Sinclair through Sowards

SINCLAIR, Carrie Bell, poet, born in Milledgeville, Georgia, 22 May, 1839. Her father, Elijah, a nephew of Robert Fulton, was a Methodist clergyman who at the time of his death conducted a seminary for girls at Georgetown, South Carolina. The family moved to Augusta, Georgia, where she contributed poetry to the "Georgia Gazette." She published a volume of "Poems" (Augusta. 1860), and during the Civil War wrote lyrics commemorating incidents of the battle-field and praising the Confederate cause, some of which were set to music, while devoting herself to supplying the wants and alleviating the sufferings of southern soldiers in Savannah. After the war she made Philadelphia her residence, and wrote for periodicals. Her war-songs and other poetical productions were collected in " Heart Whispers, or Echoes of Song" (1872). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 542.


SINE. In trigonometry the sine of any arc of a circle is the straight line drawn from one extremity of the arc perpendicular to the radius passing through the other extremity. The sine of an arc is half of the chord of the double arc. It is positive in the first and second quadrants and negative in the third and fourth. (See TRIGONOMETRY; TABLES.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 562).


SINGER, Isaac Merritt. inventor, born in Oswego, New York, 27 October, 1811; died in Torquay, England, 23 July, 1875. He was a machinist, and devoted himself entirely to the study of improving sewing-machines. After years of close application he succeeded in completing a single-thread, chain-stitch machine, for which he received a patent. In the early part of his career he was assisted by Edward Clark, a wealthy lawyer, by whose aid he was enabled to establish a factory in New York. The Howe Sewing-Machine Company sued him for infringing on their patents, but the matter was finally compromised. He then had some difficulty with Mr. Clark, in consequence of which, while each retained an equal interest in the machine, its manufacture was placed in the hands of a company. Mr. Singer soon became wealthy, and, leaving this country, resided for some time in Paris, but later moved to England, where he lived in a curiously constructed house that he built in Torquay. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 542.


SINGLETON, Benjamin “Pap,” 1809-1900, African American, escaped slave, abolitionist, businessman, community leader.  Active in the Underground Railroad.  Singleton organized migration of Black colonists, called “Exodusters,” to found settlements in Kansas in 1879-1880.  (Entz, Gary R. “Benjamin ‘Pap’ Singleton: Father of the Kansas Exodus.” In Portraits of African-American Life Since 1865, ed. By  Nina Mjagkij. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 2003.  Entz, Gary R. “Image and Reality on the Kansas Prairie: ‘Pap’ Singleton’s Cherokee County Colony.” Kansas History, 19 (summer 1996): 124-139.


SINKING CREEK, WEST VIRGINIA, November 26, 1862. (See Cold Knob Mountain.)


SIPSEY CREEK, ALABAMA, April 6, 1865. (See Lanier's Mills.)


SISSON, Joseph, Jr., Pawtucket, Rhode Island, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1840-1842, 1846-1847.


SISTER'S FERRY, GEORGIA, December 7, 1864. (See Ebenezer Creek.)


SITGREAVES, Lorenzo, soldier, born in Pennsylvania about 1811: died in Washington. D. C, 14 May, 1888. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1832, and was assigned to the artillery. He resigned to engage in civil engineering, but was reappointed in the army as 2d lieutenant of Topographical Engineers on 18 July, 1840, and was employed in surveys of the Sault Sainte Marie, Portsmouth Harbor, and the Florida Reefs. During the Mexican War he took part in the march through Chihuahua and in the battle of Buena Vista, where he gained the brevet of captain for gallantry. He was in charge in 1851 of the survey of Zuni and Colorado Rivers, New Mexico, of which a report was published (Washington, 1853). He mustered volunteers at Albany, New York, in 1861-'2, being promoted major on 6 August, 1861. He reached the grade of lieutenant-colonel of engineers on 22 April, 1864, and subsequently had charge of harbor improvements on Lake Michigan till 10 July, 1866, when he was retired. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 543.


SIX MILE CREEK, ALABAMA, March 31, 1865. (See Montevallo, same date.)


SKETCHING. (See RECONNOISSANCE and SURVEYING.)


SKILTON, Julius Augustus, physician, born in Troy, New York, 29 June, 1833. He was graduated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1849, and at Albany Medical College in 1855, and began to practise in Troy in 1855. He was a member of the board of education in 1856, and city physician in 1857-'8. In 1861 he was made assistant surgeon of the 30th New York Regiment, and surgeon of the 87th New York in 1862. He was taken prisoner in the summer of that year, and was released in feeble health, but recovered sufficiently to become surgeon of the 14th New York Cavalry in 1863, served in New York City during the draft riots, and was medical director of cavalry department of the southwest in 1864–5. In 1869 he was appointed U.S. consul at the city of Mexico, and in 1872 he was promoted to be consul-general, holding the office until 1878. He received the degree of A. B. from Wesleyan University in 1853. Besides his annual reports he has published “Mining Districts of Parhuca, Real del Monte, El Chico, and Star Rosa, State of Hidalgo, Republic of Mexico.”  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 544.


SKINNER, Frederick Gustavus, born in Annapolis, Maryland, 11 March, 1814, at the age of twelve years was taken to La Grange by General Lafayette, and received his early education there. On returning to this country, he entered West Point. When General Lafayette died, Congress passed complimentary resolutions upon his life and services, and Mr. Skinner was selected by President Jackson to convey these resolutions to Lafayette's family. After remaining two years in France, as working attaché of the American legation, he made a tour of the continent, and enjoyed the widest possible range of field sports. At the opening of the Civil War he was given command of the 1st Virginia Infantry, and he was colonel of that regiment until disabled by wounds. After the war he went to Egypt, and, refusing a commission in the Egyptian Army, devoted his attention to the field sports of that country. Upon returning to his native land, he joined the staff of the "Turf, Field, and Farm," in New York, and, as field editor of that journal, was instrumental in bringing about the first field trial, the first bench-show of dogs, and the first international gun-trial that was ever held in the United States. He was at one time chief of the Agricultural Bureau of the U. S. Patent-Office, and published "Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, from the French " (Philadelphia. 1854).  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 545.


SKINNER, Mark, born in Manchester, Vermont, 13 September, 1813; died there, 16 September, 1887, was graduated at Middlebury in 1833, and studied law at Saratoga Springs, Albany, and New Haven. He settled at Chicago in 1836, was elected city attorney in 1839, appointed U. S. District attorney for Illinois in 1844 and chosen to the legislature in 1846. He became judge of Cook County Court of Common Pleas in 1851. In 1842 he was made school-inspector for Chicago, and gave much time and labor to the cause of education. The city in 1859 honored his services by naming its new school-building “the Skinner school.” He was president of the Illinois General Hospital of the lake in 1852, of the Chicago Home for the Friendless in 1860, first president of the Chicago Reform-School, one of the founders and patrons of the Chicago Historical Society, a founder of the New England Society of Chicago, and delivered an address before it in 1848, entitled “A Vindication of the Character of the Pilgrim Fathers” (1849). He was an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and a liberal contributor to all church charities. Judge Skinner was chairman of the meeting in November, 1846, to make arrangements for the River and Harbor Convention of 1847, and was a delegate to that convention. He took an active part in building the Galena and Chicago Railroad and was for years one of its directors, and a director in the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad. He was originally a Democrat, one of the founders of the Anti-Nebraska Party in 1854, and a member of the Republican Party from its organization in 1856. In October, 1861, he was elected president of the Northwestern Sanitary Commission, and he continued such until 1864. Judge Skinner owned a large and valuable library, comprising a full collection of books relating to America. This was burned in 1871, and since that time he has more than duplicated his former collections. See a memoir by E. W. Blatchford, published by the Chicago Historical Society (1888). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 546.


SKIRMISH. A loose, desultory engagement. Light infantry are the troops usually employed for such service; (Infantry Tactics.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 562).


SKULL CREEK, SOUTH CAROLINA, September 24, 1862. Detachments of the 48th New York Infantry and 3d Rhode Island Artillery. Colonel W. B. Barton, commanding the detachment, embarked on the steamer Planter and proceeded through Calibogue sound to Skull creek, for the purpose of dislodging a body of Confederate cavalry at that point. As the steamer approached the guns on board commenced shelling the enemy, who speedily decamped. The shelling was kept up until the enemy was out of range, when Lieutenant Miller landed with a few men and took possession of the camp, capturing a number of saddles, a large quantity of clothing, ammunition, rations, etc., and brought the property on board the steamer. No casualties reported on either side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 813.


SLACK, James Richard, soldier, born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 28 September, 1818; died in Chicago, Illinois, 28 June, 1881, moved with his father's family to Indiana in 1837, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and became a successful lawyer. In September, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 47th Indiana Regiment, and was ordered with his command to Kentucky. He was assigned to General Don Carlos Buell's army, but was subsequently transferred to Missouri and placed under General John Pope. With his command he participated in numerous actions. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, 31 December, 1864, major-general by brevet, 13 March, 1865, and was mustered out of the service, 15 January, 1866. After the war he resumed the practice of law, and at the time of his death, and for many years preceding, was a judge of the 28th Judicial Circuit of Indiana. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 546.


SLADE,  Daniel Denison, physician, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 10 May, 1823. He was graduated at Harvard in 1844, and at the medical department in 1848 with the appointment of house surgeon to the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1849 he went abroad for the purpose of higher studies, and on his return in 1852 he settled in practice in Boston, where he continued until 1863. Dr. Slade then gradually relinquished his profession for literary and horticultural pursuits, and in 1870 was chosen professor of applied zoölogy in Harvard, which chair he held for twelve years. In 1884 he was appointed assistant in the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy and lecturer on comparative osteology in Harvard. During the Civil War he was appointed one of the inspectors of hospitals under the U.S. Sanitary Commission, and for some time he was house surgeon of the Boston Dispensary. He is a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society and of the Boston Society of Medical Improvement. Dr. Slade won the Fiske prize by his essays on " Diphtheria" in 1850 and " Aneurism" in 1852, the Boylston prize by one on " Spermatorrhoea" in 1857, and the Massachusetts Medical Prize by one on " Bronchitis" in 1859. In addition to his contributions to medical, agricultural, and horticultural journals, he published "Diphtheria, its Nature and Treatment" (Philadelphia, 1861). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 546-547.


SLASH CHURCH, VIRGINIA, May 27, 1862. (See Hanover Court House, same date.)


SLATE CREEK, KENTUCKY, March 3, 1863. Runkle's Brigade. Upon approaching Mt . Sterling, Colonel Runkle sent forward Major Norton, with a detachment of the 7th Ohio cavalry, who drove the Confederates out of the town and supported by Major Brown, with part of the 10th Kentucky cavalry, pursued them for 6 miles, when they made a stand on Slate creek. Runkle came up with the infantry and artillery and directed Captain Marsh to shell the enemy's position. A few shells sufficed to send them flying in all direction, and as Runkle's men were badly in need of rest he returned to Mt. Sterling. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p.


SLATER, Samuel, manufacturer, born in Belper, Derbyshire, England, 9 June, 1768; died in Webster, Massachusetts, 21 April, 1835. He was the son of a respectable yeoman, received a good education, and served an apprenticeship at cotton-spinning with Jedidiah Strutt, the partner of Richard Arkwright. He was a favorite with Mr. Strutt, aided him in making improvements in his mills, and gained a thorough mastery of the theory and practice of the new manufacture. In 1789 Congress passed its first act for the encouragement of manufactures, and the legislature of Pennsylvania offered a bounty for the introduction of the Arkwright patent. Young Slater became cognizant of these circumstances, and determined to introduce the invention in the United States; but, as the laws of England did not admit of his taking drawings or models with him, he had to trust to his memory to enable him to construct the most complicated machinery. He landed in New York in November, 1789, and, having ascertained that Moses Brown had made some attempts at cotton-spinning in Rhode Island, wrote to him and told him what he could do. Mr. Brown, in replying to him, wrote: "If thou canst do this thing, I invite thee to come to Rhode Island, and have the credit of introducing cotton-manufacture into America." Slater proceeded to Pawtucket, R. I., in January, 1790, and immediately entered into articles of agreement with William Almy and Smith Brown to construct and operate the new cotton-spinning machinery. On 21 December, 1790, he started at Pawtucket three 18-inch carding-machines, the necessary drawing-heads with two rolls and four processes, the roving cases and winders for the same, and throstle spinning-frames of seventy-two spindles. In a short time reels were made for putting the yarn into skeins, in which form it was at that time placed upon the market. In doing this Mr. Slater was compelled to prepare all the plans in the several departments of manufacturing, and to construct with his own hands the different kinds of machinery, or else teach others how to do it. The first yarn made on his machinery was equal to the best quality made in England. About 1800 the second cotton-mill went into operation in Rhode Island. In 1800 Mr. Slater was joined by his brother John, from England, and soon afterward a cotton-mill was erected in a locality now known as Slatersville, Rhode Island. In 1812 Mr. Slater began the erection of mills in Oxford (now Webster), Massachusetts, adding in 1815—'16 the manufacture of woollen cloth. He was also interested in iron-manufactures, and acquired great wealth. In 1796 ho established a Sunday-school for the improvement of his work-people, which was the first, or among the first, in the United States. See a memoir of him by George S. White (Philadelphia, 1836). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 547.


SLATERSVILLE, VIRGINIA, May 9, 1862. Reports of this affair are very meager. Captain James M. Robertson, commanding Batteries B and L, 2nd U. S. artillery, reported that while his command was doing duty with General Stoneman's advance brigade of the Army of the Potomac the enemy opened fire about 1 p. m. from a concealed battery. When the Federal guns were brought to bear they soon silenced those of the Confederates. This affair is also known as that of New Kent Court House. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 813.


SLATERSVILLE, VIRGINIA, August 28, 1863. Detachment of 1st New York Mounted Rifles and 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry. The rear-guard of an expedition to Bottom's bridge from Williamsburg was attacked while resting at Slatersville or New Kent Court House. A charge by one battalion routed the enemy. The Federals lost 1 killed and 2 wounded; the Confederates 3 killed and 8 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 814.


SLAUGHTER, William Bank, lawyer, born in Culpeper County, Virginia, 10 April, 1798 ; died in Madison, Wisconsin, 21 July, 1879. He was educated at William and Mary, admitted to the bar, practised first in Bardstown, Kentucky, and then in Bedford, Indiana, and in 1832 was elected to the legislature of the latter state. While in that body he introduced a set of resolutions strongly sustaining President Andrew Jackson's proclamation to the South Carolina nullifiers. He was appointed register of the land-office at Indianapolis in 1833, and at Green Bay in 1835, and in the latter year was elected a member of the legislative council of Michigan, and introduced a memorial to Congress asking that the territory to the west of Lake Michigan be organized into a new territory to be named Wisconsin. After residing in Wisconsin and in his native place, he returned in 1861 to Middleton, Wisconsin, and in 1862 was appointed commissary of subsistence and quartermaster. He wrote for periodicals and encyclopedias, and published "Reminiscences of Distinguished Men I have Met" (Milwaukee. 1878).  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 548.


SLAUGHTER, Philip, clergyman, born in Springfield, Culpeper County, Virginia, 26 October, 1808. He is a son of Captain Philip Slaughter, of the 11th Continental Regiment in the Army of the Revolution. His education was obtained partly at home and partly in a classical academy at Winchester, Virginia. He entered the University of Virginia in 1825, and, after studying law, was admitted to the bar in 1828. Five years later, having resolved to enter the ministry, he went to the Episcopal Theological Seminary, Alexandria, Virginia. He was ordained deacon in Trinity Church, Staunton, 25 May, 1834, by Bishop Meade, and priest in St. Paul's Church, Alexandria, in July, 1835, by Bishop Richard C. Moore. His first charge was in Dettingen Parish, Virginia. In 1836 he accepted a call to Christ Church, Georgetown, D. C, in 1840 he assumed charge of Meade and Johns Parishes, and in 1843 he became rector of St. Paul's Church, Petersburg, Virginia. Health failing, he spent 1848-'9 in Europe. On returning home he established in 1850, and edited, "The Virginia Colonizationist" at Richmond, Virginia. Six years later he built a church on his farm in Culpeper County, and officiated gratuitously for his neighbors and servants until his chinch was destroyed by the National army in 1862. He then edited in Petersburg "The Army and Navy Messenger," a religious paper for soldiers, and also preached and visited in camp and hospitals. When peace returned in 1865 he was for a time associate editor of the " Southern Churchman." Then he went back to his old home, where, as the churches were destroyed, he fitted up a recess-chancel in his own house for church services. Emmanuel Church in Slaughter Parish having been rebuilt, he accepted charge of it, and served there while health and strength sufficed. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 548.


SLAUGHTER'S HOUSE, VIRGINIA, August 8, 1862. Cavalry Brigade, 3d Army Corps. For several days just prior to the battle of Cedar mountain there was almost constant skirmishing in the vicinity. On the 8th Brigadier General George B. Bayard, commanding the cavalry of the 3d corps, sent Lieutenant-Colonel Karge with part of the 1st New Jersey to gain the rear of a Confederate detachment near the Slaughter house and cut of their retreat, while the main body of the brigade was to advance and attack in front . Before the movement could be executed Bayard learned that Ewell’s entire division of Confederate infantry had crossed the Rapidan and was advancing upon him. Orders were therefore sent to Karge to rejoin the command, which then fell back slowly across Robertson's river. During the operations Karge captured about 25 prisoners and had 2 men wounded, which were the only casualties reported. Slaughter's Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862. (See Cedar Mountain.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 814.


SLAUGHTERVILLE, KENTUCKY, September 3, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel Foster's Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 814.


SLEEPERS. Small joists of timber, which form the foundation for the platform of a battery, and upon which the boards for the flooring are laid. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 562).


SLEMMER, Adam J., soldier, born in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in 1828; died in Fort Laramie, Kansas, 7 October, 1868. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in July, 1850, and assigned to the 1st U.S. Artillery. After a short campaign against the Seminole Indians in Florida, in which he took a creditable part, he was for four years on frontier service in California, and in 1855-'9 was assistant professor of mathematics at the U. S. Military Academy. He afterward returned to garrison duty at Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, and in 1860 was transferred to Florida, where in 1861 he commanded a small body of U. S. soldiers in Pensacola Harbor, occupying with them Fort Barrancas; but when intelligence of the surrender of Pensacola U.S. Navy-yard reached him, he transferred his troops on 10 January to Fort Pickens, opposite, which he successfully held until he was relieved by Colonel Harvey Brown, thus preserving the key to the Gulf of Mexico. He was promoted major of the Fifth Infantry in May, 1861, was for a short time inspector-general of the Department of the Ohio, returned to active duty in May, 1862, and participated in the siege of Corinth and the subsequent movement to Louisville, Kentucky, and to the relief of Nashville, Tennessee. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862, and took part in the battle of Stone River, 31 December, 1862, where he was so severely wounded as to be incapacitated for further active service in the field. On 8 February, 1864, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 4th U.S. Infantry, and in March, 1865, he was brevetted colonel and brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for his meritorious services. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in August, 1865, and was afterward sent to command Fort Laramie, where he died of heart disease. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 548-549.


SLIDELL, John, statesman, born in New York City about 1793; died in London, England, 29 July, 1871. He was graduated at Columbia in 1810, and engaged unsuccessfully in commerce. He then studied law, and in 1819 moved to New Orleans, where, making a specialty of commercial law, he soon acquired a large practice. In 1828 he was a defeated Democratic candidate for Congress, and actively canvassed the state for Andrew Jackson, who appointed him U. S. District Attorney for Louisiana, but after a year in office he resigned. Mr. Slidell was a candidate for the U. S. Senate in 1834, but Charles Gayarre was chosen. He disposed of his practice in 1835 and continued as a leader in Louisiana politics until 1842, when he was elected to Congress as a state-rights Democrat, and served from 4 December 1843, till 10 November, 1845. In November, 1845, he was sent as minister to Mexico by President Polk, to adjust the difficulty caused by the annexation of Texas to the United States; but that government refused to receive him, and he returned in January, 1847, when he resigned. He was again a candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1849; but his party were in the minority, and in the canvass of 1852 he was active in behalf of Franklin Pierce. On the inauguration of the latter he refused a diplomatic appointment to Central America, but, on the acceptance by Pierre Soule of the French mission, he was sent to the U. S. Senate and served, with re-election, from 5 December, 1853, to 4 February, 1861. He rarely spoke, but was a member of important committees, and exerted great influence. Preferring to remain in the Senate, he declined a cabinet appointment from President Buchanan, but continued a confidential friend of the latter throughout his administration. Mr. Slidell was a strenuous supporter of the doctrines of state-rights, and, when Louisiana passed the Ordinance of Secession, he withdrew from the Senate with his colleague, after making a defiant speech. In September, 1861, he was appointed Confederate commissioner to France, and set out with James M. Mason for Southampton from Havana in November. He was seized on the high-seas by Captain Charles Wilkes, and brought to the United States. After imprisonment in Fort Warren he was released and sailed for England on 1 January, 1862. From England he went at once to Paris, where, in February, 1862, he paid his first visit to the French minister of foreign affairs. His mission, which had for its object the recognition of the Confederate States by the French government, was a failure, but the well-known sympathy of Napoleon III., who at that time was deeply interested in the project of a Mexican empire under Maximilian, did much to favor the Confederate cause. In order to secure French aid, he proposed a commercial convention, by which France should enjoy valuable export and import privileges for a long period, and which, if carried into effect speedily, on the basis of breaking the blockade, because of its legal inefficiency, would give France control of southern cotton, and in return furnish the Confederacy with ample supplies, including arms and munitions of war. This was not accepted, on account of the emperor's refusal to recognize the Confederate States unless the British authorities should co-operate. But the sympathy of Napoleon III. proved of great value, for by his secret influence Mr. Slidell was able to begin the negotiation of the $15,000,000 Confederate loan. Early in 1863 the emperor permitted him to make proposals for the construction of four steam corvettes and two iron-clad rams at private ship-yards in Bordeaux and Nantes; but later in the year, information of this fact coming to the knowledge of the U. S. representative in Paris, imperial orders were issued that the vessels should be sold to foreign powers. One of them was transferred to the Confederate Navy in January, 1865, after being purchased by Denmark, as is claimed by the Confederates, though it is asserted on the other side that the purchase was fictitious. This vessel, the "Stonewall," set out for the United States, but did not reach Havana till May, after the surrender of the Confederate Armies. Mr. Slidell settled in England at the close of the war, and continued there till his death. A full account of the relations of Mr. Slidell with the French government in regard to the building of the vessels mentioned above is contained in "France and the Confederate Navy," by John Bigelow (New York, 1888).—His brother, Thomas (1810-'60), was a judge of the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1845-'52, and then chief justice till 1855, when he was assaulted by a ruffian and received injuries from which he never recovered. With Judah P. Benjamin, he prepared a " Digest of Supreme Court Decisions." Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 549-550.


