Paces through Paw Paw Tunnel, Virginia

PACES. The length of each pace of the infantry soldier is 28 inches from heel to heel; which he must be trained to take in proper cadence and in perfect steadiness. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 451).


PACE'S FERRY, GEORGIA, July 12, 1864. (See Chattahoochee River.)


PACKARD, Charles, Lancaster, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Abolition Society, Manager, 1842-44


PACKARD, John Hooker, surgeon, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 15 August. 1832. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in arts in 1850, and in medicine in 1853. He was surgeon during the Civil War to the Christian street and Satterlee U. S. Army Hospitals, consulting surgeon to the hospitals at Beverly, New Jersey, and Haddington. Pennsylvania, surgeon to the Episcopal Hospital at Philadelphia in 1863-'84, and has held a similar office in the Pennsylvania Hospital since 1884. He was secretary of the College of physicians from 1862 till 1877, of which body he was chosen vice-president in 1886, and is a member of other learned bodies. He translated "Malgaigne on Fractures " (Philadelphia, 1859); published " Philadelphia Medical Directory" (1868, 1871. and 1873); and is the author of "Manual of Minor Surgery" (1863); " Lectures on Inflammation "(1865); "Handbook of Operative Surgery " (1870); and "Sea-Air and Sea-Bathing" (1881). He has contributed largely on medical subjects to various medical journals, to the "Transactions of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society," and to the " Pennsylvania Hospital Reports." A paper on " Some of the Surgeons of the Last Century," read before the Ontario Medical Association, is printed in the " Canadian Practitioner" (February, 1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 618-619.


PACKARD, Alpheus Spring, naturalist, born in Brunswick, Maine, 19 February, 1839, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1861 and at Maine Medical School in 1864. Meanwhile he was volunteer assistant in 1861-'2 on the Maine Geological Survey, also studying natural history for three years under Louis Agassiz in Cambridge, part of which time he was Agassiz's assistant. In October. 1864, he was commissioned assistant surgeon of the 1st Maine Veteran Volunteers, and he served with the 6th Corps of the Army of the Potomac until July, 1865. During 1865 he was acting custodian and librarian of the Boston Society of Natural History, after which he joined Alpheus Hyatt, Edward S. Morse, and Frederick W. Putnam in the establishment of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem, of which he was one of the curators in 1868-'76, also serving as director of its museum in 1877-'8. In the winter of 1869-'70 he made zoological collections on the Florida reefs and at Beaufort, North Carolina, and in 1871 at Charleston, South Carolina, and he was state entomologist of Massachusetts in 1871-'3. Professor Packard was one of the instructors in the Agassiz Science School at Penikese in 1873-'4, and was connected with the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories under Ferdinand V. Hayden in 1875-'7. Meanwhile he delivered lectures on entomology at Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1869-'77, at Maine State Agricultural College in 1871, at Bowdoin in 1873, and on comparative anatomy at Bowdoin in 1876, and he was connected with the U. S. Fish Commission in 1871-'4. In 1878 he was called to the chair of zoology and geology in Brown University, which he has since filled. He was a member of the U. S. Entomological Commission during its existence in 1877-'82, making for it in 1877-80 extensive tours in the western and Pacific states and the territories. His scientific work has been principally in the direction of entomology. In 1863 he proposed a new classification of insects, which has since been generally adopted both in Europe and in this country. He discovered the morphology and mode of development of the ovipositor and sting of insects, the nature of the trachea of insects, and has studied their external anatomy. His contributions to the natural history of the limulus, including the development and anatomy of the brain and nervous system, is considered of great value. In paleontology he has collected and described the post-Pliocene fossils of Maine and Labrador, and the merostomata and crustacea of the carboniferous formations of Illinois and Pennsylvania: and shown the close relationship of the trilobites to limulus. Professor Packard's writings have contributed to the extension of the evolution theory, and he advocates a modern form of Lamarckianism, to which he gives the term of neo-Lamarckianism. In studying this subject he has made observations on variations in insects induced by climate, on salt-water animals, and on cave or blind animals. Professor Packard is a member of many scientific societies in the United States and Europe, and in 1872 was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences. He was one of the founders of the " American Naturalist " and its editor-in-chief until 1886. His bibliography includes upward of 400 titles. His larger scientific memoirs include "Glacial Phenomena of Maine and Labrador" (1866): "Revision of the Fossorial Hymenoptera of North America" (1866-'7); "Structure of the Ovipositor of Insects" (1868); "Development and Anatomy of Limulus Polyphemus “ (1871-85): "Monograph of the Geometrid Moths" (1876); “ The Brain of the Locust " (1881); "Monograph of North American Phyllopod Crustacea" (1883); and "The Cave Fauna of North America" (1888). His popular works and textbooks comprise " A Guide to the Study of Insects" (Salem. 1869); "Record of American Entomology" (1868-72); "The Mammoth Cave and its Inhabitants." with Frederick W. Putnam (1872); "Our Common Insects" (Boston, 1876): "Life Histories of Animals, including Man, or Outlines of Comparative Embryology (New York, 1876); "Half Hours with Insects" (Boston, 1877); "Insects of the West" (Washington, 1877; London, 1878); "Zoology for Students and General Readers" (New York, 187!): briefer course, 1883); "First Lessons in Geology" (Providence, 1882); "First Lessons in Zoology" (New York, 1886); "Entomology for Beginners" (1888); "A Naturalist on the Labrador Coast" (1888); and "Forest and Shade-Tree Insects" (Washington. 1888). See "The Entomological Writings of Dr. Alpheus Spring Packard," by Samuel Henshaw (1887). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 619-620.


PACKARD, Jasper, soldier, born in Austintown, Mahoning County, Ohio, 1 February, 1832. He moved with his father to Indiana in 1835 and studied at Oberlin College, Ohio, and afterward at the University of Michigan, where he was graduated in 1855. He then engaged in teaching, settled at Laporte, edited "The Union" there, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1861. He entered the National Army as a private at the Beginning of the Civil War, served as lieutenant during the Vicksburg Campaign, being wounded during the assault on that place, received two promotions during the Atlanta Campaign, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for meritorious services. He was mustered out of service in 1866, was auditor of Laporte County in 1866-'8, and a member of Congress from Indiana from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, 1875. He was U. S. internal revenue agent from January, 1876, till July, 1884. He established the "Laporte Chronicle" in July, 1874, and published it for four years, and has been proprietor and editor of the "Laporte Daily Public Spirit" since 1886.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 620.


PACKARD, Theodore, Shelburn, Massachusetts, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1836-40


PACKER, Asa, capitalist, born in Groton, Connecticut, 20 December 1806; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 17 May, 1879. He received a common-school education, and began to learn the tanner's trade, but in 1822 went to Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, and served an apprenticeship with a relative who was a carpenter. He worked at his trade in New York City, but soon returned to Pennsylvania, and when the Lehigh Valley Canal was opened established his home at Mauch Chunk, in 1823, became the owner and master of a boat that carried coal to Philadelphia, and acquired an interest in others, but in 1831 gave up boating in order to carry on a store and boat-yard. He took a contract for locks, which he completed in 1837, became well known as a contractor, and in 1838 began to build boats at Pottsville for the transportation of coal to New York by way of the new canal, which soon attracted all the traffic that had before passed through Philadelphia. He became extensively engaged in the mining and transportation of coal, working the mines of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, and purchasing and operating new mines at Hazleton. In 1844 he was elected to the legislature, and secured the creation of the separate county of Carbon, with Mauch Chunk for its county-seat, after which he filled for five years the post of county judge. He projected the Lehigh Valley Railroad, secured the necessary subscriptions, and by 1855 had the line completed from Mauch Chunk to Easton, with branches to Hazleton and Mahanoy. Subsequently he procured its extension northward, to connect with the Eric Railroad, thus opening up the anthracite region. Mr. Packer was president of the company, and, though financially embarrassed before the completion of the line, shared largely in the profits of the mining and transportation business that was developed, and became the richest man in Pennsylvania. In 1844 he was elected to the state legislature, he was instrumental in forming county, and for five years was judge of the court. He was elected to Congress as a Democrat. and re-elected as a Nebraska Democrat, serving from 5 December 1853, till 3 March, 1857. In 1868 he received the votes of the Pennsylvania delegates for the presidential nomination in the National Democratic Convention, and in 1869 he was the Democratic candidate for governor. In 1876 he was a commissioner for the Centennial Exhibition. Mr. Packer in 1865 gave $500,000 and 115 acres of land to found Lehigh University at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (see illustration), for the purpose of affording young men of the Lehigh Valley an advanced technical education without charge. The scheme of studies embraces civil, mining, and mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, metallurgy, French, and German. By his last will he secured an endowment of $1,500,000 to the university and one of $500,000 to the library. His daughter, Mrs. Mary Packer Cummings, gave a memorial Carbon County Memorial Church, which was dedicated on 13 October, 1887, the anniversary of the founding of the university.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 620-621.


