, who was in hot pursuit. Skirmishers from the 6th Ohio, 1st Massachusetts and 1st. Rhode Island were thrown forward and soon were engaged with a force of the enemy concealed in the woods. A steady advance drove him from the timber and into the open fields, where the 1st Rhode Island charged on the right, the 1st Massachusetts on the left, and a portion of the 6th Ohio on the road to cut off his retreat. This movement cut into the 4th Virginia Confederate cavalry and about one-half of the regiment was captured. No Union casualties were reported. After the repulse of the enemy at Stevensburg, Duffie moved toward Brandy Station to join General Bragg's division. (See Brandy Station, same date.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 840-841.


STEVENSBURG, VIRGINIA, September 13, 1863. 1st Michigan Cavalry. In the advance of the Army of the Potomac to the Rapidan river, the Confederate pickets were driven in by Davies' brigade and the 1st Michigan, Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Stagg commanding, was ordered to advance and occupy Stevensburg, if possible. About a mile from the town Stagg found a brigade of the enemy's cavalry drawn up in line of battle, with a battery of artillery commanding the road. The Union skirmishers advanced to within easy pistol range of the battery before the Confederates opened fire. Then both artillery and musketry commenced and the skirmishers were forced to retire, with a loss of 1 man wounded. The regiment then fell back slowly to a position that could be easily defended, and here Stagg resisted all efforts of the enemy to dislodge him until he was ordered to withdraw and rejoin the brigade at Culpeper. No reports of casualties. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 841.


STEVENSBURG, VIRGINIA, October 11, 1863. (See Brandy Station, same date.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 841.


STEVENSBURG, VIRGINIA, November 8, 1863. 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. Stevens' Farm, Georgia, August 18, 1864. (See Lovejoy's Station, Kilpatrick's Raid.) Stevens' Furnace, Pennsylvania, July 5, 1863. See Caledonia Iron Works.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 841.


STEVENS' GAP, GEORGIA, September 18, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. The itinerary for the brigade for September, 1863, contains the following entry for the 18th: "When about 6 miles from Stevens' gap the wagon train was attacked by six regiments of the enemy's cavalry, with two small howitzers. The 2nd Indiana cavalry, acting as rear-guard, held the enemy in check until reenforced by the 1st Wisconsin and 4th Indiana, when the enemy fell back across the Chickamauga creek, and the train was brought to Crawfish Springs."


STEVENSON, ALABAMA, August 31, 1862. A report of Major-General Sam Jones of the Confederate army contains mention of a fight at Stevenson, in which a Federal force of 1,000 infantry, a squadron of cavalry and 5 pieces of artillery were driven from the town and the place occupied by the Confederates. No casualties are mentioned. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 841.


STEVENSON'S GAP, ALABAMA, March 15-18, 1865. (See Boyd's Station, same date.)


STEVEVSON, John White, senator, born in Richmond, Virginia., 4 May, 1812; died in Covington, Kentucky, 10 August, 1880, was educated at Hampden Sidney and the University of Virginia, where he was graduated in 1832, and in 1841 settled in Covington, Kentucky, where he practised law with success, and served in the Kentucky legislature, in 1845-'7. He was a leader of the State Constitutional Convention of 1849, was chosen a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1848, 1852, and 1856, and from 1857 till 1861 sat in the lower house of Congress. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia Union Convention of 1866, and in 1867 he was chosen lieutenant-governor of the state. The governor, John L. Helm, died five days after his inauguration, and Mr. Stevenson acted as governor till 1868, and then was elected to the office by the largest majority that was ever given to a candidate in the state, serving till 1871. In the last year he took his seat in the U. S. Senate, where he served till 1877. On the expiration of his term he became professor of commercial law and contracts in the law-school at Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1880 he was chairman of the Democratic National Convention that nominated General Winfield S. Hancock for the presidency. In 1884 he was president of the American Bar Association. He was a commissioner to prepare a " Code of Practice in Civil and Criminal Cases for Kentucky" (1854). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 680


STEVENSON, James, ethnologist, born in Maysville, Kentucky, 24 December, 1840; died in New York City, 25 July, 1888. Before he was sixteen years old he was engaged in geologic work for the government surveys of the northwest under Ferdinand V. Hayden. He spent several winters among the Blackfoot and Sioux Indians, studying their languages, customs, and traditions, and made an exploration of the Yellowstone country. When the Civil War began he joined the National Army, and served till the close of hostilities. He then resumed his explorations in the northwest in connection with the Engineer Corps, and afterward with the U. S. Geological Survey, of which he became the executive officer. He followed Columbia and Snake Rivers to their sources, made the ascent of Great Teton mountain, discovered a new pass across the Rocky mountains, assisted Professor Hayden in the survey of Yellowstone Park, and was instrumental in having it made a government reservation. He was continued as executive officer of the survey, under Major John W. Powell, and detailed for research in connection with the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, exploring the cliff houses of Arizona and New Mexico, and investigating the history and religious myths of the Navajos and the Zuni, Moqui, and other Pueblo Indians. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 680.


STEVENSON, John  D., soldier, born in Staunton. Virginia, 8 June, 1821. He spent two years in the College of South Carolina, was graduated, in law at Staunton in 1841, and in 1842 began practice in Franklin County, Missouri. He organized a volunteer company in 1846, and served in General Stephen W. Kearny's invasion of New Mexico. After his return he moved to St. Louis, was frequently a member of the legislature, president for one term of the state senate, and in 1861 was an earnest supporter of the Union. In that year he raised the 7th Missouri Regiment, and during the siege of Corinth commanded the District of Savannah. He then led a brigade in Tennessee, was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862, served in the Vicksburg Campaign, and made a charge at Champion Hill that broke the enemy's left flank. He led a successful expedition to drive the Confederates from northern Louisiana, commanded the District of Corinth, and then occupied and fortified Decatur, Alabama. On 8 August, 1864, being left without a command, he resigned; but he was recommissioned and given the District of Harpers Ferry. During the reconstruction period he was in charge of northern Georgia. At the close of the war he was made brevet major-general of volunteers, and in 1867, for his services at Champion Hill, brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army, in which he had been commissioned a colonel on 28 July, 1866. He left the army in 1871, and has since practised law in St. Louis. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 680.


STEVENSON, Thomas Greely, soldier, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 3 February, 1836; died near Spottsylvania, Virginia, 10 May, 1864. He early entered the militia, and at the opening of the Civil War was major of the 4th Infantry Battalion. He had a high reputation as a drill-master, and trained a large number of young men that afterward entered the National Army. After doing a month's garrison duty at Fort Independence, he recruited the 24th Massachusetts Regiment in the autumn of 1861, and commanded it in the capture of Roanoke Island and New Berne in 1862. After holding the outpost defences of the latter place for several months, he conducted several expeditions within the enemy's lines, and on 6 September successfully defended Washington, North Carolina, against a superior force. He led a brigade against Goldsboro and Kinston later in the year, and in the expedition against Charleston in February, 1863, having been made brigadier-general of volunteers on 27 December, 1862. He aided in the reduction of Morris Island, and led the reserves in the assault on Fort Wagner. After a visit to the north to recruit his health, he was placed at the head of the 1st Division of the 9th Corps. He was killed at the head of his troops in the battle of Spottsylvania. A memoir of General Stevenson was printed privately after his death (Cambridge). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 681.


STEWARD, Austin, 1793-1865, African American, former slave, anti-slavery activist, reformer.  Steward was born a slave in Prince William County, Virginia.  Wrote autobiography, Twenty-two Years a Slave, and Forty Years Freeman; Embracing a Correspondence of Several Years, published in Rochester, New York, in 1857. He was Vice President of the National Convention of Negroes in Philadelphia, elected in 1830.  In 1831, he moved to Canada to a colony for former slaves, Wilberforce, named after a British abolitionist.  He helped finance the colony.  In 1834, he became an Agent for the newspaper, the Anti-Slavery Standard.  (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 511; Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 683)

STEWART, Austin, author, born in Prince William County, Virginia, about 1793; died after 1860. He was born in slavery, and when a lad was taken to Bath, New York. He afterward fled to Canandaigua, and in 1817 he engaged successfully in business in Rochester. In 1826 he delivered an oration at the celebration of the New York Emancipation Act, and in 1830 he was elected vice-president of the National Convention of Negroes at Philadelphia. The following year he moved to a small colony that had been established in Canada West, named the township Wilberforce, and was chosen its president. He used his own funds to carry on the affairs of the colony, but, finding that no more land would be sold to the colonists by the Canada Company, returned to Rochester in 1837. He afterward opened a school in Canandaigua, and after two years became an agent for the “Anti-Slavery Standard.” He published “Twenty-two Years a Slave and Forty Years a Freeman” (2d ed., Rochester, New York, 1859). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 683.


STEWARD, Theophilus Gould, clergyman, born in Gouldtown, New Jersey, 17 April, 1843. His parents were of African descent. He was licensed to preach at twenty years of age, and at twenty-one entered the ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and was stationed in Camden, New Jersey. He went to the south in 1865, and preached and taught in South Carolina and Georgia. He wrote the platform upon which the Republican Party of Georgia was first organized, and returning to the north in 1871, by appointment of his church, reopened the missions in the island of Hayti. On his return he took a full course in theology at the Protestant Episcopal Divinity-School in Philadelphia, and also studied in the School of elocution there. He has written an " Essay on Death, Hades, and the Resurrection "; "The End of the World "; and "Genesis Re-read" (Philadelphia. 1885). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 681.


STEWART, Alexander Peter, soldier, born in Rogersville, Hawkins County, Tennessee, 2 October, 1821. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1842, became 2d lieutenant in the 3d U.S. Artillery, and was acting assistant professor of mathematics at the academy from 1843 till 31 May, 1845, when he resigned. He was then professor of mathematics and natural and experimental philosophy in Cumberland University, Tennessee, in 1845-'9, and in Nashville University in 1854-'5, and became city surveyor of Nashville in 1855. He was appointed by Governor Isham G. Harris major of the corps of artillery in the Provisional Army of Tennessee, 17 May, 1861, and became brigadier-general in the Confederate Army, 8 November, 1861, major-general, 2 June, 1863, and lieutenant-general, 23 June, 1864. He was engaged in the battles of Belmont, Shiloh, Perryville, Murfreesboro', and the campaign about Hoover's Gap, Tullahoma, Chattanooga, and through the Dalton-Atlanta Campaign under General Joseph E. Johnston. He was with General John B. Hood in his movements in the rear of General Sherman's army, and destroyed the railroads and captured the garrison at Big Shanty and Acworth. He was at Franklin and Nashville under Hood, and at Cole's Farm, in North Carolina, under Johnston. In 1868 he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of Mississippi, and chancellor of the university. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 681.


STEWART, Alexander Turney, merchant, born in Lisburn, near Belfast, Ireland, 12 October, 1803; died in New York, 10 April, 1876. He was the descendant of a Scotch emigrant to the north of Ireland and the only son of a farmer, who died when he was a school-boy. He studied with a view to entering the ministry, but, with his guardian's consent, abandoned this purpose and came to New York in the summer of 1823, without any definite plans for the future. He was for a period employed as a teacher in a select school in Roosevelt Street near Pearl, then one of the fashionable localities of the city. Returning to Ireland, he received the moderate fortune his father had left him, bought a stock of Belfast laces and linens, and on reaching New York opened a store at No. 283 Broadway, 2 September, 1825, for which he paid a rent of $250 per annum, giving as a reference Jacob Clinch, whose daughter, Cornelia, he soon afterward married. The amount of the capital invested was about $3,000. The young merchant had a sleeping-room in the rear of his shop, and under these humble conditions was formed the germ of the most extensive and lucrative dry-goods business in the world. In 1826 he moved to a larger store at 262 Broadway, and soon afterward he again moved to 257 Broadway. He displayed a genius for business, met with remarkable success from the first, and in 1848 had accumulated so much capital that he was enabled to build the large marble store on Broadway between Chambers and Reade Streets, which afterward was devoted to the wholesale branch of his business. In 1862 he erected on the block bounded by Ninth and Tenth streets, Broadway and Fourth Avenue, the five story iron building used for his retail business. This was said to be the largest retail store in the world at that time. Its cost was nearly $2,750,000. About 2,000 persons were employed in the building, the current expenses of the establishment were more than $1,000,000 a year, and the aggregate of sales in the two stores for the three years preceding his death amounted to about $203,000,000. Besides these two vast establishments, Mr. Stewart had branch houses in different parts of the world, and was the owner of numerous mills and manufactories. During the war his annual income averaged nearly $2,000,000, and in 1869 he estimated it at above $1,000,000. In 1867 Mr. Stewart was chairman of the honorary commission sent by the United States government to the Paris Exposition. In March, 1869, President Grant appointed him Secretary of the Treasury; but his confirmation was prevented by an old law which excludes from that office all who are interested in the importation of merchandise. The president sent to the Senate a message recommending that the law be repealed in order that Mr. Stewart might become eligible to the office, and Mr. Stewart offered to transfer his enormous business to trustees and to devote the entire profits accruing during his term of office to charitable purposes; but the law was not repealed, as it was believed that Mr. Stewart's plan would not effectually remove his disabilities. His acts of charity were numerous. During the famine in Ireland in 1846 he sent a ship-load of provisions to that country and gave a free passage to as many emigrants as the vessel could carry on its return voyage to this country, stipulating only that they should be able to read and write and of good moral character. After the Franco-German War he sent to France a vessel laden with flour, and in 1871 he gave $50,000 for the relief of the sufferers by the Chicago fire. When Prince Bismarck sent him his photograph requesting that of Mr. Stewart in return, he forwarded instead a draft for 50,000 francs for the benefit of the sufferers by the floods in Silesia, as he would not permit his portraits of any description to be made. He was also one of the largest contributors to the sum of $100,000 presented by the merchants of New York to General Ulysses S. Grant as an acknowledgment of his great services during the Civil War. At the time of his death Mr. Stewart was completing, at the cost of $1,000,000, the iron structure on Fourth Avenue between Thirty-second and Thirty-third Streets, New York, intended as a home for working-girls. He was also building at Hempstead Plains, L.I., the town of Garden City, the object of which was to afford to his employees and others airy and comfortable houses at a moderate cost. Mr. Stewart's wealth was estimated at about $40,000,000. His real estate was assessed at $5,450,000, which did not include property valued at more than $500,000 on which the taxes were paid by the tenants. He had no blood relatives, and by his will the bulk of his estate was given to his wife. He bequeathed $1,000,000 to an executor of the will appointed to close his partnership business and affairs. Many bequests were made to his employees and to other persons. He left a letter, dated 29 March, 1873, addressed to Mrs. Stewart, expressing his intention to make provision for various charities, by which he would have been held in everlasting remembrance, and desiring her to carry out his plans in case he should fail to complete them. Unfortunately, his noble schemes of benevolence were “turned awry, and lost the name of action,” and a large portion of his wealth passed to a person not of his name or lineage , verifying the words, “He heapeth up riches and cannot tell who shall gather them.” After Mr. Stewart's death his mercantile interests were transferred by his widow to other persons, who continued the business under the firm name of A. T. Stewart and Company, which was soon changed to E. J. Denning and Company Mr. Stewart's residence, on the corner of Fifth avenue and Thirty-fourth street, a marble mansion, seen in the accompanying illustration, is perhaps the finest private house in the New World. His art-gallery, among the largest and most valuable in the country, was sold at auction in New York in 1887. Two of his most important paintings were presented to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. There was no satisfactory portrait of Mr. Stewart, and that from which the accompanying vignette is taken was painted after death by Thomas Le Clear. He was slight and graceful, of medium height, with fair hair and complexion, and light-blue eyes. He possessed refined tastes, a love of literature and art, and was fond of entertaining, which he did in a delightful manner. At his weekly dinners might be met men of distinction in all the various walks of life —from the emperor of Brazil and a Rothschild, to the penniless poet and painter. What was said of Stewart in ' dedication of a volume published in 1874 was but the simple truth – that  he was “the first of American merchants and ---." philanthropists."—His widow, Cornelia Clinch, died in New York City, 25 October, 1886. She erected at Garden
City, Long Island, the Cathedral of the Incarnation as a memorial of her husband and as his mausoleum, where she now rests by his side. It is represented in the vignette, and was formally transferred by Mrs. Stewart, together with various buildings connected with it, and also an endowment of about $15,000 per annum, to the diocese of Long Island, New York, 2 June, 1885. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 681-682.


STEWART, Alvan, 1790-1849, Utica, New York, reformer, educator, lawyer, abolitionist leader, temperance activist.  Member, American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).  Vice President, 1834-1835, and Manager, 1837-1840, AASS.  Member of the Executive Committee, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1844-149.  Founder, leader, Liberty Party.  Founder, New York State Anti-Slavery Society (NYSASS), 1835. 