SLING-CARTS. A wooden sling-cart is composed of two wheels, 8 feet in diameter, an axle-tree, a tongue, and the hoisting apparatus, and is used to transport cannon and their carriages. The hoisting apparatus is a screw, which passes through the axle-tree, and is worked by a nut with long handles. The lower part of this screw is terminated with two hooks, to which are fastened the chains and trunnion rings; the breech of the piece being supported by the cascable chain. Or, if a chain be passed around the piece to be raised, it may be fastened to the hooks. The iron sling-cart is smaller than the wooden, and is used to transport cannon in the siege trenches. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 562).


SLOAN, Ithamar C., Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


SLOANE, Rush Richard, born 1828, lawyer, jurist, opponent of slavery.  Helped in escape of slaves.  Appletons’, 1888, Vol. V, p. 550.

SLOANE, Rush Richard, lawyer, born in Sandusky, Erie County, Ohio; 18 September, 1828. He was educated at Wesleyan Academy, Norwalk, Ohio, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was city clerk of Sandusky, Ohio, in 1855-'7, was elected judge of the probate court for Erie County in 1857, and re-elected in 1860, was appointed by President Lincoln to the general agency of the Post-Office Department, serving from 1861 till 1866, and was mayor of Sandusky in 1870, 1880, and 1881. Mr. Sloane was an ardent anti-slavery man, and was instrumental in the escape of seven slaves in Sandusky, on 20 October, 1850, where they had been arrested by their masters. He was prosecuted, and paid over $4,000 damages and costs, being the first victim of the Fugitive-Slave Law of 1850. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 550.


SLOAT, John Drake, naval officer, born in New York City in 1780; died in New Brighton, Staten Island, New York, 28 November, 1867. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman, 12 February, 1800, and was honorably discharged by the peace-establishment act, 21 May, 1801. He re-entered the U.S. Navy as a sailing-master, 10 January, 1812, and served in the frigate “United States” in 1812–15. In this ship, on 25 October, 1812, he participated in the capture of the British frigate ''Macedonian” and was subsequently blockaded in Thames River, Connecticut, by the British fleet until the end of the war. He received a vote of thanks and silver medal for the victory over the “Macedonian,” and was promoted to lieutenant, 24 July, 1813. After the war he was on leave until 1817. In 1823–5 he cruised in the schooner “Grampus,” suppressing piracy in the West Indies, and participated in the capture of the pirate brig “Palmyra.” near Campeachy. He succeeded to the command of the “Grampus” in 1824, and assisted at the capture and destruction of the town of Foxhardo, the headquarters of the pirates on Porto Rico. In the spring of 1825 he captured a piratical brig near St. Thomas, W.I., with the pirate chief Colfrecinas, who was subsequently executed by the Spaniards. He was promoted to master-commandant, 21 March, 1826, and to captain, 9 February, 1837, and was commandant of the U.S. Navy-yard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1840–’4. In 1844–’6 he had command of the Pacific Squadron, during which he occupied Monterey in anticipation of a similar attempt by the English admiral, and when the Mexican War began he secured possession of San Francisco and other points in California until he was relieved by Commodore Robert F. Stockton, when he returned to Norfolk, 27 April, 1847. He had command of the Norfolk U.S. Navy-yard in 1847-51, after which he was superintendent of the construction of the Stevens battery until 1855. He was placed on the reserved list, 27 September, 1855, and retired, 21 December, 1861, but was promoted to commodore, 16 July, 1862, and to rear-admiral, 25 July, 1866. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 551.


SLOCUM, Henry Warner, 1827-1894, New York, lawyer, entrepreneur, Major General, United States Army, Commander, Twelfth, Fourteenth and Twentieth Corps, Sherman’s Army of Georgia, 1864-1865.  Slocum was an abolitionist before the Civil War.  While he was a cadet at West Point, Slocum openly expressed his opposition to slavery.  This was a very unpopular position, as many of the cadets at the U.S. Military Academy were from the South.  At the Battle of Gettysburg he commanded the Union right wing successfully defending the Culp’s Hill area of the battle. He was the occupation commander of Atlanta after the city’s capture in September 1864. During Sherman’s March, including the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns, many thousands of enslaved individuals escaped to the Union lines and followed the Union Army to freedom.  After the war he entered politics becoming a congressman from Brooklyn, New York. He was also a successful entrepreneur building street car lines in New York. He was building commissioner for New York City in charge of construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. His great-great-grandniece Amy Fiske is an editor and webmaster for this Civil War Encyclopedia.

(Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 551-552; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 216; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20, p. 104; Cullum, 1891; U.S. Congress, Biographical Directory of The United States Congress, 1774–2005. Washington, DC: GPO, 2005; U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 128 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1881-1901. Series 1; Warner, 1964)


SLOCUM, Henry Warner, soldier, born in Delphi, Onondaga County, New York, 24 September, 1827. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1852, appointed 2d lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery, and ordered to Florida the same year. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1855, but resigned in October, 1856, and, returning to New York, engaged in the practice of law at Syracuse, and was a member of the legislature in 1859. At the opening of the Civil War he tendered his services, and on 21 May, 1861, was appointed colonel of the 27th New York Volunteers. He commanded this regiment at the battle of Bull Run on 21 July, where he was severely wounded, on 9 August was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, and was assigned to the command of a brigade in General William B. Franklin's division of the Army of the Potomac. In the Virginia Peninsula Campaign of 1862 he was engaged in the siege of Yorktown and the action at West Point, Virginia, and succeeded to the command of the division on 15 May, on Franklin's assignment to the 6th Corps. At the battle of Gaines's Mills, 27 June, he was sent with his division to re-enforce General Fitz-John Porter, who was then severely pressed by the enemy, and rendered important service, as he did also at the battles of Glendale and Malvern Hill, his division occupying the right of the main line at both engagements. He was promoted to the rank of major-general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, engaged in the second battle of Bull Run, at South Mountain, and at Antietam, and in October was assigned to the command of the 12th Army Corps. In the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg he took an active part. At Gettysburg he commanded the right wing of the army, and contributed largely to the National victory. Having been transferred with his corps to the west, he served in the Department of the Cumberland till April, 1864, when, his corps being consolidated with the 11th, he was assigned to a division and the command of the District of Vicksburg. In August, 1864, he succeeded General Joseph Hooker in the command of the 20th Corps, which was the first body of troops to occupy Atlanta, Georgia, on 2 September. In Sherman's march to the sea and invasion of the Carolinas, he held command of the left wing of the army, and participated in all its engagements from the departure from Atlanta till the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston at Durham Station, North Carolina. In September, 1865, General Slocum resigned from the army and resumed the practice of law in Brooklyn, New York. In 1866 he declined the appointment of colonel of infantry in the regular army. In 1865 he was the unsuccessful candidate of the Democrats for Secretary of State of New York, in 1868 he was chosen a presidential elector, and he was elected to Congress the same year, and reelected in 1870. In 1876 he was elected president of the Board of City Works, Brooklyn, which post he afterward resigned, and in 1884 he was again elected to Congress. He was one of the commissioners of the Brooklyn Bridge, and was in favor of making it free to the public.”  Source: Wilson, James Grant, & Fiske, John (Eds.). Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York: Appleton, 1888, 1915. Pp. 551-552.


SLOUGH, John P. (slo), soldier, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1829; died in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 16 December, 1867. He became a lawyer in his native city, and in 1850 was elected to the legislature of Ohio, from which he was expelled for striking a member. In 1852 he became a secretary of the Central Democratic Committee of Ohio, and soon afterward he went to Kansas, and in 1860 to Denver City, Colorado. At the opening of the Civil War he raised a company of volunteers, assumed command of Fort Garland, and afterward became colonel of the 1st Colorado Regiment forming part of General Edward R. S. Canby's expedition to New Mexico. He fought there, in opposition to orders, the battle of Pigeon's Ranche, gaining a victory over General Henry H. Sibley, who was forced to retire into Texas. Immediately after this he gave up his commission as colonel and proceeded to Washington, where he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and military governor of Alexandria. At the close of the war he was appointed chief justice of New Mexico by President Johnson; but his manner and irritable temper rendered him unpopular. A series of resolutions were passed in the legislature advocating his removal from the chief justiceship, which so incensed him against William D. Rynerson, the member who had introduced them, that a personal encounter took place between the two men, resulting in General Slough's death. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 552.


SLUICE is a strong vertical sliding door to regulate the flow of water. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 562).


SMALL, Michael Peter, soldier, born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 9 August, 1831. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1855, assigned to the artillery, served against the Seminole Indians and on frontier and other duty, and was promoted 1st lieutenant, 27 April, 1861. He served as chief commissary and quartermaster at Rolla, Missouri, from 4 September, 1861, till 31 January, 1863; as chief commissary of the 13th Army Corps, and of the army during the field, in the Teche Campaign in the Department of the Gulf from 15 September till 9 November, 1863; and was supervising commissary of the states of Illinois and Indiana from December, 1863, till February, 1864. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel on the staff, 15 September, 1863, became chief commissary of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina at Fortress Monroe, supplied the armies operating against Richmond, and acted in a similar capacity for other armies and other military departments till the close of the war. He became brevet colonel of U. S. volunteers, 1 January, 1865, and brevet brigadier-general, 9 April, 1865, for meritorious services in the subsistence department during the war. Since 31 October, 1884, he has been purchasing and depot commissary at Baltimore, Maryland. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 553.


SMALLEY, Eugene Virgil, journalist, born in Randolph, Portage County, Ohio, 18 July, 1841. He was educated in the public schools of Ohio and New York, and passed one year in New York Central College at McGrawville. He enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War in the 7th Ohio Infantry, and frequently sent letters about different engagements to the newspapers, for which descriptions he had shown a predilection before entering the field. He served until nearly the close of the struggle, when he was discharged on account of wounds, and as soon as he was able went to Washington, D. C. where, in 1865, he was appointed clerk of the Military Committee of the House of Representatives. He retained the post until 1873, at the same time corresponding at intervals for different journals. He then formed a connection with a New York journal, continuing to be its correspondent and editorial writer for nine years. During his residence in Washington he had formed an intimate acquaintance with public men and measures, which aided him greatly as a journalist. In 1882 he entered the employment of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and in 1884 established the "Northwest," an illustrated magazine, in St. Paul, Minnesota, of which he is still (1888) the editor and publisher. He is a frequent contributor to periodicals, mainly on subjects relating to the resources and development of the region in which he has made his home. He has published " History of the Northern Pacific Railroad " (New York, 1883), and "History of the Republican Party " (1885). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 553.


SMALLEY, George Washburn, journalist, born in Franklin, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 2 June, 1833. He was graduated at Vale in 1853, read law with George F. Hoar at Worcester in 1853-'4, and in Harvard Law-School in 1854-'5, and in 18 was admitted to the Boston Bar. He practised law in Boston until the opening of the Civil War, when, in the service of the New York " Tribune," he accompanied the National Troops to Port Royal, afterward going with General John C. Fremont into Virginia. Remaining with the Army of the Potomac, he witnessed the battle of Antietam. Immediately upon its close, Smalley rode thirty miles, found a train, and, going direct to New York, wrote his narrative of the engagement on the cars. This vivid description, with the energy that had been shown in its transmission and publication, gave him rank among the best-known war correspondents. In 1863 he was a member of the editorial staff of the "Tribune." At the sudden beginning of the war between Prussia and Austria in 1866 Mr. Smalley was sent on a day's notice to Europe. At the close of the war he returned for a few months to New York, but was sent to England in May, 1867, by the "Tribune," with instructions to organize a London bureau for that journal. This he did, and the success that has attended the European department of the " Tribune " is largely due to his efforts. In 1870, at the opening of the Franco-German War, the " Tribune devised a new system of news-gathering. Mr. Smalley, as the agent of this policy, showed an energy and foresight which gave him an eminent rank in journalism. The English writer Kinglake, in his "History of the Crimean War," says: "The success of that partnership for the purpose of war news which had been formed between one of our London newspapers and the New York 'Tribune.' was an era in the journalism of Europe." Mr. Smalley's letters from Berlin, in April, 1888, descriptive of the Emperor William's death and burial, were among the most brilliant that appeared on that occasion. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 553.


SMALLS, Robert, member of Congress, born in Beaufort, South Carolina, 5 April, 1839. Being a slave, he was debarred from attending school, and was altogether self-educated. He moved to Charleston in 1851, worked at the rigger's trade, afterward led a seafaring life, and in 1861 was employed as a pilot on " The Planter," a steamer that plied in Charleston Harbor as a transport. In May, 1862, he took this vessel over Charleston bar, and delivered her to the commander of the U. S. Blockading Squadron. After serving for some time as pilot in the U.S. Navy, he was promoted captain for gallant and meritorious conduct, 1 December, 1863, and placed in command of “The Planter,” serving until she was put out of commission in 1866. He returned to Beaufort after the war, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1868, was elected a member of the state house of representatives the same year, and of the state senate in 1870, and was re-elected in 1872. He was elected to the 44th Congress from South Carolina, has been reelected to every succeeding Congress except the 46th, for which he was defeated, and s' with this exception, from 6 December, 1875, till 1888. He has been major-general of state troops. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 553-554.


SMITH, Alfred Baker, soldier, born in Massena, St. Lawrence County, New York, 17 November, 1835. He was graduated at Union College in 1851, taught, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and practised in Poughkeepsie, New York. He entered the National Army in October, 1862, as major of the 150th New York Volunteers, and was with his regiment in every march and action from Gettysburg till the close of the war, succeeding to the command as senior officer at Atlanta. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers by brevet for meritorious services in the campaign of Georgia and the Carolinas. He has long been a member of the Poughkeepsie Board of Education, of which he was president for several years, and in 1867-'75 was postmaster of that city. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p.556.


SMITH, Andrew Jackson, soldier, born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 28 April, 1815. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1838, became 1st lieutenant in 1845 and captain in 1847, and was engaged on the frontier in operations against hostile Indians. He became major in May, 1861, colonel of the 2d California Cavalry on 2 October of that year, from 11 February to 11 March, 1862, was chief of cavalry of the Department of the Missouri, and in March and July of the Department of the Mississippi. He became brigadier-general of volunteers in March, 1862, engaged in the advance upon Corinth and siege of that place, was transferred to the Department of the Ohio, and subsequently to the Army of the Tennessee, which he accompanied on the Yazoo River Expedition, and participated in the assaults of Chickasaw Bluffs, 27-29 October, 1862, and of Arkansas Post, 11 January, 1863. During the Vicksburg Campaign he led a division in the 13th Army Corps. He was then assigned to the command of a division of the 16th Army Corps, which captured Fort De Russy, engaged in the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in almost constant skirmishing during the Red River Campaign, in April, 1864, receiving the brevet of colonel, U. S. Army, for "gallant and meritorious service at Pleasant Hill." He became lieutenant-colonel, U. S. Army, in May, 1864, and major-general of volunteers on the 12th of that month, was ordered to Missouri, aided in driving General Sterling Price from the state, and was then called to re-enforce General George H. Thomas at Nashville, and to aid in pursuit of General John B. Hood's army, being engaged at Nashville. He received the brevets of brigadier-general and major-general, U.S. Army, on 13 March. 1865, for gallant service at the battles of Tupelo, Mississippi, and Nashville, Tennessee. From February till June of that year he commanded the 16th Army Corps in the reduction and capture of Mobile. He was mustered out of volunteer service in January, 1866, and on 28 July became colonel of the 7th U. S. Cavalry. He then commanded the Department of the Missouri from 14 September, 1867, to 2 March, 1868, and was on leave of absence till 6 May, 1869, when he resigned. On 3 April of that year he became postmaster of St. Louis. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 556.


SMITH, Ashbel, diplomatist, born in Hartford, Connecticut, 13 August, 1805; died in Harris County, Texas, 21 January, 1880. He was graduated at Yale in 1824, and at the medical department in 1828. after studying law in the interval. He also attended the Paris hospitals in 1831-'2, and practised in North Carolina till 1830, when he moved to Texas, and was appointed in the same year surgeon-general of the new republic. He was joint commissioner in making the first treaty with the Comanches in 1837, Texan minister to the United States, Great Britain, France, and Spain, during the administration of President Samuel Houston and President Anson Jones, was recalled in 1844, and became Secretary of State under the latter, which office he held until the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845. He was a member of the legislature from Harris County for several years, and served throughout the Mexican War. In the early part of the Civil War he raised the 2d Texas Volunteers for the Confederate service, leading that regiment in several campaigns east of Missouri River. He retired to his plantation on Galveston Bay in 1865, and while taking an active part in state politics as a Democrat was also occupied in the preparation of papers on scientific and agricultural topics. In his profession his services were rendered gratuitously, and in every yellow-fever epidemic he went to Houston or Galveston and devoted himself to the sufferers. He was instrumental in the establishment of the state university, and president of its board of regents. His publications include "Account of the Yellow Fever in Galveston, in 1839" (Galveston, 1840); "Account of the Geography of Texas" (1851); and "Permanent Identity of the Human Race " (1860). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 556-557.


SMITH, Caleb Blood, Secretary of the Interior, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 16 April, 1808; died in Indianapolis, Indiana, 7 January, 1864. He emigrated with his parents to Ohio in 1814, was educated at Cincinnati and Miami Colleges, studied law in Cincinnati and in Connersville, Indiana, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. He began practice at the latter place, established and edited the "Sentinel" in 1832, served several terms in the Indiana Legislature, and was in Congress in 1843-'9, having been elected as a Whig. During his congressional career he was one of the Mexican claims commissioners. He returned to the practice of law in 1850, residing in Cincinnati and subsequently in Indianapolis. He was influential in securing the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for the presidency at the Chicago Republican Convention in 1860, and was appointed by him Secretary of the Interior in 1861, which post he resigned in December, 1862, to become U. S. Circuit Judge for Indiana. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 558.


SMITH, Charles Henry, humorist, born in Lawrenceville, Georgia, 15 June. 1826. He was graduated at Franklin College, Athens, Georgia, and in 1848 became a lawyer in Rome, Georgia. He served in the Confederate Army, and after the war settled as a planter near Cartersville, Georgia, was state senator in 1866, and mayor of Rome, Georgia, in 1868-'9. He began his literary career in 1861 in a series of newspaper letters under the signature of "Bill Arp." They enjoyed a wide popularity, and are remarkable for homely humor and shrewd philosophy. A southern writer says of his widely read and quoted letter to Artemus Ward in July, 1865, that "it was the first chirp of any bird after the surrender, and gave relief and hope to thousands of drooping hearts." He is also a successful lecturer. His publications include " Bill Arp's Letters " (New York, 1868); "Bill Arp's Scrap-Book" (Atlanta, 1886); and many humorous and philosophical sketches that he has contributed to the press. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 558.


SMITH, Charles Henry, soldier, born in Hollis, York County, Maine, 1 November, 1827. He was graduated at Colby University in 1856, entered the National Army in 1861 as captain in the 1st Maine Cavalry, was attached with his regiment to the Army of the Potomac, and served throughout its operations, participating in numerous battles. He became major of volunteers in 1862, lieutenant-colonel in March, 1863, and colonel of the 1st Maine Cavalry, commanding that regiment at Upperville, Gettysburg, Shepardstown, and through the movements southward to the Rapidan. In the Mine Run Campaign, in November, he conducted the rear-guard of the left column of the army from Mine run to and across the Rapidan. During General Philip H. Sheridan's cavalry campaign in May and June, 1864, he fought at Todd's Tavern and South Anna, at Trevillian Station, and on 1 August, 1864, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for gallant and meritorious conduct at St. Mary's Church, where two horses were killed under him, and he was shot through the thigh. He commanded a cavalry brigade and was wounded at Reams's Station, and the 3d Brigade of General David M. Gregg's division from October, 1864, till the operations that ended in the surrender of Lee's army. During the Appomattox Campaign he was wounded, and a horse was killed under him at Dinwiddie Court-House, and he participated in the battles of Sailor's Creek, Brier Creek, and Farmville. In May and July, 1865, he was in command of a sub-district of the Appomattox, comprising five counties. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 13 March. 1865, for gallant, and meritorious service during the Civil War, and in March, 1867, brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for Sailor's Creek, and major-general for gallant service during the Civil War. He became colonel of the 28th U.S. Infantry on the reorganization of the U. S. Army in 1866, was transferred in 1869 to the 19th U.S. Infantry, and now (1888) holds that command. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 558-559.