PACKER, William Fisher, governor of Pennsylvania, born in Howard, Centre County, Pennsylvania, 2 April, 1807; died in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, 27 September, 1870. He was of Quaker ancestry. At the age of thirteen he apprenticed himself to a relative, who published a newspaper in Sunbury. After completing his apprenticeship in Bellefonte, he worked for two years as a journeyman in the office of Simon Cameron, then public printer at Harrisburg, read law for a short time in Williamsport, and in 1827 became one of the proprietors and editors of the "Lycoming Gazette," of which he was sole manager from 1829 till 1836. He was the author of an "Address to the People of Philadelphia" (1831), urging the construction of the West Branch Canal as a part of the system of internal improvements that was then under discussion, and was superintendent of that division until the work was completed in 1835. He was one of the founders in 1836 of the " Keystone," at Harrisburg, which became the organ of the Democratic Party in the state. He was a canal commissioner in 1839-'42. In 1843 he disposed of his interest in the " Keystone" and became auditor-general of the commonwealth, which office he held till 1845. In 1847 and 1848 he was elected to the state house of representatives, and was chosen speaker for both terms. In 1849 he was elected a state senator, and while in that body he secured, against strong opposition, the incorporation of the Susquehanna Railroad Company, the beginning of railroad connections with Baltimore. He was made president of the corporation on its organization in 1852, and, when the road was consolidated with others to form the Northern Central Railway, became a director in the latter company. As a member of the National Democratic Convention he labored for the nomination of James Buchanan for the presidency in 1856. in 1857 he was elected governor for the term ending in January, 1861. He opposed the policy of President Buchanan, and in his last annual message denounced the secession of South Carolina as an act of rebellion.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 621.


PACK'S FERRY, WEST VIRGINIA, August 6, 1862. Detachment of 23d Ohio Infantry. Four companies of the 23d Ohio under Major James M. Comfy were attacked by 900 men and 2 pieces of artillery early on the morning of the 6th. The object of the attack was the destruction of the ferry across the New river, but the enemy finally retired without accomplishing his object. No casualties were suffered by Comfy’s force, and while the Union reports state that 2 of the enemy were killed, the Confederate statement makes no mention of any loss. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 661-662.


PADDOCK, Algernon Sidney, senator, born in Glenn's Falls, New York, 9 November, 1830. He was educated at Glenn's Falls Academy, studied law, moved in 1857 to Omaha, Nebraska Territory, and was there admitted to the bar. He engaged actively in politics, was a candidate for the territorial legislature in 1858, a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1860, and afterward secretary of the territory, holding the office and performing the duties of governor during much of the time, from April, 1861, till the admission of Nebraska as a state in 1867. He engaged in the manufacture of hydraulic cement at Beatrice, was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864, and in 1866 an Independent Republican candidate for Congress. In 1868 he was appointed governor of Wyoming Territory, but declined. He was afterward elected a U. S. Senator by both Republican and Democratic votes, and served from 3 March, 1875, till 4 March, 1881. He was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Charles H. Van Wyck. They contended again for the nomination at the conclusion of the latter's term, and Mr. Paddock was victorious in the Republican caucus, and on 21 January, 1887, was elected senator for the term ending 3 March, 1893.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 621.


PADELFORD, Seth, 1807-1878, political leader, statesman, abolitionist.  31st Governor of Rhode Island.  Worked with New England Emigrant Aid Society, which aided anti-slavery settlers in Kansas.  Member of Republican Party.  Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island, 1863-1865, Governor in 1869-1873.


PADUCAH, KENTUCKY, March 25, 1864. 16th Kentucky Cavalry; 1st Kentucky Heavy Artillery; Detachment 122nd Illinois Infantry. As an incident of Major-General N. B. Forrest's expedition into Kentucky, the Federal outposts were driven back through Paducah into Fort Anderson by' Forrest's advance guard and later in the day, when the remainder of his force came up, a general attack was made upon the Union troops within the fort. Twice the Confederates attempted to storm the works, but each time they were repulsed. While preparing for a third attempt, Colonel A. P. Thompson, leader of the assaulting party, was killed, and the design was abandoned. Confederate sharpshooters had in the meantime taken possession of the houses near the fort and were picking off the Union gunners. Firing was kept up until 11:30 p. m., when Forrest withdrew out of range of the Union guns for the night. In the morning the Confederates set fire to the town and withdrew. The Union casualties were 14 killed and 46 wounded. The Confederate loss was not reported, but the estimate of Colonel S. G. Hicks, commanding the post, was 300 killed and wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 662.


PADUCAH, KENTUCKY, April 14, 1864. U. S. Forces under Colonel S. G. Hicks. At noon Confederate General Buford with three regiments of cavalry appeared before Paducah and drove in the pickets. The Federal troops withdrew to Fort Anderson and when the enemy appeared in a skirt of timber about a mile distant opened fire with artillery. A flag of truce was sent in by Buford, demanding the removal of women and children within an hour, but before the end of that period the enemy commenced sacking a portion of the town. A detachment was sent out from the fort to drive the marauders, who returned to the main body, which retired on the Mayfield road. The garrison suffered no casualties, but 40 government horses were taken. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 662.


PAGE, Charles Grafton, physicist, born in Salem, Massachusetts, 25 January, 1812; died in Washington, D. C, 5 May, 1868. He was graduated at Harvard in 1832, and then studied medicine in Boston. In 1838 he settled in Virginia and there followed his profession for two years, when he was called to the chair of chemistry in Columbian University, Washington, D. C. He was made examiner in the Patent-Office in 1840, when there were but two examiners in that office, and continued in that place until his death. As a boy he showed great fondness for scientific studies, and at the age of ten years built an electric machine. He continued his studies in that branch of science throughout his life, and was an accepted authority on the subject. He had for years been engaged in perfecting machinery for the effective and economical use of electro-magnetism as a motive power, and at the time of his death had so far succeeded as to be able to use it for the propulsion of machinery, and to some extent as a locomotive force. Among other things the original discovery of the Ruhmkorff coil is claimed for him. Dr. Page was a frequent contributor to various literary and scientific periodicals, particularly to the  “American Journal of Science," and was the author of “Psychomancy, Spirit-Rappings, and Table-Tippinsers Exposed " (New York, 1853). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 623.


PAGE, Thomas Jefferson, born at Shelly, Gloucester County, Virginia, 4 January, 1808, was appointed a midshipman on 1 October, 1827, passed for promotion on 10 June, 1833, and was commissioned as lieutenant on 20 December, 1839. He served on the Coast Survey for several years, circumnavigated the globe in the "Dolphin,'' and on his return home suggested to the Secretary of the Navy, William A. Graham, a plan for a survey of the China Seas, and obtained an appropriation from Congress for the construction of a steamer for the purpose. When John P. Kennedy took charge of the Navy Department, he greatly enlarged the scope of the expedition, and placed Commodore Matthew C. Perry in command, offering the second place to Lieutenant Page, who, however, declined. In 1853 he was placed in command of an expedition for the exploration of the tributaries of the Rio de la Plata and adjacent countries. He was well received by President Carlos A. Lopez, of the republic of Paraguay, and carried out his mission without obstruction till February, 1855, when his steamer, the "Water-Witch," was fired upon from a Paraguayan fort on the Parana River, and one man was killed. He returned the fire, but his vessel was not fitted for offensive operations. He returned to the United States in May, 1856, after an absence of three years and four months. A naval demonstration, in January, 1859, secured reparation from the Paraguayan government. Page, who had been promoted commander on 14 September, 1855, resumed his surveys, and completed them in December, 1860. Turning over to the Navy Department the charts, notes, and journals, which embrace several thousand miles of river navigation previously unexplored, and not yet described in print, he resigned his commission on the secession of his state. He was offered an admiral's commission by the Italian government, which desired his aid in the reorganization of its navy; yet he elected to serve in the cause of the southern states. He commanded the heavy batteries at Gloucester Point on York River, and began the building of gun-boats at West Point, but burned them and retreated after Yorktown was abandoned. In 1862 he was commissioned as commodore, and went to England to take command of an iron-clad then building in the Mersey, and when the British government, under a threat of war from the U. S. minister, took possession of the vessel, he assumed command of a small iron-clad then lying at Copenhagen which put to sea under the name of "Stonewall," and which afterward, when she entered a Spanish harbor, was seized by the officers of Queen Isabella. His career in the Confederate service being thus brought to a close, he went to the Argentine Republic, where the benefits rendered to the country by his explorations found a high recognition. For many years he was associated with his old friend, ex-President Uzquiza, in sheep and cattle farming. Then going to England in the commission of the government, he superintended the construction of two iron-clads and two gun-boats which formed the nucleus of the Argentine Navy. Commodore Page has since resided in Florence, Italy. His son, a fleet-captain in the Argentine Navy, has recently resumed the explorations of the tributaries of the River Plata at the point where ends the descriptive account of his father, who after his return from his first expedition to South America published a narrative entitled "La Plata: the Argentine Confederation and Paraguay," describing 3,600 miles of river navigation and explorations on land extending over 4,400 miles (New York, 1859). [John Page’s grandson].  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 625.