(Blue, 2005, pp. xiii, 4-5, 9, 13, 15-36, 49, 50, 63, 68, 92-94, 98, 145, 266; Dumond, 1961, pp. 225-226, 293-295, 300; Filler, 1960, pp. 151, 177; Mabee, 1970, pp. 4, 39, 40, 41, 246, 293; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 4-5, 9, 13, 15-36, 49, 50, 63, 92, 98; Sernett, 2002, pp. 49, 52, 73, 112, 122; Sorin, 1971, pp. 25, 32, 33, 47-52, 60, 103n, 115, 132; Zilversmit, 1967, pp. 218-220; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 683; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, p. 5; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 768-769; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20, p. 742)

STEWART, Alvan, reformer, born in South Granville, Washington County, New York, 1 September, 1790; died in New York City, 1 May, 1849. His parents moved when he was five months old to Crown Point, New York, and in 1795, losing their possessions through a defective title, to Westford, Chittenden County, Vermont, where the lad was brought up on a farm. In 1808 he began to teach and to study anatomy and medicine. In 1809 he entered Burlington College, Vermont, supporting himself by teaching in the winters, and, visiting Canada in 1811, he received a commission under Governor Sir George Prevost as professor in the Royal School in the seigniory of St. Armand, but he returned to college in June, 1812. After, the declaration of war he went again to Canada, and was held as a prisoner. On his return he taught and studied law in Cherry Valley, New York, and then in Paris, Kentucky, making his home in the former place, where he practised his profession and won reputation. He was a persistent advocate of protective duties, of internal improvements, and of education. He moved to Utica in 1832, and, though he continued to try causes as counsel, the remainder of his life was given mainly to the temperance and anti-slavery causes. A volume of his speeches was published in 1860. Among the most conspicuous of these was an argument, in 1837, before the New York State Anti-Slavery Convention, to prove that Congress might constitutionally abolish slavery; on the “Right of Petition” at Pennsylvania Hall, Philadelphia, and on the “Great Issues between Right and Wrong” at the same place in 1838; before the joint committee of the legislature of Vermont; and before the supreme court of New Jersey on a habeas corpus to determine the unconstitutionality of slavery under the new state constitution of 1844, which last occupied eleven hours in delivery. His first published speech against slavery was in 1835, under threats of a mob. He then drew a call for a state anti-slavery convention for 21 October, 1835, at Utica. As the clock struck the hour he called the convention to order and addressed it, and the programme of business was completed ere the threatened mob arrived, as it soon did and dispersed the convention by violence. That night the doors and windows of his house were barred with large timbers, and fifty loaded muskets were provided, with determined men to handle them, but the preparations kept off the menaced invasion. “He was the first,” says William Goodell, the historian of abolitionism, “to insist earnestly, in our consultations, in committee and elsewhere, on the necessity of forming a distinct political party to promote the abolition of slavery.” He gradually brought the leaders into it, was its candidate for governor, and this new party grew, year by year, till at last it held the balance of power between the Whigs and Democrats, when, uniting with the former, it constituted the Republican Party. The characteristics of Mr. Stewart's eloquence and conversation were a strange and abounding humor, a memory that held large resources at command, readiness in emergency, a rich philosophy, strong powers of reasoning, and an exuberant imagination. A collection of his speeches, with a memoir, is in preparation by his son-in-law, Luther R. Marsh. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 683.


STEWART, Austin, see STEWARD, Austin


STEWART, Charles Samuel, clergyman, born in Flemington, New Jersey, 16 October, 1795; died in Cooperstown, New York, 15 December, 1870, was graduated at Princeton in 1815, when, after studying law, he took a theological course. He was ordained and sent as missionary to the Sandwich Islands in 1823, but, owing to the failing health of his wife, returned in 1825, and afterward lectured through the northern states in advocacy of foreign missions. In 1828 he was appointed chaplain in the U.S. Navy, and during his visits to all parts of the world he collected material for his works. He was subsequently stationed for many years at New York, where, in 1836-'7, he edited the “Naval Magazine.” In 1862 he was retired, and at his death he was the senior chaplain in the Navy. The degree of D.D. was given him in 1863 by the University of New York. His works include “Residence at the Sandwich Islands, 1823–25,” which is an authority on the early history of that mission New York, 1828); “Visit to the South Seas in the . S. Ship ‘Vincennes, with Scenes in Brazil, Peru, etc.” (2 vols., 1831; improved ed., by Reverend William Ellis, 2 vols., 1839): “Sketches of Society in Great Britain and Ireland in 1832” (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1834); and “Brazil and La Plata in 1850–53: the Personal Record of a Cruise” (New York, 1856). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 683-584.


STEWART, Charles Seaforth, soldier, born at sea, 11 April, 1823, was graduated in 1846 at the U.S. Military Academy, where he was assistant professor of engineering in 1849–54. He was made 1st lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers in 1853, serving as assistant engineer in 1 ’7, and as superintending engineer in the construction of fortifications in Boston Harbor till 1861, having been promoted captain in 1860. He served during the Civil War in the Corps of Engineers, was made major in 1863, and was chief engineer of the Middle Military Division in 1864–5. He was made lieutenant-colonel in 1867, colonel in 1882, and was retired in 1886. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 684.


STEWART, Charles, naval officer, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 28 July, 1778; died in Bordentown, New Jersey, 6 November, 1869. His parents were Irish; his father died in 1780, and his mother was left with scant means to provide for four children. He entered the merchant marine as cabin-boy in 1791, and quickly rose to the command of an Indiaman. Entering the U.S. Navy as lieutenant, 9 March, 1798, he served in the frigate “United States” in the West Indies, operating against French privateers. On 16 July, 1800, he was appointed to command the schooner “Experiment” in the West Indies, where he captured the He was also French schooner “Deux Amis.” chased by two French vessels, which he skilfully avoided, and by following them he fought and captured one, the schooner “Diana,” before the other vessel could assist in the engagement. On 16 November, 1800, he took the privateer “Louisa Bridger,” and the next month he rescued sixty women and children that had been wrecked while flying from a revolution in Santo Domingo. The Spanish governor of the island wrote a letter of thanks to the president for Stewart's services. He was retained on the list of lieutenants in the naval reorganization of 1801. In 1802 he served as executive of the “Constellation,” blockading Tripoli, but returned in 1803 and was placed in command of the brig “Siren,” in Preble's squadron, off Tripoli, where he convoyed Decatur in the “Intrepid.” to destroy the “Philadelphia,” and participated in all the attacks on Tripoli, being included in the vote of thanks by Congress on 3 March, 1805, to Preble's officers. While blockading Tripoli, he captured the Greek ship “Catapoliana” and the British brig “Scourge” for violating the blockade. As master-commandant he took charge of the “Essex” and went with the fleet to Tunis, where he convinced his commander-in-chief that it was illegal to make War except by declaration of Congress. He returned home in 1806, commanding the “Constellation,” and was promoted to captain, 22 April, 1806. He superintended the construction of gun-boats at New York in 1806-7, was engaged in the merchant marine in 1808–'12, but returned to the service in 1812, and with Bainbridge dissuaded the cabinet from the proposed policy, of not sending the navy to sea against the British. He was assigned to command the “Arus” and “Hornet” in a special expedition to the est Indies on 23 June, 1812, but the order was cancelled, and he was appointed to command the “Constellation.” In going to Norfolk he met a British fleet, which he skilfully avoided, and then participated in the defence of the town. In the summer of 1813 he took command of the “Constitution,” destroyed the “Pictou,” an armed merchant ship, and the brigs “Catherine” and “Phoenix,” chased several British ships-of-war and the frigate “La Pique,” and narrowly escaped two British frigates near Boston. With new sails he left Boston in December, 1814, captured the brig “Lord Nelson ” off Bermuda, 24 December 1814, and the ship “Susan ” off Lisbon, and on 23 February, 1815, took two British ships-of-war, the “Cyane” and “Levant,” after a spirited engagement of fifty minutes. While he was at anchor at St. Jago, Cape de Verde, a British fleet approached, from which he adroitly escaped with the “Constitution” and “Cyane,” the “Levant” being recaptured by the fleet in the neutral harbor which she had just left. He received from Congress a vote of thanks, a sword, and a gold medal, from the Pennsylvania legislature a vote of thanks and a sword, and the freedom of the city of New York. Like the famous frigate, represented in the illustration, Stewart received the soubriquet of “Old Ironsides.” He commanded the Mediterranean Squadron, in the “Franklin,” in 1816-'20, and the Pacific Squadron in 1820-'4, where he caused a paper blockade to be annulled, and vindicated the rights of American commerce. He was commissioner of the navy in 1830–2, commanded the Philadelphia U.S. Navy-yard in 1838–41, and in 1841 was mentioned as a candidate for president, but was not nominated. He had charge of the Home Squadron in 1842–3, commanded the Philadelphia U.S. Navy-yard again in 1846, and from 1854 till 1861. He was retired as senior commodore in 1856 and flag-officer in 1860, and on 16 July, 1862, was commissioned rear-admiral, after which he was on waiting orders until his death. He was in the service seventy-one years, and the senior officer for seventeen years. On 21 May, 1885, his daughter, Delia Tudor, married Charles Henry Parnell, and she became the mother of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish home-rule leader in the British parliament. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 684-685.


STEWART, Gideon Tabor, lawyer, born in Johnstown, New York, 7 August, 1824. He moved with his parents to Oberlin, Ohio, where he was educated. Subsequently he studied law in Norwalk and then with Noah H. Swayne in Columbus. In 1846, after his admission to the bar, he began practice in Norwalk, where in 1846 he became editor of the "Reflector." He was elected county auditor as a Whig and held that office during three terms. In 1861 he moved to Iowa, where he purchased the Dubuque "Daily Times," and published it during the Civil War. At the time of its purchase it was the only daily Union paper in the northern half of the state. Previously he was one of the proprietors of the Toledo "Blade," and afterward of the Toledo "Commercial," but in 1876 he returned to Norwalk, where he has since continued his law-practice. Mr. Stewart was three times elected grand worthy chief templar by the Good Templars of Ohio. In 1853 he took part in the Maine law campaign of that year, and then endeavored to organize a permanent Prohibition Party. He was chairman of a state convention in 1857 in Columbus for the purpose of forming such a party, but the movement failed on account of the troubles in Kansas and the Civil War. In 1869 he was one of the delegates from Ohio to the Chicago Convention that formed the National Prohibition Party. Since that time he has been nominated three times for governor, seven times for supreme judge, once for circuit judge, once for Congress, and once for vice-president in 1876, when, with Green Clay Smith as candidate for president, he received a popular vote of 9,522. For fifteen years he was a member, during four of which he was chairman of the national executive committee of his party. In 1876, 1880, and 1884 the Prohibition State Convention unanimously instructed the Ohio delegates to present him in the National Convention as their choice for presidential candidate, but each time he refused to have his name brought forward. Mr. Stewart has written much in advocacy of the temperance reform, and many of his public addresses have been extensively circulated. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 686.


STEWART, Jacob Henry, physician, born in Clermont, New York, 15 January, 1829; died in St. Paul, Minnesota, 25 August. 1884. He studied at Yale for three years, and was graduated at the medical department of the University of New York in 1851. Four years later he began practice in Peekskill, New York, but in 1855 he moved to St. Paul, where he obtained recognition as one of the most skilful practitioners of that city. In 1856 he was appointed physician of Ramsay County. Minnesota, and in 1857-'63 he was surgeon-general of Minnesota, also serving as a member of the governor's staff and as a member of the state senate in 1858-'9. On 17 April, 1861, he joined the 1st Minnesota Volunteers, which was the first regiment that was received by President Lincoln, thus making Dr. Stewart the ranking surgeon in the volunteer service. He remained on the battle-field of Bull Run, was paroled, and allowed to care for his wounded at Sudley-Church Hospital until they were able to be moved to Richmond, when he was permitted to return home without exchange "for voluntarily remaining on the battle-field in the discharge of his duty." The sword taken from him when he was made prisoner was given back to him by General Beauregard in recognition of his faithfulness to duty. On his return to Minnesota he was appointed surgeon of the board of enrolment, and held that office until the close of the war. In 1864 he was elected mayor of St. Paul, and he was re-elected for four terms (1869-'73). Dr. Stewart was the only Republican that has ever held that office in St. Paul, as the vote of the city is Democratic. From 1865 till 1870 he was postmaster of St. Paul, and he was then elected to Congress as a Republican, serving from 15 Oct. 1877, till 4 March, 1879. He was appointed surveyor-general of the state in 1880, and held that office for four years. Dr. Stewart was president of Minnesota State Medical Society in 1875-'6, and president of the board of physicians and surgeons to St. Joseph's Hospital in St. Paul. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 686.


STEWART, James W., African American, businessman, anti-slavery activist.  Husband of abolitionist Maria W. Stewart. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 524)


STEWART, John E., African American, abolitionist, publisher of The African Sentinel and Journal of Liberty, founded 1831, Albany, New York (Rodriguez, 2007, p. 41)


STEWART, Maria W., 1803-1879, Hartford, Connecticut, free African American woman, author, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, civil rights advocate, orator.  Published Religion and Pure Principles of Morality—The Sure Foundation on Which we Must Build, in 1831. Contributor to the abolitionist newspaper, Liberator.  Also wrote, Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart (1835).  (Richardson, 1987; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 41, 289, 463-464; Yellin, 1994, pp. 4, 6-7, 10, 125, 128-129, 156-157, 206; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 524; Hinks, Peter P., & John R. McKivigan, Eds., Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition.  Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood, 2007, Vol. 2, pp. 656-658; Garcia, Jennifer Anne, Maria W. Stewart: America’s First Black Feminist, 1998, master’s thesis; Richardson, Marilyn, Maria W. Stewart: America’s First Black Woman Political Writer, Indiana University Press, 1988).


STEWART, Philo P., Troy, New York, abolitionist, Church Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1861-64


STEWART, Robert, Ross County, Ohio, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1835-1840, Vice-President, 1840-1856.


STEWART, Robert Mercellus, governor of Missouri, born in Truxton, New York, 12 March, 1815; died in St. Joseph. Missouri, 21 September, 1871. He went to Kentucky as a boy, and in 1838 settled in Buchanan County, Missouri. In 1845 he was a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention, and for ten years he was a member of the state senate. He was elected governor of Missouri in 1857, and served for four years, during which time he was active in founding the system of railroads that centres in that state. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered the National Army, but failing health prevented him from serving and he soon retired. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 686-687.


STEWART, Samuel, New York, abolitionist leader (Sorin, 1971)


STEWART, Virgil Adam, born in Jackson County, Georgia, about 1810. In 1835 he became acquainted with John A. Murrell, who was the chief of an organization that existed throughout the south and southwest and made a practice of enticing Negroes from their owners, with promise of freedom, and then selling them in a distant part of the country. The members of the conspiracy recognized one another by signs, and dexterously concealed their identity. Their crimes included robbery and murder. Mr. Stewart succeeded in gaining full information concerning the plans of the organization, which included an extended uprising of the Negroes, who were incited by promises of freedom to rebel and slay all the whites on the night of 25 December, 1835. Meanwhile the members of the conspiracy were to take advantage of the condition of affairs and plunder generally. A knowledge of this plot, which was divulged to Stewart by Murrell, led to the arrest of the latter, and his subsequent sentence to imprisonment for ten years. After the conviction, Stewart published a pamphlet account of the affair, under the title of "The Western Land Pirate" (1835), giving the names of the conspirators. This quickly disappeared, statements were industriously circulated that Stewart was a member of the band, and efforts were made to murder him. See " The History of Virgil A. Stewart and his Adventure in capturing and exposing the Great Western Land Pirate and his Gang " (New York, 1836). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 687.


STEWART, William Morris, senator, born in Lyons, New York, 9 August, 1827. He entered Yale in 1848, and, although he was not graduated, his name was afterward enrolled among the members of the class of 1852, and he received the degree of A. M. in 1865. In 1850 he set out for California by the way of Panama and engaged in mining in Nevada County, where he discovered the celebrated Eureka diggings, he disposed of his mining interests and began the study of law early in 1852, and was appointed district attorney in December of that year, and in 1854 became attorney-general and settled in San Francisco. Later he moved to Downieville,  California, where he devoted himself to the study and practice of the laws that relate to mining, ditch and water-rights, and similar processes. In 1860 he moved to Virginia City, Nevada, and was retained in almost every case of importance before the higher courts. To his efforts is mainly due the permanent settlement of the titles of nearly all the mines on the great Comstock Lode. In 1861 he was chosen a member of the territorial council, and in 1863 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention. Subsequently he was twice elected as a Republican to the U. S. Senate, and served from 4 December, 1864, till 3 March, 1875. On his retirement he resumed the practice of his profession on the Pacific Coast, where his great familiarity with mining law and mining litigation created a demand for his services. In 1887 he was again elected to the U. S. Senate for a full term, taking his seat on 4 March. He has published various addresses and speeches. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 687.


STEWARTSBORO, TENNESSEE, April 12, 1863. Detachment of 5th Iowa Cavalry. Captain D. A. Waters with a company of the 5th la., while out seizing horses, had a successful skirmish with a party of Confederates near Stewartsboro. The enemy had a number killed and wounded, and 17 captured, besides 25 horses and several stands of arms. No casualties were reported on the Union side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 841.


STEWART'S CREEK, TENNESSEE, December 27, 1862. The actions on Stewart's creek on this date occurred at the bridges on the Jefferson and Murfreesboro pikes, as the Union forces were advancing upon Murfreesboro. (For full accounts see Jefferson and Murfreesboro pikes.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 841.