SMITH, Charles Shaler, engineer, born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 16 January, 1836; died in St. Louis, Missouri, 19 December, 1886. He attended a private school in Pittsburg, but at the age of sixteen entered on the study of his profession by securing an appointment as rodman on the Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven Railroad. After various services he became in 1856 engineer in charge of the Tennessee division of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Subsequently he became chief engineer of bridges and buildings of the Wilmington, Charlotte, and Rutherford Railroad in North Carolina, where he remained until the beginning of the Civil War. He then entered the Confederate Army as captain of engineers, and continued so until 1865, during which time, as chief engineer of government works in the Augusta District, he constructed the Confederate States Powder-Works, with a daily capacity of 17,000 pounds of powder, and one of the largest that had then been built. Mr. Smith continued in the south as engineer of bridges, and constructed the Catawba and Congaree Bridges on the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad. In 1866, with Benjamin H. Latrobe, he organized the engineering firm of Smith, Latrobe and Company, which in 1869 became the Baltimore Bridge Company, with Mr. Smith as president and chief engineer. This company continued in business until 1877, and did a large amount of work. He moved to St. Charles, Missouri, in 1868, to take charge of the railroad bridge then just begun across Missouri River, and in 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he remained until the end of his life, mainly occupied as a consulting engineer. His name will ever be connected with the great bridges that were built under his supervision. They are hundreds in number and include four over the Mississippi, one over the Missouri, and one over the St. Lawrence. His most important work was the practical demonstration of the uses and value of the cantilever, beginning in 1869 with the 300-foot draw-span over Salt River on the line of the Elizabeth and Paducah Railroad, and including the Kentucky River Bridge on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, that over the Mississippi near St. Paul, and finally his last great bridge across the St. Lawrence River a short distance above the Lachine rapids. Mr. Smith was elected a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1873, and was a director of that organization in 1877-'8. His publications are confined to a few professional papers, notably "A Comparative Analysis of the Fink, Murphy, Bollman, and Triangular Trusses " (1865); "Proportions of Eyebars, Heads, and Pins as determined bv Experiment" (1877); and " Wind-Pressure upon Bridges " (1880). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 558.


SMITH, Edward Delafield, lawyer, born in Rochester, New York, 8 May, 1826; died in Shrewsbury, New Jersey, 13 April, 1878. He was graduated at the University of the City of New York in 1846, was admitted to the bar in 1848, and practised in New York City. He was U. S. District Attorney for the Southern District of New York in 1861-'5, returned to practice in the latter year, and from 1871 till 1875 was corporation counsel of New York City. He was an active member of the Republican Party, and a member of the law committee of the University of the City of New York. Among his many cases of importance, was that of the People against Nathaniel Gordon, master of the slave-ship " Erie," whom he brought to the scaffold in 1862, and that against John Andrews, a leader of the draft riots in New York City in 1863. At the time of his death he was attorney of record in the Eliza B. Jumel estate case. Mr. Smith also attained success in private practice, and was widely known for his legal ability. He published " Avidae," a poem (New York, 1843); " Destiny," a poem (1846); "Oratory," a poem (1846); "Reports of Cases in the New York Court of Common Pleas" (4 vols., 1850-'9); and “ Addresses to Juries in Slave-Trade Trials " (1861). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 361.


SMITH, Emma, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS), Boston, Massachusetts (Yellin, 1994, p. 61)


SMITH, Erasmus Darwin, jurist, born in De Ruyter, Madison County, New York, 10 October, 1806; died in Rochester, New York, 11 November, 1883. He was educated at Hamilton College, admitted to the bar, became a master in chancery in 1832, serving three successive terms, was made injunction-master for the 8th District of New York in 1840, and clerk of that court in 1841, and was a justice of the Supreme Court of New York from 1855 till 1877, when he was retired on account of age. He served on the court of appeals in 1862 and 1870, and was general term justice in 1872-7. Chief-Justice Chase said of his decision in the legal-tender case of Hayes vs. Powers, which settled the power of the Federal government to issue paper money as a war measure, that " its influence on the credit of the government was equal to a victory in the field." Rochester gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1868. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 562.


SMITH, Ezra C., New York, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1841-1845.


SMITH, Francis Henney, soldier, born in Norfolk, Virginia, 18 October, 1812. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1833, and was assistant professor there in 1834, but resigned in 1836, was professor of mathematics at Hampden Sidney in 1837-'9, and, on the organization of the Virginia Military Institute in the latter year, became its superintendent, and professor of mathematics and moral and political philosophy, which office he still (1888) holds. He was appointed colonel of a Virginia regiment soon after the beginning of the Civil War, and was stationed at Norfolk and in command of the fort at Craney Island. During the campaigns against Richmond in 1864, with his corps of cadets he aided in its defence, and was subsequently transferred to Lynchburg to protect that city against the National forces under General David Hunter. The institute buildings having been destroyed by fire during the war, he took active measures to reconstruct them when he returned to his duties there in 1865, and subsequently he has successfully administered its affairs. William and Mary gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. He has published, with Robert M. T. Duke, a series of arithmetics (New York, 1845): a series of algebras (1848); and is the author of "The Best Methods of conducting Common Schools" (1849); "College Reform" (1850); and a " Report to the Legislature of Virginia on Scientific Education in Europe" (1859). He translated Bicot's "Analytical Geometry " from the French (1840). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 563-564.


SMITH, Francis Osmond Jon, Congressman, born in Brentwood, New Hampshire, 23 November, 1806; died in Deering, Maine, 14 October, 1876. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy, admitted to the bar, and practised in Portland. He was a member of the legislature in 1832, president of the state senate in 1833, and sat in Congress from December of the latter year till 1839, having been chosen as a Whig. During his later life he was connected with many local and national improvements, was instrumental in establishing the Portland Gas Company, and the York and Cumberland and Portland and Oxford Central Railroads, the latter having been mainly built by him. But his greatest public service was the introduction of the Morse Electric Telegraph, which owes much of its success to his labor. He published "Reports of Decisions in the Circuit Courts-Martial of Maine" (Portland, 1831); "Laws of the State of Maine " (2 vols.. 1834); and "Secret Corresponding Vocabulary : Adopted for Use to Morse's Electro-Magnetic Telegraph " (1845). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 564.


SMITH, Franklin Webster, 1826-1911, Boston, Massachusetts, businessman, anti-slavery.  Early member of the Republican Party.  Supported election of Abraham Lincoln.


SMITH, Gustavus Woodson, soldier, born in Scott County, Kentucky, 1 January, 1822. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1842, appointed to the Engineer Corps, and for the subsequent two years engaged in constructing fortifications in New London Harbor, Connecticut. He was assistant professor of engineering in the U. S. Military Academy in 1844-'6, commanded the sappers, miners, and pontoniers during the siege of Vera Cruz and in the subsequent operations of the war with Mexico, and in 1847 was brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Cerro Gordo, and captain for Contreras. He was recalled to the U. S. Military Academy as principal assistant professor of engineering in 1849, became 1st lieutenant in 1853, and resigned from the army the next year. He was subsequently employed in the construction of various government buildings, and in the iron-works of Cooper and Hewitt, Trenton, New Jersey. He was street commissioner of New York City in 1858-'61, and a member of the board to revise the programme of instruction at the U. S. Military Academy in 1860. He returned to Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War, entered the Confederate Service, and in September, 1861, was appointed major-general. He succeeded General Joseph E. Johnston in temporary command of the Army of Northern Virginia on 31 May, 1862, and subsequently commanded at Richmond, was in charge of the state forces of Georgia in 1864-'5, and was taken prisoner at Macon on 20 April of the latter year. He was superintendent in charge of the Southwest Iron-Works at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1866-'9, was insurance commissioner of the state of Kentucky in 1870-6, and since that time has resided in New York City. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 566.


SMITH, Henry Hollingsworth, surgeon, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10 December, 1815. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1837, and at the medical department in 1839, spent the subsequent eighteen months in study abroad, and on his return settled in practice in Philadelphia. He became a surgeon to St. Joseph's Hospital in 1849, surgeon to the Episcopal Hospital soon afterward, one of the surgical staff to Blockley Hospital in 1854, and was professor of surgery in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania from 1855 till 1871, when he became professor emeritus. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed to organize the hospital department of Pennsylvania, and at the same time made surgeon-general of Pennsylvania. In this capacity he contributed much to the efficiency of the medical services of the Pennsylvania reserves and other state regiments. At the first battle at Winchester, Virginia, he originated the plan of removing the wounded from the battle-field to large hospitals in Reading, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and other cities, and established the custom of embalming the dead on the battle-ground. He organized and directed a corps of surgeons, with steamers as floating hospitals, at the siege of Yorktown. and served the wounded after the battles of Williamsburg, West Point, Fair Oaks, and Cold Harbor. After thoroughly organizing the department of which he was in charge, he resigned his commission in 1862, and has since been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Smith is widely known as a medical author. His publications include " An Anatomical Atlas," to illustrate William E. Horner's "Special Anatomy " (Philadelphia, 1843); "Minor Surgery" (1846); "System of Operative Surgery," with a biographical index to the writings and operations of American surgeons for 234 years (2 vols., 1852); ' The Treatment of Disunited Fractures by Means of Artificial Limbs" (1855); "Professional Visit to London and Paris" (1855); "Practice of Surgery " (2 vols., 1857-63); and numerous surgical articles in medical journals; and he has translated from the French Civiale's "Treatise on the Medical and Prophylactic Treatment of Stone and Gravel" Philadelphia, 1841), and edited the " United States Dissector " (1844), and Spenser Thompson's " Domestic Medicine and Surgery " (1853). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 566-567.


SMITH, James Milton, governor of Georgia, born in Twiggs County, Georgia, 24 October, 1823. He was educated at Culloden Academy, Monroe County, Georgia, became a lawyer, entered the Confederate Army in 1861 as major in the 13th Georgia Regiment, became colonel in 1862, and was a member of the Confederate Congress from that year until the close of the Civil War. He served in the legislature in 1871-'2. was speaker, and in 1872 was chosen governor to fill the unexpired term of Rufus B. Bullock, which office he held by re-election till 1874. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 569.


SMITH, James Youngs, governor of Rhode Island, born in Groton. Connecticut., 15 September, 1809; died in Providence, Rhode Island, 26 March, 1876. He moved to Providence in 1826, engaged in the lumber business, and in 1838 in the manufacture of cotton goods in Willimantic, Connecticut., and Woonsocket, Rhode Island, acquiring a fortune. He served several terms in the Rhode Island Legislature, was mayor of Providence in 1855-7, and governor of Rhode Island in 1863-'5. During his service he efficiently supported the National cause, and largely contributed to it with his private fortune. He controlled extensive manufacturing enterprises, and occupied many posts of trust in banking and other corporations. He was a Republican from the organization of that party. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 569.


SMITH, Jesse C., soldier, born in Butternuts, Otsego County, New York, 18 July, 1808; died in Brooklyn, New York, 11 July, 1888. He was graduated at Union in 1832, and studied law in New York City, under Alva Clark. He took much interest in military affairs, became adjutant, and subsequently major, of the 75th Regiment of New York Militia, and afterward colonel of the 14th Regiment. While commanding the latter, he suppressed the "Angel Gabriel" riots, which were caused by the preaching of a lunatic who gave himself that appellation. General Smith was surrogate of Kings County in 1850-'5, and state senator in 1862. At the beginning of the Civil War he was instrumental in the reorganization of the National Guard, and in forming the 139th Regiment of New York Volunteers. He commanded the 11th Brigade of the National Guard at the battle of Gettysburg. After the war he practised law in Brooklyn. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 569.


SMITH, John Gregory, Governor of Vermont, born in St. Alban's, Vermont, 22 July, 1818, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1838, and at the law department of Yale in 1841. He began practice with his father, whom he succeeded as chancellor in 1858, became active in railroad interests in Vermont, was a member of the state senate in 1858–'9, and of the house of representatives in 1861–2, becoming speaker in the latter year. He was governor of Vermont in 1863–’5, and actively supported the National cause during the Civil War. He became president of the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1866, and subsequently was president of the Central Vermont Railroad. The University of Vermont gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1871. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 572.


SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, born in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, 3 August, 1816. His father was an officer under Napoleon, and after the emperor's downfall emigrated to Philadelphia, where the son received an academic education and became a jeweler. He entered the National Army in 1861 as colonel of the 45th Illinois Infantry, engaged in the capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, and in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth, became brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862, commanded the 8th Division of the 16th Army Corps in December, 1862, was engaged in the Vicksburg Campaign, leading the 3d Division of the 17th Corps in June, 1863, and was transferred to the 15th Corps in September, taking part in the capture of Mission Ridge, and in the Atlanta and Carolina Campaigns in 1864–’5. In December, 1870, he was assigned to the 14th U.S. Infantry. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in April, 1866, and became colonel of the 27th U.S. Infantry in July of that year. He received the brevet of major-general of volunteers on 12 January, 1865, for faithful services and gallantry in action, and the brevets of brigadier and major-general, U. S. Army, on 2 March, 1867, for his conduct at the siege of Vicksburg and in action at Savannah in December, 1864. In May, 1881, he was retired. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 572.


SMITH, John Speed, Congressman, born in Jessamine County, Kentucky, 31 July, 1792; died in Madison County, Kentucky, 6 June, 1854. He received a public school education, became a skilled Indian fighter, served under General William H. Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe, and was his aide in the battle of the Thames, 5 October, 1813. He was frequently in the legislature, its speaker in 1827, and a member of Congress in 1821-'3, having been elected as a Democrat. During the administration of John Quincy Adams he was secretary of the delegation that was sent by the United States to the South American Congress which met at Tacubaya. In 1828-32 he was U. S. District Attorney for Kentucky. In 1839 he was appointed, with James T. Morehead. a commissioner to Ohio to obtain the passage of a law for protecting slave property in Kentucky. For several years previous to his death he was state superintendent of public works, and in 1846-'8 he was a member of the Kentucky senate.—His son, Green Clay, soldier, born in Richmond, Kentucky, 2 July, 1832, was named for his grandfather, General Green Clay. After serving a year in the Mexican War as lieutenant of Kentucky cavalry, he entered Transylvania University, where he was graduated in 1850, and at Lexington law school in 1853, and practised in partnership with his father. In 1858 he moved to Covington. In 1853-7 he served as school commissioner. In 1860 he was a member of the Kentucky legislature, where he earnestly upheld the National government, and in 1861 he entered the army as a private. He became colonel of the 4th Kentucky Cavalry in February, 1862, served under General Ebenezer Dumont, and was wounded at Lebanon, Tennessee. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 11 June, 1862, but, having been chosen a member of Congress, resigned his commission on 1 December, 1863, after taking part in numerous engagements. He served till 1866, when he resigned on being appointed by President Johnson governor of Montana, where he remained till 1869. He was a delegate to the Baltimore Republican Convention in 1864, and on 13 March, 1865, was given the brevet of major-general of volunteers. On his retirement from the governorship of Montana he entered the Christian ministry, was ordained in 1869, and became in the same year pastor of the Baptist Church in Frankfort. Kentucky. Much of his later ministry has been employed in evangelistic service. General Smith has also taken an active part in furthering the temperance reform, and in 1876 was the candidate of the Prohibition Party for the presidency of the United States, receiving a popular vote of 9,522. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 574.


SMITH, Joseph, naval officer, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 30 March, 1790; died in Washington, D. C, 17 January, 1877. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 16 July, 1809, and was commissioned a lieutenant, 24 July, 1813. He was the 1st lieutenant of the brig "Eagle" in the victory on Lake Champlain, 11 September, 1814, and was severely wounded in the battle, but continued at his post. With other officers, he received the thanks of Congress and a silver medal for his services. In the frigate "Constellation," in the Mediterranean in 1815-'17, he co-operated in the capture of Algerine vessels, and he sailed again to the Mediterranean in 1819. returning in 1822. He was commissioned commander 3 March, 1827, and captain, 9 February, 1837. During two years, until December, 1845, he commanded the Mediterranean Squadron, with the frigate "Cumberland" as flag-ship. Upon his return home he was appointed chief of the bureau of yards and docks, which post he filled until the spring of 1809. He was then president of the examining board for the promotion of officers until September, 1871. He had been retired, 21 December, 1861, and promoted to rear-admiral, 10 July, 1862. He resided at Washington after his service with the examining board until his death, at which time he was the senior officer in the navy on the retired list. He was highly esteemed by Commodore Isaac Hull, whose flag-ship "Ohio" he commanded in 1839. His son was killed on board the " Congress" when she was attacked by the "Merrimac," 8 March, 1862. When the admiral heard that the ship had surrendered, he exclaimed: "Then Joe is dead." Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 575.


SMITH, Joseph, clergyman, born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, 15 July, 1796; died in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, 4 December, 1868. He was graduated at Jefferson College in 1815, studied at Princeton Theological Seminary, was licensed to preach in 1819, and became a missionary in Culpeper, Madison, and Orange Counties, Virginia. He was principal of an academy in Staunton, Virginia., for several years, moved to Frederick City, Maryland., about 1832, and was pastor of the Presbyterian Church there and principal of an academy. He was pastor of a church in Clairsville, Ohio, in 1840, and became president of Franklin College, now Athens, Ohio, in 1844, but resigned on account of his conservative views regarding slavery, resumed his former charge in Frederick City, Maryland, and was president of the newly organized college there. He became general agent of the synods of the Presbyterian Church for the territory embracing western Pennsylvania, northwestern Virginia, and eastern Ohio. He subsequently held charges in Round Hill and Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He received the degree of D. D, from Jefferson College. His publications include "Old Redstone, or Historical Sketches of Western Presbyterianism" (Philadelphia, 1854), and " History of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania." (1857). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 575.