PAGE, Richard Churning Moore, physician, born at Turkey Hill, Albemarle County, Virginia, 2 January, 1841, entered the University of Virginia in 1860, but in July, 1861, enlisted in the Confederate Artillery. He was commissioned as captain in April, 1862, and commanded a battery in nearly all the battles of the Army of Northern Virginia. He was severely wounded at Gettysburg. In October, 1864, after being promoted major, he was assigned to duty on the staff of General John C. Breckinridge as chief of artillery. He studied medicine at the close of the war in the medical department of the University of the City of New York, and after graduation in 1868 served as house physician in Bellevue Hospital, and afterward as house surgeon in the Woman's Hospital. Dr. Page has been professor of general medicine and diseases of the chest in the New York polyclinic since 1885. he has contributed to the New York "Medical Record" and other periodicals. He is the author of a "Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia" (New York, 1882) and of a "Sketch of Page's Battery, Jackson's Corps, Lee's Army " (1885); also of a "chart of Physical Diagnosis" (1885).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 625.


PAGE, Thomas Nelson, author, born in Oakland. Hanover County. Virginia, 23 April, 1853, was brought, up on the family plantation, which was a part of the original grant to his ancestor, Thomas Nelson. He was educated at Washington and Lee University, studied law, receiving the degree of LL. B. from the University of Virginia in 1874, and has practised his profession in Richmond, Virginia. The degree of LL. D., was conferred on him by Washington and Lee in 1887. He began to write stories and poems in the Negro dialect for his own amusement, and one of these, entitled "Marse Chan." a tale of the Civil War, when published in 1884, several years after it was written, attracted much attention, and was followed by "Meh Lady" and others in the same vein. A collection of these has been published under the title of "In Ole Virginia " (New York, 1887). His serial, "Two Little Confederates," is now (1888) appearing in the "St. Nicholas."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 625.


PAGE, Simon, Hallowell, Maine, Church Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1861-64


PAGE, William, artist, born in Albany, New York, 23 January, 1811: died in Tottenville, Staten Island, New York, 1 October, 1885. He came to New York City with his parents at the age of nine, and in 1822 received a premium from the American Institute for a drawing in India ink. At the age of fourteen he began to study law in the office of Frederick De Peyster, which he soon left to enter the studio of James Herring, and in less than a year he became a pupil of Samuel F. B. Morse, through whom he was also enrolled as a student in the Academy of design. His drawings in the antique class there won him the silver medal, but. uniting with the Presbyterian church, he determined to enter its ministry. For two years he studied theology at Andorra and Amherst, at the end of which time he returned to art. After painting portraits in Albany for a year he went to New York, where he executed likenesses of William H. Marcy and John Quincy Adams. In 1830 he was elected a National academician, and he was president of the academy from 1871 till 1873. About 1844 he moved to Boston, but he returned in 1847 to New York, whence, after a stay of two years, he went to Europe, where he resided for eleven years in Florence and Rome, coming back to New York in 1860. While he was in Europe he painted the portraits of Robert Browning and his wife, and other well-known Englishmen and Americans, and produced also his "Venus,'' "Moses and Aaron on Mount Horeb," "Infant Bacchus," and " Flight into Egypt." He also took occasion to study the works of the great masters, notably Titian, whom he admired and emulated, and whose method of painting he strove to discover. The copies that he executed of Titian's paintings were so remarkable that one of them was seized by the Florentine authorities under the belief that it was the original. Page made many experiments in his study of art methods and color theories, and published a " New Geometrical Method of Measuring the Human Figure" (New York, 1860). His portraits, for which he was most noted, include those of Hiram Powers, painted in Florence about 1848, Henry Ward Beecher. Wendell Phillips, Charles P. Daly" (1848), in New York Historical Society, James Russell Lowell, Josiah Quincy, Governor Reuben E. Fenton (1870), Charlotte Cushman. General Grant (1880), Thomas Le Clear (1888), and Charles Sumner, which was left unfinished at. the death of the statesman. His full-length painting of Admiral Farragut at the battle of Mobile Bay, of which a representation is given in the article Farragut in this work, was purchased by a committee in 1871, and presented to the emperor of Russia. In 1870 Page exhibited a portrait head of Christ which attracted great attention and excited much controversy. His other paintings include, besides those already mentioned, "The Holy Family" (1837); "The Last Interview" (1838); "Head of Christ" (1870); " Ruth and Naomi"; and " Cupid" (1880). In 1874 Page made a second visit to Europe, in order to study the supposed death-mask of Shakespeare that is preserved in Germany, and on his return he executed a large bust and several portraits of the poet (1874-'8). He also possessed mechanical genius, and invented and patented various improvements in boats and guns.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 626.


PAINE, Armancy, Providence, Rhode Island, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1844-1846.


PAINE, Byron, jurist, born in Painesville, Ohio, 10 October, 1827; died in Madison. Wisconsin, 13 January, 1871. His great-grandfather, Edward, founded Painesville in 1800, and his father, James Harvey, held the rank of general of Ohio militia, and was an early anti-slavery champion. The son studied in Painesville Academy and in 1849 was admitted to the bar of Milwaukee, whither his father moved in 1847. He was judge of the Milwaukee County Court from 1856 till 1859, and associate justice of the state supreme court from 1859 till 1864. He attracted much attention in 1854 as defendant for Sherman M. Booth in his trial for aiding in the rescue of Joseph Glover, a fugitive slave, who had been captured by his master and confined in the Milwaukee Jail. In after-years Judge Paine was active in establishing the right of Negro suffrage. He entered the National Army as lieutenant-colonel of the 43d Wisconsin Infantry on 10 August, 1864, and served till he was mustered out on 27 November, 1865. From 1867 until his death he was an associate justice of the supreme court of Wisconsin, and from 1868 till 1871 was professor of law in the University of Wisconsin, from which institution he received the degree of LL. D. in 1869.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 627.


PAINE, Eleazar A., soldier, born in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, 10 September, 1815; died in Jersey City, New Jersey, 16 December, 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1839, and assigned to the 1st U.S. Infantry, served in the Florida War of 1839-40, and resigned on 11 October, 1840. He then studied law and practised in Painesville. Ohio, from 1843 till 1848, and in Monmouth, Illinois, from 1848 till 1861. and served in the legislature of Illinois in 1852-'3. In 1842-'5 he was deputy U. S. Marshal for Ohio, and also lieutenant-colonel in the Ohio militia, and he held the rank of brigadier-general from 1845 till 1848. He was appointed colonel of the 9th Illinois Volunteers on 3 July, 1861, and served throughout the Civil War, being made brigadier-general of volunteers on 3 September, 1861, and leading a brigade in Paducah. Kentucky, in 1861, and in Cairo, Illinois, in 1862. On 12 March, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the first Division of the Army of the Mississippi, under General John Pope, and participated in the battle of New Madrid, Missouri, which terminated in its capture, 21 March, 1862. He was also present at the capture of Island No. 10, and took part in the advance on Corinth, the evacuation of which was materially hastened by his operations, his troops being engaged with the Confederates at Farmington, 9 May, 1862. He was in command of Gallatin, Tennessee, and guarded the railroad from Mitchellsville to Nashville, Tennessee, from 24 November, 1862, till 4 May, 1864, and was in command of the District of Western Kentucky from 18 July till 11 September, 1864. General Paine was a personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom he received many commendations for efficient service. He resigned on 5 April, 1865.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 627.


PAINE, Hulbert Eleazar, soldier, born in Chardon, Ohio. 4 February, 1826. After his graduation at Western Reserve in 1845 he studied law, was admitted to the bar of Cleveland in 1848, and moved to Milwaukee in 1857. He entered the National Army in May, 1861, as colonel of the 4th Wisconsin Regiment, and became brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1863. He served mainly in the Army of the Gulf, and lost a leg in the last assault on Port Hudson, Louisiana, where he commanded the 3d Division of the Fifth Corps. He defended Washington during General Jubal A. Early's raid in 1864, was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and resigned on 3 May of that year. He was afterward elected to Congress from Wisconsin as a Republican, serving from 4 December, 1865, till 3 March, 1871, and was instrumental in the passage of a bill, dated 19 December, 1869, that provided for taking meteorological observations in the interior of the continent. (See Abbe, Cleveland.) He was a delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866. and after the expiration of his third term in Congress practised law in Washington, D. C, where he was U. S. Commissioner of Patents from 1879 till 1881. He is the author of "Paine on Contested Elections" (Washington, 1888).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 627-628.