STEWART'S CREEK, TENNESSEE, January 1, 1863. 10th Ohio Infantry. During the military operations of the Stone's river campaign the 10th Ohio was stationed at Stewart's creek in charge of the headquarters train. On January 1 the post was twice threatened during the day, but Colonel Burke put up a bold front and each time the enemy was repulsed. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6,  


STEWART'S PLANTATION, ARKANSAS, June 27, 1862. Detachments of the 3d Iowa and 9th Illinois Cavalry. Lieutenant Griswold, with 30 men of the 3d la., was escorting a forage train to the Union camp. Near Stewart's place they were fired on from ambush, with the result that 4 men were killed and 4 wounded. The Iowans returned the fire with such vigor that the enemy was repulsed and the train brought safely to camp. Griswold was one of the men killed. Colonel Brackett, of the 9th Illinois, started with the 2nd battalion to reinforce the escort, and upon arriving at Stewart's tried to charge the enemy, but the thick undergrowth prevented the movement from being a success. Seeing that the enemy greatly outnumbered his own force, and being unable to draw him from the woods, Brackett ordered the detachment to retire. He reported his loss as 1 killed, and 31 wounded. The enemy's loss was not learned, but it was known that 5 were left dead on the field. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 841-842.


STICKLEYVILLE, VIRGINIA, December 13, 1863. (See Powell's River, same date.)


STILES, Israel Newton, lawyer, born in Suffield, Connecticut, 16 July, 1833. He is a relative of Ezra Stiles. He received a common-school education, began the study of law in 1849, and three years later moved to Lafayette, Indiana, where he taught and continued his studies till his admission to the bar in 1855. He was prosecuting attorney two years and a member of the legislature, and became active as an anti-slavery orator during the Fremont canvass, delivering more than sixty speeches. When the Civil War began he enlisted as a private, but was soon made adjutant of the 20th Indiana Regiment. He was taken prisoner at Malvern Hill, but, after six weeks in Libby prison, was exchanged. He was subsequently major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of the 63d Indiana, and finally brevet brigadier-general, his commission being dated 31 January, 1865. He moved to Chicago, where he has earned a high reputation as a lawyer. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 688-689.


STILES, Joseph Clay, clergyman, born in Savannah, Georgia, 6 December, 1795; died there, 27 March, 1875. After graduation at Yale in 1814 he studied law at Litchfield, and practised in his native city, but in 1822 entered Andover Theological Seminary, where he was graduated in 1825. After his ordination by the presbytery in 1826 he labored as an evangelist in Georgia and Florida from 1829 till 1835, and gave an impetus to Presbyterianism in his native state, reviving old churches and building new ones. In 1835 he moved to Kentucky and spent nine years in the west, where he frequently engaged in public theological discussion that grew out of the division of his denomination. In 1844 he accepted a call to Richmond, Virginia., and in 1848 he became pastor of the Mercer Street Church, New York City, which charge he resigned, owing to impaired health, and became general agent for the American Bible Society in the south in 1850. In 1853 he became pastor of the South Church in New Haven, Connecticut, organized a southern aid society, and in 1860 labored as evangelist in the south, serving in this capacity until his death. He received the degree of D. D. from Transylvania University in 1846, and that of LL. D. from the University of Georgia in 1860. Dr. Stiles was the author of a " Speech on the Slavery Resolutions in the General Assembly" (New York, 1850); "Modern Reform Examined, or the Union of the North and South on the Subject of Slavery" (Philadelphia, 1858); "The National Controversy, or the Voice of the Fathers upon the State of the Country" (New York, 1861); and "Future Punishment Discussed in a Letter to a Friend " (St. Louis, 1868). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 689.


STILES, William Henry, lawyer, born in Savannah, Georgia, in January, 1808: died there, 20 December, 1865, received an academic education, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1831, and practised in Savannah. He was solicitor-general for the eastern District of Georgia in 1833-'6, and afterward elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving from 4 December, 1843, till 3 March, 1845. On 19 April, 1845, he was appointed charge d' affaires in Austria, holding this office until 3 October, 1849, and on his return he resumed law-practice in Savannah. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised a regiment for the Confederate Army, in which he served as colonel, but resigned, owing to impaired health. Yale College gave him the degree of A. M. in 1837. He was the author of a " History of Austria, 1848-'9" (2 vols., New York, 1852). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 689.


STILESBORO, GEORGIA, May 23, 1864. 4th Indiana Cavalry. After crossing the Etowah river, in the Atlanta campaign, Colonel Lamson's cavalry came up with the Confederate pickets near Stilesboro. Severe skirmishing was kept up the greater part of the day, artillery being brought into use late in the afternoon. No decided advantage was gained by either side. The Union loss was 1 killed and 4 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 842.


STILESBORO, GEORGIA, June 9, 1864. Cavalry Detachment. Colonel W. W. Lowe, commanding the 3d cavalry division, reported from Kingston on the 10th: "Yesterday a party of 25 men, under a lieutenant, was ambuscaded near Stilesboro by a large party of rebel cavalry. The lieutenant and 9 men have come in. He reports 5 rebels killed." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 842.


STILL, William, 1821-1902, African American, abolitionist, writer.  “Conductor” on the Underground Railroad in Philadelphia area, 1851-1861.  Member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society.  Wrote fugitive slave narratives.  (

Appletons’, 1888, Vol. V, p. 689; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, p. 22; Mabee, 1970, pp. 108, 270, 273, 275, 279, 287, 288, 289, 292, 338, 339, 414n3, 415n18; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 53, 74, 204, 307, 464, 482, 489; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20, p. 775; The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II. New York: James T. White, 1892, pp. 313-314; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 536)

STILL, William, philanthropist, born in Shamony, Burlington County, New Jersey, 7 October, 1821. He is of African descent, and was brought up on a farm. Coming to Philadelphia in 1844, he obtained a clerkship in 1847 in the office of the Pennsylvania Anti-slavery Society. He was chairman and corresponding secretary of the Philadelphia branch of the “Underground Railroad” in 1851-'61, and busied himself in writing out the narratives of fugitive slaves. His writings constitute the only full account of the organization with which he was connected. Mr. Still sheltered the wife, daughter, and sons of John Brown while he was awaiting execution in Charlestown, Virginia. During the Civil War he was commissioned post-sutler at Camp William Penn for colored troops, and was a member of the Freedmen's Aid Union and Commission. He is vice-president and chairman of the board of managers of the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored persons, a member of the board of trustees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, and of other charitable institutions. In 1885 he was sent by the presbytery of Philadelphia as a commissioner to the general assembly at Cincinnati. He was one of the original stockholders of “The Nation,” and a member of the Board of trade of Philadelphia. His writings include “The Underground Rail-Road” (Philadelphia, 1878); “Voting and Laboring”; and “Struggle for the Rights of the Colored People of Philadelphia.” Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 689.


STILLE, Charles Janeway, historian, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 23 September, 1819, was graduated at Yale in 1839, and, after admission to the bar, devoted his attention to literature. During the Civil War he was an active member of the executive committee of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, of which he afterward became the historian. In 1866 he was appointed professor of history in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1868 became provost, which place he filled until 1880. While holding this office he convinced the trustees and faculty of the necessity of considering the demands of advanced education, especially in the scientific branches, and largely through his influence the new buildings in West Philadelphia were erected and the scientific department was founded. The edifice shown in the illustration represents the library building erected in 1888-'9 on the university grounds. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Yale in 1868. In addition to numerous addresses and pamphlets, he has published “How a Free People conduct a Long War” (Philadelphia, 1862): “Northern Interest and Southern Independence: a Plea for United Action” (1863); “Memorial of the Great Central Fair for the United States Sanitary Commission” (1864); “History of the United States Sanitary Commission” (1866); and “Studies in Mediaeval History.” (1881). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 689-690.


STILLMAN, Thomas Bliss, mechanical engineer, born in Westerly, Rhode Island, 30 August, 1806; died in Plainfield, New Jersey, 1 January, 1866. He was educated at Union College, and in 1832 came to New York City and took charge of the Novelty Iron-Works. The first line of steamships on this coast to carry passengers and freight between New York and Charleston, South Carolina, was established by him. During the Civil War he was U.S. inspector of steam vessels for the New York District, and superintendent of construction of revenue cutters. His last work was to put twelve armed steam cutters afloat in place of the sailing vessels that had been previously used. He was also at various times president of the board of comptrollers, of the Park Board in New York County, and of the Metropolitan Police Commission. For nearly twenty years he was a trustee of the New York Hospital, and he was long president of the Metropolitan Savings Bank. He invented improved forms of machinery that have come into use. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 690.


STIRLING'S PLANTATION, LOUISIANA, September 29, 1863. Detachment of the 2nd Division, 13th Army Corps. In the operations about Morganza and along the Bayou Fordoche, this detachment was stationed at Stirling's plantation, on the road to the Atchafalaya river, some 7 miles in advance of the main body. It consisted of parts of the 19th la. and 26th Indiana infantry; 6th Missouri, 2nd and 36th Illinois cavalry; a section of Battery E, 1st Missouri light artillery, 794 men in all, and was under command of Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. Leake of the 20th la. infantry. During the afternoon and night of the 28th Brigadier-General Green (Confederate) crossed the Atchafalaya at Morganza ferry with about 3,200 infantry, 400 cavalry and several pieces of artillery, moved by different roads, and by 1 p. m. on the 29th had Leake's command practically surrounded. The attack was made simultaneously on all sides, and though Leake's men put up a gallant resistance they were finally overpowered by superior numbers and compelled to surrender. Major Montgomery, commanding the cavalry, succeeded in cutting his way through the enemy's lines, with the loss of 9 men, and rejoined the division near Morganza. The total Union loss was 16 killed, 45 wounded and 454 captured or missing. Green reported his losses as 26 killed, 85 wounded and 10 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 842.


STOCKADE. A work which may be substituted with advantage for earthen works of very small profile, if it can be covered from the fire of artillery; (Fig. 216.) The stockades or picket works usually FIG. 216. employed against Indians are composed of rough trunks of young trees cut into lengths of 12 or 14 feet, and averaging 10 or 12 inches in diameter. They should be firmly planted close together. A banquette or step will generally be required, and the loopholes so arranged that they cannot be used from the outside. If necessary, such a work can be strengthened by ditch and abatis, and flanked by block-houses. The figures show the manner of planting the pickets. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 573).


STOCKBRIDGE, Francis Brown, senator, born in Bath, Maine, 9 April, 1826. He was educated at Bath Academy, and resided in Boston from 1842 till 1847, when he became a lumber merchant in Chicago, Illinois. In 1854 he moved to Saugatuck, Michigan, and since 1863 he has resided in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He has served as a colonel of Michigan Militia, was successively in both branches of the legislature in 1869-'71, and in January, 1887, was elected to the U.S. Senate. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 692.


STOCKBRIDGE, Henry, lawyer, born in North Hadley, Massachusetts, 31 August, 1822, was originally named Henry Smith Stockbridge, but he dropped the Smith in early manhood. He was graduated at Amherst in 1845. and studied law in Baltimore, where he was admitted to the bar, 1 May, 1818, and has since practised his profession. During the Civil War he was a special district attorney to attend to the business of the War Department, and in 1864, as a member of the legislature, he drafted the act that convened a constitutional convention for the abolition of slavery in the state. He took an active part in the proceedings of the convention, and defended the constitution that it adopted before the court of last resort. Afterward he instituted, and successfully prosecuted in the U. S. Courts, proceedings by which were annulled the indentures of apprenticeship by which it was sought to evade the emancipation clause. Mr. Stockbridge thus practically secured the enfranchisement of more than 10,000 colored children. He was judge of the circuit court for Baltimore County in 1865, a delegate to the Loyalists' Convention in 1866, and vice-president of the National Republican Convention of 1868. Mr. Stockbridge has been for twenty years editor of the Fund Publications of the Maryland Historical Society, of which he is vice-president; and he is the author of publication No. 22; “The Archives of Maryland" (Baltimore, 1886); besides various contributions to magazines. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 693.


STOCKBRIDGE, GEORGIA, November 15, 1864. 15th Army Corps. In concentrating the army for the advance on Savannah the several divisions of the 15th corps, commanded by Major-General P. J. Osterhaus, joined each other near Rough and Ready, where the Confederate pickets were driven in. Near Stockbridge the Confederate General Lewis, with about 1,000 men and a section of artillery, was found posted in a position to dispute Osterhaus' further advance, but Woods' division, which was in the advance, moved steadily against Lewis, who soon withdrew his entire force and the corps went into camp near Stockbridge. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 842.


Stock Creek, Tennessee, November 15, 1863. Major-General Joseph Wheeler's report of the operations against Knoxville mentions a slight skirmish which his cavalry had with a Federal detachment in the vicinity of Stock creek. It does not state what Union soldiers were engaged, nor mention the casualties. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 842-843.


STOCKTON, ALABAMA, April 7, 1865. Detachment of 2nd Brigade, Lucas' Cavalry Division. During the siege of Fort Blakely Lieutenant-Colonel A. B. Spurling with 30 men left the Union lines for a scout toward Stockton. Ten miles from camp a Confederate force was encountered drawn up in line at a cross-roads. It was immediately charged and routed, with a loss of 1 killed and 2 severely wounded, and after a pursuit of several miles 9 Confederates were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STOCKTON, MISSOURI, August 8, 1862. Detachment of Missouri Militia. The report of Brigadier-General Lewis Merrill from Hannibal, Missouri, on August 9, contains the following: "McNeil's column overtook Porter again near Stockton yesterday afternoon and whipped him again. The fight ended at dark. During the storm Porter managed to slip away. Nothing definite of the loss on either side. Report says McNeil's loss 8 wounded, 1 mortally; Porter's loss 50 killed and wounded and some prisoners. McNeil found among his prisoners 26 who had taken the oath and given bonds. They were executed yesterday." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STOCKTON, MISSOURI, August 12, 1862. Detachment of Missouri Militia. The detachment following a portion of Coffee's Confederate command caught up with it near Stockton at daylight. The enemy was attacked and driven, though 1 Union man was wounded in the charge. Five Confederates were killed and a number wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STOCKTON, MISSOURI, July 11, 1863. Detachment of Enrolled Missouri State Militia. The guerrilla leader Livingston, with 100 men, attacked the militia at Stockton shortly after noon. The fight was of short duration and resulted in the repulse of the enemy with the loss of Livingston and 3 others killed and 15 wounded. The militia had 4 mortally and 2 slightly wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STOCKTON, MISSOURI, October 5, 1863. (See Greenfield, same date.)


STOCKTON, Robert Field, naval officer, born in Princeton, New Jersey, 20 August, 1795; died there, 7 October, 1866, studied at Princeton College, but before completing his course he entered the U. S. navy as a midshipman, 1 September, 1811. He joined the frigate “President” at Newport, 14 February, 1812, and made several cruises in that ship , with Commodore Rodgers, with whom he went as aide to the “Guerrière” at Philadelphia; but, as the ship was unable to go to sea, Rogers took his crew to assist in defending Baltimore. Before the arrival of the British, Stockton went to Washington and became the aide of the Secretary of the Navy, after which he resumed his post with Commodore Rodgers and took part in the operations at Alexandria. He then went with Rodgers to Baltimore and had command of 300 sailors in the defence of that city against the British Army. He was highly commended, and promoted to lieutenant, 9 September, 1814. On 18 May, 1815, he sailed in the “Guerrière,” Decatur's flag-ship, for the Mediterranean after the declaration of war with Algiers, but he was transferred soon afterward to the schooner “Spitfire.” as 1st lieutenant, in which vessel he participated in the capture of the Algerine frigate “Mahouda,” and '' the boarders at the capture of the Algerine brig “Esledio” in June, 1815. In February, 1816, he joined the ship-of-the-line “Washington” and made another cruise in the Mediterranean, in the course of which he was transferred to the ship “Erie,” of which he soon became executive officer. The American officers very often had disputes with British officers, and frequent duels took place. At one time in Gibraltar. Stockton had accepted challenges to fight all the captains of the British regiment in the garrison, and several meetings took place. In one case after wounding his adversary he escaped arrest by knocking one of the guard from his horse, which he seized and rode to his boat. Stockton came home in command of the “Erie" in 1821. Shortly after his return the American Colonization Society obtained his services to command the schooner “Alligator” for the purpose of founding a colony on the west coast of Africa. He sailed in the autumn of 1821, and after skilful diplomatic conferences obtained a concession of a tract of territory near Cape Mesurado, which has since become the republic of Liberia. In November, 1821, the Portuguese letter-of-marque “Mariana Flora.” fired on the “Alligator,” which she mistook for a pirate. After an engagement of twenty minutes the Portuguese vessel was taken and the capture was declared legal, though the prize was returned by courtesy to Portugal. On a subsequent cruise in the “Alligator” he captured the French slaver “Jeune Eugenie,” by which action the right to seize slavers under a foreign flag was first established as legal. He also captured several piratical vessels in the West Indies. From 1826 until December, 1838, he was on leave, and resided at Princeton, New Jersey. He organized the New Jersey Colonization Society, became interested in the turf, and imported from England some of the finest stock of blooded horses. He also took an active part in politics, and became interested in the Delaware and Raritan canal, for which he obtained the charter that had originally been given to a New York company, and vigorously prosecuted the work. His whole fortune and that of his family were invested in the enterprise, which was completed, notwithstanding the opposition of railroads and a financial crisis, by which he was obliged to go to Europe to negotiate a loan. He retained his interest in this canal during his life, and the work stands as an enduring monument to his energy and enterprise. In December, 1838, he sailed with Commodore Isaac Hull in the flag-ship “Ohio.” as fleet-captain of the Mediterranean Squadron, being promoted to captain on 8 December. He returned in the latter part of 1839, and took part in the presidential canvass of 1840 in favor of General William Henry Harrison. After John Tyler became president, Stockton was offered a seat in the cabinet as with Mexico was subsequently confirmed, General Secretary of the Navy, which he declined. The U.S. Steamer “Princeton” was built under his supervision and launched at Philadelphia early in 1844.  He was appointed command of the ship, and brought her to Washington for the inspection of officials and members of Congress. On a trial-trip down the Potomac River, when the president, cabinet, and a distinguished company were on board, one of the large guns burst and killed the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Navy, the president's father-in-law, and several of the crew, while a great many were seriously injured. A naval court of inquiry entirely exonerated Captain Stockton. Shortly after this event he sailed in the “Princeton ” as bearer of the annexation resolutions to the government of Texas. In October, 1845, he went in the frigate “Congress” from Norfolk to serve as commander-in-chief of the Pacific Squadron, on the eve of the Mexican War. He sailed around Cape Horn to the Sandwich Islands, and thence to Monterey, where he found the squadron in possession under Commodore John D. Sloat, whom Stockton relieved. News of the war had been received by the squadron before his arrival, and Monterey and San Francisco were captured. Stockton assumed command of all American forces on the coast by proclamation, 23 July, 1846. He organized a battalion of Americans in California and naval brigades from the crews of the ships. Colonel John C. Frémont also co-operated with him. He sent Frémont in the “Cyane" to San Diego, while he landed at Santa Barbara and marched thirty miles with the naval brigade to the Mexican capital of California, the city of Los Angeles, of which he took possession on 13 August He then organized a civil government for the state, and appointed Colonel Frémont governor. Rumors of a rising of the Indians compelled him to return to the north in September. The force that he left at Los Angeles was besieged by the Mexicans in his absence, and Stockton was obliged to sail to San Diego after finding all quiet in the northern part of California. The Mexicans had also recaptured San Diego. He landed at that place, drove out the enemy, and sent a force to the rescue of General Stephen W. Kearny, who had been defeated by the Mexicans on the way to San Diego. General Kearny, with sixty dragoons, then served under Stockton's orders, and the force proceeded to Los Angeles, 150 miles distant. An engagement took place at San Gabriel on 8 January, 1847, followed by the battle of La Mesa the next day, in which the Mexicans were routed. Colonel Frémont had raised an additional force of Californians, by which the force under Stockton amounted to more than 1,000 men. Negotiations were opened with the Mexican governor, and the entire province of California was ceded to the United States and evacuated by the Mexican authorities. The treaty was subsequently confirmed. General Kearny raised a dispute with Stockton for his assumption of command over military forces, but Stockton's course was sustained by virtue of his conquest. On 17 January, 1847, he returned to San Diego, and then sailed to Monterey, where he was relieved by Commodore William B. Shubrick. Stockton returned home overland during the Summer. He was the recipient of honors by all parties, and the legislature of New Jersey gave him a vote of thanks and a reception. The people of California, in recognition of his services, named for him the city of Stockton, and also one of the principal streets of San Francisco. On 28 May, 1850, he resigned from the navy in order to settle his father-in-law's estate in South Carolina and attend to his private interests. He continued to take part in politics, was elected to the U. S. Senate, and took his seat, 1 December, 1851, but resigned, 10 January, 1853, and retired to private life. During his brief service in the Senate he introduced and advocated the bill by which flogging was abolished in the navy. He also urged measures for coast defence. After he resigned from the Senate he devoted himself to the development of the Delaware and Raritan Canal, of which he was president until his death. He continued to take an interest in politics, became an ardent supporter of the “American" Party, and was a delegate to the Peace Congress that met in Washington, 13 February, 1861. See his “Life and Speeches” (New York, 1856). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp 694-695.