SMITH, Joseph, Mormon prophet, born in Sharon, Vermont, 23 December, 1805; died in Carthage, Illinois, 27 June, 1844. His parents were poor, and when he was ten years of age they moved to Palmyra, New York, and four years later to Manchester, a few miles distant. In the spring of 1820, in the midst of great religious excitement, four of his father's family having joined the Presbyterian Church, Joseph claimed to have gone into the woods to pray, when he had a vision in some respects similar to St. Paul's, but was told by his religious advisers that " it is all of the devil," and he was ridiculed by the public. On the evening of 21 September, 1823, after going to bed, he claimed to have had another vision. According to his story, an angel named Moroni visited him and told him of a book written upon golden plates, in which was a history of the former inhabitants of this country and "the fulness of the everlasting gospel," and indicated to him where the book was deposited in the earth. He subsequently went to the spot that he had seen in his vision, found the plates of gold, but an unseen power prevented him from removing them. Moroni, with whom Smith claimed to have had many interviews, told him that he had not kept the Lord's command, that he valued the golden plates more than the records upon them, and not till his love for gold had abated and he was willing to give his time to the Lord and translate the inscriptions upon the plates would they ever be delivered to him. It is claimed that this was done by the angel, 22 September, 1827. Smith told of his visions from time to time, and, to escape the jeers and ridicule of the people of Manchester, he went to reside with his wife's family in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, where, according to his own account, he began to copy the characters on the plates and by the aid of "Urim and Thummim," a pair of magic spectacles, translated them from behind a curtain, dictating the " Book of Mormon" to Martin Harris and later to Oliver Cowdery, who joined him in April, 1829. These two frequently went into the woods to pray for divine instruction, and on 15 May, 1829, they claimed that they were addressed by the materialized spirit of John the Baptist, who conferred upon them the priesthood of Aaron and commanded that they baptize each other by immersion for the remission of sins. Both claimed after they were baptized to have received the gift of the Holy Ghost, and from that time had the spirit of prophecy. The " Book of Mormon " was printed in Palmyra, New York, by Egbert B. Grandin in 1830. The Mormon Church was organized, 6 April, 1830, by six "saints," at the house of Peter Whitmer, in Fayette, New York, and Oliver Cowdery preached the first sermon on the following Sunday, at the house of Mr. Whitmer, when several were baptized. The first conference of the church was held in June, 1830, at which thirty members were present, and thereafter the "prophet" claimed supernatural powers. Numerous miracles were performed by him, of which the casting the devil out of Newell Knight, of Colesville, New York, was the first that was done in the church. The membership increased rapidly, and Kirtland, Ohio, was declared to be the promised land of the Mormons. In February, Smith and the leaders of the church settled in that place, and almost at once missionaries were sent to make converts. Early in June, Missouri was announced by Smith to be the chosen land, and in July he located the new city of Zion. Soon afterward he returned to Kirtland, and during a visit to Hiram, Ohio, with Sidney Rigdon, he was tarred and feathered. (See Rigdon, Sidney, for the subsequent events of this period.) Meanwhile the building of the first "temple" in Kirtland was decided upon, and each Mormon was compelled to give one seventh of his time in labor for its completion in addition to the tithes that were paid into the treasury. It was 80 feet long, 59 feet wide, and 50 feet high, and was dedicated on 27 March, 1836. At a conference of the elders, held 3 May, 1834, the name of "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints" was adopted, and on 14 February, 1835, a quorum of the twelve apostles was organized. During 1837-'8 dissensions arose in the church, owing to the financial difficulties of the time, and many of the members left it. Smith was charged with having recommended two of his followers to take the life of Grandison Newell, an opponent of Mormonism, but, although he was brought before the courts, he was discharged, owing to the lack of evidence. The failure of the bank, charges of fraud, and other difficulties occurred, and on 13 January, 1838, he made his escape to Illinois, ultimately reaching Far West, Missouri. Toward the close of the year the conflict between the Mormons and Missourians, who had previously insisted that the former should leave their territory, assumed the proportions of civil war. The Mormons armed themselves and, assembling in large bodies, fortified their towns and defied the officers of the law. The militia of the state was called out by the governor. Smith and many of his associates were lodged in jail, having been indicted for "murder, treason, burglary, arson, and larceny," but on 16 April, 1839, during their removal to Boone County, made their escape to Illinois, whither their families had fled. After this the leaders of the church were frequently arrested on various charges, the " prophet" being in custody nearly fifty times. Most of the refugees met in Hancock County, Illinois, and on the site of the town of Commerce the city of the saints, Nauvoo, was founded and a charter obtained, signed by the governor, 16 December, 1840. The municipal election was held on 1 February, 1841, Smith was elected mayor, and two days previously he was chosen sole trustee of the Mormon Church, with unlimited powers. The charter of the city granted the right to form a military organization, called the Nauvoo Legion, which at one time contained about 1,500 men. and on 4 February, 1841, Smith was elected lieutenant-general. The erection of a new temple was begun, missionaries were sent to England, through whom large accessions were made to the church, and in 1842 Smith was at the height of his prosperity. Not only was his fame known from one end of the land to the other, but his favor was sought eagerly by the leaders of the two great political parties, who flattered and praised him that they might win his support. Jealousies soon arose among the leaders, some of whom were driven from the church, and by his revelation of 12 July, 1813, authorizing him to take spiritual wives, he antagonized certain of his followers, among whom were Dr. Robert D. Foster and William Law, whose wives he had solicited to enter into the married state with him. In 1844, with other apostate Mormons, Foster and Law deckled upon the establishment of a newspaper in Nauvoo. for the purpose of making war upon the leaders of Mormonism. This was the "Nauvoo Expositor," the first and only number of which contained what purported to be affidavits from sixteen women who insisted that Smith and Sidney Rigdon were guilty of moral impurity and were in favor of the "spiritual-wife system, which they openly denounced. These accusations greatly incensed the "prophet," and the city council declared the paper a nuisance, and ordered that it should be abated. Under cover of this ordinance the followers of Smith attacked the building, destroyed the presses, and made a bonfire of the paper and furniture. Foster and Law fled to Carthage, and a warrant was issued for the arrest of Joseph Smith, the mayor of Nauvoo, and seventeen of his adherents. He refused to acknowledge the validity of the warrant, and the constable who served it was marched out of Nauvoo by the city marshal. The militia was called out, and the Mormons gave up their public arms. Joseph and Hyrum Smith were arrested on a charge of treason and taken to Carthage jail. The governor visited the Smiths in jail, made a promise of protection to them, and had a guard placed over the building. On the evening of 27 June, 1844, a band of more than 100 men, with blackened faces, rushed into the jail and fired upon the brothers, killing Hyrum first, while Joseph was pierced with four bullets and fell dead. See "Mormonism and the Mormons," by Daniel P. Kidder (New York, 1842); "The Mormons: or Latter-Day Saints, with Memoirs of Joseph Smith" (London, 1851); and the "Early Days of Mormonism," by J. H. Kennedy (New" York, 1888).—His son, Joseph, born in Kirtland, Ohio, 6 November, 1832, after the death of his father in 1844 remained in Nauvoo with his mother, who would not acknowledge the authority of Brigham Young. For years she kept a hotel, in which her son assisted her. He also was clerk in a store, worked on a farm, was sub-contractor on a railroad, and studied law. After standing aloof from the Mormon Church till he was about twenty-four years of age, he resolved to put himself at the head of a " reorganized " branch of it, which he did in 1860. In 1866 he left Nauvoo and took up his abode as editor and manager of " The Saints Herald "at Piano, Illinois. He then went abroad and preached frequently for about fifteen years, and then moved to Lamoni, Iowa, where he now (1888) resides, as the acknowledged head of the reorganized church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a strong opponent to the doctrine and practices of the polygamists of Utah. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 575-576.


SMITH, Ephraim Kirby, soldier, born in Litchfield. Connecticut., in 1807; died near the city of Mexico, 11 September. 1847, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1826, served on frontier duty in 1828-'9. and was dismissed from the army in October, 1830, for inflicting corporal punishment on mutinous soldiers, but was reinstated in 1832. He became 1st lieutenant in 1833, captain in 1838, and during the war with Mexico was engaged in numerous battles, including Molino del Rev, where he was mortally wounded in leading the light infantry battalion under his command in an assault on one of the enemy's batteries. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 576-577.


SMITH, Edmund Kirby, soldier, born in St. Augustine, Florida. 16 May, 1824, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1845, and appointed brevet 2d lieutenant of infantry. In the war with Mexico he was twice brevetted, for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Contreras. He was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point in 1849—'52, became captain in the 2d U.S. Cavalry in 1855, served on the frontier, and was wounded, 13 May, 1859, in an engagement with Comanche Indians near old Fort Atchison, Texas. In 1861 he was thanked by the Texas legislature for his services against the Indians. He was promoted major in January, 1861, but resigned on 6 April, on the secession of Florida, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the corps of cavalry of the Confederate Army. He became brigadier-general, 17 June, 1861, major-general, 11 October, 1861, lieutenant-general, 9 October, 1862, and general, 19 February, 1864. At the battle of Bull Run, 21 July, 1861, he was severely wounded in the beginning of the engagement. In 1862 he was placed in command of the Department of East Tennessee, Kentucky. North Georgia, and Western North Carolina. He led the advance of General Braxton Bragg's army in the Kentucky Campaign, and defeated the National forces under General William Nelson at Richmond, Kentucky, 30 August, 1862. In February, 1863, he was assigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, including Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Indian Territory, and was ordered to organize a government, which he did. He made his communications with Richmond by running the blockade at Galveston, Texas, and Wilmington, North Carolina, sent large quantities of cotton to Confederate agents abroad, and. introducing machinery from Europe, established factories and furnaces, opened mines, made powder and castings, and had made the district self-supporting when the war closed, at which time his forces were the last to surrender. In 1864 he opposed and defeated General Nathaniel P. Banks in his Red River Campaign. General Smith was president of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company in 1866-'8, and chancellor of the University of Nashville in 1870-'5, and has been professor of mathematics in the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, since 1875. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 577.


SMITH, Joseph Lee Kirby, soldier, born in New York City in 1836: died at Corinth, Mississippi., 12 October, 1862, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1857, served as assistant Topographical Engineer in the office of the Mississippi Delta Survey in Washington, D. C, in 1857-'8, on the Utah Expedition, the survey of the northern lakes in 1859-'61, and then became 1st lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. During the Civil War he served on General Nathaniel P. Banks's staff in July and August, 1861, received the brevet of captain, U. S. Army, in the latter month "for gallant and meritorious service in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia," became colonel of the 43d Ohio Volunteers in September, and was in command of a brigade of the Army of the Mississippi in the capture of Mew Madrid, Missouri, in March, 1862. He was brevetted major, U. S. Army, for the capture of Island No. 10. 7 April, 1862, served on the expedition to Fort Pillow, fought at the siege of Corinth in May of that year, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel in the U. S. Army for repelling a Confederate sortie from that city. He was in command of a regiment in operations in northern Mississippi in September and October, was engaged at the battle of Iuka, and mortally wounded at Corinth, 4 October, while charging " front forward" to repel a desperate attack on Battery Robinett. For this service, he was brevetted colonel in the regular army, his commission dating 4 October, 1862. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 577.


SMITH, Joseph Rowe, soldier, born in Stillwater, New York, 8 September, 1802; died in Monroe, Michigan, 3 September, 1868. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1823, became 1st lieutenant in 1832 and captain in 1838, and served in the Florida War in 1837-'42. During the Mexican War he was brevetted major for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, and lieutenant-colonel for Contreras and Churubusco, receiving in the latter engagement a wound that ever afterward disabled his left arm. He became major of the 7th U.S. Infantry in 1851, and in 1861 was retired on account of his wounds, but in the following year was appointed mustering and disbursing officer for Michigan, with headquarters on the lakes. He became chief mustering officer of Michigan in 1862, military commissary of musters in 1863. and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for " long and honorable service." Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 578.


SMITH, Julia Evalina, reformer, born in Glastonbury, Connecticut., 27 May, 1792; died in Hartford, Connecticut., 6 March, 1886. Her father was a preacher and physician, an early Abolitionist, and both parents were Sandemanians. She became known throughout the country as one of the five "Glastonbury sisters," who resisted the payment of taxes because they were denied suffrage, and submitted to the sale of their property by the town authorities rather than obey the law. With her sister, Abigail H. (1796-1878), she was an early and active member of the Woman's Suffrage Party and an interesting and conspicuous figure at their conventions. In 1876 they addressed a petition to the legislature of Connecticut, in which they set forth their grievances. Julia kept a weather-record from 1832 till 1880. In 1879 she married Amos G. Parker, a lawyer of New Hampshire, aged eighty-six years. The Glastonbury sisters were well veiled in modern and ancient languages, and for many years were engaged on a translation of the Holy Scriptures literally from the original tongues, which was published (Hartford, 1876).  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 578.


SMITH, Junius, pioneer of ocean steam navigation, born in Plymouth, Massachusetts. 2 October, 1780; died in Astoria, New York, 23 January, 1853. His father, General David Smith, was an officer of militia. Junius was graduated at Yale in 1802. studied at the Litchfield law-school, and in 1803 delivered the annual oration before the Society of the Cincinnati of Connecticut. He practised at the New Haven Bar till 1805. when he was appointed to prosecute a claim against the British government for the capture of an American merchant ship. He pleaded the cause in the admiralty court in London, succeeded in obtaining large damages, and on his return to this country extensively engaged in commerce, and conducted a prosperous business for many years. He began the project of navigating the Atlantic Ocean with steamships in 1832, published a prospectus of the enterprise in 1835, in 1836 established the British and American Steam Navigation Company, and in the spring of 1838 proved the feasibility of the scheme by the crossing of the steamer " Sirius." Captain Moses Rogers had crossed in the " Savannah," using both sails and steam, in 1819. Mr. Smith's anticipation of the pecuniary advantages of the project were not realized, and he abandoned it, engaging in the introduction of the tea-plant into South Carolina. He purchased an extensive plantation near Greenville, and was endeavoring to prosecute the industry at the time of his death. Yale gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1840. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 578-579.


SMITH, Martin Luther, soldier, born in New York City in 1819: died in Rome, Georgia, 29 July, 1866. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1842, served in the Mexican War as lieutenant of Topographical Engineers, became 1st lieutenant in 1853 and captain in 1856, and resigned 1 April, 1861. He then entered the Confederate service, became a brigadier-general, commanded a brigade in defence of New Orleans, was at the head of the Engineer Corps of the Army, and planned and constructed the defences of Vicksburg, where he was taken prisoner. He subsequently attained the rank of major-general. After the war he became chief engineer of the Selma, Rome, and Dayton Railroad. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 579.


SMITH, Mary Prudence Wells, author, born in Attica, New York, 30 July, 1840. She was graduated at the Greenville, Massachusetts, High-School in 1857, and at Hartford Female Seminary in 1859. Smith taught in Greenville in 1859-'61, and in 1864-'72 was a clerk in Franklin Savings Institution, being the first woman employed in a bank in Massachusetts. She was secretary of the Greenville Freedmen's Aid Society in 1865-'6, and school commissioner in 1874. She married Judge Fayette Smith, of Cincinnati, in the latter year, and since 1881 has been president of the Cincinnati branch of the Woman's Auxiliary Conference of the Unitarian Church. She has published many magazine articles under the penname of " P. Thorne," and "Jolly Good Times, or Child Life on a Farm" (Boston, 1875); "Jolly Good Times at School" (1877); "The Browns" (1884); and " Miss Ellis's Mission " (1886). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 579.


SMITH, Melancton, naval officer, born in New York City, 24 May, 1810, entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 1 November, 1826, attended the naval school in New York in 1831, and became a passed midshipman, 28 April, 1832. He was commissioned lieutenant, 8 March, 1837, served in the steamer “Poinsett” until 1840, and in 1839, on this cruise, he commanded a fort during engagements with the Seminoles in Florida. He made a full cruise in the frigate “Constitution” on the Mediterranean Station in 1848–51, and, after being on waiting orders for several years, he was commissioned commander, 14 September, 1855, after which he was light-house inspector. On 9 July, 1861, while in command of the “Massachusetts” off Ship Island, he had an engagement with a Confederate fort and three Confederate steamers, and on 31 December, 1861, the fort at Biloxi, Louisiana, surrendered, cutting off all regular communication between North Carolina and Mobile, and getting possession of the sound. When in command of the “Mississippi” he passed Forts Jackson and St. Philip with Farragut, and destroyed the Confederate ram “Manassas,” for which he was highly commended by the admiral. He participated in the attack on Port Hudson. In an attempt to run the batteries the “Mississippi" grounded, and he set his ship on fire to prevent her falling into the hands of the enemy. This course was approved by the Navy Department. He was promoted to captain, 16 July, 1862 (under orders to return north), but was assigned to the temporary command of the “Monongahela,” on which vessel the admiral hoisted his flag on his passage from New Orleans to Port Hudson. In 1864 he had command of the monitor “Onondaga,” and appointed divisional officer on James River, and subsequently he had charge of the squadron in Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, and recaptured the steamer “Bombshell.” He participated in both attacks on Fort Fisher in the steam frigate “Wabash.” He was commissioned commodore, 25 July, 1866, and served as chief of the Bureau of Equipment and recruiting in the Navy Department until 1870. He was commissioned rear-admiral, 1 July, 1870, had charge of the New York U.S. Navy-yard in 1870–2, and was retired, 24 May, 1871. After he was retired, he was appointed governor of the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 580.


SMITH, Morgan Lewis, soldier, born in Oswego County, New York, 8 March, 1822; died in Jersey City, New Jersey, 29 December, 1874. He settled in New Albany, Indiana, about 1843, and enlisted as a private in the U.S. Army in 1846, rising to the rank of orderly sergeant, but resigned, and at the beginning of the Civil War was engaged in the steamboat business. He then re-entered the service, having raised the 8th Missouri Infantry, a regiment whose members were bound by an oath never to surrender. He was chosen its colonel in July, 1861, took part in the advance of General Ulysses S. Grant's army to Fort Henry, commanded the 5th Brigade of the 3d Division of the Army of the Tennessee at Fort Donelson, and successfully stormed a strong position of the enemy. He led the 1st Brigade of the same army at Shiloh, was engaged at Corinth and Russell House, accompanied General William T. Sherman to Moscow, Tennessee, and was subsequently in charge of an expedition to Holly Springs, Mississippi, and Memphis, Tennessee. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in July, 1862, and made expeditions and reconnoissance into Mississippi till November of that year, when he was placed in command of the 2d Division of General William T. Sherman's army, and was severely wounded at Vicksburg, 28 December, 1862. He assumed his command on his recovery in October, 1863, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge in the movements for the relief of Knoxville and in the Atlanta Campaign. He was then placed in charge of Vicksburg, and, by his stern adherence to military law, brought that city into peace and order. He was subsequently U. S. consul at Honolulu, declined the governorship of Colorado Territory, and became a counsel in Washington, D. C, for the collection of claims. At the time of his death he was connected with a building association in Washington, D. C. General William T. Sherman said of him: "He was one of the bravest men in action I ever knew." [Brother of Giles Alexander Smith, soldier]. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 580-581.


SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, born in Jefferson County, New York, 29 September, 1829; died in Bloomington, Illinois, 8 November, 1876, engaged in the dry-goods business in Cincinnati, and subsequently in Bloomington, Illinois, and at the beginning of the Civil War was the proprietor of a hotel in the last named town. He became captain in the 8th Missouri Volunteers in 1861, was engaged at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Corinth, and became lieutenant-colonel and colonel in 1862. He led his regiment at the first attack on Vicksburg, was wounded at Arkansas Post, and in the capture of Vicksburg rescued Admiral David Porter and his iron-clads when they were surrounded and hemmed in by the enemy. In August, 1863, he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers " for gallant and meritorious conduct in the field." He commanded his brigade in the 15th Army Corps in the siege of Chattanooga and the battle of Missionary Ridge, in which he was severely wounded. He led a brigade in the 15th Corps in the Atlanta Campaign, was transferred to the command of the 2d Division of the 17th Army Corps, fought at Atlanta, and, in Sherman's march to the sea, engaged in all the important movements, especially in the operations in and about Columbia, South Carolina. After the surrender of General Robert E. Lee he was transferred to the 25th Army Corps, became major-general of volunteers in 1865, and continued in the service till 1866, when he resigned, declining the commission of colonel of cavalry in the regular army, and settled in Bloomington, Illinois. He was a defeated candidate for Congress in 1868, was second assistant Postmaster-General in 1869-'72, but resigned on account of failing health. He was a founder of the Society of the Army of Tennessee. [Brother of Morgan Lewis Smith, soldier]. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 581.


SMITH, Truman, senator, a nephew of Nathaniel and Nathan Smith, born in Woodbury, Connecticut., 27 November, 1791; died in Stamford, Connecticut, 3 May, 1884, was graduated at Yale in 1815, studied law, and was a member of the legislature in 1831–4, of Congress in 1839-'49, and U.S. Senator from Connecticut in 1849-'54, when he suddenly resigned from weariness of public life. He was remarkable for his wide, though silent, influence in national politics, having taken a decisive part in the nomination of General Zachary Taylor for president in 1848. He conducted that presidential campaign as chairman of the Whig National Committee, and was offered a post in President Taylor's cabinet, which he declined. He was, in conjunction with Daniel Webster, the foremost opponent of the “spoils system” in Congress. He strenuously combated the views of Stephen A. Douglas in the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. After resigning from the Senate, Mr. Smith practised law in New York until he was appointed by President Lincoln in 1862 judge of the court of arbitration, and afterward of the court of claims. He was also legal adviser to the government in many questions arising out of the Civil War. He wrote one book, “An Examination of the Question of Anaesthesia” (Boston, 1859), published as “An Inquiry into the Origin of Modern Anaesthesia” (Hartford, 1867), and published many separate speeches. Mr. Smith was a man of giant frame, and lived to be nearly ninety-three ears old. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 582.


SMITH, Persifer Frazer, soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in November, 1798; died in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 17 May, 1858. His grandfather. Colonel Robert Smith, was an officer in the Revolution, and his maternal grandfather, Persifer Frazer, was a lieutenant-colonel in the same army. Persifer was graduated at Princeton in 1815, studied law Tinder Charles Chauncey, and settled in New Orleans, Louisiana. At the beginning of the Florida War, being adjutant-general of the state, he volunteered under General Edmund P. Gaines as colonel of Louisiana volunteers and served in the campaigns of 1830 and 1838. He was appointed colonel of a rifle regiment in May, 1846, commanded a brigade of infantry from September of that year till the close of the war with Mexico, and received the brevet of brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for his service at Monterey, and major-general in the same for Churubusco and Contreras, 20 August, 1847. The official report of the latter battle records " that he closely directed the whole attack in front with his habitual coolness and ability." He also fought at Chapultepec and at the Belen gate, and in the latter battle is described by General Winfield Scott as "cool, unembarrassed, and ready." He was commissioner of armistice with Mexico in October, 1847, afterward commanded the 2d Division of the U. S. Army, became military and civil governor of Vera Cruz in May, 1848, and subsequently had charge of the departments of California and Texas. He was brevetted major-general, U. S. Army, in 1849, appointed to the full rank of brigadier-general, 30 December, 1856, and ordered to Kansas. Just before his death he was placed in command of the Utah Expedition. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 583.


SMITH, Gerrit, 1797-1874, Peterboro, New York, large landowner, reformer, philanthropist, radical abolitionist.  Smith was one of the most important leaders of the abolitionist movement.  Originally, he supported the American Colonization Society (ACS) and served as a Vice President, 1833-1836.  Smith later came to reject the idea of sending freed slaves back to Africa.  Smith became a leader and important supporter of William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).  He served as a Vice President of the AASS, 1836-1840, 1840-1841.  Smith also served as Vice President of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1840.  He was the founding President of  the New York State Anti-Slavery Society, October 1836, in Utica, New York.  Smith came to believe that slavery could be abolished by political means and he was instrumental in the founding of the Liberty Party in 1840.  He was the President and co-founder of the Liberty League in 1848 and was its presidential candidate in 1848.  He was active in supporting the Underground Railroad.  Smith was a member of the Pennsylvania Free Produce Association.  He supported the New England Emigrant Aid Company of Massachusetts, which sent anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory.  He was one of six abolitionists (known as the “Secret Six”) who secretly supported radical abolitionist John Brown.  Supported women’s rights and suffrage.  He served as an anti-slavery member of Congress, 1853-1854.  After the Civil War, he supported the right to vote for Blacks. 