PAINE, Elijah, lawyer, born in Williamstown, Vermont, 10 April, 1796; died in New York City, 6 October, 1858, was graduated at Harvard in 1814, and studied law in Litchfield, Connecticut He became a partner of Henry Wheaton, and assisted in preparing Wheaton's "Reports of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1816 till 1827" (12 vols., New York and Philadelphia. 1826-'7; 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1847). From 1850 till 1853 he was a judge of the superior court of New York, and his decision in the Lemmon Slave Case was particularly able. (See Arthur, Chester Alan.) He was the author of Paine's "U. S. Circuit Reports" (New York, 1827; 2d vol., published by Thomas W. Waterman. 1856); and in connection with John Duer he published "Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings in the State of New York " (2 vols., 1830). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 628.


PAINEVILLE, VIRGINIA, April 5, 1865. This engagement, sometimes called Paine's cross-roads, was one of the minor actions of the Appomattox campaign. (See Amelia Springs.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 662.


PAINT LICK BRIDGE, KENTUCKY, July 31, 1863. U. S. Forces under Colonel W. P. Sanders. During the pursuit of Scott the troops under Sanders, consisting of detachments of the 1st, 10th and 14th Kentucky, 2nd and 7th Ohio, 8th and 9th Michigan and 15th East Tennessee cavalry, and 1st and 2nd East Tennessee, 45th Ohio and 112th Illinois mounted infantry, after fighting the Confederate rear-guard all night, came up with the main body in position at Paint Lick bridge. After an obstinate fight of an hour a charge was made by a portion of the Union troops, which resulted in the capture of 30 of the enemy and the wounding of a number. No casualties were reported on the Union side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 662.


PAINT ROCK BRIDGE, ALABAMA, April 28, 1862. Detachment of 10th Wisconsin Infantry. Sergt. Nelson, with 16 men, was detailed to guard the bridge over the Paint Rock river. Upon learning that the bridge was threatened, Lieutenant Harkness sent Sergt. Makimson, with 10 men, to reinforce Nelson. No sooner had the latter arrived than 250 dismounted Confederate cavalry attacked, and after a little time sent a summons to surrender. The demand was refused and for 2 hours the enemy continued the fight, finally being compelled to withdraw with a loss of 6 killed and several wounded. No Federal casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 662.


PAINT ROCK BRIDGE, ALABAMA, April 8, 1864. Detachment of 73d Indiana Infantry. A squad of 15 men under Corp. William H. fl. Reed met a party of 40 Confederates near Paint Rock bridge and Reed was driven back after a short contest, losing 1 man killed and 1 severely wounded. The enemy's loss was thought to be from 2 to 4 killed and 3 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 662-663.


PAINT ROCK BRIDGE, ALABAMA, December 7, 1864. 2nd Tennessee Cavalry. With this regiment Lieutenant-Colonel William F. Prosser skirmished all the way from Bellefonte to Paint Rock bridge, and on his arrival there drove a small force of Confederates across the stream. Half an hour afterward the enemy again appeared with an engine and a train of cars, but were driven back 2 or 3 miles. Later they brought up the train again with some cavalry and skirmishing was continued until dark, when the enemy again withdrew. No casualties in killed and wounded were reported, though Prosser captured some prisoners. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 663.


PAINT ROCK BRIDGE, ALABAMA, December 31, 1864. U. S. Forces under Lieutenant Samuel C. Wagoner. The garrison of this post, consisting of a detachment of the 13th Wisconsin infantry, 20 cavalry, a piece of artillery and a small squad of Kennamer's home scouts, was surprised by 400 Confederates at 4 a. m. Before the camp could be wholly aroused the Federals were overpowered and some 40 men, including the commanding officer, captured. The remainder escaped and the enemy recrossed the river, burning the bridge behind them. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 663.


PAINT ROCK RIVER, ALABAMA, November 19, 1864. (See Duckett's Plantation.) Paintsville, Kentucky, April 13, 1864. Kentucky Infantry under Colonel George W. Gallup. The Confederates under Colonel Thomas Johnson, operating in eastern Kentucky, attacked a Union force under Gallup about 10 a. m. The Federal pickets were driven in, but the main body repulsed the enemy with a loss of 2 killed, 2 wounded and 7 captured, while Gallup lost 2 men captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 663.


PALFREY, John Gorham, 1796-1881, author, theologian, educator, opponent of slavery.  Member of Congress from Massachusetts from 1847-1849 (Whig Party).  Early anti-slavery activist.  Palfrey was known as a “Conscience Whig” who adamantly opposed slavery.  He freed 16 slaves whom he inherited from his father, who was a Louisiana plantation owner.  While in Congress, Palfrey was a member of a small group of anti-slavery Congressmen, which included Joshua Giddings, of Ohio, Amos Tuck, of New Hampshire, Daniel Gott, of New York, David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, and Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois.  In 1848, Palfrey failed to be reelected from his district because of his anti-slavery views.  In 1851, he was an unsuccessful Free Soil candidate for the office of Governor in Massachusetts.  (Rayback, 1970, pp. 82, 95, 97, 245, 248; Appletons’, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 634; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 169; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 16, p. 932)


PALFREY, John Gorham, author, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 2 May, 1796; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 26 April, 1881, received his elementary education at a boarding-school kept by the father of John Howard Payne at Exeter, and was graduated at Harvard in 1815. He afterward studied theology, and was ordained pastor of the Brattle street Unitarian Church, Boston, 17 June, 1818, as successor to Edward Everett. His pastorate continued until 1830, when he resigned, and in 1831 he was appointed professor of sacred literature in Harvard, which chair he held till 1839. During the period of his professorship he was one of three preachers in the University chapel, and dean of the theological faculty. He was a member of the House of Representatives during 1842-'3, Secretary of State in 1844-'8, and was a member of Congress from Massachusetts, having been chosen as a Whig, from 6 December, 1847, till 3 March, 1849. In the election of 1848 he was a Free-Soil candidate, but was defeated. He was postmaster of Boston from 29 March, 1861, till May, 1867, and after his retirement went to Europe, where he represented the United States at the Anti-slavery Congress in Paris in the autumn of 1867. After his return he made his residence in Cambridge. He was an early anti-slavery advocate, and liberated and provided for numerous slaves in Louisiana that had been bequeathed to him. He was editor of the “North American Review” in 1835-'43, delivered a course of lectures before the Lowell Institute in Boston in 1839 and 1842, contributed in 1846 a series of articles on “The Progress of the Slave Power” to the “Boston Whig,” and was in 1851 one of the editors of the “Commonwealth” newspaper. He was the author of two discourses on “The History of Brattle Street Church”; “Life of Colonel William Palfrey,” in Sparks's “American Biography”; “A Review of Lord Mahon's History of England,” in the “North American Review “; and also published, among other works, “Academical Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities” (4 vols., Boston, 1833'52), “Elements of Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan, and Rabbinical Grammar” (1835); “Discourse at Barnstable, 3 September, 1839, at the Celebration of the Second Centennial Anniversary of the Settlement of Cape Cod” (1840); “Abstract of the Returns of Insurance Companies of Massachusetts, 1 December, 1846” ( 1847); “The Relation between Judaism and Christianity” (1854); and “History of New England to 1875” (4 vols., 1858-'64). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 634. [Grandson of William Palfry 1741-1780].


PALFREY, Francis Winthrop, lawyer, born in Boston, 11 April, 1831. He was graduated at Harvard in 1851, and at the law-school in 1853. He served in the Civil War as lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, was brevetted brigadier-general after receiving a severe wound, and has been a register in bankruptcy since 1872. He is the author of "A Memoir of William F. Bartlett" (Boston. 1879): "Antietam and Fredericksburg," being vol. v. of "Campaigns of the Civil War" (New York, 1882); parts of the first volume of  Military Papers of the Historical Society of Massachusetts "; and various articles in the "North American Review." [John Gorham Palfrey’s Grandson].  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 634-635.