STOCKTON, John Potter, senator, born in Princeton, New Jersey, 2 August, 1826, was graduated at Princeton in 1843, studied law, was licensed to practise as an attorney in 1847, and came to the bar in 1850. He was appointed by the legislature a commissioner to revise and simplify the proceedings and practice in the courts of law of the state, and was for several years afterward reporter to the court of chancery. In 1857 he was appointed U.S. minister to Rome, but in 1861 he was recalled at his own request. In 1865 he was chosen U.S. Senator from New Jersey by a plurality vote of the legislature, a resolution changing the number necessary to elect from a majority to a plurality having been passed by the joint convention that elected him. On this ground, after he had taken his seat in the Senate, several members of the legislature sent to the Senate a protest against his retaining it. The Committee on the Judiciary unanimously reported in favor of the validity of his election, and their report was accepted by a vote of twenty-two to twenty-one, Mr. Stockton voting in the affirmative. His vote was objected to by Charles Sumner, and on the following day, 27 March, 1866, he withdrew it, and was unseated by a vote of twenty-three to twenty-one. He then devoted himself to the practice of his profession, but in 1869 was re-elected to the Senate, and served one term till 1875. While in that body he advocated the establishment of lifesaving stations on the coast, and procured on the appropriation bills the first provision for their maintenance. He served on the Committees on Foreign Affairs, the Navy, Appropriations, Patents, and Public Buildings and Grounds; and took part in the debate on reconstruction, and in the discussion of questions of international law. In 1877 he was appointed attorney-general of New Jersey, and he was chosen again in 1882 and 1887. In this office he has sustained by exhaustive arguments the system of railroad taxation, reversing in the court of errors the decisions of the Supreme Court against the state. Mr. Stockton has been a delegate-at-large to all the Democratic National authorities. since that of 1864, where, as chairman of the New Jersey delegation, he nominated General George B. McClellan for the presidency. He was also a delegate to the Unionists' Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. Princeton gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1882. He has published “Equity Reports being the decisions of the courts of chancery and appeals (3 vols., Trenton, 1856–60). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 695-696.


STOCKTON, Thomas Hewlings, clergyman, born in Mount Holly, New Jersey, 4 June, 1808; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 9 October, 1868. He studied medicine in Philadelphia, but began to preach in 1829, entered the ministry of the Methodist Protestant Church, and took charge of a circuit on the eastern shore of Maryland. He soon attained a reputation as a pulpit orator, and served as chaplain to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1833–5 and 1859–61, and to the Senate in 1862. Being unwilling to submit to the restrictions in the discussion of slavery that were imposed by the Baltimore Conference, he went to Philadelphia in 1838, where he was a pastor and lecturer till 1847. He then resided in Cincinnati, Ohio, till 1850, and while there declined a unanimous election to the presidency of Miami University. From 1850 till 1856 he was associate pastor of St. John's Methodist Protestant Church in Baltimore, also serving during three years and a half of this period as pastor of an Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church there. From 1856 till his death he was pastor of the Church of the New Testament in Philadelphia and also devoted himself to literary work. Dr. Stockton edited at different periods the “Christian World” and the “Bible Times.” He was an anti-slavery pioneer, opposed sectarianism, and was active in his labors for all social reforms. He published editions of the Bible, each book by itself; “Floating Flowers from a Hidden Brook” (Philadelphia, 1844); “The Bible Alliance” (Cincinnati, 1850); “Ecclesiastical Opposition to the Bible” (Baltimore, 1853); “Sermons for the People” (Pittsburg, 1854); “The Blessing” (Philadelphia, 1857); “Stand up for Jesus,” a ballad, with notes, illustrations, and music, and a few additional poems (1858); “Poems, with Autobiographical and other Notes” (1862); and “Influence of the United States on Christendom” (1865). After his death '' eared his “The Book above all” (1870). See “Memory's Tribute to the Life, Character, and Work of Reverend Thomas H. Stockton,” by the Reverend Alexander Clark (New York, 1869), and “Life, Character, and Death of Reverend Thomas H. Stockton,” by Reverend John G. Wilson (Philadelphia, 1869). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 696.


STOCKTON, Francis Richard, author, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 5 £ 1834, was graduated at the Central high school in his native city in 1852, became an engraver and draughtsman, and in 1866 invented and patented a double graver, but he soon abandoned this occupation for journalism. After being connected with the "Post” in Philadelphia and “Hearth and Home” in New York, he joined the editorial staff of “Scribner's Monthly,” and on the establishment of “St. Nicholas” became its assistant editor. Mr. Stockton's earliest writings, under the name of Frank R. Stockton, which # has since retained, were fantastic tales for children, and appeared in the “Riverside Magazine” and other periodicals. Four of these, under the title of “The Ting-a-Ling Stories,” were issued in a volume (Boston, 1870). More recently he has attained a wide reputation for his short stories, which are marked by quaintness of subject and treatment and by dry humor. The first of these were the “Rudder Grange" stories, which appeared in “Scribner's Monthly,” and afterward in book-form (New York, 1879). “The Lady or the Tiger?” is perhaps the most widely known. It ends by propounding a problem, various solutions of which, some serious and some jocose, have appeared from time to time. A comic opera, upon it, the libretto of which was written by Sydney Rosenfeld, was produced in New York in 1888. Mr. Stockton's other short stories include “The Transferred Ghost,” “The Spectral Mortgage,” and “A Tale of Negative Gravity.” He is also the author of the novels “The Late Mrs. Null” (New York, 1886); “The Casting Away of Mrs. Lecks and Mrs. Aleshine” (1886), with a sequel, entitled “The Dusantes” (1888); and “The Hundredth Man” (1887). His short stories have been collected as “The Lady or the Tiger? and other Stories” (1884); “The Christmas Wreck, and other Tales” (1887); and “The Bee Man of Orm, and other Fanciful Tales” (1887). He has written for children “Roundabout Rambles” (1872); “What might have been Expected” (1874): “Tales Out of School” (1875); “A Jolly Fellowship” (1880); “The Floating Prince.” (1881); and “ Story of Viteau” (1884). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 696.


STOCKTON, John Drean, journalist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 26 April, 1836; died there, 3 November, 1877, was educated in his native city, and began to study art and engraving, but was employed at an early age on the Philadelphia “Press,” and became its manager under John W. Forney. He was connected with the New York “Tribune” in 1866, and in 1867 assumed the editorship of the Philadelphia “Post,” of which he became a proprietor, but he gave up his interest in 1872, and from 1873 till his death was dramatic and musical critic of the New York “Herald.” He wrote “Fox and Geese,” a comedy (1868), which ran 100 nights in New York and other cities, and more than 300 in London. Mr. Stockton's political editorials, as well as his dramatic and literary criticisms, were marked by touches of humor an poetic fancy. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 696.


STOIDDARD, Charles Warren, author, born in Rochester, New York, 7 August, 1843. He was educated in New York City and in California, to which state he had moved with his father in 1855. In 1864 he went to the Hawaiian Islands, where he has since passed much of his time, and, as travelling correspondent of the San Francisco “Chronicle.” in 1873-'8, visited many islands of the South seas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific slope from Alaska to Mexico. He began to write poetry at an early age, was for a short time an actor, has contributed to many magazines, and has also lectured. He was professor of English literature in Notre Dame College, Indiana, in 1885–6. He has published “Poems” (San Francisco, 1867); “South Sea Idyls ” (Boston, 1873); “Mashallah: a Flight into Egypt” (New York, 1881); and “The Lepers of Molokai.” (Notre Dame, 1885). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 696.


STODDARD, Joshua C, inventor, born in Pawlet, Vermont, 26 August, 1814. He was educated at the public schools, and became noted as an apiarist, le also turned his attention to inventing, and in 1856 devised the steam-calliope, which is used on Mississippi steamers. He also invented the Stoddard horse-rake and hay-tedder. More than 100,000 of his rakes are now in use. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 697.


STODDARD, Richard Henry, poet, born in Hingham, Massachusetts, 2 July, 1825. His father, a sea-captain, was wrecked and lost on one of his voyages while Richard was a child, and the lad went in 1835 to New York with his mother, who had married again. He attended the public schools of that city, but worked for several years in an iron-foundry, at the same t i me reading the best authors, particularly poetry. His talents brought him into relations with young men interested in literature, notably with Bayard Taylor, who had just published his 'Views Afoot." Stoddard had written verses from his early years, and in 1849 printed privately a collection in a small volume called "Footprints," the edition of which he afterward destroyed. In 1852 he published a riper volume of poems, became a contributor to the "Knickerbocker," and entered upon literary work. Writing as a means of subsistence became such a burden that, through Nathaniel Hawthorne, he obtained a place in the custom-house, and retained it from 1853 till 1870. He was confidential clerk to General George B. McClellan in the dock department in 1870-'3, and city librarian in New York for about a year. He was literary reviewer on the New York "World " from 1860 till 1870, and has held the same office on the "Mail " and "Mail and Express " since 1880. He also edited for some time "The Aldine," an illustrated periodical, which was discontinued. His mind and tastes are poetical, but he has done a good deal of booksellers' work from the urgency of circumstances. In 1853 he published " Adventures in Fairy Land " for young folks, and in 1857 "Songs of Summer," abounding in luxuriant imagination and tropical feeling. Among his other works are " Town and Country," for children (New York, 1857); "Life, Travels, and Books of Alexander von Humboldt," with an introduction by Bayard Taylor (Boston, 1860; London, 1862); "The King's bell," a poem (Boston, 1862: London, 1864; New York, 1865): "The Story of Little Red Riding Hood," in verse (New York, 1864); "The Children in the Wood," in verse (1865); "Abraham Lincoln, a Horatian Ode" (1865); "Putnam, the Brave" (1869); and "The Book of the East," containing his later poem's (1867). He has edited " The Last Political Writings of General Nathaniel Lyon"(1861); "The Loves and Heroines of the Poets " (1801); John Guy Vassar's "Twenty-one Years Round the World (1862); "Melodies and Madrigals, mostly from the Old English Poets" (1865); "The Late English Poets " (1805); enlarged editions of Rufus W. Griswold's " Poets and Poetry of America " (1872); " Female Poets of America" (1874); and the "Bric-A-Brac Series" (1874). He has also edited several annuals, made translations, and written numerous monographs and prefaces, including monographs on Edgar Allan Poe and William Cullen Bryant.— His wife, Elizabeth Barstow, poet, born in Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, 6 May, 1823, was educated at various boarding-schools. At twenty-eight years of age she married Mr. Stoddard, and soon afterward she began to contribute poems to the magazines. These are more than of the merely agreeable, popular order; they invariably contain a central idea, not always apparent at first, but always poetical, though not understood by the average reader. No collection of her poems, distributed for twenty-five or thirty years through many periodicals, has been made, years ago she published three remarkable novels. "The Morgesons " (New York, 1862); "Two Men " (1865); and " Temple House " (1867). Owing to various causes, they never sold to any extent, and had long been out of print when a new edition was published in 1888. They illustrate New England character and scenery, and are better adapted to the taste and culture of the present than to the time when they were written. She has also published a story for young folks, "Lolly Dinks's Doings " (New York, 1874). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 697.


STODDARD, William Osborn, author, born in Homer, Cortland County, New York, 24 September, 1835. His father was for many years a bookseller and publisher in Rochester and Syracuse, New York. He was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1858, edited the “Daily Ledger” in Chicago for a short time, and the same year became editor of the “Central Illinois Gazette,” at Champaign, which he conducted for about three years. He was an opponent of slavery, and took an active part in the Republican presidential canvass of 1860. He was a private secretary to President Lincoln in 1861–4, was U. S. Marshal for Arkansas in 1864–6, and has since been variously employed. He invented a centre-locking printer's chase, and has taken out several patents for successful improvements in desiccating processes and in machinery. He has published “Royal Decrees of Scanderoon ” (New York, 1869): “Verses of Many Days” (1875); “Dismissed” (1878); “The Heart of It” (1880); “Dab Kinzer” (1881): “The Quartet” (1882): “Esau Hardery” (1882): “Saltillo Boys” (1882): “Talking-Leaves” (1882): “Among the Lakes" (1883); “Wrecked ?” (1883): “The Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1884): “Two Arrows” (1886); “The Red Beauty” (1887); “The Volcano under the City,” a description of the draft riots of 1863 (1887); and “Lives of the Presidents,” to be completed in ten volumes (1886-'8). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 698.


STOKES, James H., soldier, born in Maryland about 1814. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1835, resigned in 1843, and engaged in manufacturing and railroad business, removing in 1858 to Illinois. After aiding in the equipment of volunteers, he joined the army as captain, and served in Tennessee, and afterward as assistant adjutant-general. He was made a brigadier-general on 20 July, 1865, and was mustered out a month later. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 699.


STOLBRAND, Carlos John Meuller, soldier, born in Sweden, 11 May, 1821. He entered the Royal Artillery in January, 1839, and during 1848–50 took part in the campaign of Schleswig-Holstein with part of his regiment in defence of Denmark. At the close of the war he came to the United States, and in July, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the volunteer artillery. Soon afterward he was appointed its captain and joined the 1st battalion of Illinois Light Artillery, and became chief of artillery under General John A. Logan. He took part in the movements against Corinth, Mississippi., and in 1863, on General Logan's accession to the command of the 15th Corps, was transferred to the command of its artillery brigade. He participated in the campaign of Atlanta and the march to the sea. In February, 1865, he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, assigned to a brigade in the 15th Corps, and shortly afterward to one in the 17th Corps. The latter brigade, being reduced in numbers, was re-enforced and reorganized under his charge. In 1865 he went with his brigade to St. Louis, Missouri, and thence to Leavenworth, Kansas, and in February, 1865, he received an honorable discharge from the army. In 1868 General Stolbrand was elected secretary of the Constitutional Convention of South Carolina. He was delegate-at-large to the National Republican Convention at Chicago in 1868, and served as presidential elector. He has made various improvements in steam-engines and steam-boilers, and now resides at Fort Collins, Colorado. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 699.