(Blue, 2005, pp. 19, 20, 25, 26, 32-36, 50, 53, 54, 68, 101, 102, 105, 112, 132, 170; Dumond, 1961, pp. 200, 221, 231, 295, 301, 339, 352; Filler, 1960; Friedman, 1982; Frothingham, 1876; Harrold, 1995; Mabee, 1970, pp. 37, 47, 55, 56, 71, 72, 104, 106, 131, 135, 150, 154, 156, 187-189, 195, 202, 204, 219, 220, 226, 227, 237, 239, 246, 252, 253, 258, 307, 308, 315, 320, 321, 327, 342, 346; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 5, 8, 13, 16, 22, 29, 31, 36, 112, 117-121, 137, 163, 167, 199, 224-225, 243; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 46, 50, 51, 56, 138, 163, 206, 207, 327, 338, 452-454; Sernett, 2002, pp. 22, 36, 49-55, 122-126, 129-132, 143-146, 169, 171, 173-174, 205-206, 208-217, 219-230; Sorin, 1971, pp. 25-38, 47, 49, 52, 66, 95, 96, 102, 126, 130; Staudenraus, P. J. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961, pp. 128, 129, 165, 189-190, 201, 213, 221, 224, 225, 230-231; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 583-584; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 270; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20; The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II. New York: James T. White, 1892, pp. 322-323; Harlow, Ralph Volney. Gerrit Smith: Philanthropist and Reformer. New York: Holt, 1939.)


SMITH, Gerrit, philanthropist, born in Utica, New York, 6 March, 1797; died in New York City, 28 December, 1874, was graduated at Hamilton College in 1818, and devoted himself to the care of his father's estate, a large part of which was given to him when he attained his majority. At the age of fifty-six he studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was elected to Congress as an independent candidate in 1852, but resigned after serving through one session. During his boyhood slavery still existed in the state of New York, and his father was a slave-holder. One of the earliest forms of the philanthropy that marked his long life appeared in his opposition to the institution of slavery, and his friendship for the oppressed race. He acted for ten years with the American Colonization Society, contributing largely to its funds, until he became convinced that it was merely a scheme of the slave-holders for getting the free colored people out of the country. Thenceforth he gave his support to the Anti-Slavery Society, not only writing for the cause and contributing money, but taking part in conventions, and personally assisting fugitives. He was temperate in all the discussion, holding that the north was a partner in the guilt, and in the event of emancipation without war should bear a portion of the expense; but the attempt to force slavery upon Kansas convinced him that the day for peaceful emancipation was past, and he then advocated whatever measure of force might be necessary. He gave large sums of money to send free-soil settlers to Kansas, and was a personal friend of John Brown, to whom he had given a farm in Essex County, New York, that he might instruct a colony of colored people, to whom Mr. Smith had given farms in the same neighborhood. He was supposed to be implicated in the Harper's Ferry affair, but it was shown that he had only given pecuniary aid to Brown as he had to scores of other men, and so far as he knew Brown's plans had tried to dissuade him from them. Mr. Smith was deeply interested in the cause of temperance, and organized an anti-dramshop party in February, 1842. In the village of Peterboro, Madison County, where he had his home, he built a good hotel, and gave it rent-free to a tenant who agreed that no liquor should be sold there. This is believed to have been the first temperance hotel ever established. But it was not pecuniarily successful. He had been nominated for president by an industrial congress at Philadelphia in 1848, and by the land-reformers in 1856, but declined. In 1840, and again in 1858, he was nominated for governor of New York. The last nomination, on a platform of abolition and prohibition, he accepted, and canvassed the state. In the election he received 5,446 votes. Among the other reforms in which he was interested were those relating to the property-rights of married women and female suffrage and abstention from tobacco. In religion he was originally a Presbyterian, but became very liberal in his views, and built a non-sectarian church in Peterboro, in which he often occupied the pulpit himself. He could not conceive of religion as anything apart from the affairs of daily life, and in one of his published letters he wrote: “No man's religion is better than his politics; his religion is pure whose politics are pure; whilst his religion is rascally whose politics are rascally.” He disbelieved in the right of men to monopolize land, and gave away thousands of acres of that which he had inherited, some of it to colleges and charitable institutions, and some in the form of small farms to men who would settle upon them. He also gave away by far the greater part of his income, for charitable purposes, to institutions and individuals. In the financial crisis of 1837 he borrowed of John Jacob Astor a quarter of a million dollars, on his verbal agreement to give Mr. Astor mortgages to that amount on real estate. The mortgages were executed as soon as Mr. Smith reached his home, but through the carelessness of a clerk were not delivered, and Mr. Astor waited six months before inquiring for them. Mr. Smith had for many years anticipated that the system of slavery would be brought to an end only through violence, and when the Civil War began he hastened to the support of the government with his money and his influence. At a war-meeting in April, 1861, he made a speech in which he said: “The end of American slavery is at hand. The first gun fired at Fort Sumter announced the fact that the last fugitive slave had been returned. . . . The armed men who go south should go more in sorrow than in anger. The sad necessity should be their only excuse for going. They must still love the south; we must all still love her. As her chiefs shall, one after another, fall into our hands, let us be restrained from dealing revengefully, and moved to deal tenderly with them, by our remembrance of the large share which the north has had in blinding them.” In accordance with this sentiment, two years after the war, he united with Horace Greeley and Cornelius Vanderbilt in signing the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis. At the outset he offered to equip a regiment of colored men, if the government would accept them. Mr. Smith left an estate of about $1,000,000, having given away eight times that amount during his life. He wrote a great deal for print, most of which appeared in the form of pamphlets and broadsides, printed on his own press in Peterboro. His publications in book-form were “Speeches in Congress” (1855); “Sermons and Speeches” (1861); “The Religion of Reason” (1864); “Speeches and Letters” (1865); “The Theologies” (2d ed., 1866); “Nature the Base of a Free Theology” (1867); and “Correspondence with Albert Barnes” (1868). His authorized biography has been written by Octavius BORN Frothingham (New York, 1878).  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 583-584.


SMITH, Green C., Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


SMITH, Horace E., New York, abolitionist leader (Sorin, 1971)


SMITH, Humphrey “Yankee,” 1774-1857, New Jersey, abolitionist, anti-slavery advocate in Clay County, Missouri.  (Smith, Calvin, 1907; Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 1901)


SMITH, Israel, Bainbridge, New York, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1835-1836.


SMITH, Ithamer, Waitsfield, Vermont, American Abolition Society, Vice-President, 1858-59


SMITH, James McCune (Communipaw), 1813-1865, New York, New York, African American, abolitionist leader, community leader, activist.  James McCune Smith was the first African American to receive a medical degree.  He was also the first African American to operate a pharmacy in the U.S.  He was a leader in the abolitionist American Anti-Slavery Society.  In 1853, he helped organize the National Council of Colored People, with Frederick Douglass.  In addition, he co-organized the Committee of Thirteen, in New York City, to aid escaped slaves through the Underground Railroad after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act.  Recording Secretary, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1852-1855. 

(Dumond, 1961, pp. 268, 333; Mabee, 1970, p. 134; Rodriguez, 2007, p. 454; Smith, James McCune, The Destiny of the People of Color, 1841; Smith, James McCune, A Lecture on the Haitian Revolution, 1841; Sorin, 1971, p. 82; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 9, Pt. 1, p. 288; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 20, p. 216; Congressional Globe; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 345; Hinks, Peter P., & John R. McKivigan, Eds., Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition.  Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood, 2007, Vol. 2, pp. 639-641)


SMITH, James W., New York, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1834-1835.


SMITH, John, Andover, Massachusetts, abolitionist, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1840-1841.


SMITH, Joshua Bowen, 1813-1879, Boston, Massachusetts, African American, abolitionist, community leader.  Abolition leader and supporter of William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Parker and George Luther Stearns.  Aided fugitive slaves in Boston area.  Founded the New England Freedom Association, which aided runaway slaves. Active member of the Boston Vigilance Committee. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 349, Vol. 11, p. 489)


SMITH, Samuel, Delaware, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1837-1838.


SMITH, Stephen, 1795-1873, African American, former slave, businessman, clergyman, abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad, temperance activist. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 10, p. 383)


SMITHERS, Nathaniel, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


SMITH, Preston, soldier, born in Giles County, Tennessee, 25 December, 1823; died in Georgia, 20 September, 1863. He received his early education at a country school, and at Jackson College, Columbia, Tennessee. He studied law in Columbia, and after practising there for several years moved to Waynesboro’, Tennessee, and subsequently to Memphis. He became colonel of the 154th Tennessee Regiment of Militia, which was afterward mustered into the service of the Confederacy, and he was promoted to brigadier-general, 27 October, 1862. He was severely wounded at the battle of Shiloh, and commanded his brigade under General E. Kirby Smith at Richmond, Kentucky. He was killed, with nearly all his staff, by a sudden volley during a night attack at Chickamauga, Georgia. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 584.


SMITH, Richard, journalist, born in the south of Ireland, 30 January, 1823. His father, a farmer of Scottish ancestry, died when Richard was seventeen years old, and the widow and her son emigrated to this country and settled in 1841 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Richard apprenticed himself to a carpenter and builder until he could secure a better opening. On reaching his majority, he gained employment on the “Price Current,” of which he soon became proprietor, and greatly improved it, making it virtually a new publication. He accepted also the agency of the newly organized Associated Press, and was the first man in Ohio to transmit a presidential message over the wires. About 1854 he purchased an interest in the Cincinnati “Gazette,” the oldest daily in the city, which was then in a languishing condition from lack of proper management. Selling the “Price Current,” he concentrated all his energy on the “Gazette,” which became prosperous under his direction, especially during the Civil War. But in 1880 its interests and those of the Cincinnati “Commercial " indicated the financial and political wisdom of their union, and accordingly the first of the following year they were consolidated under the name of the “Commercial Gazette.” Richard Smith is the vice-president of the new company. He exercises much influence, journalistic and political, throughout Ohio. Though he is often jocularly referred to as “Deacon,” he is only a lay member of the Presbyterian Church. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 584.


SMITH, Richard Somers, educator, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 30 October, 1813; died in Annapolis, Maryland, 23 January, 1877. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1834, but resigned from the army in 1836, was assistant engineer of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad Company in 1836-7, of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in 1839–40, and projected several other important railroads. He was reappointed in the U.S. Army in the latter year with the rank of 2d lieutenant, was assistant and afterward full professor of drawing at the U.S. Military Academy in 1846–52, and was then transferred to the 4th U.S. Artillery, becoming quartermaster and treasurer, but in 1856 he again resigned. He was professor of mathematics, engineering, and drawing in Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute in 1855–'9, director of Cooper Institute, New York City, for two years. He was reappointed in the army as major of the 12th U.S. Infantry in 1861, and served as mustering and disbursing officer in Maryland and Wisconsin in 1861–2. He then took part in the Rappahannock Campaign with the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, 2–4 May, 1863. He resigned in the same month to become president of Girard College, Pennsylvania, which post he held till 1868. For the next two years he was professor of engineering in the Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania, and from 1870 till his death he was at the head of the department of drawing at the U.S. Naval Academy, Columbia gave him the degree of A. M. in 1857. He published a “Manual of Topographical Drawing ” (Philadelphia, 1854), and a work on “Linear Perspective Drawing” (1857). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 584.


SMITH, Charles Ferguson, soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 24 April, 1807; died in Savannah, Tennessee, 25 April, 1862, was the son of Dr. Samuel Blair Smith, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army. His maternal grandfather, Ebenezer Ferguson, of Pennsylvania, was a colonel in the Continental Army. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1825, became 2d lieutenant in the 2d U.S. Artillery, and was promoted 1st lieutenant, 30 May, 1832, and captain, 7 July, 1838, in the same regiment. He served at the Military Academy from 1829 till 1842, as assistant instructor of infantry tactics in 1829-'31, adjutant in 1831-'8, and as commandant of cadets and instructor of infantry tactics till 1 September, 1842. He was with the army of General Zachary Taylor in the military occupation of Texas in 1845-'6, and was placed in command of four companies of artillery, acting as infantry, which throughout the war that followed was famous as "Smith's Light Battalion." When in March, 1846, General Taylor crossed Colorado River, the passage of which, it was believed, would be disputed by the Mexicans, this battalion formed the advance. He was present at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and for "gallant and distinguished conduct" in these two affairs he received the brevet of major. At the battle of Monterey, Major Smith was in command of the storming party on Federation hill, which, in the words of General Worth, was "most gallantly carried." For his conduct in the several conflicts at Monterey he received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. He was present at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, and Churubusco, and in these operations he commanded and directed his light battalion with characteristic gallantry and ability. For his conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco he received the brevet of colonel, 20 August, 1847. He was present at the storming of Chapultepec and the assault and capture of the city of Mexico, and was again honorably mentioned in despatches. In 1849-51 he was a member of a board of officers to devise a complete system of instruction for siege, garrison, sea-coast, and mountain artillery, which was adopted, 10 May, 1851, for the service of the United States. He was promoted major of the 1st U.S. Artillery. 25 November. 1854, and in 1855, on the organization of the new 10th Regiment of Infantry, he was made its first lieutenant-colonel. He commanded the Red River Expedition in 1856, engaged in the Utah Expedition in 1857-'61, and for a time was in command of the Department of Utah. At the beginning of the disturbances that preceded the Civil War he was placed in charge of the city and department of Washington, D. C. On 1 August, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and ordered to Kentucky. The next month he became colonel of the 3d U.S. Infantry, and was placed in command of the National forces then at Paducah. He acquired reputation as an adroit tactician and skilful commander in the operations about Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. In the severe fight for the possession of Fort Donelson he commanded the division that held the left of the National investing lines, and, lead it in person, he stormed and captured all the high ground on the Confederate right that commanded the fort. He was then ordered to conduct the new movement up Tennessee River, arrived at Savannah, about 13 March, with a large fleet, took command of that city, and prepared the advance upon Shiloh. On 22 March, 1862, he was promoted major-general of volunteers, but the exposure to which he had been already subjected aggravated a chronic disease, which ended his life soon after his arrival in Savannah. General William T. Sherman says of him in his “Memoirs”: “He was adjutant of the Military Academy during the early part of my career there, and afterward commandant of cadets. He was a very handsome and soldierly man, of great experience, and at the battle of Donelson had acted with so much personal bravery that to him many attributed the success of the assault.” Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 585-586.


SMITH, Roswell, publisher, born in Lebanon, Connecticut, 30 March, 1829. He was educated at Brown, in 1850 married Miss Ellsworth, granddaughter of Chief-Justice Oliver Ellsworth, studied law, and for nearly twenty years practised in Lafayette, Indiana. Mr. Smith came in 1870 to New York City, where, in connection with Dr. Josiah G. Holland and Charles Scribner, he established “Scribner's Monthly ” (now the “Century Magazine"). In 1873 he began the publication of “St. Nicholas,” a magazine for children. The first organization was under the firm-name of Scribner and Company, which subsequently became the Century Company, with Mr. Smith as president. Under his direction these magazines have enjoyed great popularity and an extensive circulation on both sides of the Atlantic. The Century Company is engaged in the publication of miscellaneous books, and an elaborate “Dictionary of the English'' under the editorship of Professor William, D. Whitney. It will be five octavo volumes and about 6,000 pages. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 586.


SMITH, Xanthus, born in Philadelphia, 26 February, 1839, is known as a marine and landscape painter. He served during the Civil War under Admiral Samuel F. DuPont, and has painted many of the naval engagements of the war. [Son of artist Russell Smith]. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 586.


SMITH, Samuel Francis, clergyman, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 21 October, 1808. He attended the Boston Latin-school in 1820–’5, and was graduated at Harvard in 1829 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1832. He was ordained to the ministry of the Baptist Church at Waterville, Maine, in 1834. occupied pastorates at Waterville in 1834–42, and Newton, Massachusetts, in 1842–54, and was professor of modern languages in Waterville College (now Colby University) while residing in that city. He was editor of “The Christian Review” in Boston in 1842-'8, and editor of the various publications of the Baptist Missionary Union in 1854-69. In 1875–6 and 1880–2 he visited the chief missionary stations in Europe and Asia. He received the degree of D.D. from Waterville College in 1854. Dr. he has done a large amount of literary work, mainly in the line of hymnology, his most noted composition being the national hymn, “My Country, “Tis of Thee,” which was written while he was a theological student and first sung at a children's celebration in the Park Street Church, Boston, 4 July, 1832. The missionary hymn, “The Morning Light is Breaking,” was written at the same place and time. He translated from the German most of the pieces in the “Juvenile Lyre" (Boston, 1832), and from the “Conversations Lexicon" nearly enough articles to fill an entire volume of the “Encyclopaedia Americana” (1828–32). His collections of original hymns and poetry and poetical translations have been published under the titles of “Lyric Gems” (Boston, 1843): “The Psalmist,” a noted Baptist hymn-book (1843); and “Rock of Ages” (1866; new ed., 1877). He has also published a “Life of Reverend Joseph Grafton ” (1848); “Missionary Sketches” (1879; 2d ed., 1883): “History of Newton, Massachusetts” (1880); “Rambies in Mission-Fields” (1884); and contributions to numerous periodicals. His classmate, Oliver Wendell Holmes, in his reunion poem entitled “The Boys,” thus refers to him : “And there's a nice youngster of excellent pith; Fate tried to conceal him by naming him Smith ! But he chanted a song for the brave and the free— Just read on his medal, ‘My country, of thee!’”  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 588.


SMITH, Elizabeth Oakes (Prince), author, born in North Yarmouth, Maine, 12 August, 1806, was educated in her native town, married Mr. Smith early in life, and aided him in the editorship of several papers. For three years she was in charge of the "Mayflower," an annual published in Boston, Massachusetts. She moved with her husband to New York City in 1842, and engaged in literary pursuits. She was the first woman in this country that ever appeared as a public lecturer. She also preached in several churches, and at one time was pastor of an independent congregation in Canastota, Madison County, New York. Her books include 'Riches without Wings" (Boston, 1838); "The Sinless Child" (New York, 1841); "Stories for Children" (Boston, 1847); "Woman and her Needs" (1851); "Hints on Dress and Beauty" (1852): "Bald Eagle, or the Last of the Ramapaughs" (London, 1867); "The Roman Tribute," a tragedy (1850); and "Old New York, or Jacob Leisler" a tragedy (1853). [Wife of Seba Smith, journalist]. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 589.


SMITH, Thomas Church Haskell, soldier, born in Acushnet, Massachusetts, 24 March, 1819. He was graduated at Harvard in 1841, was admitted to the bar of Cincinnati in 1844, engaged in the establishment of the Morse Telegraph System in the west and south, and was president of the New Orleans and Ohio Telegraph Company. At the beginning of the Civil War he became lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Ohio Cavalry, served under General John Pope in Virginia, and became brigadier-general of volunteers in September, 1862. He was placed in command of the District of Wisconsin in 1863 to quell the draft riots, became inspector-general of the Department of the Missouri in 1864, and while commanding that district dealt with the disturbances that arose from the return of 1,800 Confederate soldiers to their homes after the surrender. He carried out General Pope's policy of withdrawing government troops from Missouri, and restored the state without delay to its own civil control. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, and in 1878 entered the regular army as major and paymaster. In 1883 he was retired. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 590.


SMITH, Thomas Kilby, soldier, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 23 September, 1820; died in New York City, 14 December, 1887. His father, George, was a captain in the East Indian trade for many years, but moved to Ohio about 1828, and settled on a farm in Hamilton County. Thomas was graduated at Cincinnati College in 1837, read law with Salmon P. Chase, was admitted to the bar in 1845, and practised till 1853, when he became bureau and special agent in the Post-Office Department in Washington, D. C. He was U. S. Marshal for the Southern District of Ohio in 1855-'6. and subsequently deputy clerk of Hamilton County, Ohio. He became lieutenant-colonel in the 54th Ohio Infantry in September, 1861, was promoted its colonel in October, and commanded the regiment at Pittsburg Landing, the advance on Corinth, and the Vicksburg Campaign. He was assigned to the 2d Brigade, 2d Division of the 15th Army Corps, in January, 1863, was on a court of inquiry, and on staff duty with General Ulysses S. Grant from May till September, 1863, and was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in August of that year. He commanded brigades in the 17th Army Corps, and led a division of artillery, cavalry, and infantry in the Red River Expedition. His special duty being to protect the gun-boats when the main body of the army at Sabine cross roads, endeavoring to reach Shreveport, fell back, General Smith was left with 2,500 men to protect the fleet in its withdrawal down the river. He accomplished the task in the face of opposing armies on both banks of the stream. Subsequently he commanded the 3d Division detachment of the Army of the Tennessee, and then had charge of the District of Southern Alabama and Florida and the District and port of Mobile. He was compelled to resign field duty in July, 1864, on account of the failure of his health, was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 5 March, 1865, and in 1866 became U. S. consul at Panama. He moved to Torresdale, Pennsylvania, in 1865, and resided there until his death. In the spring of 1887 he became engaged in the business department of the "Star," New York City. He was an active member of the Loyal Legion, and was at one time junior vice-commander of the Pennsylvania Commandery. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 590-591.