PALFREY, John Carter, soldier, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 25 December, 1833, was graduated at Harvard in 1853, and at the U. S. Military Academy, at the head of his class, in 1857. He was assigned to the engineers, and during the Civil War served in constructing defences on Ship Island, in repairing Port St. Philip and Fort Jackson, Louisiana, at the siege of Port Hudson, and in the Red River Expedition. He also had charge of the operations at the siege and capture of tort Morgan, Alabama, and from 20 March till 12 April, 1865, he participated in the siege and capture of Mobile. He was chief engineer and assistant inspector-general of the 13th Army Corps from 15 March till 1 August, 1865, and was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general. U. S. Army, 20 March. 1865. He resigned on 1 May, 1866, and he has since been connected with manufacturing companies at Lowell, Massachusetts, and elsewhere. He became overseer of the Thayer School of Civil Engineering of Dartmouth in 1868, and is a vice-president of the Webster Bank in Boston. He has contributed to the publications of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, to the "North American Review," and other periodicals.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 635.


PALISADES are strong palings six or seven inches broad on each side, having about one foot of their summits sharpened in a pyramidal form. They are frequently placed at the foot of slopes, as an obstacle to the enemy. A large beam or lintel, sunk about 2 or 3 feet, is often used to unite them more firmly. Their tops should be a foot above the crest of the parapet behind which they stand, and in field-fortifications they form a very good obstruction, if protected from artillery. An expeditious mode of planting them, is to sink a small ditch, about 2 feet 6 inches deep, and the same breadth, and to nail the ends of the palisades to a piece of timber, or the trunk of a tree, laid on the bottom of it, and then fill in the earth, and ram it well. (Fig. 170.)

The palisades should be 9 or 10 feet long, so that when finished, the ends shall be at least 7 feet above the ground. They may be made out of the stems of young trees of 6 or 8 inches diameter; but stout rails, gates with the ends knocked off, planks split in half, cart shafts, ladders, and a variety of such things, will come into play, where more regular palisades are not to be had. If the materials are weak, a cross- piece must be nailed to them near the top, to prevent their being broken down, and they must not be placed so close together as to cover an enemy. (Fig. 171.) FIG. 171. FIG. 170. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 451).


PALLEN, Montrose Anderson, educator, born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, 2 January, 1830. His father, a native of Virginia, was professor of obstetrics in St. Louis Medical College for twenty-seven years. The son was graduated at St, Louis University in 1853, and in medicine in 1850. After spending two years in hospital service and study in London, Paris, and Berlin, he began practice in St, Louis, Missouri. During the Civil War he was medical director of General Henry A. Wise's legion in 1861, of General William J. Hardee's army corps in 1862. and afterward of the Department of Mississippi till February, 1863. He was subsequently sent to Canada by the Confederate government to report on the condition of the Confederate prisoners on Johnson's Island. He returned to Richmond in 1864, and after a visit to Paris, France, where he obtained surgical and medical supplies for the Confederate Armies, he was sent to Montreal again, but was captured on his way back to the south, and held on parole in New York City till the end of the war. After occupying chairs in various institutions, he was in 1874 appointed professor of gynecology in the University of the City of New York. In 1883 he assisted in forming the Post-Graduate Medical College in that city. Among other inventions by Dr. Fallen are a self-retaining vaginal speculum, peculiar needles for small and deep cavities, and various uterine supports. He has written much for medical periodicals, and published "Abnormities of Vision and Ophthalmoscope" (Washington, D. C, 1858); "Uterine Abnormities" (Cincinnati, 1800); ' Prophylaxis of Preirnancy" (New York. 1878): and " Dysmenorrhea" (1880). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 634.


PALMER, Alonzo Benjamin, physician, born in Richfield, Otsego County, New York, 6 October, 1815; died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 23 December, 1887. He was educated in various schools and academies in New York State, and was graduated in medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York in 1839. After attending lectures in that city and in Philadelphia in 1847-'50 he went to Tecumseh, Michigan, and afterward moved to Chicago. In 1852 he served as city physician there during a severe cholera epidemic among emigrants from northern Europe, and in that year was appointed professor of anatomy in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Michigan. In 1854 he was transferred to the chair of medical therapeutics and diseases of women and children. In 1860 he was appointed to the professorship of pathology and practice of medicine, which he held at, the time of his death. He became surgeon of the 2d Michigan Regiment of Infantry, and dressed the first wound that was inflicted by the enemy at Blackburn's Ford on 18 July, 1861, but he resigned in September, 1861, and returned to the University of Michigan. He afterward visited the army occasionally as volunteer surgeon, and was president of the American Medical Association during the war. He was instructor of pathology and practice of medicine at Berkshire Medical College, Massachusetts, in 1864, and at Bowdoin in 1869-'70. He was president of the Michigan Medical Society in 1872-'3, and of the section of pathology in the Ninth International Medical Congress in Washington. D. C. in 1887.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 636.


PALMER, D. B., New York, abolitionist leader (Sorin, 1971)


PALMER, Edward, reformer, born in New England in 1802; died in New York City, 25 February, 1886. He became a printer in Boston, Massachusetts, and attracted attention by writing and publishing a pamphlet in which he demanded the abolition of slavery and the suppression of capitalized monopolies. Moving to New York City, he associated himself with a coterie of philosophers, under the leadership of Marcus Spring, and promulgated many eccentric ideas. He claimed that men should work for higher motives than that of pecuniary gain, and emphasized his teachings by refusing to accept money for his services, confining himself to the barest necessities of life. At his death he had passed out of recollection, as he had lived in retirement for nearly a generation.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 637.


PALMER, George Washington, lawyer, in Ripley, Chautauqua County, New York, 7 June, 1835; died in New York City, 2 January, 1887. He was graduated at Albany Law-School in 1857, and practised his profession. He was active in politics during the Lincoln campaign, and in 1861 was assistant clerk in the U. S. Senate. Receiving an appointment in the War Department, he served in the quartermaster-general's office, and was afterward appointed captain and provost-marshal of the 31st District of New York. In December, 1864, he became military secretary to Governor Reuben E. Fenton, in the following spring was made commissary-general of ordnance of New York State, with the rank of brigadier-general, and in 1868 was charged with the duties of quartermaster. In 1869 he practised law in New York City, but became appraiser of customs, holding this office until 1871, and then resuming his law-practice. In 1879 he was placed in charge of the law department, which post he resigned in 1886. For twenty years he was an active campaign speaker, and his fatal illness was ascribed to his over-exertion in 1884.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 638.


PALMER, Horatio Richmond, musician, born in Sherburne, Chenango County, New York, 20 April, 1834. He studied music with his father, and subsequently pursued his studies in languages, music, metaphysics, and other branches under various masters m New York, Berlin, Germany, and Florence, Italy. Mr. Palmer is known chiefly as a conductor of musical societies and a writer of musical text-books, and is rather a musical theorist than a composer. He has done much to popularize music. He is the author of " Rudimental Class-Teaching " and " Elements of Musical Composition" (1867); "Theory of Music " (1875); "Musical Catechism " (1880); "Vocal Modulator" (1883) and "Brief Statements of Musical Notation" (1883); and "Pronouncing Pocket Dictionary" and "Piano Primer" (1885); and he has also edited collections of music, notably "The Song Queen " (1867) and " The Song King' (1871), and is known as the author of numerous anthems and other musical compositions.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 638.


PALMER, Innis Newton, soldier, born in Buffalo, New York, 30 March, 1824. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1840. and assigned to the U.S. Mounted Rifles, in which he became 2d lieutenant on 20 July, 1847, and served in the siege of Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo. He was brevetted 1st lieutenant on 20 August, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, and at Chapultepec he was wounded and brevetted captain. He was also at the assault and capture of the city of Mexico, after which he was on recruiting service in Missouri, and then on frontier duty in Oregon and Washington Territory. He became 1st lieutenant of mounted rifles on 27 January, 1853, captain in the 2d U.S. Cavalry on 3 March, 1855, and major on 25 April, 1861, and on 3 August, 1861, was transferred to the 5th U.S. Cavalry with the same rank. He served throughout the Civil War, was brevetted lieutenant-colonel on 21 July, 1861, for gallant and meritorious service at Bull Run, Virginia, and on 23 September, 1861, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in the Virginia Peninsular Campaign in command of a brigade in the 4th Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He organized and forwarded to the field the New Jersey and Delaware volunteers, and superintended camps of drafted men in Philadelphia before the operations in North Carolina, when he commanded the 1st Division of the 18th Army Corps from 1 January till 10 July, 1863, the Department of North Carolina from 1 February till 2 March. 1863, the District of Pamlico from 10 to 25 July, 1863, the 18th Army Corps from 25 July till 18 August, 1863, and the defences of New Berne, North Carolina, from 18 August, 1863, till 19 April, 1864. He was made lieutenant-colonel on 23 September, 1863, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted colonel and brigadier general, U. S. Army, and major-general of volunteers. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on 15 January, 1866, and then served in Kansas and Wyoming. He was colonel of the 2d U. S. Cavalry from 9 June, 1868, till 20 March, 1879, when he was retired.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 639.