STONE, Amasa, philanthropist, born in Charlton, Massachusetts, 27 April, 1818; died in Cleveland, Ohio, 11 May, 1883. He began life as an architect, at twenty-one was engaged in the construction of railroad bridges, and while still young became the first bridge-builder in the country. In partnership with two friends he constructed the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad, and afterward the Cleveland and Erie, of which railroads he was made superintendent. He was next engaged in building the Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad. He was president and director of numerous railroads and other industrial and financial corporations, was frequently consulted by President Lincoln in regard to matters of army transportation, and was offered by him an appointment as brigadier-general. He spent a year in Europe in 1868–'9. Mr. Stone gave large sums in charity to the city of Cleveland. He built and endowed the Home for Aged Women and the Industrial School for Children, and gave $600,000 to Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 699.


STONE, David Marvin, journalist, born in Oxford, Connecticut, 23 December, 1817, left home at the age of fourteen, and taught when he was sixteen. He was a merchant in Philadelphia from 1842 till 1849, when he was called to New York City to take charge of the “Dry Goods Reporter.” In December of that year he became commercial editor of the New York “Journal of Commerce,” and in September, 1861, with William C. Prime, he purchased the interest of that paper, succeeding Mr. Prime in 1866 as editor-in-chief, which post he still (1888) retains. He was president of the New York Associated Press for twenty-five years. For several years he contributed a financial article weekly to the New York "Observer," edited as a pastime the " Ladies' Wreath." and conducted the financial department of "Hunt's Merchants' Magazine." An important event in the history of his paper was its suppression by the government in 1864 for publishing a proclamation purporting to have been issued by President Lincoln, calling for volunteers to serve in the war and naming a day of fasting and prayer. It was the production of Joseph Howard, Jr., and appeared in the " Journal of Commerce," 18 May, 1864. The "Herald" printed 25,000 copies containing the so called proclamation, but, finding that neither the "Times" nor the "Tribune" had printed it, destroyed the edition. The " World” published it, but afterward endeavored to undo the mischief. President Lincoln immediately ordered the suppression of the "Journal of Commerce" and the "World," and the arrest and imprisonment of their editors and proprietors. General John A. Dix, who knew that the proclamation had been left at the newspaper offices at about three o'clock in the morning, after the responsible editors had departed, endeavored to secure a modification of this order. Some of the persons designated were arrested, but they did not include David M. Stone or Manton Marble. The government soon found that it had made a mistake, the troops that had been put in possession of the two newspaper offices were withdrawn, and the editors were released from arrest and their papers from suspension. Mr. Stone's opinions on commercial and other matters in his "answers to correspondents" are regarded as an authority by merchants throughout the country. In his younger days he wrote for the magazines, but since 1860 he has done little literary work except for his own paper. He published a volume called "Prank Forest," which passed through twenty editions (1849), and a memorial volume containing the "Life and Letters" of his niece, Mary Elizabeth Hubbell (1857). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 699-700.


STONE, Charles Pomeroy, soldier, born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, 30 September, 1824; died in New York City, 24 January, 1887. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1845, assigned to the ordnance, and served in the war with Mexico, being brevetted 1st lieutenant, 8 September, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Molino del Rey, and captain, 13 September, for the battle of Chapultepec. He also participated in the siege of Vera Cruz and the assault and capture of the city of Mexico. He was on duty at Watervliet Arsenal. New York, till 15 September. 1848, on leave of absence to visit Europe for the purpose of improvement in his profession and the gaining of general information till 13 May, 1850, and on duty at Watervliet and Fort Monroe Arsenals in 1850. Under orders of the Secretary of War he embarked men and stores, and conducted them to California via Cape Horn till August. 1851, after which, till 27 January, 1856, he was in charge of construction and in command of Benicia Arsenal, and chief of ordnance of the Division and Department of the Pacific. He resigned, 17 November, 1856, and from March, 1857, till 31 December, 1860, was chief of the scientific commission for the survey and exploration of the state of Sonora, Mexico. On 1 January, 1861, he was appointed colonel and inspector-general of the District of Columbia Militia, and was engaged, under the orders of General Winfield Scott, in disciplining volunteers from 2 January till 16 April, 1861. He was appointed colonel of the 14th Infantry, 14 May, 1861, and given charge of the outposts and defences of Washington. He commanded the Rockville Expedition and engaged in the skirmishes of Edward's and Conrad's Ferry in June, and Harper's Ferry, 7 July, 1861, led a brigade in Gen. Robert Patterson's operations in the Shenandoah Valley, commanded the corps of observation of the Army of the Potomac from 10 August, 1861, till 9 February, 1862, and on 20 October, 1861, was ordered by General McClellan to keep a good lookout and make a feint of crossing the Potomac at Ball's Bluff. General McClellan, in his report of this disastrous affair, says: " I did not direct him to cross, nor did I intend that he should cross the river in force for the purpose of fighting." After having made the feint. General Stone, it appears, was led to believe that the enemy might be surprised, and accordingly caused a part of his command to cross the Potomac in the night. The enemy attacked in force at daybreak of the 21st, and pushed the National troops into the river with great loss. General Stone was continued in the same command until 9 February, 1862, when he was suddenly arrested and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette, New York Harbor, where he remained until 16 August, 1862. He was then released, no charge having been preferred against him, and awaited orders until 8 May, 1863, when he was directed to report to the commanding general of the Department of the Gulf, where he served until 17 April, 1864. He participated in the siege of Port Hudson in June and July, 1863, and was senior member of the commission for receiving the surrender of that place, 8 July, 1863. He was chief of staff to General Nathaniel P. Banks, commanding the Department of the Gulf, from 25 July, 1868, to 17 April. 1864, participating in the campaign of Bayou Teche, Louisiana, in October, 1863, and the Red River Campaign in March and April, 1864. He was honorably mustered out as brigadier-general of volunteers, 4 April, 1864, and resigned his commission as colonel of the 14th Infantry, 13 September, 1864. In the autumn of 1865 General Stone was appointed engineer and superintendent of the Dover Mining Company in Goochland County, Virginia, where he resided until 1870. He then accepted a commission in the Egyptian Army, and later was made chief of the general staff, in which capacity he bestowed much attention upon the military school that had already been formed by French officers in the Egyptian service. He created a typographical bureau, where a great number of maps were produced and the government printing was executed, and when the reports of the American officers engaged in exploration of the interior were printed. General Stone was placed in temporary charge of the cadastral survey, and was president of the Geographical Society and a member of the Institute Egyptian at Cairo. The American officers were mustered out of the service in 1879, as a measure of economy, by the reform government which succeeded the dethronement of Ismail. General Stone alone remained, and acted as chief of the staff until the insurrection of Arabi and the army, in which he took no active part. He resigned and returned to the United States in March. 1883. General Stone was decorated by Ismail Pacha with the order of the commander of the Osmanieh, was made grand officer of the Medjidieh and Osmanieh. and was created a Ferik pacha (general of division). In May he was appointed engineer-in-chief of the Florida Ship-Canal and Transit Company, and directed a preliminary survey across the northern part of the Peninsula. On 3 April, 1886, he became engineer-in-chief to the committee for the construction of the pedestal of the Bartholdi statue of "Liberty enlightening the World," and upon its successful completion he acted as grand marshal in the military and civic ceremony that accompanied the dedication of the statue. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 700.


STONE, Ebenezer Whitton, soldier, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 10 June, 1801; died in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 18 April, 1880. In 1817 he enlisted in the U. S. Army, from which he was discharged in 1821. He was connected with the Massachusetts Militia in 1822-'60, receiving the appointment of adjutant-general in 1851 and filling the post till the close of his service. In 1840 he was a member of the legislature, serving on the military committee. The first full battery of light artillery in the United States, except those in the regular army, was organized by him in 1858, and through his efforts Massachusetts was the first state to receive the new rifled musket of the pattern of 1855. From experiments that he made with this musket. General Stone conceived the idea that cannon could also be rifled, and after successful tests in 1859, he ordered a model from John P. Schenkl, the inventor of the Schenkl shell. It is claimed that this was the first rifled cannon that was made in the United States, and that the invention was original with General Stone, though rifled cannon had been in use in Europe for several years. From April till October, 1861, General Stone, as chief of ordnance, armed and equipped twenty-four regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and three light batteries of artillery. He was for twelve years a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and became its captain in 1841. He prepared, under an act of the legislature, a " Digest of the Militia Laws of Massachusetts" (Boston, 1851), and a "Compend of Instructions in Military Tactics," and "The Manual of Percussion Arms" (1857). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 701.


STONE, Edwin Martin, clergyman, born in Framingham, Massachusetts, 29 April, 1805; died in Providence, Rhode Island, 15 December, 1883. After working as a printer in Boston, he edited the "Times" in that city in 1827, the "Independent Messenger" in 1832-'3, and subsequently the "Salem Observer." In 1833-'46 he was pastor of a Congregational Church in Beverly. Massachusetts, in the meantime serving two years as representative in the general court of Massachusetts, to which he made some important legislative reports. In 1847 he took charge of the ministry-at-large in Providence, Rhode Island, devoting himself for thirty years to mission work, and suggesting reforms that were successfully carried out. […] Assisted by his son, Edwin W., he edited the “Adjutant-General's Report of Rhode Island for 1865,” which contains a roster of the Rhode Island soldiers in the Civil War. He left unpublished a “Life of Reverend Dr. Manasseh Cutler” and a history of Providence.— His son, EDWIN WINCHESTER (1835–’78), served in the Rhode Island Artillery during the Civil War, was a war correspondent of the “Providence Journal,” and published “Rhode Island in the Rebellion ” (Providence, 1864). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 701-702.


STONE, Frederick, Congressman, born in Virginia, 7 February, 1820, was graduated at St. John's College, Annapolis, and studied and practised law at Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland. He was elected by the general assembly in 1852 one of the commissioners to simplify the rules of pleading and practice in the state courts. He was elected to the Constitutional Convention to form a new constitution for the state in the spring of 1864, but declined to take his seat. In the following November, he was elected to the house of delegates from Charles County and served for that session. He was elected to Congress in 1866, and re-elected in 1868. In 1871 he was again elected to the house of delegates, and served his term. He was chosen judge of the court of appeals in 1881, which place he now (1888) occupies. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 704-705.


STONE, Lucy, 1818-1893, women’s rights activist, abolitionist, friend of abolitionist Abby Kelley.  Agent, American Anti-Slavery Society.  Gave lectures on slavery.  Wife of abolitionist Henry Blackwell.

(Appletons’, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 702-703; Blackwell, 1930; Dumond, 1961, p. 281; Hays, 1961; Kerr, 1992; Million, 2003; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 291, 338, 465; Yellin, 1994, pp. 86, 148, 247, 260, 295-296; Blackwell, Alice Stone, Lucy Stone: Pioneer of Woman’s Rights. 2001; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, p. 80; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 777-780; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20, p. 863; The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II. New York: James T. White, 1892, pp. 316-317)

STONE, Lucy, reformer, born in West Brookfield, Massachusetts, 13 August, 1818. Her grandfather was a colonel in the Revolution, and led 400 men in Shays's Rebellion. Her father was a prosperous farmer. In determining to obtain a collegiate education, she was largely influenced by her desire to learn to read the Bible in the original, and satisfy herself that the texts that were quoted against the equal rights of women were correctly translated. She was graduated at Oberlin in 1847, and in the same year gave her first lecture on woman's rights in her brother's church at Gardner, Massachusetts. She became lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in 1848, travelling extensively in New England, the west, and Canada, and speaking also on woman's rights. In 1855 she married Henry B. Blackwell (brother of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell), a merchant of Cincinnati and an Abolitionist, retaining by his consent her own name. A few years later, while she lived in New Jersey, her property was seized for taxes, and she published a protest against “taxation without representation.” In 1869 Mrs. Stone was instrumental in forming the American Woman's Suffrage Association. In the following year she became co-editor of the “Woman's Journal” in Boston, and from 1872 to the present time (1888) she has been editor-in-chief, with her husband and daughter as associates. Mrs. Stone again lectured in the west, in behalf of the woman suffrage amendments, in 1867-'82. She has held various offices in the national, state, and local woman suffrage associations. “Lucy Stone,” says Mrs. Stanton, “first really stirred the nation's heart on the subject of woman's wrongs.” Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 702-703


STONE, Thomas Treadwell, born 1801, Waterford, Maine, clergyman, abolitionist.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 703)

STONE, Thomas Treadwell, clergyman, born in Waterford, Maine, 9 February, 1801. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1820, studied theology, and was pastor of the Congregational Church at Andover, Maine, in 1824-'30, of that at East Machias in 1832-'46, of the 1st Church (Unitarian) at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1846-'52, of the 1st Congregational Church at Bolton, Massachusetts, in 1852-'60, and of the 1st Ecclesiastical Society, Brooklyn, Connecticut, from 1863 till 1871, when he retired from the active duties of the ministry. He afterward moved to Bolton, Massachusetts, where he has since resided. He received the degree of D. D. from Bowdoin in 1866, was principal of Bridgeton Academy. 1830-'32, one of the early members of the Transcendental school, contributed to various religious periodicals, and published “Sermons on War” (Boston, 1829); “Sketches of Oxford County, Maine” (Portland, 1830); “Sermons” (Boston, 1854); “The Rod and the Staff” (1856); and separate sermons and addresses.  Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 703.


STONE, William B., abolitionist, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1848-50.


STONE, Warren, physician, born in St. Albans, Vermont, in February, 1808; died in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 6 December, 1872. He studied medicine in Massachusetts, settled in New Orleans, and soon became one of the chief physicians there. He began teaching anatomy in 1836, in 1837 was appointed professor of that branch in the University of Louisiana, and afterward accepted the chair of surgery, which he held till his death. Dr. Stone was at the head of his profession in the south, and when General Grant was thrown from his horse near New Orleans in September, 1863, he was called to attend him. He contributed numerous articles to medical journals. —His son, Warren, physician, born in New Orleans in 1843; died there, 3 January, 1883, was educated at the Jesuits’ College, New Orleans, and served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. On returning to New Orleans, he began the study of medicine, was graduated at the University of Louisiana in 1867, and at the opening of the Charity Hospital Medical College of New Orleans, in 1874, was appointed to the chair of surgical anatomy. In 1873 he made what is thought to be the first recorded cure of traumatic aneurism of the subclavian artery by digital pressure. He gave his services to the people of Brunswick, Georgia, during the prevalence of yellow fever in 1874, and in 1878, when that disease was raging in the southwest, he left his home and large practice and travelled about from one stricken village or town to another, giving his services gratuitously. Dr. Stone became a member of the American Public Health Association in 1880. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 703.


STONE, William Leete, 1792-1844, New York, author, newspaper editor, American Colonization Society (ACS), Executive Committee, 1839-1840.  Officer in the New York City auxiliary of the ACS.  Advocated the abolition of slavery by Congress.  Published anti-slavery articles in his newspapers.  Drafted petition for emancipation of slaves at the Anti-Slavery Convention in Baltimore in 1825.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 703; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, p. 90; Staudenraus, P. J. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961, pp. 73, 135)

STONE, William Leete, author, born in New Paltz, New York, 20 April, 1792; died in Saratoga Springs, New York, 15 August, 1844. His father, William, was a soldier of the Revolution and afterward a Presbyterian clergyman, who was a descendant of Governor William Leete. The son moved to Sodus, New York, in 1808, where he assisted his father in the care of a farm. The country was at that time a wilderness, and the adventures of young Stone during his early pioneer life formed material that he afterward wrought into border tales. At the age of seventeen he became a printer in the office of the Cooperstown “Federalist,” and in 1813 he was editor of the Herkimer “American,” with Thurlow Weed as his journeyman. Subsequently he edited the “Northern Whig” at Hudson, New York, and in 1817 the Albany “Daily Advertiser.” In 1818 he succeeded Theodore Dwight in the editorship of the Hartford “Mirror.” While at Hartford, Jonathan M. Wainwright (afterward bishop), Samuel G. Goodrich (Peter Parley), Isaac Toucey, and himself alternated in editing a literary magazine called “The Knights of the Round Table.” He also edited while at Hudson “The Lounger,” a literary periodical which was noted for its pleasantry and wit. In 1821 he succeeded Zachariah Lewis in the editorship of the New York “Commercial Advertiser,” becoming at the same time one of its proprietors, which place he held until his death. Brown University gave him the degree of A. M. in 1825. Mr. Stone always advocated in its columns the abolition of slavery by congressional action, and at the great anti-slavery Convention at Baltimore in 1825 he originated and drew up the plan for slave emancipation which was recommended at that time to Congress for adoption. In 1824 his sympathies were strongly enlisted in behalf of the Greeks in their struggles for independence, and, with Edward Everett and Dr. Samuel G. Howe, was among the first to draw the attention of the country to that people and awaken sympathy in their behalf. In 1825, with Thurlow Weed, he accompanied Lafayette on his tour through part of the United States. He was appointed by President Harrison minister to the Hague, but was recalled by Tyler. Soon after the Morgan tragedy (see MORGAN, WILLIAM) Mr. Stone, who was a Freemason, addressed a series of letters on “Masonry and Anti-Masonry” to John Quincy Adams, who in his retirement at Quincy had taken interest in the anti-Masonic movement. In these letters, which were afterward collected and published (New York, 1832), the author maintained that Masonry should be abandoned, chiefly because it had lost its usefulness. The writer also cleared away the mists of slander that had gathered around the name of De Witt Clinton, and by preserving strict impartiality he secured that credence which no ex-parte argument could obtain, however ingenious. In 1838 he originated and introduced a resolution in the New York Historical Society directing a memorial to be addressed to the New York legislature praying for the appointment of an historical mission to the governments of England and Holland for the recovery of such papers and documents as were essential to a correct understanding of the colonial history of the state. This was the origin of the collection known as the “New York Colonial Documents” made by John Romeyn Brodhead, who was sent abroad for that purpose by Governor William H. Seward in the spring of 1841. He was the first superintendent of public schools in New York City, and while holding the office, in 1844, had a discussion with Archbishop Hughes in relation to the use of the Bible in the public schools. Although the influence of Colonel Stone (as he was familiarly called, from having held that rank on Governor Clinton's staff) extended throughout the country, it was felt more particularly in New York City. He was active in religious enterprises and benevolent associations. His works are “History of the Great Albany Constitutional Convention of 1821” (Albany, 1822); “Narrative of the Grand Erie Canal Celebration,” prepared at the request of the New York common council (New York, 1825); “Tales and Sketches,” founded on aboriginal and Revolutionary traditions. (2 vols., 1834); “Matthias and His Impostures” (1833); “Maria Monk and the Nunnery of the Hotel Dieu,” which put an end to an extraordinary mania (see MONK, MARIA) (1836); “Ups and Downs in the Life of a Distressed Gentleman,” a satire on the fashionable follies of the day (1836); “Border Wars of the American Revolution” (1837); “Life of Joseph Brant” (1838); “Letters on Animal Magnetism” (1838); “Life of Red Jacket” (1840; new ed., with memoir of the author by his son, William L. Stone, 1866); “Poetry and History of Wyoming,” including Thomas Campbell's “Gertrude of Wyoming” (1841; with index, Albany, 1864); and “Uncas and Miantonomoh”(1842).  Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 703


STONE, William Oliver, artist, born in Derby, Connecticut, 26 September, 1830; died in Newport, Rhode Island, 15 September, 1875. He studied with Nathaniel Jocelyn at New Haven, and in 1851 moved to New York. In 1856 he was elected an associate of the National Academy, and he became an academician three years later. He gained distinction in portraiture, and devoted himself entirely to that branch of art. Among his numerous portraits are those of Bishops Williams of Connecticut (1858), Littlejohn of Rhode Island (1858), and Kip of California (1859); John W. Ehninger (1859), owned by the National Academy; Reverend Henry Anthon (1860); Cyrus W. Field (1865); and James Gordon Bennett (1871). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 706.