SMITH, Richard Penn, soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 9 May, 1837; died in West Brighton, Staten Island, New York, 27 November, 1887, was educated at West Chester College, Pennsylvania. Immediately after leaving college he settled in Kansas, and successfully engaged in business there, but returned to Philadelphia in 1860, became lieutenant in the 71st Pennsylvania Volunteers, and rose to the rank of colonel. He was engaged in the battles of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, White Oak Swamp, and Malvern Hill, covered the retreat at second Bull Run, was wounded at Antietam, and at Gettysburg did good service by bringing guns into use against General George Pickett's charge. He was mustered out of service in 1864, and engaged in business in New York City. On 3 July, 1887, he delivered an address at Gettysburg on the unveiling of the monument erected in honor of Lieutenant Alonzo H. Cushing and the 4th U.S. Artillery by the 71st Pennsylvania Volunteers. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 593.


SMITH, William, governor of Virginia, born in King George County, Virginia, 6 September, 1796; died in Warrenton, Virginia, 18 May, 1887. He was educated at classical schools in Virginia and Connecticut, began to practise law in Culpeper County, Virginia, in 1818, and engaged in politics. After serving the Democratic Party in a dozen canvasses as a political speaker, ne was chosen state senator in 1830, served five years, and in 1840 was elected to Congress, but was defeated in the next canvass, his district having become strongly Whig. He then moved to Fauquier County, where in December, 1845, he was one day addressed as Governor Smith. He then heard for the first time that, without consulting him, the Virginia legislature had chosen him governor for the term beginning 1 January, 1846. He moved to California in 1850, was president of the first Democratic Convention that was held in that state, returned to Virginia the same year, and in 1853-'61 was a member of Congress, during which service he was chairman of the Committee on the Laws of Public printing. In June, 1861, he became colonel of the 49th Virginia Infantry, and he was chosen soon afterward to the Confederate Congress, but he resigned in 1862 for active duty in the field. He was promoted brigadier-general the same year, and severely wounded at Antietam. He was re-elected governor in 1863, served till the close of the war, and subsequently sat for one term in the state house of delegates. Although he was never a student of statesmanship, he was a marvellously adroit politician, and few members of the Democratic Party were furnished with so large a number of ingenious pleas. As a soldier he was noted, on the contrary, for valor rather than tactical skill. Throughout his long career he was a familiar figure in many legislative bodies, and his eccentricities of habit and his humor endeared him to his constituents. In early manhood he established a line of post-coaches through Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, on which he contracted to carry the U. S. Mail. His soubriquet of "Extra Billy," which clung to him throughout his life, grew out of his demands for extra compensation for that service. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 594.


SMITH, William Waugh, educator, born in Warrenton, Fauquier County Virginia, 12 March, 1845, was educated at the University of Virginia and at Randolph Macon College, entered the Confederate service at seventeen years of age. He fought through the war in the ranks, twice refusing commissions, and was wounded at the battles of Fair Oaks and Gettysburg. He was principal of Bethel Academy in 1871—'8, when he became professor of languages in Randolph Macon, held office till 1886, and since that time has been president of that college. He has published "Outlines of Psychology" (New York, 1883), and "Chart of Comparative Syntax of Latin, Greek, French, German, and English " (1885). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 594.


SMITH, William, naval officer, born in Washington, Kentucky, 9 January, 1803; died in St. Louis, Missouri, 1 May, 1873. He entered the U. S. Navy as a midshipman in 1823, was attached to the " Sea-Gull," and served in Commodore David Porter's squadron against the West Indian pirates. He became lieutenant in 1831, co-operated in the " Vandalia " with the army in several expeditions against the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1835-'7, and during the Mexican War assisted at the capture of Tuspan and Tobasco. He became commander in 1854, was in charge of the "Levant," of the East Indian Squadron, and participated in the capture of the barrier forts at Canton, China, in 1856. During the Civil War he was in the frigate “Congress” when she was sunk by the "Merrimac," became commodore, 16 July, 1862, commanded the "Wachusett" and gun-boats co-operating with General George B. McClellan's army in that year, and was subsequently in command of the Pensacola Naval Station till 9 January, 1865, when he was retired. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 595.


SMITH, William Farrar, soldier, born in St. Albans, Vermont, 17 February, 1824. He was graduated at the , U. S. Military Academy in 1845, appointed to the Corps of Topographical Engineers, and, after a year's service on lake survey duty, was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point in 1846-'8. He was then engaged in surveys in Texas for the Mexican Boundary Commission, and in Florida till 1855, when he returned to his former duty at the Military Academy. In 1853 he became 1st lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He was placed on lighthouse construction service in 1856, became captain of Topographical Engineers, 1 July, 1859, and was engineer secretary of the Light-House Board from that year till April, 1861. After serving on mustering duty in New York for one month, he was on the staff of General Benjamin F. Butler in June and July, 1861, at Fort Monroe, Virginia., became colonel of the 3d Vermont Volunteers in the latter month, and was engaged in the defences of Washington, D. C. He became brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 August, participated in the Virginia Peninsula Campaign, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. Army, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of White Oak Swamp, 30 June, 1862. He became major-general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862, and led his division at South Mountain and Antietam, receiving the brevet of colonel, U. S. Army, 17 September, 1862, for the latter battle. He was assigned to the command of the 6th Corps, and engaged at the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia., in December, was transferred to the 9th Corps in February, 1863, and became major in the Corps of Engineers on 3 March. The next day his appointment of major-general of volunteers, not having been confirmed by the Senate, expired by constitutional limitation, and he resumed his rank of brigadier-general in the volunteer service. He was in command of a division of the Department of the Susquehanna in June and July, 1863, became chief engineer of the Department of the Cumberland in October, and of the Military Division of the Mississippi in November, 1863. He was engaged in operations about Chattanooga, Tennessee, participating in the battle of Missionary Ridge. He rendered important services in carrying out the Brown's Ferry movement, which made it possible not only to maintain the Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga, but to bring Sherman and Hooker to its assistance. In his report to the Joint Committee of Congress on the conduct of the war, General George H. Thomas said: "To Brig.-General W. F. Smith should be accorded great praise for the ingenuity which conceived, and the ability which executed, the movement at Brown's Ferry. When the bridge was thrown at Brown's Ferry, on the morning of the 27th October, 1863, the surprise was as great to the army within Chattanooga as it was to the army besieging it from without." The house Committee on Military Affairs, in April, 1885, unanimously agreed to a report that "as a subordinate, General William P. Smith had saved the Army of the Cumberland from capture, and afterward directed it to victory." He was confirmed as major-general of volunteers in March, 1864, and in May assigned to the 18th Corps, which he commanded at Cold Harbor and at Petersburg till July, when he was placed on special duty. On 13 March, 1865, he received the brevets of brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for "gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga, Tennessee," and that of major-general for services in the field during the Civil War. He resigned his volunteer commission in 1865, and that in the U. S. Army in 1867. He became president of the International Telegraph Company in 1865, police commissioner of New York City in 1875, and subsequently president of the board. Since 1881 he has been a civil engineer. He was known in the army as "Baldy" Smith. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 595-596.


SMITH, William Henry, journalist, born in Columbia County, New York, 1 December, 1833. In 1836 his parents emigrated to Ohio, where he had the best educational advantages that the state then afforded. He was tutor in a western college, and then assistant editor of a weekly paper in Cincinnati, of which, at the age of twenty-two, he became editor, doing also editorial work on the "Literary Review. At the opening of the Civil War he was on the editorial staff of the Cincinnati "Gazette," and during the war he took an active part in raising troops and forwarding sanitary supplies, and in political work for strengthening the government. He was largely instrumental in bringing Governor John Brough to the front as the candidate of the united Republicans and War Democrats; and at Brough's election, in 1863, he became the latter's private secretary. The next year he was elected Secretary of State of Ohio. and he was re-elected in 1866. He retired from public office to establish the " Evening Chronicle" at Cincinnati, but, his health giving way, he was forced to withdraw from all active work. In 1870 he took charge of the affairs of the Western Associated Press, with headquarters at Chicago. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes collector of the port at that city, and was instrumental in bringing about important reforms in customs methods in harmony with the civil-service policy of the administration. In January, 1883, he effected the union of the New York Associated Press with the Western Associated Press, and became general manager of the consolidated association. Mr. Smith is a student of historical subjects. He is author of " The St. Clair Papers " (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1882), a biography of Charles Hammond, and many contributions to American periodicals. He has partly completed (1888) a "Political History of the United States." By his investigations in the British Museum he has brought to light many unpublished letters of Washington to Colonel Henry Bouquet, and has shown that those that were published by Jared Sparks were not given correctly. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 596.


SMITH, William Nathan Harrell, jurist, born in Murfreesborough, North Carolina, 24 September, 1812. He was graduated at Yale in 1834. studied at the law department there, was admitted to practice in his native state in 1840, and took high rank at the bar. He served in the legislature in 1840, and in the state senate in 1848, in which year he was chosen solicitor for the 1st Judicial Circuit, and held office for two terms of eight years. He was defeated as a Whig candidate for Congress in 1850, returned to the legislature, was chosen to Congress in 1858. and served one term. He declared himself for secession at the beginning of the Civil War, was a member of the Confederate Congress in 1861-'5, and of the North Carolina legislature in the latter year. During the administration of President Johnson he aided in the reconstruction of the state according to the policy that he suggested. He practised his profession in Norfolk, Virginia., in 1870-'2. returned to North Carolina in the latter year, and settled in Raleigh. He was appointed chief justice of the state supreme court, succeeding Richmond W. Pearson in 1878, and has served by re-election since that date. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 596.


SMITH, William Russell, Congressman, born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 8 August, 1813. He was educated at the University of Alabama, but was not graduated, and began the practice of law in Greensborough, Alabama. He served in the Creek War in 1830 as a captain of volunteer infantry, moved to Tuscaloosa in 1838, founded the "Monitor " in that city, and was mayor in 1839. He was a circuit judge and major-general of state militia in 1850-'l, and in the former year was chosen to Congress as a Whig, serving by re-election till 1857. During his last term in that office he delivered a notable speech in denunciation of Louis Kossuth. He was a member of the Alabama Convention in 1861, opposed secession, but after the opening of hostilities sat in the Confederate Congress till 1865. He was president of the University of Alabama for several years after the war, but resigned to devote himself to his profession and to literary pursuits. He has published "The Alabama Justice" (New York, 1841); "The Uses of Solitude," a poem (Albany, New York, 1860); "As it, Is," a novel (Tuscaloosa, 1860); “ Condensed Alabama Reports " (1862); and several poems and legal pamphlets. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 596.


SMITH, William Sooy, civil engineer, born in Tarlton, Ohio, 22 July, 1830. He was graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and at the U. S. Military Academy in 1853. He resigned in 1854 and became assistant to Lieutenant-Colonel James D. Graham, of the U. S. Topographical Engineers, then in charge of the government improvements in the great lakes. In 1855 he settled in Buffalo, New York, and was principal of a high-school. In 1857 he made the first surveys for the international bridge across Niagara River, and was employed by the city of Buffalo as an expert to examine the bridge plans that were submitted. He was then elected engineer and secretary of the Trenton Locomotive-Works, New Jersey, which was at that time the chief iron-bridge manufacturing company in this country, and he continued so until 1861. While serving in this capacity he was sent to Cuba by the company, and he also constructed an iron bridge across Savannah River, where he introduced improvements in sinking cylinders pneumatically. The beginning of the Civil War stopped this work, and he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of Ohio volunteers and assigned to duty as assistant adjutant-general at Camp Denison. On 26 June, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 13th Ohio Regiment and participated in the West Virginia Campaigns, after which he joined the Army of the Ohio, and was present at Shiloh and Perryville. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 15 April, 1862, and commanded successively the 2d and 4th Divisions of the Army of the Ohio until late in 1862, after which he joined the army under General Grant and took part in the Vicksburg Campaign as commander of the 1st Division of the 16th Corps. Subsequently he was made chief of cavalry of the Department of the Tennessee, and as such was attached to the staffs of General Grant and General William T. Sherman until, owing to impaired health, he resigned in September, 1864. Returning to his profession, he built the Waugoshanee Light-House at the western entrance of the Straits of Mackinaw, where in 1867 he sank the first pneumatic caisson. He aided in opening the harbor of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and has been largely engaged in building bridges. He built the first great all steel bridge in the world, across Missouri River at Glasgow, Missouri, and was concerned in the construction of the Omaha and the Leavenworth Bridges, as well as many others, including that over Missouri River at Plattsmouth, Nebraska. General Smith has served on numerous engineering commissions, both for the government and for private corporations. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and was president of the Civil Engineers' Club of the northwest in 1880. His writings have been confined to reports and professional papers. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 596-597.


SMITHFIELD, KENTUCKY, January 5, 1865. 6th U. S. Colored Infantry. Smithfield, North Carolina, April 11, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 20th Army Corps. At 5:30 a. m. the corps broke camp on Moccasin creek and began the advance on Raleigh, with Colonel P. H. Jones' brigade of Geary's division in advance. Small parties of the enemy's cavalry appeared at various places along the road, sometimes behind rail barricades, and the skirmishing was kept up until Smithfield was reached about 3 p. m. Here a junction was effected with the 14th corps and the two commands went into camp. No losses were incurred by the Union troops during the day. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 814.


SMITHFIELD, VIRGINIA, August 23, 1862. Cole's Battalion, Maryland Cavalry. Lieutenant Milling, with 20 men, was sent to Smithfield on the 4th, with orders to picket the roads and arrest all Confederate soldiers found about their homes. On the evening of the 23d the detachment was surprised by some of Baylor's Confederate cavalry and 17 of the 20 men were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 814.


SMITHFIELD, VIRGINIA, January 29—February 1, 1864. For the actions at Smithfield on these dates, as well as April 13-15, 1864. see Isle of Wight county, expeditions of General C. K Graham. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 814.


SMITHFIELD, VIRGINIA, April 14, 1864. (See Isle of Wight County.)


SMITHFIELD, WEST VIRGINIA, October 16-17, 1862. (See Shepherdstown, same date.)


SMITHFIELD, WEST VIRGINIA, February 12, 1863. (See Charlestown.)


SMITHFIELD, WEST VIRGINIA, September 15, 1863. Detachment of 1st New York Cavalry. The "Record of Events" of the U. S. forces at Martinsburg contains the following: "September 15, Captain Jones, of the 1st New York cavalry, with 100 men, attacked a party of rebels, 70 strong, at Smithfield, and captured 11 prisoners, with horses and full equipments. Captain Jones was slightly wounded in the hand. No other injury was sustained on our part." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 814.


SMITHFIELD, WEST VIRGINIA, August 25, 1864. (See Kearneysville.)


SMITHFIELD, WEST VIRGINIA, August 29, 1864. 1st Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia, and 3d Division, 6th Army Corps. On the 28th the cavalry division, commanded by Bvt. Major-General Wesley Merritt, drove the enemy across the Opequan creek and back to Bunker Hill, after which it returned to Smithfield and encamped for the night. The next morning Merritt started on a reconnaissance toward Bunker Hill, but had not proceeded far until he met two divisions of infantry and fell back to the right bank of the Opequan. A section of Williston's battery was planted on each side of the road, supported by a part of the 6th Pennsylvania, dismounted and stationed behind a barricade of rails. The rest of that regiment, the 1st and 2nd U. S. and the 1st New York dragoons were also dismounted and took a position in the woods along the ridge bordering the stream. About 11:30 a. m. the Confederates opened fire with artillery and an hour later a strong infantry force crossed the creek above and another below the bridge with a view to attacking Merritt on both flanks simultaneously. The Union cavalry then fell back slowly, contesting every inch of the ground, until within about 3 miles of Charlestown, when Ricketts' division of the 6th corps came to Merritt's assistance and the enemy was driven back across the Opequan with heavy losses. The casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 814-815.


SMITHSBURG, MARYLAND, July 5, 1863. (See Monterey Gap, same date.)


SMITH'S CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, February 22, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 10th Army Corps. In the occupation of Wilmington on this date the brigade, commanded by Bvt. Brigadier-General J. C. Abbott, was in the advance. Abbott marched through the town in pursuit of the retreating Confederates and came up with the rear-guard engaged in the destruction of the bridge over Smith's creek, on the road to Northeast ferry. After a sharp skirmish the enemy was driven off and the pursuit continued to a small creek about a mile and a half from Northeast ferry, where a skirmish commenced at the bridge and was kept up to the ferry. Here Abbott abandoned he pursuit and fortified a position which was held until the 2nd of March. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 815.


SMITH'S CROSS ROADS, Georgia, May 13, 1864. (See Resaca.)


SMITH'S FORD, TENNESSEE, April 3, 1863. (See Snow Hill.)


SMITH'S MILLS, KENTUCKY, August 19, 1864. Hovey's Expedition. Bvt. Major-General Alvin P. Hovey, in reporting an expedition from Mt. Vernon, Indiana, into Union and Henderson counties, Kentucky, says: "I started on the 19th for Henderson, by way of Smith's mills, at which point the advance met a small body of the enemy, whom they charged, taking a few prisoners, including 1 commissioned officer, Captain Bates, assistant adjutant-general to Colonel Sypert. Here I lost 1 man severely wounded." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 815.


SMITH'S PLANTATION, LOUISIANA, May 16, 1864. (See Mansura.)


SMITH'S SHOALS, KENTUCKY, August 1, 1863. U. S. Mounted Forces under Colonel W. P. Sanders. During his pursuit of Scott in the h1tter's raid in eastern Kentucky Sanders came up with the enemy while he was crossing the Cumberland at Smith's shoals. The Confederates succeeded in getting all their artillery across and in position on the opposite bank, but were compelled to abandon a portion of their train to Sanders. This was the last affair of the raid, as the pursuit stopped at this point. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 815.


SMITH'S STATION, Nebraska, May 12, 1864. Battalion, 1st Nebraska Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 815.


SMITH'S STORE, VIRGINIA, June 15, 1864. 1st Brigade, 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. At daybreak the brigade broke camp at St. Mary's Church and took up the march toward the James river. The Confederates were encountered at Nancy's mill and forced back to the forks of the road at Smith's store, where they made a stand. The 18th Pennsylvania, which was in advance, soon became hotly engaged and commenced to fall back, when the 2nd Ohio was hurried forward to its support. The Ohio regiment was dismounted, two battalions forming on the right of the road and two on the left, in which position the regiment fought for some time, when Colonel Purington was ordered to fall back. Major Nettleton mounted his battalion and held the enemy in check until the remainder of the regiment could be withdrawn. Later in the day the pickets under Captain Ulrey of the 2nd Ohio were attacked and driven back upon the main body of the brigade, then stationed at St. Mary's Church. No detailed report of losses. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 815-816.


SMITHVILLE, ARKANSAS, June 17, 1862. Detachment of 5th Illinois Cavalry. A force of 15 men under Lieutenant Wilson, sent out from Smithville for beef cattle, was attacked near the residence of one McKinney. The fight continued until reinforcements from the town charged the Confederates, capturing the leader and 11 others, besides killing 1 and wounding 2. The Federals had 1 man killed, 2 mortally and 5 slightly wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 816.


SMITHVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA, February 17, 1865. (See Fort Anderson.)


SMITHVILLE, TENNESSEE, June 5, 1863. Part of 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. The "Record of Events" for the month of June contains the following statement for this date. "Colonel Paramore moved with his brigade and two regiments of mounted infantry toward Smithville, 12 miles from Liberty. Just below Liberty, encountered rebel skirmishers. Met no heavy resistance until reaching Smithville, where Harrison's brigade of rebel cavalry was encountered and fought for some hours. Drove them back a mile, when they again formed in the woods and resisted stoutly, but were again defeated and fell back in confusion. Colonel Paramore lost 2 men of the 3d Ohio, wounded. Rebel loss unknown, they carrying off their wounded." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 816.


SMOKY HILL CROSSING, KANSAS, August 16, 1864. Detail of 7th Iowa Cavalry. Six men of Company H left Salina for Smoky Hill crossing and about 4 p. m., when near Elm creek, a few miles from their destination, they were attacked by from 100 to 300 Indians. Four of the men were killed. The other two managed to escape and returned to Salina. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 816.


SMYRNA, FLORIDA, March 23, 1862. U. S. Gunboats Penguin and Henry Andrew. Colonel W. S. Dilworth, commanding the Confederate forces in Florida, reported that the Federals attempted to land troops from the gunboats. The Confederates opened fire on the launches, causing the Union command to retreat hastily, abandoning the five launches. Seven of the landing party were killed, 30 wounded and 3 captured. There is no official Federal report of the affair. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 816.


SMYRNA, GEORGIA, July 4, 1864. (See Ruff's Station. Snake Creek, Arkansas, April 23, 1865. Scouting party of the 3d Division, 7th Army Corps. A small Confederate detachment attempting to push through to Benton county, Arkansas, was met by a scouting party from Fort Gibson and after a sharp fight was driven back in the direction from which it came. The enemy left 3 dead on the field, and had several others wounded. No Federal casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 816.