PALMER, James Croxall, naval surgeon, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 29 June, 1811; died in Washington, D. C, 24 April, 1883. He was graduated at Dickinson in 1829, and studied medicine at the University of Maryland, where he took his degree. In 1834 he was commissioned assistant surgeon. He was ordered, on 17 July, 1838, to the store-ship "Relief," of the exploring expedition under Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, and in attempting the Brecknock passage into the straits of Magellan, was transferred to the sloop "Peacock." the adventurous cruise of which is recorded m the general history of the exploring expedition. Dr. Palmer recorded one episode in a poem, the last edition of which is entitled "The Antarctic Mariner's Song "(New York, 1868). Alter the wreck of the "Peacock " at the mouth of Columbia River, 19 July, 1841, he commanded a large shore-party at Astoria. On 27 October, 1842, he was commissioned surgeon, and served in the Washington U.S. Navy-yard, where he had charge of those who were wounded by the explosion on the "Princeton." He served in Mexican waters during the annexation of Texas and the consequent war, and in 1857 he was ordered to the steam-frigate " Niagara " on the first effort to lay the Atlantic cable, and originated a plan for splicing the wire in mid-ocean. He was afterward attached to the naval academy in Annapolis, and when it was transferred to Newport, Rhode Island, during the Civil War, he assumed its sole medical charge. He was on the flag-ship " Hartford." as fleet surgeon at the battle of Mobile Bay, 5 August, 1864, was ordered by Farragut to go to all the monitors and tell them to attack the "Tennessee," and went around the fleet in the admiral's steam-barge "Loyal" to aid surgeons who had no assistants. Upon his return to the " Hartford," after the battle, he was ordered by Farragut to go on board the enemy's ram "'Tennessee," just captured, and to attend Admiral Franklin Buchanan. He saved the leg of this officer, which had been broken during the engagement, by refusing to resort to amputation, as had been proposed by the surgeon of the Confederate fleet. Dr. Palmer brought about an agreement between Stephen R. Mallory and Admiral Farragut to exempt all medical officers and attendants from detention as prisoners of war. He was afterward in charge of the Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York for about four years. On 3 March, 1871, he was commissioned medical director, and on 10 June, 1872, he became Surgeon-General of the U.S, Navy, and was retired on 29 June, 1873. He published some important professional contributions through the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 638-639.


PALMER, John Williamson, author, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 4 April, 1825, was graduated at the University of Maryland in 1847, and studied medicine in Baltimore. He was the first city physician of San Francisco in 1849-'50, and subsequently wrote a series of graphic papers relating to that time for "Putnam's Monthly." In 1851-2 he was surgeon of the East India Company's war-steamer "Phlegethon" in the Burmese War, being the only American that ever held a commission in the East India Company's navy. He was Confederate war correspondent of the "New York Tribune" in 1863-'4, and since that time has been a frequent contributor to journals and magazines. In 1870 he returned from Baltimore to New York, and is now (1888) engaged on the editorial staff of the English dictionary in preparation by the Century Company. In addition to many translations, including Michelet's "L'Amour" (New York, 1860) and "La Femme" (1860), the latter of which he accomplished in seventy-two hours' work, he has compiled a book of "Folk-Songs" (1860) and five volumes of poetry (Boston, 1867). He is the author of "The Golden Dagon, or Up and Down the Irrawaddi" (New York, 1853); "The New and the Old or California and India in Romantic Aspects" (1859): "The Beauties and Curiosities of Engraving" (Boston, 1879); "A Portfolio of Autograph Etchings" (London, Paris, and Boston. 1882): and a novel entitled "After His Indiana" published under the pen-name of "John Coventry" (New York, 1886). He has also written several poems, including " For Charlie's Sake " and "Stonewall Jackson's Way." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 639


PALMER, James Shedden, naval officer, born in New Jersey in 1810; died in St. Thomas, W. I., 7 December, 1867. He became midshipman on 1 January, 1825, and lieutenant, 17 December, 1836, and served on the "Columbia" in the attack on Quallah Battoo and Mushie, in the island of Sumatra. In the Mexican War he was in command of the schooner "Flirt," engaged in blockading the Mexican Coast. He was appointed commander on 14 September, 1855. At the beginning of the Civil War he commanded the steamer "Iroquois," of the Mediterranean Squadron, but was soon afterward attached to the Atlantic Blockading Fleet under Admiral Samuel F. Dupont. He became captain on 16 July, 1862, and in that summer led the advance in the passages of the Vicksburg batteries, and was engaged in the fight with the Confederate ram "Arkansas." At the passage of Vicksburg the flag-ship stopped her engines for a few minutes to allow the vessels in the rear to close up. Fancying that some accident had befallen the admiral, Palmer dropped the "Iroquois," which was the leading ship, down to the "Hartford." Not understanding this movement, Farragut hailed Palmer through his trumpet, saying: "Captain Palmer, what do you mean by disobeying my orders of Palmer replied: "I thought, Admiral, that you had more fire than you could stand, and I came down to draw off a part of it." This piece of gallantry Farragut never forgot, and he remained Palmer's close friend. Palmer was commissioned commodore on 7 February, 1868, and at New Orleans and Mobile he was Farragut's flag-captain. He became rear-admiral on 25 July, 1866, and died of yellow fever while in command of the South Atlantic Squadron in the West Indies. He was popularly known as "Pie-crust Palmer." Loyall Farragut. in his father's " Life and Letters," says of him: "Under a reserve of manner and dignified bearing, which almost amounted to pomposity, Palmer showed a warm and generous nature. He was brave and cool under fire, and always ready to obey his chief's commands. The writer has seen him going into battle dressed with scrupulous neatness, performing the last part of his toilet in buttoning his kid gloves as though he were about to enter a ball-room."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 639


PALMER, John McCauley, soldier, born in Eagle Creek, Scott County, Kentucky, 13 September, 1817. He moved to Illinois in 1832, and in 1839 settled in Carlinville. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, was a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1847, a member of the state senate in 1852-'4, a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia in 1856, a presidential elector on the Republican ticket of 1860, and a delegate to the Peace Convention at Washington, 4 February, 1861. He was elected colonel of the 14th Illinois Volunteers in April, 1861, accompanied General John C. Fremont in his expedition to Springfield, Missouri, and was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 20 December. He was with General John Pope at the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10., and afterward commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division of the Army of the Mississippi. In November, 1862, he was with General Grant's army in temporary command of a division. Subsequently he led a division at the battle of Stone River, and for his gallantry there he was promoted to major-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862. He participated in the battle of Chickamauga, and led the 14th Corps in the Atlanta Campaign, from May till September, 1864. He was governor of Illinois from 1869 till 1873.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 640.


PALMETTO RANCH, TEXAS, September 6, 1864. (See Brazos Santiago, same date.)


PALMETTO RANCH, TEXAS, May 13, 1865. (See Brownsville, same date.)


PALMYRA, MISSOURI, August 17, 1861. (See Hunnewell, same date.)


PALMYRA, MISSOURI, November 18, 1861. Detachment of 3d Missouri Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 663.


PALMYRA, MISSOURI, October 18, 1862. Detachment of the 2nd Missouri Militia. This incident was the execution of 10 Confederate prisoners. For some time prior to this date outrages had been committed by the guerrillas in northern Missouri, and Brigadier-General John McNeil had tried various means to break up the irregular warfare. Andrew Alsman, an aged citizen of Palmyra, was carried away from his home and presumably murdered, his only offense having been that of giving information to the Federal authorities. Through the provost-marshal-general, W. R. Strachan, for the district of northeastern Missouri, McNeil notified Joseph C. Porter, one of the guerrilla leaders, that unless Alsman was returned to his home within ten days from that date (October 8th) 10 men belonging to Porter's band, and then held in custody, would be executed "as a meet reward for their crimes, among which is the illegal restraining of said Alsman of his liberty, and, if not returned, presumptively aiding in his murder." Alsman was not returned, and about noon on the 18th the 10 prisoners, strongly guarded, were taken to the fair grounds, where each man was made to stand at the foot of his coffin and face a detail of 30 men of the 2nd Missouri militia. A few minutes after 1 o'clock the command was given to fire and the 10 men fell, part of them dying instantly, though a few were despatched with revolvers after they fell. The Confederate authorities demanded the surrender of McNeil, but General Curtis refused to give him up. The affair created some excitement and further correspondence ensued, but in the end it had a salutary effect, inasmuch as it made the guerrillas more cautious about adopting high-handed methods. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 663.