STONE CHAPEL, VIRGINIA, August 10, 1864. 1st Cavalry Division, Shenandoah Valley Campaign. On this date the cavalry left Harper's Ferry, the 1st division, commanded by General Merritt, in advance. From Berryville the division was sent on a reconnaissance toward Winchester, and when near Stone Chapel encountered the enemy in considerable force. Merritt immediately disposed his men and brought on an engagement in which the Confederates were driven from the field, after which the division went into camp near the chapel. Losses not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STONE CHURCH, GEORGIA, February 27, 1864. Detachment of 1st Division, 4th Army Corps. A part of the 4th Michigan cavalry, sent to replace a picket taken from the right of the Federal line of march, met the enemy advancing and after a sharp skirmish was compelled to fall back, when a few shells drove the Confederates from sight. The skirmish was an incident of the demonstration on Dalton. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STONE CHURCH, GEORGIA, May 2, 1864. Kilpatrick's Cavalry. This was one of the movements preparatory to the beginning of the Atlanta campaign. Kilpatrick moved with his division from the camp at Ringgold at 4 a. m., passed through Hooker's gap and about a mile from Stone Church encountered a considerable force of the enemy. A series of skirmishes ensued in which the Confederates fell back upon the main body at Tunnel Hill and Kilpatrick retired to his camp. He reported his losses for the day as 2 killed and 3 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STONE COUNTY, MISSOURI, May 9, 1863. Detachment of 2nd Provisional Missouri Militia. Nine men of this regiment came upon some 50 bushwhackers going south with stolen stock and after a sharp skirmish in which 2 of the enemy were killed, 3 wounded and 4 captured the cattle were recovered. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 843.


STONEMAN, George, soldier, born in Busti, Chautauqua County, New York, 8 August, 1822. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1846, and entered the 1st U.S. Dragoons. He acted as quartermaster to the Mormon Battalion at Santa Fé, was sent with it to California in 1847, and remained actively engaged on the Pacific Coast till 1857. In March of this year he became captain in the 2d U.S. Cavalry, and served till 1861, chiefly in Texas. In February of that year, while in command of Fort Brown, he refused to obey the order of his superior, General David E. Twiggs, for the surrender of the government property to the secessionists, evacuated the fort, and went to New York by steamer. He became major of the 1st U.S. Cavalry on 9 May, 1861, and served in western Virginia till 13 August, when he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and chief of cavalry of the Army of the Potomac. He organized the cavalry of that army and commanded during the Virginia Peninsular Campaign of 1862. After the evacuation of Yorktown by the Confederate troops his cavalry and artillery pursued and overtook them, and thus brought on the battle of Williamsburg, 5 May, 1862. He took command of General Philip Kearny’s division after the second battle of Bull Run, succeeded General Samuel P. Heintzelman as commander of the 3d Army Corps, 15 November, 1862, and led it at Fredericksburg on 13 December He was promoted major-general, 29 November, 1862, led a cavalry corps in the raid toward Richmond from 13 April till 2 May, 1863, and commanded the 23d Corps from January till April, 1864. On the reorganization of the armies operating against Richmond by General Grant, General Stoneman was appointed to a cavalry corps in the Department of the Ohio, was engaged in the operations of the Atlanta Campaign in May–July, 1864. and conducted a raid for the capture of Macon and Andersonville and the liberation of prisoners, but was captured at Clinton, Georgia, 31 July, and held a captive till 27 October He led a raid to southwestern Virginia in December, 1864, commanded the District of East Tennessee in February and March, 1865, conducted an expedition to Asheville, North Carolina, in March–April, 1865, and was engaged at Wytheville, the capture of Salisbury, North Carolina, and at Asheville. He became colonel of the 21st U.S. Infantry, 28 July, 1866, and was brevetted colonel, brigadier and major-general for gallant conduct. He retired from the army, 16 August, 1871, and has since resided in California, of which he was governor in 1883-'7, having been chosen as a Democrat. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 705.


STONEMAN'S RAID TO MACON, GEORGIA, July 27-August 6, 1864. Cavalry, Army of the Ohio, and 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. An expedition, commanded by Major-General George Stoneman and consisting of Stoneman's own command and Garrard's division, numbering about 5,000 men, left camp 4 miles north of Decatur at 4 a. m. on the 27th, with instructions to move east of Atlanta to Lovejoy's Station or McDonough, where a junction was to be effected with a similar expedition under Brigadier-General E. M. McCook, after which the two were to work in concert, for a thorough destruction of the railroads south of Atlanta. After this was accomplished Garrard was to return to his position on the left of the army and Stoneman, with his own cavalry, was to proceed to Andersonville and liberate the Union prisoners there confined. Although General Sherman had explained everything in detail to the commanders of the two expeditions, Stoneman, instead of moving directly to McDonough, sent Garrard to Flatrock bridge over the South river to cover the movements of the main body, which moved eastward to Covington. From that point Stoneman turned south on the east side of the Ocmulgee river and proceeded as far as Clinton. As he went along he sent detachments to the east, which did considerable damage to the railroads, burning the bridges over Walnut creek and the Oconee river and destroying a large number of cars and locomotives. A detachment from Capron's brigade was sent to the Ulcofauhachee river and burned two bridges, a large flour mill and a cotton factory. Near Clinton on the 29th Major Davidson, of the 14th Illinois, was sent with 125 picked men to Gordon to destroy the public property and do all the damage he could to the railroads, using his discretion for the safety of his detachment. At daybreak on the 30th the whole command moved on Macon, Adams' brigade on the right hand road, Biddle's on the left, and Capron's still farther to the left to strike the railroad. Capron reached the railroad, tore up about 5 miles of track, burned 2 bridges and about 300 feet of trestle work, 2 passenger trains, 1 stock train loaded with hogs and horses, a large machine shop used for the manufacture of gun carriages, and destroyed 3 locomotives. The enemy was driven back at all points and Stoneman's forces approached the city of Macon to find it guarded by a strong force protected by intrenchments and the guns of Fort Hawkins. The light field batteries of the Federals made no visible impression on the Confederate works, and after throwing a few shells into the city the order was given at 3 p. m. to withdraw and move in the direction of Milledgeville. Adams' brigade, which was in advance, soon discovered the approach of a large body of Confederate cavalry from the south, and Stoneman, fearing that this force would intercept him at the ferry where he intended to cross the Ocmulgee, ordered the whole force to return to Clinton. This order threw Capron's brigade in advance. In the meantime the enemy had been concentrating on all sides, and when Capron came within a mile of Clinton he encountered the Confederate pickets, drove them through the town, liberated 33 Union prisoners there and burned the jail in which they were confined. Three miles north of Clinton on the Hillsboro road the enemy was found in force, posted behind barricades. The 8th Michigan made a gallant charge and drove them from their position, but near Hillsboro a larger force attacked Capron both in front and on the left flank. Skirmishing was kept up all night and at daylight on the 31st Stoneman ordered Capron to charge and again drive them from their position. The Confederates retired for over a mile, when a strong line of battle was discovered in front, and as soon as Capron's advance appeared the enemy opened with artillery. Stoneman now formed his whole command in line of battle with Adams and the 8th Michigan on the left, the rest of Capron's brigade on the right, and Biddle in reserve. About 9 a. m. the whole line moved forward and -engaged the enemy, who was found to be vastly superior in strength. The Confederates were forced back, but with each retreat new troops joined them until by noon Stoneman was almost surrounded, but at 1 p. m. he ordered another advance, holding one regiment of Adams' brigade as a reserve. In executing this movement Capron was cut off and a large part of his brigade captured. About 4 o'clock Stoneman made an effort to cut his way through the lines, but before he could do so the enemy opened fire with batteries on both flanks, followed by a general -charge. Adams succeeded in getting through the lines with the greater part of his brigade, while Stoneman and the remainder of his force, about 700 men, were surrendered as prisoners of war. The 2 pieces of light artillery also fell into the hands of the enemy. The place where this surrender was made was not far from Hillsboro and is sometimes referred to as the battle of Sunshine Church. Adams, after cutting his way out, moved by way of Eatonton and halted that night about 35 miles from the scene of the battle. The next day he was joined by a part of the 8th Michigan under Major Buck, and by a remnant of Biddle's brigade, under Lieutenant-Colonel Matson, of the 6th Indiana, who had passed through Madison about 2 p. m. and destroyed there a large quantity of commissary stores, including some coffee and about 50,000 pounds of bacon. Later in the day Capron came in with what was left of his brigade and the whole force moved to the Oconee river near Watkinsville, in the hope of being able to cross the river and destroy the armory and other government works at Athens. But upon approaching the bridge the enemy opened fire with a rifled battery and the command started on up the river toward Athens with the intention of crossing at that place. Adams moved in advance and was to make a demonstration on the town, with the understanding that if he could not force a crossing he would send a guide to Capron, who was to join him at a ford about 3 miles above. This guide made a mistake in the road and led Capron too far to the west. After trying in vain to communicate with Adams, and learning that a strong detachment of the enemy was approaching from the right, Capron marched 18 miles to Jug Tavern, where he halted to rest his men and horses. Here he was surprised just before daylight on August 3 by a large body of Confederate cavalry. Partial lines were formed, but in the darkness it was impossible to make an adequate defense and a stampede followed, some of the men rushing for the woods and the remainder running down the road to a bridge over Mulberry creek. In the rush over the bridge it broke down and some of the men were drowned. Finding it impossible to rally his men in the face of the vigorous charges of the enemy, Capron and some of his command made their escape through the wood and reached the army on the morning of the 7th. For several days after this disastrous event -the men came in, singly and in groups, until a considerable portion of the brigade was back in line, but many of them were never heard from and their fate in unknown. As they were pursued by both Confederate soldiers and citizens, it is probable that many of them were murdered, even after they surrendered. When Adams heard of the attack on Capron he hurried to the scene, but arrived too late to be of service. Learning the direction the attacking party had gone he pursued and overtook the rear of the column less than a mile from Jug Tavern. A charge was ordered and about 40 of the enemy were killed, the rest fleeing in all directions. Owing to a lack of ammunition he deemed it inexpedient to continue the pursuit and reached the lines in front of Atlanta without further adventure. While these events were transpiring Garrard became engaged with the enemy at Flatrock bridge (also called Flat shoals). On the night of July 27 his pickets were attacked by Allen's cavalry and driven back upon the main body. The 4th Michigan moved out, dismounted, erected barricades and lay in line of battle until morning. At daybreak the enemy was discovered on all sides and Garrard was practically surrounded by three divisions of Confederate cavalry. Garrard knew how to fight, however, better than he knew how to surrender. Skirmishing was kept up until about 10 a. m., when Wilder's brigade, supported on either flank by a battalion of the 4th regulars, charged the enemy's line on the Lithonia road and drove it in disorder. The whole command then moved through the gap thus formed and that night the whole division went into camp near Lithonia. Hearing nothing from Stoneman Garrard deemed it unwise to keep his division in an exposed position and returned to his old place on the left of the army. Thus ended in disaster an expedition from which great results were expected. In his report Sherman says: "These two well-appointed bodies were to move in concert, the former by the left around Atlanta to McDonough, and the latter by the right on Fayetteville, and on a certain night, viz., July 28, they were to meet on the Macon road near Lovejoy's and destroy it in the most effectual manner. I estimated this joint cavalry could whip all of Wheeler's, cavalry, and could otherwise accomplish its task, and I think so still. I had the officers in command to meet me, and explained the movement perfectly, and they entertained not a doubt of perfect success. * * * I have as yet no report from General Stoneman, who is a prisoner of war at Macon, but I know he despatched General Garrard's cavalry to Flatrock for the purpose of covering his own movement to McDonough, but for some reason unknown to me he went off toward Covington and did not again communicate with General Garrard at Flatrock. * * * His mistake was in not making the first concentration with Generals McCook and Garrard near Lovejoy's, according to orders, which is yet unexplained." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 844-846.


STONER BRIDGE, KENTUCKY, February 24, 1862. Part of Runkle's Brigade. In the campaign to drive the Confederates under Colonel Cluke from the State of Kentucky, the latter posted about 200 men at the bridge, intending to ambush Runkle's command. They were discovered and fired upon by the 10th Kentucky cavalry, which was in advance, the enemy promptly returning the fire, but in the darkness but little damage was done to either side. The Confederates then advanced to attack, but the 10th Kentucky held them in check until the arrival of the 44th Ohio infantry, when they broke and fled. One man of the 10th Kentucky was severely wounded. The enemy's loss was not fully ascertained, but 1 dead man and 1 wounded were left on the field.


STONE'S FARM, ARKANSAS, April 5, 1864. Detachment of 26 men, 6th Kansas Cavalry, 11 of whom were captured and killed by guerrillas. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 846.