SMYTH, Thomas A., soldier. born in Ireland; died in Petersburg, Virginia., 9 April, 1865. In his youth he emigrated to this country, settling in Wilmington, Delaware, where he engaged in coach-making. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised a company in Wilmington and joined a three months' regiment in Philadelphia, serving in the Shenandoah Valley. On his return he was made major of a Delaware regiment, rose to the ranks of lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and commanded a brigade, winning a high reputation for bravery and skill. For gallant conduct at Cold Harbor, Virginia, he was appointed brigadier-general, U.S. volunteers, on 1 October, 1864. He was mortally wounded by a sharpshooter near Farmville, Virginia, on 6 April, 1865. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 600.


SNAKE CREEK GAP, GEORGIA, May 8 and 13, 1864. (See Resaca.)


SNAKE CREEK GAP, GEORGIA, October 15, 1864. Army of the Tennessee and 4th Army Corps. While Sherman was following Hood in the tatter's northward movement from Atlanta, the 15th found the Confederates occupying the old line of Federal rifle-pits at Snake Creek gap. The Army of the Tennessee skirmished heavily while General David S. Stanley, with the 4th corps, made an attempt to get in the enemy's rear. A movement in flank was sufficient, however, to make the Confederates withdraw hastily. The casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 816.


SNEAD, Thomas Lowndes, soldier, born in Henrico County, Virginia, 10 January, 1828. He was graduated at Richmond College in 1846 and at the University of Virginia in 1848, was admitted to the bar, and moved in 1850 to St. Louis, where he was editor and proprietor of the “Bulletin” in 1860–1. He was aide-de-camp of Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, and adjutant-general of the Missouri State Guard in 1861, and as such was in the battles of Booneville, Carthage, Wilson's Creek, and Lexington. He was commissioned from Missouri to negotiate a military convention with the Confederate states in October, 1861, became assistant adjutant-general in the Confederate Army, served with General Price in Arkansas, Missouri, and Mississippi, and was elected to the Confederate Congress by Missouri soldiers in May, 1864. He moved to New York in 1865, was managing editor of the “Daily News” in 1865-'6, and was admitted to the bar of New York in 1866. He has published the first volume of a projected history of the war in the Trans-Mississippi Department, entitled “The Fight for Missouri” (New York, 1886). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp.600-601.


SNEED, John Louis Taylor, jurist, born in Raleigh, North Carolina, 12 May, 1820. He was educated at Oxford Male Academy, North Carolina, moved to Tennessee, became a member of the legislature in 1845, and was captain of a Tennessee Company in the Mexican War in 1846–7. He was attorney-general of the Memphis Judicial District in 1851, attorney-general of the state of Tennessee in 1854–'9, and in 1861 was commissioned brigadier-general of the provisional army of the state of Tennessee. He was judge of the state supreme court in 1870–8, and of the court of arbitration in 1879, presidential elector on the Hancock ticket in 1880, and judge of the state court of referees in 1883-'4. In 1888 he was chosen president of the Memphis School of Law. He is the author of “Reports of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, 1854–'9” (Nashville). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 601.


SNEEDVILLE, TENNESSEE, October 21, 1864. (See Clinch Valley.)


SNI HILLS, MISSOURI, April 29 and May 21, 1864. 2nd Colorado Cavalry.


SNICKER'S FERRY, VIRGINIA, July 18, 1864. 1st Division and 3d Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of West Virginia. In the operations in the Shenandoah valley Colonel Joseph Thoburn with his own division and a brigade of the 2nd division was ordered to proceed 2 miles down the river from Snicker's ferry and dislodge a force of the enemy holding a ford. As Thoburn was crossing the ford a sharp musketry fire was opened by the Confederates. Two companies deployed as skirmishers, while the remainder of the command was moved down the stream and crossed at a shallow place. The 1st brigade under Colonel George D. Wells was the first across and easily drove the enemy from his position, capturing some prisoners from whom it was learned that Early's whole force was opposing the Federal crossing at Snicker's ferry. Thoburn, in pursuance of orders, did not move back to the ferry, but posted his men in position near the river bank and awaited the arrival of a portion of the 6th corps which had been ordered to assist him. The Federals were in two lines of battle, the first behind and under cover of a bluff parallel to and 75 yards distant from the river and the second line was in an old road along the river bank behind a low stone fence. After about an hour the enemy advanced a heavy skirmish line, at the same time moving a strong force forward upon the right flank at nearly right angles to the Federal line. It was necessary to change front to the right to meet this attack and in making the move the 2nd brigade gave way, the whole first line going back with it to the second line of battle. The right of the latter, principally composed of dismounted cavalry, became panic-stricken and in spite of the efforts of its commanding officer broke and fled across the river. When the 2nd brigade started to give way the 3d, under Colonel Frost was ordered to oblique its line to the right and face the advancing Confederates, but Frost fell mortally wounded and his command fell back in confusion, carrying with it a portion of the 5th New York heavy artillery on the right of the first line. When the enemy came within range of the second line he was effectually checked and driven back beyond the bluffs out of sight. Two more assaults were made on the Federal right, but both were repulsed. Thoburn was then ordered to recross the river, but the enemy opened fire on the ford from a battery on an adjacent hill, which caused many of the wounded to be left on the field. The Union losses were 65 killed, 301 wounded and 56 missing or captured. The Confederate casualties were not definitely ascertained, but were estimated by the Union participants to be 600 in killed and wounded. The engagement is sometimes called Parker's ford. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 816-817.


SNICKER'S GAP, VIRGINIA, November 3, 1862. Detachment of 1st Massachusetts Cavalry, 6th, 7th and 14th U. S. Infantry. The detachment, under Lieutenant Colonel H. B. Sargent, was sent out from Snickersville to make a reconnaissance in the direction of Snicker's gap. About a mile out of town about 100 of the enemy's cavalry were encountered and driven back across the Shenandoah river. When Sargent's advance reached the river bank a heavy musketry fire was opened from the windows of the houses across the stream, causing Sargent to withdraw his cavalry and advance his infantry. Through some misunderstanding the 14th U. S. charged to the river, suffering heavily, but the movement developed the strength of the Confederates, which was the object of the reconnaissance, and Sargent withdrew. The losses were not definitely ascertained, but were rather heavy on the Federal side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 817.


SNICKER'S GAP, VIRGINIA, July 17, 1863. 5th Michigan Cavalry. The itinerary of the regiment for this date, says: "After sharp skirmishing with the enemy, drove them from Snicker's gap, and occupied the same, capturing several prisoners." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 817.


SNICKER'S GAP, VIRGINIA, August 13, 1864. 144th and 149th Ohio Infantry; guarding a supply train. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 817.


SNICKER'S GAP, VIRGINIA, September 16-17, 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3d Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia. Brigadier-General George H. Chapman, commanding the brigade, with about 400 men, started for a reconnaissance in the direction of Ashby's and Snicker's gaps. After crossing the Shenandoah he sent 55 men under Captain Compson up the east side of the ridge into Ashby's gap, while the main body moved to Snicker's gap. Near Paris Chapman's rear-guard was charged by a detachment of Confederate cavalry but the attack was easily repulsed. Compson crossed the ridge and reached Snicker's gap before Chapman. While his men were dismounted and some of them asleep they were suddenly charged upon by a force of the enemy that had crossed the mountain by a route unknown to the Federals. The attack was a complete surprise and before the men could be rallied several were killed, wounded or captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 817-818.


SNICKER'S GAP, VIRGINIA, October 28-29, 1864Detachment of the 8th Illinois Cavalry. General Augur sent out a party of the 8th Illinois cavalry from Rectortown to arrest one of Mosby's boarding house keepers near Snicker's gap. This man and several others were taken prisoners and the detachment started on its return. The next day they fell in with some of Mosby's command near Upperville, killed 7 or 8 and captured 9 men, 17 horses with their equipments, and a number of revolvers. No casualties reported on the Federal side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 818.


SNICKER'S GAP PIKE, VIRGINIA, August 19, 1864. Detachment of the 5th Michigan Cavalry; prisoners and wounded put to death by Mosby's guerrillas. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 818.


SNICKERSVILLE, VIRGINIA, November 8, 1862. Lieutenant-Colonel J. S. Fillebrown, commanding the 10th Maine infantry reported as follows on the 9th: "Lieutenant C. R. Denning, commanding one section each of Thompson's and Matthews' batteries, attached to General Hooker's command, also 1 wagon of General Ricketts' headquarters, 3 wagons connected with the batteries, r ambulance, about 60 horses, and 40 men, was yesterday attacked by the enemy near Snickersville, and, being without cannoneers, was obliged to retire, firing only one gun, and is now on this side of the river." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 818.


SNICKERSVILLE, VIRGINIA, March 6, 1864. Detachment of the 1st New York Cavalry. Orderly Sergt. A. H. Cain, with 21 men, was sent out under instructions to go to Purcellville and picket the town. By mistake the party took the wrong road and went to Snickersville, where a considerable force of the enemy was encountered and a sk1rmish ensued, in which 4 of Cain's men were killed, 2 wounded and 10 captured. The Confederate casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 818.


SNOW, Benjamin, Jr., Fitchburg, Massachusetts, abolitionist, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1844-1860.


SNOW, William Dunham, lawyer, born in Webster, Worcester County, Massachusetts, 2 February, 1832. He settled in Rochester, New York, where he published "The Tribune" in 1852-'4. Afterward he moved to Arkansas, was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1863 that made Arkansas a free state, and was elected U. S. Senator in 1864 under the proclamation of President Johnson, but was not admitted to a seat. He was largely instrumental in raising a brigade of Arkansas troops for the U. S. Army in 1865, and declined the commission of brigadier-general. Since his graduation at Columbia Law-School in 1876 he has practised in New York City and in the Federal courts. He has invented a successful carburetor, a gas-regulator, a thermostatic apparatus for the maintenance of equal heat for furnaces and steam apparatus, and a system for facsimile telegraphy. Mr. Snow is the author of several anti-slavery poems, and has contributed to magazines. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 602.


SNOW HILL, TENNESSEE, April 3, 1863. Cavalry Detachment, Department of the Cumberland. During a reconnaissance to Auburn, Tennessee, the 2nd brigade effectually turned the enemy's flank at Smith's ford and the rest of the detachment following closely caused them to retreat to the base of Snow hill, where the 7th Pennsylvania was just getting into position to charge the enemy's line when they fired one volley and turned and fled to their stronghold on the hill. Infantry was then ordered up and a little before dark the Confederates were driven from the hill. Casualties were not reported The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 818.


SNOW HILL, TENNESSEE, June 4, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, and Wilder's Brigade of Mounted Infantry. The Record of Events of the 2nd brigade, 2nd cavalry division, Army of the Cumberland, contains the following: "June 4, Colonel Paramore, with 3d, 4th, and 10th Ohio regiments, went on a scout, accompanying Colonel Wilder's brigade of mounted infantry. Skirmished with rebel cavalry at Snow hill, 25 miles from Murfreesboro. Drove them from their position and encamped near Liberty." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 818.


SNOW'S POND KENTUCKY, September 25, 1862. U. S. Forces under General Q. A. Gillmore. About 11 a. m. some 500 Confederate cavalry, with a field piece, made an attack on Gillmore's lines at Snow's pond. They made a sudden dash on the pickets and captured several small outposts, as Gillmore reported 50 men missing. Snyder's Bluff, Mississippi, March 30, 1864. The only official mention of this affair is in the report of Brigadier-General Ross, of the Confederate army, who states that he sent Colonel Jones, with two regiments to attack the outpost at Snyder's bluff. The result was the capture of 100 mules, a few negro soldiers, and the destruction of the Federal quarters. Jones reported 30 Union men killed, but did not give his own losses. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 818-819.


SNYDER'S FORD, VIRGINIA, December 19, 1862. (See Occoquan, same date.)


SNYDER'S MILL, MISSISSIPPI, April 30-May 1, 1863. Detachment of 15th Army Corps and Gunboats. General Sherman with some of the gunboats proceeded up the river on the 30th and while the vessels engaged the batteries on Haynes' and Drumgould's bluffs, near Snyder's mill, the infantry was landed from the transports and made disposition as for attack, which drew a heavy fire from the Confederates. On the 1st another cannonade was opened by the gunboats while the infantry felt the roads back from the river. No casualties were sustained by the Federals, and the Confederates had but 3 men wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 819.


SOJOURNER TRUTH, lecturer, born in Ulster County, New York, about 1775; died in Battle Creek. Michigan, 26 November, 1883. Her parents were owned by Colonel Charles Ardinburgh, of Ulster County, and she was sold at the age of ten to John J. Dumont. Though she was emancipated by the act of New York which set at liberty in 1817 all slaves over the age of forty, she does not appear to have obtained her freedom until 1827, when she escaped and went to New York City. Subsequently she lived in Northampton, Massachusetts, and in 1851 began to lecture in western New York, accompanied by George Thompson, of England, and other Abolitionists, making her headquarters in Rochester, New York. Subsequently she travelled in various parts of the United States, lecturing on politics, temperance, and women's rights, and for the welfare of her race. She could neither read nor write, but, being nearly six feet in height and possessing a deep and powerful voice, she proved an effective lecturer. She carried with her a book that she called "The Book of Life." containing the autographs of many distinguished persons that were identified with the anti-slavery movement. Her name was Isabella, but she called herself "Sojourner," claiming to have heard this name whispered to her from the Lord. She added the appellation of "Truth" to signify that she should preach nothing but truth to all men. She spent much time in Washington, D. C, during the Civil War, and passed her last years in Battle Creek, Michigan, where a small monument was erected near her grave, by subscription. See "Narrative of Sojourner Truth, drawn from her ' Book of Life,' with Memorial Chapter," by Mrs. Francis W. Titus (Battle Creek, 1884). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, pp. 603-604.


SOLDIER. Whoever belonging to the military service of the State receives pay is a soldier. The term is derived from solde. It is an appellation, however, which a soldier proudly claims; and it is on the contrary an outrage to a brave man to say to him, “you are no soldier.” “ Every means (says Napoleon) should be taken to attach a soldier to his colors. This is best accomplished by showing consideration and respect to the old soldier. His pay likewise should increase with his length of service. It is the height of injustice riot to pay a veteran more than a recruit.” “ There are five things a soldier should never be without his musket, his ammunition, his knapsack, his provisions, (for at least four days,) and his intrenching tool.” (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 562-563).


SOLEY, James Russell, author, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1 October, 1850. He was graduated at Harvard in 1870, became assistant professor of English in the U. S. Naval Academy in 1871, and in 1873 was placed at the head of the department of English studies, history, and law, where he remained nine years. In 1876 he was commissioned a professor in the U. S. Navy, and in 1878 he was on special duty at the Paris Exposition. He also examined the systems of education in European naval colleges, and on his return made an extensive report. In 1882 he was transferred to Washington, where he collected and arranged the Navy Department Library, and since 1883 he has superintended the publication of the naval records of the Civil War. He has been lecturer on international law at the Naval War College at Newport since 1885. and has also delivered courses before the Lowell Institute. Boston, on "American Naval History " (1885) and "European Neutrality during the Civil War" (1888). Professor Soley has published " History of the Naval Academy" (Washington, 1876); "foreign Systems of Naval Education," the report mentioned above (1880); "The Blockade and the Cruisers "(New York. 1883); "The Rescue of Greely," with Commodore Winfield S. Schley (1885); and "The Boys of 1812 " (Boston. 1887). He has edited the "Autobiography of Commodore Morris" (Annapolis, 1880), and contributed to the " Battles and Leaders of the Civil War." and to Justin Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of America." Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 604.


SOLID SHOT. (See SHOT.)


Solomon's Gap, Maryland, July 5-7, 1864. 8th Illinois Cavalry, 3d Maryland Potomac Home Brigade, and Alexander's Baltimore Battery. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 819.


SOMERSET, KENTUCKY, March 30, 1863. (See Dutton's Hill.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 819.


SOMERTON ROAD, VIRGINIA, April 12-13, 1863This is one of the roads over which the Confederates under General Longstreet advanced to the siege of Suffolk, (q. v.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 819.


SOMERVILLE, TENNESSEE, November 26, 1862. Detachment of the 7th Illinois Cavalry. Lieutenant-Colonel Prince, with 300 men, while on a reconnaissance, encountered the Confederate pickets at Cannon's mill and drove them rapidly for over 2 miles, when a larger force, dismounted, was found drawn up in front. Company A. was detached to protect the rear; Company H. was thrown well to the right; and the rest of the detachment formed under a heavy fire, dismounted and charged the enemy in front. At the same time Company H. attacked their left flank, when the Confederates fled in disorder, throwing away arms, blankets, etc. Prince reported 4 men of his command wounded. The enemy's loss in killed and wounded was not definitely ascertained, but 37 prisoners were taken, including 2 captains and a lieutenant. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 819.


SOMERVILLE, TENNESSEE, March 28, 1863. Detachment of 6th Illinois Cavalry. Lieutenant-Colonel Reuben Loomis, reporting an expedition from La Grange, says: "I proceeded at once to Somerville, there killing 1 and capturing 15 suspicious characters and soldiers." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 819.


SOMERVILLE, TENNESSEE, December 26, 1863. 7th Illinois Cavalry. During the operations of Brigadier-General Grierson in north Mississippi and west Tennessee, he sent Colonel Edward Prince, with the 7th Illinois, to cover the crossings of the Hatchie river. Learning that General Forrest had succeeded in crossing the river with his whole force, Prince fell back to Somerville on the 25th, to prevent being flanked. The next day he started to New Castle and met the enemy a short distance from Somerville. He engaged the force in his front, but another detachment gained his rear and by a vigorous attack threw his men into confusion. He then gave the order to retire to Lagrange, where he arrived in the afternoon and was reinforced by Major Burgh with the 9th Illinois cavalry. Forrest, in his report, says that at Somerville he "killed and wounded 8 or 10 and captured about 35 prisoners." This is the only report of casualties on either side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 819.


SOMERVILLE, VIRGINIA, February 9, 1863. Detachment of the 4th and 9th New York Cavalry. The detachment, under command of Captain Dickson, was sent out at daybreak to reconnoiter in the direction of Morrisville and return by way of Somerville. When near the latter place the advance was fired upon by a party of Confederates concealed in a thick wood. Dickson ordered a charge, and the enemy gave way, the New Yorkers following and scattering them in all directions. The Union loss was 2 men wounded; that of the enemy was much greater. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 819-820.


SOMERVILLE FORD, VIRGINIA, September 14, 1863. 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. In the advance of the Union forces from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan river, the division, commanded by Brigadier-General Judson Kilpatrick, was moved to Somerville ford, where the enemy's infantry was found in force, occupying a line of rifle-pits on the farther side. Fuller's battery was placed in position and commenced shelling the enemy, while the 6th Michigan was dismounted and thrown forward to protect the ford, the remainder of Davies' brigade supporting the dismounted regiment ,and the battery. The artillery was finally forced to retire, but the 6th Michigan held its position until the evening of the 15th. Loss reported, 2 killed and 5 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 820.


SOMERVILLE HEIGHTS, VIRGINIA, May 7, 1862. Detachments of 1st Vermont cavalry and 13th Indiana Infantry. After the enemy had driven in the Federal pickets at Columbia bridge Colonel R. S. Foster took six companies of the 13th Indiana, with four in reserve, and found the enemy's advance posted two and a half miles beyond Honeyville. The Confederates—two companies of infantry and two of cavalry, with a piece of artillery—were driven from their position through Somerville and Dogtown. Two and a half miles from Dogtown a company of Vermont cavalry reported to Foster and when he started to withdraw he ordered this company to cover the rear. Instead of doing so it proceeded up the river and became surrounded. Foster started to its aid and after a severe fight was compelled to retire, the cavalry meantime escaping by crossing the Shenandoah river. The Federal loss was 3 killed, 5 wounded and 21 captured or missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 820.

SOMERVILLE ROAD, ALABAMA, August 6, 1864. Detachment of Mounted Men, Post of Decatur. The report of the operations about the post of Decatur contains the following: "August 6, a scouting party of 50 mounted men, commanded by Lieutenant Lebow, of the 3d Tennessee cavalry, was attacked by a party of rebels, under Captain Patterson, 9 miles from this post, on the Somerville road. The enemy were routed, Captain Patterson wounded, 1 lieutenant mortally wounded, 1 man killed, and 1 taken prisoner; no loss on our side." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 820.


SORTIE. An attack by a besieged garrison. (See SIEGE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 563).


SOUDER, Casper (sow-dor), journalist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 8 November, 1819; died there, 21 October, 1868. He supplemented a common-school education by private study, and in 1850-"64 was connected with the Philadelphia "Dispatch," devoting himself specially to local antiquities. In 1853 he also became associated with the "Evening Bulletin," of which he was afterward an editor and part proprietor till his death. Mr. Souder was an active supporter of the administration during the Civil War. His "History of Chestnut Street," which was published serially, has been praised for trustworthiness and originality of treatment. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 610.


SOULE, George, educator, born in Barrington, Yates County, New York, 14 May, 1834. After the death of his father in 1838 he was taken to Illinois by his mother. He was graduated at Sycamore Academy, Illinois, in 1852. During the next three years he studied medicine, law, and the commercial sciences in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1856 he founded the Soule Commercial and Literary College in New Orleans, Louisiana, of which he is still (1888) president. He was an officer in the Confederate Army from 1862 to the close of the war, attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was captured at Shiloh. and afterward was chief of the labor bureau of General Kirby Smith's army. Colonel Soule is engaged in lecturing and writing on educational and social topics, and has held many offices in benevolent and civic societies. He has published "Practical Mathematics" (New Orleans, 1872); a series of "Philosophic Arithmetics "on a new system (1884); and "Science and Practice of Accounts" (1887). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 610.