PALMYRA, TENNESSEE, November 13, 1863. Brigadier-General R. S. Granger, reporting; to Major-General George H. Thomas, commander of the Department of the Cumberland, under date of November 13, says: "Captain Cutler, with one company of mounted infantry and a portion of Whittemore's battery (mounted), belonging to the garrison of Clarksville, had a fight near Palmyra with Captain Grey's company, killing 2, wounding 5, and taking 1 prisoner; Cutler's loss, 1 lieutenant and 1 man wounded." The affair was an incident of the Chattanooga-Ringgold campaign and the above is the only official mention of it. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 664.


PALO ALTO, MISSISSIPPI, April 21, 1863. 2nd Iowa. Cavalry. Colonel Edward Hatch was despatched by Colonel Benjamin Grierson, on the latter's raid from La Grange, Tennessee, to the vicinity of West Point to destroy the railroad there. About noon, when near Palo Alto, Hatch was attacked in the rear and on each flank by a considerable force of the enemy under Gholson, who managed to cut off one company. Drawing his command up in line of battle Hatch charged, broke through the enemy's line and recaptured the company. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 664.


PANOLA, MISSISSIPPI, June 19-20, 1863. Cavalry Corps, Left Wing 16tb Army Corps. During operations in northwestern Mississippi Colonel J. K. Mizner, commanding the Union cavalry, encountered a Confederate outpost some 8 miles from Panola. The enemy was easily driven and Mizner encamped at that point. Early the following morning an advance was made on Panola, which was entered without opposition, the enemy having evacuated during the night. The casualties, if any, were not reported. Panther Creek, Missouri, August 8, 1862. 1st Missouri Militia Cavalry. Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander M. Woolfolk, with a detachment of his regiment, 400 men in all, attacked Porter's Confederate command where the Hannibal & St . Joseph railroad crosses Panther creek. After 6 hours' fighting the engagement was stopped by darkness, Porter having lost (according to the Federal report) some 20 killed and 50 wounded, while Woolfolk had 2 killed and 10 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 664.


PANTHER GAP, WEST VIRGINIA, June 5, 1864. 11th West Virginia Infantry. Colonel Daniel Frost, reporting the movements of his regiment during the Lynchburg campaign, says: "June 5, passed through Panther gap, where the enemy were posted in some force. A flank movement caused the place to be evacuated, with slight skirmishing, when we moved to Goshen Station." This is the only mention of the affair. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 664.


PANTHER SPRINGS, TENNESSEE, March 5, 1864. Detachment of 3d Tennessee Infantry. Captain William Cross with 103 men, while on a reconnaissance to Panther Springs, was attacked by a superior force of Confederates and after a sharp engagement of 3 hours repulsed the enemy, losing 3 killed, 1 badly wounded and some 20 captured, while the enemy suffered to the extent of 9 killed and 2 captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 664.


PANTHER SPRINGS, TENNESSEE, October 27, 1864. (See Mossy Creek, same date.)


PAPINSVILLE, MISSOURI, June 23, 1863. Detachment of 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Major Alexander W. Mullins with a portion of the 1st Missouri, while in pursuit of a party of Confederates, encountered them 12 miles from Papinsville. The skirmish which ensued resulted in the killing of 1 and the wounding of another Confederate, while Mullins had 1 man wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 664.


PARADE. An assemblage of troops in a regular and prescribed manner, for guard-mounting, field-exercises, or dress parade. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 452).


PARADOS is a traverse, covering the interior of a work from reverse fire. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p.452 ).


PARALLELS in the attack of a place, are wide trenches, which afford the besieged troops a free covered communication between their various batteries and approaches, and a secure position for the guards of the trenches. (See SIEGE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 452).


PARAPET. (See FORTIFICATION.) In field works, while the height is fixed at about seven feet, the thickness of the parapet varies according to the kind of fire it is intended to resist. Should the ground in front be inaccessible to artillery at 800 yards, the parapet is constructed of dimensions sufficient only to resist musketry, or from two! to two and a half feet thick. To resist field-artillery, a thickness of from six to ten feet is required. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 452).


PARBUCKLES are 4-inch ropes, 12 feet long, with a hook at one end and a loop at the other. To parbuckle a gun, is to roll it in either direction from the spot in which it rests. To do this, place the gun on skids, and if it is to be moved up or down a slope, two 4|-inch ropes are made fast to some place on the upper part of the slope, the ends are carried under the chase and breech of the gun respectively round it, and up the slope. If the running ends of these ropes are hauled upon, the gun ascends; if eased off, it descends. If the ground is horizontal, handspikes only are necessary to move the gun. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 452).


PARDEE, Ario, philanthropist, born in Chatham, New York, 19 November, 1810. He received a common-school education, and then turned his attention to engineering. His first work was on the construction of the Delaware and Raritan Canal in New Jersey, during 1830-'3, after which he went to Pennsylvania and had charge of an engineering corps, running the line for the Beaver Meadow Railroad. In 1836 he began the Hazleton Railroad, and settling there in 1840 opened coal-mines which, being located in the mammoth vein of the anthracite field, proved exceedingly valuable. In 1848 he built a gravity railroad to Penn Haven, a distance of fourteen miles, as an outlet for the product of these mines, but in 1854 the Lehigh Valley Railroad was opened, which, with its improved facilities, caused the abandonment of the old road in 1860. Subsequently he became interested in iron manufacture, and he is now (1888) owner of blast-furnaces at various localities in New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and Tennessee. At the beginning of the Civil War in 1861 he fitted out a military company for the National service at his own expense, with which his eldest son, Ario Pardee, Jr., served and attained the brevet rank of brigadier-general on 12 January, 1865. Mr. Pardee became interested in Lafayette College in 1864, and through the influence of William C. Cattell, then president of the college, he gave $20,000 for the endowment of a professorship. At that time this amount was the largest sum that had been given by one person to any educational institution in Pennsylvania, He soon increased his gift until in 1869 it amounted to $200,000, and upon this basis was first established a new curriculum of scientific and technical studies. A new building being needed, Mr. Pardee for this purpose made a further gift of $250,000, to which he afterward added $50,000 for its scientific equipment, thus increasing his donations to $500,000. The building, shown in the accompanying illustration, was erected and called Pardee Hall in his honor. It was regarded when finished as " the largest and most complete scientific college building in the United States," and was formally dedicated in October, 1873. It was burned in 1879, but has been rebuilt. Mr. Pardee is a director of several railroads, including the Lehigh Valley road, and, besides being an active officer in various charitable organizations, is president of the state board that has the oversight and control of the second geological survey of Pennsylvania. He was a presidential elector in 1876, and since 1882 has been president of the board of trustees of Lafayette College.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 644.


PARDON. Every officer authorized to order a general court-martial, shall have power to pardon or mitigate any punishment ordered by such court, except the sentence of death; or of cashiering an officer, which, in cases where he has no authority (by ART. 65) to carry them into execution, he may suspend, until the pleasure of the President of the United States can be known, which suspension, together with copies of the proceedings of the court-martial, the said officer shall immediately transmit to the President for his determination. And the colonel or commanding officer of the regiment or garrison where any regimental or garrison court-martial shall be held, may pardon or mitigate any punishment ordered by such court to be inflicted; (ART. 89.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 462).


PARIS, KENTUCKY, July 19, 1862. Detachments of 9th Pennsylvania and 55th Indiana Cavalry, 16th U. S. Infantry and Home Guards. Brigadier General G. Clay Smith, in command of the Federals, learning that Morgan was in line of battle south of Paris and awaiting his approach, moved' on that town on the morning of the 19th. Smith pushed back the enemy's pickets after some rather heavy fighting, but found that the main body had withdrawn to Winchester. Morgan lost 8 killed and 29 wounded, while the Federals did not suffer any casualties.


PARIS, KENTUCKY, July 30, 1862. 9th Pennsylvania Cavalry.


PARIS, KENTUCKY, March 11, 1863. Wagon-train guard.


PARIS, KENTUCKY, July 29, 1863. Garrison of post, under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas L. Young. About 4 p. m. the Confederate advance drove in the pickets at Paris, but were immediately engaged by 100 men of the 23d Michigan infantry and a gun of Henshaw's Illinois battery. Another company of the same regiment and a gun of the 15th Indiana battery were sent to reinforce the 100 men, and about 6 p. m. the Federal artillery routed the Confederates, who withdrew in confusion down the Winchester pike. No casualties were reported. The affair was an incident of Scott's raid. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 664-665.


PARIS, MISSOURI, October 15, 1864. Detachments of 70th and 9th Missouri Militia. Brigadier-General J. B. Douglass, in answer to a request for a report as to the number of casualties in the Missouri militia during Price's expedition, states that 4 or 5 were wounded "in different skirmishes during the time Captain Fowkes, captain of Company C, Seventieth Enrolled Missouri Militia, surrendered Paris on the 15th of October. At the time of the surrender, he reports 55 men of his own command and 10 of the Ninth Missouri State Militia." This is the only mention of the affair in the official reports. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 665.