STONE'S RIVER, TENNESSEE, December 31, 1862-January 3, 1863. Army of the Cumberland. After the battle of Perryville, Kentucky, the Confederate forces under General Braxton Bragg retreated into Tennessee and General Buell, commanding the Union army, turned his attention to repairing the Louisville & Nashville railroad, with a view to reoccupying the ground in Tennessee and Alabama from which his army had been withdrawn some weeks before. By an order of the war department, under date of October 24, 1862, Buell was relieved of the command of the Army of the Ohio, the Department of the Cumberland was created, and Major-General William S. Rosecrans assigned to the command of the new department, which embraced all that part of the State of Tennessee lying east of the Tennessee river and such portions of Alabama and Georgia as might be occupied by the Federals. Rosecrans assumed command on October 30, and November 7 announced the reorganization of his army into the right and left wings and the center. Major-General A. McD. McCook was assigned to the command of the right wing, composed of the divisions of Sheridan, Sill and Woodruff. (Sill was soon afterward succeeded by General R. W. Johnson and Woodruff by General Jefferson C. Davis.) Major-General T. L. Crittenden was placed in command of the left wing, embracing the divisions of Wood, Smith and Vancleve. The center, consisting of the divisions of Rousseau, Negley, Dumont, Palmer and Fry, was placed under the command of Major-General George H. Thomas, who was ordered to send two divisions to Gallatin, Tennessee, and then push the repairs of the railroad. On November 17 the advance of the army reached Nashville and a few days later Rosecrans established his headquarters in that city. About the same time Bragg commenced the concentration of his troops at Murfreesboro, 30 miles southeast of Nashville on the east side of Stone's river. (This stream was so called after an early settler.) Toward the middle of December Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy, visited the armies in Tennessee and Mississippi and ordered Bragg to send 10,000 men under General Stevenson to reinforce General Pemberton. The withdrawal of these troops and the absence of the Confederate cavalry under Morgan and Wheeler, the former being on a raid in Kentucky and the latter in western Tennessee, influenced Rosecrans to make an early movement against Bragg at Murfreesboro. Orders were accordingly issued on the evening of December 26 for the army to march early the next morning. Bragg's position was well known to Rosecrans, the center of his army, under Polk and Kirby Smith, being at Murfreesboro, the right, under McCown, at Readyville, and the left, commanded by Hardee, in the neighborhood of Eagleville and Triune. Rosecrans' plan was for the right wing to move by the Nolensville pike and attack Hardee; the left wing was to take the direct road to Murfreesboro, while Thomas was to proceed on the Franklin and Wilson turnpikes to threaten Hardee's left, then cross over to Nolensville, where he would be in a position to support McCook in case Bragg reinforced Hardee, or to join Crittenden in the event Hardee retreated or the enemy attacked the left wing in force. Skirmishing occurred at various points along the lines of march, but by the evening of the 29th the enemy had been forced into his intrenchments at Murfreesboro. Palmer sent word to Rosecrans that the enemy was retreating, and Crittenden was ordered to send a division across the river to occupy the town. Harker crossed his brigade at a ford on his left, but found himself confronted by Breckenridge's division. He held his position until dark, when he was ordered to withdraw, which he did without loss. The 30th was spent in making preparations for the battle, and at 9 o'clock that evening the corps commanders met at Rosecrans' headquarters in a thicket of cedars near the Murfreesboro pike to receive their final instructions. Rosecrans' plan was to make a feint on his right, while the main attack was to be made on the left by the divisions of Van Cleve and Wood. He knew that Bragg had weakened his right to support his left and hoped that the two divisions would be able to carry everything before them into Murfreesboro. Thomas in the center was instructed to throw forward a strong skirmish line to keep Bragg's center engaged, and as soon as Wood and Van Cleve had driven in the Confederate right he was to advance his whole line, thus giving Crittenden an opportunity to take Murfreesboro and gain the enemy's rear. The success of the plan depended in a great measure on McCook's ability to hold his position until the attack on the left should be successful. He was therefore ordered to occupy the most advantageous position, refuse his right as much as practicable to receive the enemy's attack, and if that did not come he was to attack with sufficient vigor to hold the enemy in his front and prevent Bragg from reinforcing his right. Bragg had expected an attack on the 30th, but none being made, he determined to assume the offensive on the morning of the 31st . His plan was for Hardee on the left to advance with the divisions of Cleburne and McCown against the Union right, and after McCook should be forced back at this point Polk was to press forward with Withers' and Cheatham's divisions and assault the Federal center, drive it back on the left wing and seize the line of communications to Nashville. The battle on the morning of the 31st was begun by both armies almost simultaneously. Van Cleve, supported by Wood, crossed the river at the lower fords and moved against Breckinridge. A little before 7 o'clock the Confederates advanced in heavy columns against McCook. Kirk's and Willich's brigades of Johnson's division were the first to feel the force of the attack. Their line was thin and light, and although the men fought like veterans, they were soon driven back by the superior strength of the assailants, leaving several pieces of artillery in the hands of the enemy. McCown's and Cleburne's troops then charged with the "rebel yell" against Post's and Baldwin's brigades of Davis' division, while the fresh troops of Withers' division assaulted the brigades of Carlin, Woodruff and Sill, the last named forming the right of Sheridan's line. Post repulsed the attack on his brigade and Carlin and Woodruff checked the rush against them, but Baldwin was flanked on the right and compelled to withdraw. A second attack was now made on Carlin and Woodruff, but again the enemy was repulsed with heavy slaughter, Sill making a countercharge that drove the Confederates into their trenches, though he lost his life while leading his men into action. In the formation of the line of battle Carlin's and Woodruff's brigades were almost at right angles to Sheridan's line. Polk saw that by carrying this angle he could enfilade both lines and bent all his energies to that end. Vaughn's and Maney's brigades were brought up to Withers' support and a third time the Confederates advanced to the assault, but again they met with a complete and crushing repulse. Unfortunately for the Federal arms Hardee at the same time fell again on Post's brigade, and by massing his two divisions succeeded in turning both of Post's flanks, which forced him to fall back to the Nashville pike. This left Carlin's right exposed and Hardee, swinging round on his right, swept down on Davis' division in overwhelming numbers, massing his troops as he advanced. Carlin put up a stubborn fight, but the odds were against him and he was finally compelled to withdraw across an open field to the edge of the woods, where Hotchkiss' battery had been planted, behind which Davis hoped to form a new line. As Carlin's broken regiments reached the woods they were ordered to form in the rear of and support the battery. Woodruff, too, soon retired to the woods, but Davis saw he was in danger from the overlapping lines of the enemy, and ordered his command back to the Wilkinson pike, where it was joined by part of Johnson's division. In the meantime Thomas had been ordered to send Rousseau's division, which had been placed in reserve, into the cedars to the right and rear of Sheridan. Van Cleve was recalled and ordered to the right of Rousseau. Wood was directed to suspend his preparations for crossing the river and to send Harker's brigade down the Murfreesboro pike with orders to attack the enemy on the right of Van Cleve. Sill's and Roberts' brigades of Sheridan's division had exhausted their ammunition and fell back through the woods to replenish the cartridge boxes. The enemy, taking this for a retreat, pressed forward in an impetuous pursuit. The crisis of the battle had now been reached. Three of the five divisions of the Union army in the battle front had been driven from their positions. The withdrawal of Sheridan's brigades left a gap between the divisions of Rousseau and Negley, and into this the Confederates fairly swarmed, threatening to 'turn Rousseau's left and Negley's right. If these two divisions gave way the Confederate victory would be complete. In this emergency Thomas ordered Rousseau and Negley to fall back to a depression in the field back of the cedars and hold that position until a new line could be established near the Nashville pike. Batteries were hurried into position on the ridge back of the depression and Rousseau withdrew his command under a heavy fire, but gained the low ground without serious loss. Negley was less fortunate. The enemy that had assaulted Sheridan had gained his rear and his right was also threatened. He accordingly ordered his men to cut their way through the Confederate lines, and by this means was able to join Rousseau on the temporary line. In this movement he was aided materially by the action of Colonel Scribner, who quickly formed the 38th Indiana and 10th Wisconsin to meet the enemy that was pressing Negley's rear, and then covered the formation of the new line. The exultant Confederates now emerged from the woods and advanced on Thomas. Loomis', Stokes', and Guenther's batteries met the attack with a fierce fire, and as soon as the first line came within range Rousseau's men, together with Shepherd's, Scribner's and Beatty's brigades, opened a musketry fire that drove the enemy in confusion to the shelter of the woods, where they were rallied, new troops added and another advance was made. Again the line recoiled before that terrific fire of infantry and artillery. Two more attempts were made to break Thomas' line' but it held fast and each time the enemy was repulsed with heavy loss. It was now 11 a. m. and the heavy fighting was transferred to the Union left. When Negley withdrew to join Rousseau, Cruft's brigade was left without support on the right and fell back to the woods, closely pressed by the enemy. Seeing that the Confederates were about to gain his rear, Palmer ordered Grose to change front with his brigade to repel any attack from that quarter and then drew back his left so as to bring the enemy under direct fire, which resulted in forcing the advancing columns to withdraw beyond range of the guns. Hazen's brigade was next withdrawn from its advanced position and moved to a wooded knoll between the pike and the railroad. This knoll, known as the "Round Forest," was regarded by the enemy as the key to the Federal position, and he resolved to carry it at all hazards. As soon as the possibilities of an attack in the rear had been averted Palmer sent Grose to cooperate with Hazen. Against these two brigades Donelson advanced, but the assault was met by a fire that caused a loss to Donelson of fully half his men in killed and wounded, one regiment alone losing 306 out of 425 that started into the fight. Polk now called on Bragg to send Breckenridge's command, or at least four brigades of it, to assist in carrying the hill. About 2 p. m. two of these brigades arrived and a second assault was made. It met with no better success than the first, and Polk waited for the other two brigades, which came up about 4 o'clock, when another effort was made to dislodge Hazen and Grose. Again the Confederates were hurled back with severe losses and the Union troops remained masters of the situation. Rosecrans' new line was then formed, extending from Hazen's position in a northwesterly direction to the Nashville pike, the cavalry being beyond the little stream known as Overall s creek. The line was scarcely established when the Confederates debouched from the cedars and with wild yells began forming for a charge. A destructive fire was at once opened by the batteries on the hill near the railroad, and this, supplemented by the well directed volleys from the infantry, inflicted a heavier loss on Polk's column than at any time previous during the day, unless it was in Donelson's brigade in the first attack on Hazen. This ended the battle for the day, but the troops of both armies slept on their arms that night, expecting to be called on to renew the fight the next morning. But little was done on New Year's day, as Rosecrans and his generals decided to hold their position and await the enemy's attack, while Bragg was expecting Rosecrans to retreat. Negley was moved to the right to support McCook in case another attempt was made to turn that flank. Bragg made several demonstrations against the right and center, but each was repulsed without serious consequences to either side. Van Cleve had been wounded on the 31st, and his division, commanded by Colonel Samuel Beatty, crossed the river in the afternoon, formed in line of battle in front of Breckenridge, and held that position until about 3 p. m. on the 3d, when a double line of skirmishers, supported by heavy columns of infantry and three batteries, emerged from the woods to the southeast and steadily advanced to within 100 yards of line. The only Federal battery on that side of the river kept up a rapid fire on the Confederates as they pressed forward, but was unable to check their progress. After a short but sharp contest Beatty's men gave way and retired in confusion across the river, closely followed by the enemy. Crittenden immediately planted his batteries on the hill west of the river and opened on the Confederates as they crossed the stream, while two of Negley's brigades and the pioneer brigade were thrown into position to meet the attack. The fire from the Union batteries, under the direction of Major Mendenhall, carried such havoc into the ranks of the enemy that they retreated much more rapidly than they had advanced. The Confederate loss here was about 2,000 men in less than 40 minutes. Davis crossed with his division at a ford below to attack the enemy on the flank, but before he could get his troops into position they were in full retreat, hotly pursued by the two brigades of Negley's division and Hazen's brigade of Palmer's. The chase was continued for some distance across the fields, a few prisoners being taken, as well as 4 pieces of artillery and a stand of colors. It was now dark and Crittenden's entire command crossed the river and intrenched a position on the hills. The two armies now maintained their relative positions until Sunday, January 4, when Bragg evacuated Murfreesboro. The rear-guard was pursued by Thomas for several miles in the direction of Manchester, but owing to the condition of the roads and the heavy loss of artillery horses the pursuit was not pressed farther. The Union losses in the battle of Stone's river amounted to 1,730 killed, 7,802 wounded and 3,717 missing. Bragg reported his losses at 1,294 killed, 7,945 wounded and 1,027 captured or missing. This did not include the losses in Pegram's brigade of cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 846-850.


STONE'S RIVER BRIDGE, TENNESSEE, October 5, 1863. Detachment of the 19th Michigan Infantry. Fifty men of Company D, under command of Lieut . F. D. Baldwin, occupied a stockade at the Nashville & Chattanooga railroad bridge over Stone's river, 3 miles from Murfreesboro. At 9 a. m. on the 5th some of Wheeler's cavalry appeared in front of the post and a demand for an unconditional surrender was made in the name of Wheeler. This was refused and 10 minutes later the Confederates opened with artillery, first with 1 gun and later with 12, the shelling continuing until nearly 11 o'clock, when Baldwin capitulated, having lost 2 men wounded. The enemy's loss was 2 killed and 8 wounded. Baldwin and his men were held as prisoners until about sunset, when they were released unconditionally, after having been robbed of their overcoats, blankets and personal valuables. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 850.

STONO RIVER, SOUTH CAROLINA, December 25, 1863. (For attack on the U. S. gunboats Marblehead and Pawnee see Legareville.)


STONY CREEK STATION, VIRGINIA, May 7, 1864. (See Kautz's Raids.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 851.


STONY CREEK STATION, Virginia, June 28-29, 1864. (See Wilson's Raid, Petersburg, Virginia)


STONY CREEK STATION, VIRGINIA, October 11, 1864 . 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry. About 6 p. m. the regiment, Major G. F. McCabe commanding, left camp on the Petersburg lines and moved out on the Jerusalem plank road on a reconnaissance. Near Rowanty creek, a short distance from Stony Creek Station, McCabe found a force of Confederate infantry intrenched. A few shots were exchanged—just sufficient to develop the enemy's strength—and McCabe returned. During the movement 13 prisoners were taken; 2 wagons loaded with wool were captured, together with 8 horses, 4 mules and a lot of saddles and harness. The wagons were burned. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 851.


STONY CREEK STATION, VIRGINIA, December 1, 1864. 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. In a despatch to General Grant, dated 3:45 p. m. of the 1st, Brigadier-General David McM. Gregg, commanding the cavalry division, says: "I have captured Stony Creek Station. The place was defended by infantry and cavalry, with artillery, in strong works. I have 190 prisoners, 8 wagons and 30 mules; burnt the depot, about 3,000 sacks of corn, 500 bales of hay, a train of cars, large quantity of bacon, government clothing, ammunition and other stores. Captured 2 pieces of artillery, burnt all shops and public buildings. * * * My loss is very small." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 851.


STONY LAKE, DAKOTA, July 28, 1863. The Sioux Expedition. The expedition under Brigadier-General Henry H. Sibley was climbing up a long hill near Stony lake when some 2,000 or 2,500 mounted Indians were discovered approaching. Line of battle was at once formed and several attempts of the Indians to break it were frustrated. The casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 851.


STOPPAGE OF PAY. Where pay is stopped on account of arrears to the United States, the party whose pay is stopped may demand a suit, and the agent of the treasury is required to institute a suit within sixty days thereafter; (Act Jan. 25, 1828.) (See DEFAULTER; SUIT.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 573).


STORE-KEEPERS. (See ARMY ORGANIZATION for the number.) Military store-keepers and paymasters receive twelve hundred dollars per annum; other military store-keepers receive eight hundred dollars per annum; (Act Aug. 2, 1842.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 574).


STORER, George Washington, naval officer, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1789; died there, 8 January, 1864, entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 16 January, 1809, and was commissioned a lieutenant, 24 July, 1813. He served in the ship “Independence,” on the Mediterranean station in 1815— 16, commanded the schooner “Lynx” on the New England Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico in 1817, cruised in the frigates “Congress” and “Java” in the West Indies in 1818– 19, and in the frigate “Constitution” in the Mediterranean in 1820–4. He was commissioned master-commandant, 24 April, 1828, and captain, 9 February, 1837, commanded the receiving-ship “Constellation” at Boston in 1839, the frigate “Potomac,” of the Brazil Station, in 1840–2, the U.S. Navy-yard at Portsmouth in 1843–6, and was the commander-in-chief of the Brazil Squadron in 1847–’50. He was on leave and served as member of boards, president of the board of inquiry, and other duty in 1851-'4. In 1855–’7 he was governor of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia. He was retired, 21 December, 1861, on account of age, and promoted to rear-admiral on the retired list, 16 July, 1862. In 1861–2 he served on special duty in Brooklyn, after which he was unemployed for one year. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 707.


STORES. All public stores taken in the enemy's camp, towns, forts, or magazines, whether of artillery, ammunition, clothing, forage, or provisions, shall be secured for the service of the United States; for the neglect of which the commanding officer is to be answerable. (See BOOTY; EMBEZZLEMENT; SALE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 574).


STORM. To storm is to make a vigorous assault on any fortified place, or on its outworks. The storming party is a select body of men, who first enter the breach, and are, of course, imminently exposed to the fire of the enemy. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 574).


STORRS, George, 1796-1882, New Hampshire, Montpelier, Vermont, Methodist clergyman, anti-slavery agent, abolitionist.  Member of the New Hampshire Conference, which founded an anti-slavery group in 1835.  Storrs was a Manager, 1835-1836, and a Vice President 1835-1837, of the American Anti-Slavery Society and a Member of the Executive Committee of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1840-1841.  He was censured by the Methodist Church for his anti-slavery activities in 1836.  He was also arrested by authorities for “disturbing the peace.”  Storrs co-founded the American Wesleyan Anti-Slavery Society in 1840 and the Wesleyan Methodist Connection in 1843.  (Dumond, 1961, pp. 187, 245, 392n19; Sinha, 2016, pp. 238, 241, 472)


STORRS, Nathan, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1839-1840.


STOUGHTON, Edwin Wallace (sto-ton), lawyer, born in Springfield, Vermont, 1 May, 1818; died in New York City, 7 January, 1882. He came to New York City when he was eighteen years old, and there studied law. After his admission to the bar in 1840 he became connected with important cases, including some famous patent trials, notably those of Charles Goodyear. He was engaged in the case of Ross Winans against the Erie Railway Company, and was counsel for the latter in the receiver cases in the U. S. Courts in 1868. Mr. Stoughton was retained by William M. Tweed at the beginning of his legal troubles, though he took no active part in the defence; and he conducted the suit of the stockholders in the Emma Mine litigation. During the administration of President Grant, he published an elaborate letter in which he defended on constitutional grounds the president's use of the army in Louisiana. He was one of the party that, after the election of 1876, went to New Orleans to observe the action of the returning board, and was a warm defender of Rutherford B. Hayes's title to the office of president, which he supported by argument as one of the counsel before the Electoral Commission. In October, 1877, he was appointed minister to Russia by President Hayes, and remained there until May, 1879, when he returned to the United States. The climate of St. Petersburg did not agree with him, and the seeds of disease that he contracted there finally caused his death. As a young man he attracted some attention by his contributions to “Hunt's Merchants' Magazine,” but they were afterward discontinued. He gave $15,000 to Dartmouth to found a museum of pathological anatomy. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 712.