SOULE, Silas Stillman, 1838-1865, Bath, Maine, radical/militant abolitionist, Kansas Territory Jay Hawker, Union Army officer.


SOUTH ANNA RIVER, VIRGINIA, EXPEDITION TO, June 23-28, 1863. Detachment 7th Army Corps. In obedience to special orders from headquarters of the corps, dated June 23, 1863, Colonel Spear of the 11th Penn. cavalry with 1,050 men made a reconnaissance to South Anna bridge. He proceeded from White House to Tunstall's station, where he found 12 Confederate cavalry on picket duty, one of whom he captured, cut telegraph wires, burned a sutler's store and other Confederate buildings. At Hanover Court House he found an extensive Confederate quartermaster department, 35 wagons with 6-mule teams and equipments, 300 sets of harness, stables, blacksmith and wheelwright shops, an office, books, papers, etc. A large safe supposed to contain papers of importance to the Confederacy, baffled his attempt to open it. He next proceeded to the South Anna crossing of the Virginia Central railroad, where he forded the river and attacked a detachment of the 44th North Carolina under Lieutenant-Colonel Hargrove. The enemy held the bridge for more than an hour and at times the fighting was hand-to-hand. The Confederates lost 9 killed and many were so badly wounded that Spear paroled them on the spot. The Federals fired the bridge and watched it burn until it fell into the river. Avoiding the bridge of the Richmond & Fredericksburg railroad, which was guarded by reinforcements sent to Hargrove from Hanover Junction, Spear countermarched, evading interception by General Wise by crossing the river and removing the planks of the bridge after his troops. Among his prisoners were several officers of conspicuous rank, including Brigadier-General W. H. F. Lee, Lieutenant-Colonel Hargrove and Acting Master Lewis Hudgins of the Confederate Navy. On his way back to White House, Spear captured an agent of the Richmond government, taking from him $15,000 in Confederate bonds, with which he had been instructed to pay for purchased stores. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 820-821.


SOUTH ANNA RIVER, VIRGINIA, July 4, 1863. Expeditionary Forces. In an expedition from White House to the South Anna, commanded by Major General George W. Getty, Brigadier-General R. S. Foster, with his own and Colonel Wardrop's brigades of infantry, and the 11th Pennsylvania cavalry, was ordered to proceed to the Richmond & Fredericksburg railroad bridge over the South Anna and destroy it. The cavalry, under Colonel S. P. Spear, took the advance and skirmished with the enemy's pickets for several miles, driving them back upon the main body at the bridge, where Foster arrived about 7:30 p. m. Wardrop detached two regiments and sent them to feel the enemy at the bridge. They were met by a sharp artillery fire and the skirmishing continued until 11 p. m., when reinforcements were sent forward. The enemy was soon developed in strong force and at 3 a. m. of the 5th Foster gave the order to retire. The Union loss was 2 killed, 10 wounded and 4 missing. The enemy's loss in killed and wounded was not learned, but 12 were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 821.


SOUTH ANNA RIVER, VIRGINIA, March 14, 1865. (See Petersburg, Sheridan's Expedition.)


SOUTH BRANCH BRIDGE, WEST VIRGINIA, October 26, 1861. 2nd Regiment, Potomac Home Brigade. The regiment was sent to create a diversion in favor of General Kelley's attack on Romney. At the bridge over the south branch of the Potomac a regiment of Confederate infantry was found strongly posted on the opposite bank and part of the flooring of the bridge removed. Colonel Johns tried to cross the bridge, but his men received such a galling fire that they were forced back. They then stationed themselves behind the parapets of the bridge and kept up the fight until satisfied the object of the movement had been gained, when the regiment was withdrawn. The Union loss was 1 killed and 6 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 821.


SOUTH BRANCH BRIDGE, VIRGINIA, July 4, 1864. Detachment of the 153d Ohio National Guard, and 6th West Virginia Infantry. The itinerary of the reserve division, Department of West Virginia, contains the following statement regarding this engagement: "About 800 of the enemy, with three pieces of artillery, attacked the garrison at South Branch bridge, consisting of one company of the 153d Ohio National Guard, in the blockhouse, and a detachment of the 6th West Virginia infantry, in ironclad cars. After six hours' fighting they were repulsed with loss of 1 captain, 1 lieutenant, and 6 men killed, and 1 lieutenant and 14 men wounded. The loss sustained by the garrison consisted of 2 men wounded slightly and 2 captured." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 821.

SOUTH MILLS, NORTH CAROLINA, April 19, 1862. U. S. Troops under Brigadier-General Jesse L. Reno. Pursuant to orders from Major-General A. E. Burnside, commanding the Department of North Carolina, General Reno proceeded to Elizabeth City with the 6th New Hampshire, 21st Massachusetts, 9th and 89th New York and 51st Pennsylvania infantry and a detachment of the 1st New York marine artillery, for the purpose of making a demonstration upon Norfolk. Hawkins' brigade in advance lost its way and when the 2nd brigade came up Hawkins took the rear. When Reno was within a mile and a half of South Mills the enemy opened fire with artillery upon the head of the column. Upon reconnoitering Reno deployed his forces and ordered the 51st Paand 21st Massachusetts to turn the enemy's left. As soon as this had been done the oth New York, too eager to get into the fight, charged the battery, but the charge was premature and the regiment was forced back upon the 89th. The charge had the effect, however, of causing the Confederates to withdraw, and the 6th New Hampshire, which had steadily advanced in line on the left of the road, poured in a volley which hastened the movement. The Union loss in this affair was 13 killed, 101 wounded and 13 captured or missing, and the enemy's, according to their own reports, was 6 killed, 19 wounded and 3 captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 822.


SOUTH MOUNTAIN, MARYLAND, September 14, 1862. 1st, 6th and 9th Army Corps. The battle of South mountain was a preliminary engagement to the greater battle of Antietam. About noon on the 13th the Union army reached Frederick City. The 12th corps stacked arms on the same ground occupied by Confederate General D. H. Hill the preceding evening. Soon after halting, some of the soldiers found a paper which proved to be an order from General Lee to Hill, directing the movements of his division. The lost despatch—"Special Orders, No. 191"—was taken to General McClellan, who learned from it the intentions of the Confederate commander and the position of his forces. At that time Lee's army was west of South mountain and was stretched out over a distance of 25 miles. The greater part of Jackson's corps was in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry; McLaws was at Maryland heights; Walker was on the Virginia side of the Potomac; D. H. Hill's division was at Boonsboro, and the remainder of Longstreet's command was at Hagerstown. The order directed Longstreet to proceed to Boonsboro, where he and Hill were to be joined by Jackson, as soon as the capture of Harper's Ferry was effected. Soon after the lost despatch fell into McClellan's hands orders were issued for a movement having for its object the piercing of the Confederate center, before Lee's orders could be carried out, and the destruction of the army in detail. South mountain lies along the western side of the Catoctin valley, and from Middletown, in the valley, it is easily crossed at four different places. Crampton's gap, the southernmost pass, is on the road leading from Jefferson to Keedysville; six miles north is Turner's gap, on the Middletown and Boonsboro road; a little way south of Turner's is Fox's gap, on the road that runs to Sharpsburg, while north of Turner's gap is the Braddock pass, on the road leading to Hagerstown. The 6th corps, commanded by Major-General W. B. Franklin, was directed to seize and hold Crampton's gap, while the remainder of the army was to direct its attention to Turner's and Fox's gaps, but especially the former. Franklin moved at an early hour on the 14th and upon arriving at the pass found the enemy strongly posted on each side of the road, at a point where it ran through a narrow defile, giving them superior advantages in position. The advance was near the base of the mountain, drawn up behind a stone wall, with open fields in front, and 8 guns were stationed on an elevation to the left of the road. General Henry Warner Slocum's division was pushed forward through the little village of Burkittsville to attack the right of the enemy; the 1st Maryland battery was placed in position in the rear and to the left of the village; Smith's division was drawn up in reserve east of the village, from where he could support Slocum or protect the batteries as the occasion might require. Slocum advanced steadily with Bartlett's brigade in front, closely supported by Newton's and Torbert's. As soon as the enemy's position was determined the skirmishers were withdrawn and Bartlett's whole line became engaged. Two regiments of Newton's command were then thrown to Bartlett's right and the rest of the supporting force to his left, and a charge was ordered. Meantime -Ayres' battery had been planted to the left of the reserves, and the two batteries kept up an uninterrupted fire until the enemy was driven from his position. As soon as Slocum ordered the charge Franklin directed Brooks' brigade of Smith's division to advance upon the left of the road, and dislodge the Confederates in the woods on General Slocum's flank. The movement was admirably executed, after which Brooks moved forward in line with General Slocum to the very crest of the mountain. Crampton's gap was in possession of the Union forces. The enemy was completely routed, abandoning 1 piece of artillery and throwing away haversacks, blankets and arms in the flight . Prisoners to the number of 40o were taken and 3 stands of colors were captured. At Turner's gap the fighting was more severe. On the afternoon of the 13th Lee learned that the Federals were moving by that route and D. H. Hill was instructed to hold the gap. In obedience to this order Hill first sent the brigades of Garland and Colquitt to guard the pass, but after an examination of the ground he concluded that a larger force would be necessary and ordered up the rest of his division from Boonsboro. At the same time Longstreet was directed to march from Hagerstown to Hill's support . The action on the morning of the 14th was commenced by a reconnaissance of Pleasonton's cavalry, supported by Cox's and Willcox's divisions of the 9th corps and Benjamin's and Gibson's batteries. Turner's gap is so narrow that a small force with artillery could hold it against an army. Fortunately for the Union forces a road ran along the crest on either side of the pass, and it was to these roads the Federal commanders turned their attention as a means of gaining the enemy's flanks. Cox's division took the old Sharpsburg road to the left, with Scammon's brigade in advance, the 2nd brigade keeping in close supporting distance. About half a mile from the summit, at Fox's gap, the enemy opened on Scammon with artillery, forcing him to leave the road and turn further to the left . The 23d Ohio, commanded by Colonel R. B. Hayes, was sent through the woods to the left -of the road to gain the crest and attack the enemy on the flank. The movement was successful and Hayes gained a strong position, to drive him from which all efforts of the Confederates were futile. At the same time the 30th Ohio, Colonel Hugh Ewing, moved up to a position on the right of Hayes in the face of a galling fire from a Confederate Battery. The 12th Ohio, Colonel C. D. White's regiment, drove in the enemy’s skirmishers and charged up the slope in the center, driving the enemy from behind a stone fence at the point of the bayonet. Willcox's division was first ordered by General Pleasonton to move to the right of the main pike, with a view of turning the Confederate left, but before the movement could be executed the order was recalled by General Burnside, and Willcox took up a position near Cox. Toward noon there was a lull in the fighting, and during this temporary cessation of hostilities, which lasted about two hours, Meade's division of the 1st corps was steadily working its way up the road to the right of the gap, where a solitary peak completely commanded the Confederate position. Hill dis-covered this movement and brought all his available artillery to bear on Meade, but with little effect. Meade brought forward Cooper's battery and placed it on a ridge where it could reply to the Confederate guns, while the main body of the division pressed on toward the summit, Seymour's brigade leading the advance. Seeing that his efforts to check Meade with artillery were vain, Hill sent three brigades of infantry to seize and hold the peak. The lines met near the crest and a fierce combat ensued, each side taking all possible advantage of such natural defenses as the slope of the mountain afforded. Seymour finally drove in the Confederate left and gained the crest, while the other two brigades of the division, under Magilton and Gallagher, made a courageous advance and the enemy was driven from the mountain. When darkness fell the Union troops held the gap and every position commanding it. Longstreet arrived upon the field about 4 p. m., but too late to turn the tide of battle. Nothing was left for the Confederates but to retreat, which was done during the night. At Crampton's pass the Federal loss was 113 killed, 418 wounded and 2 missing. The Confederate loss was reported as being 62 killed, 208 wounded and 479 missing, tout General Franklin, who was in command of the Union forces, reported that his men buried 150 of the enemy's dead and took charge of over 300 wounded who had been left on the field The Union loss at Turner's gap was 325 killed, 1,403 wounded and 85 missing. The estimated loss of the enemy was about 2,000 killed and wounded and 1,500 prisoners. Many of the prisoners, however, were among the wounded. General Jesse L. Reno was killed and Colonel Thomas F. Gallagher, who commanded a brigade in Meade's attack on the right, was severely wounded. The Confederates lost General Samuel Garland. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 822-824.

SOUTH QUAY, VIRGINIA, January 2, 1865. Detachment of the 3d New York Cavalry. Captain George F. Dern, with about 100 men and a section of artillery, made a reconnaissance from Benvard's mills to South Quay and made an attempt to seize the ferryboat, but failed. He then shelled the opposite shore with such vigor as to cause the enemy to develop his strength, and finding the force too large to attack returned to Benvard's, having captured a few bales of cotton and 3 horses without loss. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 824.


SOUTH QUAY, VIRGINIA, March 10, 1865. Expedition from Suffolk to Murfree's Depot. The expedition, under the command of Colonel G. W. Lewis, consisted of 225 men from the 3d New York cavalry, 225 from the 13th New York heavy artillery, and a section of the 8th New York battery. Lewis sent three companies of cavalry to capture the ferryboat at South Quay, but upon arriving at the river they found the boat on the opposite side, where a small force of the enemy was securely intrenched. About 3 p. m. the main column came up and Lewis immediately commenced crossing his commands in small boats some distance from the ferry. This slow process was continued until after dark, when a small party was sent over directly in front of the ferry to capture the boat. This was accomplished in the face of a severe fire, and the Confederates, seeing that the boat was in possession of the Federals, beat a hasty retreat. Lewis lost 1 killed, 1 wounded and 1 missing. South Quay Bridge, Virginia, May 1, 1863. 99th New York Infantry. This was an incident of the siege of Suffolk. General Terry ordered the regiment, commanded by Colonel D. W. Wardrop, to reconnoiter the enemy's rifle-pits and a sharp skirmish ensued, in which the Union loss was 4 killed and 42 wounded. Of the wounded 9 afterward died. The enemy's loss was not ascertained. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 824.


SOUTH QUAY ROAD, VIRGINIA, April 11, 1864. Detachment of troops of Department of Virginia. This skirmish was at the beginning of the siege of Suffolk. Hood's division, moving on the town from the Blackwater river, drove in the Federal pickets and captured an outpost or two. (See Suffolk.) South River, North Carolina, March 15, 1865. 4th Division, 15th Army Corps. In the advance on Goldsboro this division, commanded by Bvt. Major-General John M. Corse, reached South river on the afternoon of the 15th to find the flooring of the bridge removed and some Confederate cavalry, with a few pieces of artillery, in a strong position on the opposite bank. Corse threw forward a heavy skirmish line to hold the enemy in his works, and then moved a portion of his command some distance to the left, where the men waded about 200 yards through a swamp and crossed the river on a line of boats floated down from above and made fast for that purpose. Before a sufficient number of men could be crossed to assault the enemy's position, darkness came on and put a stop to further operations. During the night the Confederates abandoned their trenches. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 824-825.


SOUTH TUNNEL, TENNESSEE, October 10, 1864. Detachment of 40th U. S. Colored Infantry. A squad of negro soldiers guarding the south tunnel, near Gallatin, was attacked by a band of outlaws under command of one Harper and all but 2 were killed. The 2 survivors brought word to Gallatin and a cavalry force sent out in pursuit drove the enemy from the tunnel. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 825.


SOUTH UNION, KENTUCKY, May 13, 1863. (See Woodburn, same date)


SOUTHWEST CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, December 13, 1862. (See Foster's Expedition to Goldsboro.)


SOUTHWEST CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, June 21-22, 1864. Part of the 132nd New York Infantry. In an expedition from Batchelder's creek toward Kinston, Captain T. B. Green, with three companies of the 132nd New York, was sent to flank the enemy's position on Southwest creek; Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, with part of the 132nd New York, and part of the 15th Connecticut, moved up the Neuse road to Mosely creek; and the balance of the expedition advanced up the Dover road to Dover Depot. All were to advance on the Confederate works at 10 p. m. of the 21st. When the advance guard of the main body reached the mill dam on Southwest creek it was found that Green had captured the intrenchments and 45 prisoners, among them 5 commissioned officers, including Colonel Folk, the commanding officer at Kinston. Some 20 or 25 of the enemy were killed or wounded, Green's loss being 1 killed and 1 wounded. The next morning the entire command advanced toward Kinston, but the roads were all found to be strongly guarded and covered by artillery. Colonel Claassen, commanding the expedition, therefore gave the order to return to Batchelder's creek. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 825.


SOUTHWEST CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, March 7, 1865. 1st Division, District of Beaufort. Pursuant to orders from Major-General J. D. Cox, commanding the District of Beaufort, the brigades of Harland and Boughton left camp at 9 a. m. to establish a line on which to operate against the enemy along Southwest creek. Harland encountered the Confederate pickets near the British road, but a strong skirmish line was thrown forward and a little while after noon the enemy was driven across the creek. About 2 p. m. Colonel Claassen, commanding the 2nd brigade, was ordered to make a reconnaissance toward the creek to develop the enemy's position. Claassen pushed forward detachments of the 12th New York cavalry, the 132nd New York infantry, and a section of a battery, all under command of Major Clarkson. Near the intersection of the British and Dover roads the reconnaissance was checked by the fire of a Confederate battery and on the other side of the creek, but the skirmishing continued until it was seen that the enemy was in force and that all the bridges had been destroyed. Cox then ordered Carter to advance his whole division to Wise's Forks, and directed Palmer to send a regiment to the support of the cavalry on the Neuse road. By sunset the skirmish lines were advanced close to the creek and parties were sent out to find crossing places. The action was continued the next day as the Union forces advanced on Kinston. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 825.


SOUTHEBY, William A., Pennsylvania, Society of Friends, Quaker.  As early as 1696, Southeby condemned the institution of slavery.  In 1712, he petitioned Quaker officials to reject and abolish slavery.  Wrote a paper opposing slavery and was censured by fellow Quakers in Philadelphia. (Drake, 1950, pp. 19, 28-29, 34, 36, 40, 47, 51, 55; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 9, 11, 93, 94; Soderlund, 1985, pp. 4, 19, 22, 32, 35, 49, 174, 186, 187; Zilversmit, 1967, pp. 62-66)


SOUTHER, Samuel, Worcester, Massachusetts, Church Anti-Slavery Society, Executive Committee, 1861-64


SOUTHMAYD, Daniel S., Lowell, Massachusetts.  Manager, 1833-1834, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833. (Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833)


SOUTHWICK, Abby, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS), Boston, Massachusetts (Yellin, 1994, pp. 353n, 301-302, 307, 316, 333)


SOUTHWICK, Edward, Augusta, Maine, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1839-1840.


SOUTHWICK, Hannah (Yellin, 1994, p. 289)


SOUTHWICK, Joseph, Maine, abolitionist.  Vice president, 1833-1835, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833.  Vice President, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1840-1848.  (Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833)


SOUTHWICK, Sarah H. (Yellin, 1994, pp. 50, 62, 273n, 289)


SOUTHWICK, Thankful, leader, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS). (Rodriguez, 2007, p. 199; Yellin, 1994, pp. 56, 62, 64, 253n, 280, 289, 292)


SOWARDS, Joseph, scout, born in eastern Kentucky about 1840; died there about 1863. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and at the beginning of the Civil War occupied, with his aged father, a small farm in the upper part of Johnson County, Kentucky. He was a decided Unionist. The threats of his neighbors caused him to take refuge in the woods. While he was thus in hiding a party demanded of his father his place of concealment, and, on the latter's refusal to disclose it, Judge Cecil, one of the number, shot the old man dead before his own doorway. Sowards now enlisted in the 8th Kentucky Regiment in the National Army, and in December 1861, was selected by General James A. Garfield as a scout. Sowards rendered important services, among others going, at imminent risk, into Marshall's camp on the eve of the battle of Middle Creek and reporting to Garfield an ambuscade into which he would doubtless have fallen but for this timely information. On Marshall's retreat from that battle, Judge Cecil was captured, and Sowards upbraided him with the death of his aged father. A taunting reply caused Sowards to lose his self-control, and he shot Cecil as Cecil had shot his father. A court-martial sentenced Sowards to death; but Garfield was careful to enjoin upon his colonel to select as his guard only such men as were especially friendly to the prisoner, who naturally was allowed to escape. After this he performed the most important services, hanging about Garfield's camp and giving constant information as to the movements of the enemy. No one knew how he lived or where he could be found, but he was sure to appear whenever he was wanted. Through him Garfield was enabled to drive the last organized body of General Humphrey Marshall's men from Kentucky. They had strongly intrenched themselves at Pound Gap, and were fast receiving re-enforcements from Virginia, when Sowards penetrated their camp, learned their strength and position, and then returned to Garfield's lines with the suggestion that he should fall upon and destroy them. The result was the Pound Gap Expedition, which Sowards guided over a hundred miles of rough road and through a blinding snow-storm. He was so thoroughly disguised that Garfield, though he knew Sowards was with the troop, did not recognize him until he disclosed himself on the eve of the battle. This is the last that is certainly known of Sowards, but he is reported to have been killed in the following year by a band of Confederate guerillas. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. V, p. 616.