STROUGHTON, Edwin Henry, soldier, born in Springfield, Vermont, 28 June, 1838; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 25 December, 1868, was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1859, and assigned to the 6th U.S. Infantry. During 1859–60 he served in Garrison at Fort Columbus, New York, and on scouting duty in the western territories, but he resigned on 4 March, 1861, from the regular army. In September he was commissioned colonel of the 4th Vermont Volunteers, and with his regiment joined the Army of the Potomac. He served during the Peninsular Campaign, and was engaged in the siege of Yorktown, the action at Lee's Mill, the battles of Williamsburg and Savage Station, and the operations before Richmond. His services gained for him promotion to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers on 5 November, 1862, and he was assigned to the command of the 2d Vermont Brigade, covering the defences of Washington. While stationed at Fairfax Court-House, Virginia, he was captured by General John S. Mosby, on 8 March, 1863, but, after confinement for several weeks in Libby Prison, he was released. His commission had expired by constitutional limitations four days before his capture. General Stoughton then resigned from the army and entered on the practice of law in New York City, but failing health compelled his moving to Boston, where he died. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 712.


STOUGHTON, William Lewis, lawyer, born in New York, 20 March, 1827; died in Sturgis, Michigan, 6 June, 1888. He early moved to Sturgis, Michigan, and, after being admitted to the bar in 1851, he settled in the practice of his profession. In 1854 he was elected prosecuting attorney, serving twice, and in 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln U. S. District Attorney for Michigan. This office he resigned in the beginning of the Civil War, and entered the 11th Michigan Volunteers, in which he became lieutenant-colonel. His services were principally in the west, and at Stone River he attained his colonelcy and commanded a brigade in General George H. Thomas's corps at Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Ruff's Station (where, while directing the fire of a battery, he lost a limb), and Atlanta. He continued with his regiment until wounded, and on 13 March, 1865, he received the brevets of brigadier-general and major-general of volunteers. In 1866 he was elected attorney-general of Michigan, then he was chosen as a Republican to Congress, and served, with re-election, from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, 1873. Subsequently he retired to Sturgis. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 713.


STOW, Baron, 1801-1869, Boston, Massachusetts, clergyman, abolitionist, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society.  Stow was a Vice President of the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1834-1836.  (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. V., p. 713; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, p. 114)

STOW, Baron, clergyman, born in Croydon, New Hampshire, 16 June, 1801; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 27 December, 1869. He was graduated at Columbian College, Georgetown, D. C., in 1825, and in 1827 was ordained to the ministry in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where he was settled as pastor of the Baptist church. In 1832 he was called to the pastorate of the Baldwin Place Baptist Church in Boston, in which connection he had a successful ministry of sixteen years. At the close of this term of service he became pastor of the Rowe Street (now Clarendon avenue) Church, and continued in this relation until 1867, when he retired from regular ministerial work. He twice visited Europe for the benefit of his health. Dr. Stow performed a large amount of work as a member of the executive committee of the American Missionary Union. He was a graceful and vigorous writer, as well as one of the most eloquent and successful preachers of his denomination. He was one of the compilers of the “Psalmist,” a hymnal (1849), and editor of “Daily Manna” and the “Missionary Enterprise” (1846), a volume of sermons on missions, to which he contributed one of great merit. He was the author of “Memoir of Harriet Dow” (Boston, 1832); “History of the Baptist Mission to India” (1835); “History of the Danish Mission on the Coast of Coromandel” (1837); “Daily Manna” (1842); “The Whole Family in Heaven and Earth” (1845); “Christian Brotherhood” (1859); and “First Things” (1859). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 713.


STOWE, Calvin Ellis, 1802-1866, clergyman, husband of Harriet Beecher Stowe. (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. V, p. 713; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 196, 467)

STOWE, Calvin Ellis, clergyman, born in Natick, Massachusetts, 6 April, 1802; died in Hartford, Connecticut, 22 August, 1886. His ancestors came from London to Boston in 1634. Mr. Stowe was a lad of six years when his father died, leaving a widow and two boys to struggle with poverty, and at the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a paper-maker. He was early distinguished for his insatiable craving for books, and acquired the rudiments of Latin by studying at odd moments during his apprentice-ship in the paper-mill. His earnest desire and determined efforts to gain an education attracted the attention of benevolent people, who resolved to assist him, and in November, 1820, he was sent to the academy in Gorham, Maine. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1824, remained there one year as librarian and instructor, and in September, 1825, entered the Theological Seminary at Andover, Massachusetts. In the seminary, at the instigation of Professor Moses Stuart, he completed a scholarly translation of Jahn's “Hebrew Commonwealth” (Andover, 1828; 2 vols., London, 1829). In 1828 he was graduated, and in the following year he became editor of the Boston “Recorder,” the oldest religious paper in the United States. In addition to his editorial labors, he published a translation from the Latin, with notes, of “Lowth's Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews” (1829). In 1830 he was appointed professor of Greek in Dartmouth, and he married in 1832 Eliza, daughter of Reverend Bennett Tyler, of Portland, Maine. The same year he moved to Walnut Hills, near Cincinnati, Ohio, having been called to the chair of sacred literature in Lane Theological Seminary. In August, 1834, his wife died without children, and in January, 1836, he married Harriet Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Lyman Beecher, the president of the seminary. Professor Stowe became convinced by his experience as an instructor that the great need of the west at that time was an efficient common-school system, and, without neglecting his professional duties, he devoted himself heart and soul to this work. In May, 1836, he sailed for England, primarily to purchase a library for Lane Seminary, but he received at the same time an official appointment from the state legislature to visit as agent the public schools of Europe, particularly those of Prussia. On his return he published his “Report on Elementary Education in Europe.” In 1850 Professor Stowe accepted a professorship in Bowdoin, and in 1852 he was appointed to fill the chair of sacred literature at Andover Seminary. In 1853 and 1856 he visited Europe with Mrs. Stowe. In 1864, owing to failing health and increasing infirmities, he resigned his professorship and moved to Hartford, Connecticut. Besides the works mentioned above, he published “Introduction to the Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible” (Cincinnati, 1835); “The Religions Element in Education,” a lecture (1844); “The Right Interpretation of the Sacred Scriptures,” inaugural address (Andover, 1853); and “Origin and History of the Books of the Bible, both Canonical and Apocryphal” (Hartford, 1867). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 713.


STOWE, Harriet Beecher, 1811-1896, author, reformer, wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, published in 1852  (Adams, 1989; Crozier, 1969; Gerson, 1965; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 466-468; Wagenknecht, 1965; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 713-715; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 2, p. 115; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20, p. 906; Hinks, Peter P., & John R. McKivigan, Eds., Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition.  Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood, 2007, Vol. 2, pp. 660-664)

STOWE, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher, born in Litchfield, Connecticut, 14 June, 1812, is the third daughter and sixth child of Reverend Dr. Lyman Beecher. When she was a mere child of four years, Mrs. Beecher died, yet she never ceased to influence the lives of her children. Mrs. Stowe writes: “Although my mother's bodily presence disappeared from our circle, I think that her memory and example had more influence in moulding her family than the living presence of many mothers.” After her death, Mrs. Stowe was placed under the care of her grandmother at Guilford, Connecticut. Here she listened, with untiring interest, to the ballads of Sir Walter Scott and the poems of Robert Burns. The “Arabian Nights,” also, was to her a dream of delight—an enchanted palace, through which her imagination ran wild. After her father's second marriage, her education was continued at the Litchfield Academy under the charge of Sarah Pierce and John Brace. Of Mr. Brace and his methods of instruction Mrs. Stowe ever speaks with the greatest enthusiasm. “Mr. Brace exceeded all teachers that I ever knew in the faculty of teaching composition,” she writes. “Much of the inspiration and training of my early days consisted not in the things I was supposed to be studying, but in hearing, while seated unnoticed at my desk, the conversation of Mr. Brace with the older classes.” Nor, indeed, were the influences in her home less stimulating to the intellect. Dr. Beecher, like the majority of the Calvinistic divines of his day, had his system of theology vast and comprehensive enough to embrace the fate of men and angels, and to fathom the counsels of the Infinite. His mind was kept in a state of intense and joyous intellectual activity by constantly elaborating, expounding, and defending this system. Consequently his children grew up in an atmosphere surcharged with mental and moral enthusiasm. There was no trace of morbid melancholy or ascetic gloom in Dr. Beecher. He was sound in body, sound in mind, and the religious influence which he exerted on the minds of his children was healthy and cheerful. Under such circumstances it is not surprising to find a bright and thoughtful child of twelve years writing a school composition on the profound theme “Can the Immortality of the Soul be proved from the Light of Nature?” The writer took the negative side of the question, and argued with such power and originality that Dr. Beecher, when it was read in his presence, not knowing the author, asked with emphasis, “Who wrote that?” “Your daughter, sir,” quickly answered Mr. Brace. Says Mrs. Stowe, speaking of this event: “It was the proudest moment of my life. There was no mistaking father's face when he was pleased, and to have interested him was past all juvenile triumphs.”

Dr. Beecher read with enthusiasm, and encouraged his children to read, both Byron and Scott. When nine or ten years of age, Mrs. Stowe was deeply impressed by reading Byron's “Corsair.” “I shall never forget how it electrified and thrilled me,” she writes. “I went home absorbed and wondering about Byron, and after that listened to everything that father and mother said at table about him.” Byron's death made an enduring, but at the same time solemn and painful, impression on her mind. She was eleven years old at the time, and usually did not understand her father's sermons, but the one that he preached on this occasion she remembers perfectly, and it has had a deep and lasting influence on her life. At the time of the Missouri agitation Dr. Beecher's sermons and prayers were burdened with the anguish of his soul for the cause of the slave. His passionate appeals drew tears down the hardest faces of the old farmers who listened to them. Night and morning, in family devotions, he appealed to heaven for “poor, oppressed, bleeding Africa, that the time of deliverance might come.” The effect of such sermons and prayers on the mind of an imaginative and sensitive child can be easily conceived. They tended to make her, what she has been from earliest childhood, the enemy of all slavery. In 1824, when thirteen years of age, Mrs. Stowe went to Hartford to attend the school that had been established there by her eldest sister, Catherine. Here she studied Latin, read Ovid and Virgil, and wrote metrical translations of the former, which displayed a very respectable knowledge of Latin, a good command of English, with considerable skill in versification. At the age of fourteen she taught with success a class in “Butler's Analogy,” and gained a good reading knowledge of French and Italian. As scholar and teacher she remained with her sister in Hartford till the autumn of 1832, when both moved with their father to Cincinnati, Ohio, where Dr. Beecher assumed the presidency of Lane Theological Seminary and the pastorate of the 2d Presbyterian Church. At this time Mrs. Stowe compiled an elementary geography for a western publisher, which was extensively used, and again engaged in teaching with her sister in Cincinnati. She wrote lectures for her classes in history, and, as a member of a literary club, called the Semi-Colon, humorous sketches and poems.

In January, 1836, she married Mr. Stowe. During her residence in Cincinnati she frequently visited the slave states, and acquired the minute knowledge of southern life that was so conspicuously displayed in her subsequent writings. Fugitive slaves were frequently sheltered in her house, and assisted by her husband and brothers to escape to Canada. During the riots in 1836, when James G. Birney's press was destroyed and free Negroes were hunted like wild beasts through the streets of Cincinnati, only the distance from the city and the depths of mud saved Lane seminary and the Yankee Abolitionists at Walnut Hills from a like fate. Many a night Mrs. Stowe sank into uneasy slumber, expecting to be roused by the howling of an angry mob, led by the agents of exasperated and desperate slave-holders. In 1849 Mrs. Stowe published “The Mayflower, or Short Sketches of the Descendants of the Pilgrims” (New York; new ed., with additions, Boston, 1855), being a collection of papers which she had from time to time contributed to various periodicals. In 1850 she moved with her husband and family to Brunswick, Maine, where the former had just been called to a professorship in Bowdoin. It was at the height of the excitement caused by the passage of the Fugitive-Slave Law. It seemed to her as if slavery were about to extend itself over the free states. She conversed with many benevolent, tender-hearted, Christian men and women, who were blind and deaf to all arguments against it, and she concluded that it was because they did not realize what slavery really meant. She determined, if possible, to make them realize it, and, as a result of this determination, wrote “Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly.” In the meantime Professor Stowe was appointed to the chair of biblical literature in the theological seminary at Andover. Massachusetts, and moved thither with his family about the time that this remarkable book was published. Neither Mrs. Stowe nor any of her friends had the least conception of the future that awaited her book. She was herself very despondent. It does not seem to have been very widely read when it appeared in the “National Era,” at Washington, D. C., from June, 1851, till April, 1852, before it was issued in book-form (Boston, 1852). Mrs. Stowe says: “It seemed to me that there was no hope; that nobody would hear; that nobody would read, nobody would pity; that this frightful system which had pursued its victims into the free states might at last threaten them even in Canada.” Nevertheless, nearly 500,000 copies of this work were sold in the United States alone in the five years following its publication. It has been translated into Armenian, Bohemian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Illyrian, Polish, Portuguese, modern Greek, Russian, Servian, Spanish, Swedish, Wallachian, Welsh, and other languages. These versions are to be found in the British Museum in London, together with the most extensive collection of the literature of this book. In reply to the abuse and recrimination that its publication called forth, Mrs. Stowe published, in 1853, “A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, presenting the Original Facts and Documents upon which the Story is founded, together with Corroborative Statements verifying the Truth of the Work.” She also wrote “A Peep into Uncle Tom's Cabin, for Children” (1853). The story has been dramatized in various forms; once by the author as “The Christian Slave; a Drama” (1855). The character of Uncle Tom was suggested by the life of Josiah Henson (q. v.).

So reduced was Mrs. Stowe's health by her severe and protracted labors that complete rest and change of scene became necessary. Consequently, in the spring of 1853, accompanied by her husband and brother, the Reverend Charles Beecher, she sailed for England. In the following year appeared “Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands,” a collection of letters of Mrs. Stowe and. her brother during their travels in Europe (2 vols., Boston, 1854). In 1856 she published “Dred, a Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp.” The same book was reissued, in 1866, under the title “Nina Gordon,” but has now been again issued under the original title. About this time, Mrs. Stowe made a second visit to England, and an extended tour of the continent. In the judgment of some critics, by far the ablest work that has come from Mrs. Stowe's pen, in a purely literary point of view, is the “Minister's Wooing” (New York, 1859). It was first given to the public as a serial in the “Atlantic Monthly,” and James Russell Lowell said of it: “We do not believe that there is anyone who, by birth, breeding, and natural capacity, has had the opportunity to know New England so well as she, or who has the peculiar genius so to profit by the knowledge. Already there have been scenes in the ‘Minister's Wooing’ that, in their lowness of tone and quiet truth, contrast as charmingly with the timid vagueness of the modern school of novel-writers as the ‘Vicar of Wakefield’ itself; and we are greatly mistaken if it do not prove to be the most characteristic of Mrs. Stowe's works, and that on which her fame will chiefly rest with posterity.” Mrs. Stowe received letters containing similar expressions of commendation from William E. Gladstone, Charles Kingsley, and Bishop Whately.

In 1864 Professor Stowe resigned his professorship at Andover and moved to Hartford, Connecticut, where the family have since resided, making their winter home in Mandarin, Florida, until Professor Stowe's increasing infirmities made the journey no longer possible. In 1869 Mrs. Stowe published “Old Town Folks,” a tale of New England life, and in September of the same year, moved thereto by reading the Countess Guiccioli's “Recollections of Lord Byron,” contributed a paper to the “Atlantic Monthly” on “The True Story of Lady Byron's Life.” In reply to the tempest of adverse criticism that this paper evoked, she published “Lady Byron vindicated: a History of the Byron Controversy” (Boston, 1869). Her seventieth birthday was celebrated with a garden party, mainly of literary people, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She spent the summer of 1888, in failing health, at North Haven, Long Island. George Sand has paid the following tribute to the genius of Mrs. Stowe: ”I cannot say she has talent as one understands it in the world of letters, but she has genius as humanity feels the need of genius—the genius of goodness, not that of the man of letters, but of the saint. . . . Pure, penetrating, and profound, the spirit that thus fathoms the recesses of the human soul.” The accompanying steel engraving represents Mrs. Stowe as she appeared in middle life; the vignette, at threescore and ten.

Besides the works that have been mentioned, Mrs. Stowe has written “Geography for my Children” (Boston, 1855); “Our Charley, and what to do with him” (1858); “The Pearl of Orr's Island; a Story of the Coast of Maine” (1862); “Agnes of Sorrento” (1862); “Reply on Behalf of the Women of America to the Christian Address of many Thousand Women of Great Britain” (1863); “The Ravages of a Carpet” (1864); “House and Home Papers, by Christopher Crowfield” (1864); “Religious Poems” (1865); “Stories about our Dogs” (1865); “Little Foxes” (1865); “Queer Little People” (1867); “Daisy's First Winter, and other Stories” (1867); “The Chimney Corner, by Christopher Crowfield” (1868); “Men of our Times” (Hartford, 1868); “The American Woman's Home,” with her sister Catherine (Philadelphia, 1869); “Little Pussy Willow” (Boston, 1870); “Pink and White Tyranny” (1871); “Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories” (1871); “My Wife and I” (1872); “Palmetto Leaves” (1878); “Betty's Bright Idea, and other Tales” (1875); “We and Our Neighbors” (1875); “Footsteps of the Master” (1876); “Bible Heroines” (1878); “Poganuc People” (1878); and “A Dog's Mission” (1881). Most of these works have been republished abroad. There is also a selection from her writings entitled “Golden Fruit in Silver Baskets” (London, 1859). In 1868 she became co-editor with Donald G. Mitchell of “Hearth and Home” in New York. Her life will be written by her son, the Reverend Charles Edward Stowe, who is pastor of Windsor avenue Congregational Church in Hartford, Connecticut. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 713-715.