PARIS, TENNESSEE, March 11, 1862. Detachment of 5th Iowa Cavalry and Battery I, 1st Missouri Light Artillery. Major-General U. S. Grant despatched a battalion of the 5th la. cavalry and a battery under Captain John T. Croft, to break up a Confederate conscription camp at Paris. Croft arrived in the vicinity about 5 p. m., and after capturing the outer pickets made a charge through the town, driving the enemy into their intrenchments on a hill a mile and a half beyond. A charge was made up the slope by two companies, which fell into an ambuscade, but with the aid of the artillery they managed to extricate themselves without heavy loss. The Union casualties were 5 killed and 5 wounded; Grant estimated the Confederate loss at 100 killed and wounded, besides the 8 captured.


PARIS, TENNESSEE, September 13, 1863. Troops not stated. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 665.


PARIS, VIRGINIA, September 16, 1864. (See Sn1cker's Gap, same date.)


PARIS, VIRGINIA, February 19, 1865. (See Ashby's Gap, same date.)


PARK is literally an inclosed space. In military language it means the space occupied by the animals, wagons, pontoons, and material of all kinds, whether of powder, ordnance stores, hospital stores, and provisions when parked. The meaning is also extended to embrace not only the space occupied, but also the whole of the objects occupying, the space. We say park of wagons, park of artillery; reserve park; division park, &c.; camp park; engineer park. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 452-453).


PARK, James, iron-master, born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 11 January, 1820; died in Alleghany, Pennsylvania, 21 April, 1883. He received a common-school education, and in 1837 began his business career. In 1862 he turned his attention to the manufacture of steel in Pittsburg, and his firm. Park, Brother and County, was among the first to manufacture crucible east steel in the United States. He was one of the syndicate that purchased the patents of William Kelly. (q. v.), and so was interested in the introduction of the Bessemer process for converting iron into steel, becoming in 1860 a member of the Pneumatic Steel Association. In 1863 he was the first to introduce the Siemens gas-furnace into this country. He had a high reputation as a progressive leader among iron-masters, and was active in the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Mr. Park showed great courage in July, 1877, in facing the rioters during the labor troubles of the year, and making an earnest appeal to them at the Union Depot. He was a trustee of the University of Western Pennsylvania, chairman of one of the first law and order associations in the United States, and a member of various religious and temperance bodies. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 648.


PARKE, John Grubb, soldier, born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 22 September, 1827. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1849, and assigned to the Topographical Engineers. In 1849-'50 he was engaged in determining the starting point of the boundary line between Iowa and Minnesota, and subsequently on the survey of the Little Colorado River, and in charge of surveys for a Pacific Railroad on the thirty-second parallel. He became 1st lieutenant of Topographical Engineers on 1 July, 1856, and was chief astronomer and surveyor in the delimitation of the northwestern boundary between the United States and British America from 2 March, 1857, till the beginning of the Civil War. He was promoted captain of Topographical Engineers on 9 September, 1861, and appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on 23 November. In the beginning of 1862 he accompanied General Ambrose E. Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, receiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel in the U. S. Army for services in the capture of Fort Macon. He was promoted major-general of volunteers on 18 July, 1862, and served as chief of staff of the 9th Corps during the Maryland Campaign, being engaged at South Mountain and Antietam. and in the pursuit of the enemy to Warrenton. When General Burnside took command of the Army of the Potomac, General Parke was retained as his chief of staff, and was present at the battle of Fredericksburg. He participated in the movement of the 9th Corps in to Kentucky, and commanded it on the march to Vicksburg, arriving before the surrender. In the reoccupation of Jackson, Mississippi, he was in command of the left wing of General Sherman's army, receiving the brevet of colonel for his part in the operations. In the East Tennessee Campaign he was engaged at Blue Spring in the defence of Knoxville, for which he was subsequently brevetted brigadier-general, and in the following operations against General James Longstreet, after General Burnside resumed command of the corps, he led one of its divisions, and in the  Richmond Campaign of the Army of the Potomac he was engaged at the battle of the Wilderness and the combats around Spottsylvania, but was then disabled by illness until 13 August, 1864, when he resumed command of the 9th Corps before Petersburg. He was brevetted major-general in the U. S. Army for repelling the enemy's assault on Fort Steadman, and took part in the pursuit of Lee's army until it surrendered. He had been commissioned as major in the Corps of Engineers on 17 June, 1864. After commanding the Districts of Alexandria and Southern New York, he resumed charge of the northwestern boundary survey on 28 September, 1866. He superintended the repair and construction of fortifications in Maryland in 1867-'8, and was on duty in the office of the chief of engineers at Washington, D. C. from 1 June, 1868. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of engineers on 4 March, 1879, and colonel on 17 March, 1884, and in June. 1887, was appointed superintendent of the U. S. Military Academy. He is the author of reports in "Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean" (Washington, 1854-6; also of  “Compilations of Laws of the United States relating to Public Works for the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors" (1877; revised cd., 1887), and "Laws relating to the Construction of Bridges over Navigable Waters " (1882; revised ed., 1887).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 649.


PARKER, Edward Griffin, lawyer, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 16 November, 1825; died in New York City, 30 March, 1868. He was graduated at Yale in 1847, studied law under Rufus Choate. He was admitted to the bar in 1849, and practised in Boston till the beginning of the Civil War. In 1857-'8 he edited the political department of the Boston "Traveller." He became a volunteer aide on General Benjamin P. Butler's staff in 1861, and the next year was adjutant-general and chief of staff to General John H. Martindale during his command of the Department of Washington. He settled in New York after the war, and was in charge of the American Literary Bureau of Reference. He contributed frequently to the press, and published "The Golden Age of American Oratory" (Boston, 1857) and " Reminiscences of Rufus Choate" (New York, 1860).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 650.


PARKER, Ely Samuel, soldier, born in the Indian reservation, Tonawanda, New York, in 1828. He is a full-blooded Seneca Indian, and chief of the Six Nations. After receiving a careful education in schools in New York state, he adopted the profession of civil engineering, and settled temporarily in Galena, Illinois, where he was the personal friend of Ulysses S. Grant, and subsequently, during the Civil War, he became a member of the general's staff, he was appointed assistant adjutant-general with the rank of captain in May, 1863, and was afterward secretary to General Grant until the close of the war. In that capacity he was present at Lee's surrender, and made the first engrossed copy of the terms of capitulation. He was appointed 1st lieutenant of U. S. Cavalry in 1866, resigning in 1869. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 9 April, 1865, and captain, major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, U. S. Army, 2 March, 1867. He became Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1869, but retired in 1871 to devote himself to his profession.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 650.


PARKER, Foxhall Alexander, naval officer, born in New York City, 5 August, 1821 ; died in Annapolis, Maryland, 10 June, 1879. He was graduated at the naval school in Philadelphia in 1843, served against the Florida Indians, and was commissioned lieutenant. 21 September, 1850. He was executive officer at the Washington U.S. Navy-yard in 1861-'2. He co-operated with the Army of the Potomac on several occasions in command of seamen, built Port Dahlgren, and drilled 2,000 seamen in the exercise of artillery and small arms, thereby promoting the success of Admiral Andrew H. Foote's operations with the Mississippi Flotilla. He became commander on 16 July, 1862, had charge of the steam gun-boat "Mahaska " in active service off Wilmington and Yorktown, and of the "Wabash," off Charleston, from June to September, 1863, and from the latter date till the close of the war commanded the Potomac Flotilla, which consisted at one time of forty-two vessels, and frequently engaged the enemy. In July, 1866, he was promoted captain for "good service during the rebellion." He became commodore in 1872, was on special duty in Washington in August of that year to draw up a code of signals for steam tactics, and in 1873-'6 was chief signal officer of the navy. He was chief of staff of the united fleets under Admiral Augustus L. Case that assembled for instruction in the Florida waters in December, 1874, and was one of the founders of the U. S. Naval Institute. He died while superintendent of the U. S. Naval Academy, to which he was appointed in 1878. He was for many years a contributor to newspapers and magazines, and published "Fleet Tactics Under Steam" (New York, 1863): "Squadron Tactics Under Steam " (1863): "The Naval Howitzer Afloat"(1865); "The Naval Howitzer Ashore" (1865)—all of which are textbooks in the U. S. Naval Academy; "The Fleets of the World: The Galley Period "(1876); and "The Battle of Mobile Bay and the Capture of Forts Powell, Gaines, and Morgan, under the Command of David G. Farragut and Gordon Granger" (Boston, 1878).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 650.


PARKER, William Harwar, naval officer, born in New York City, 8 October, 1826, was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1848, became a lieutenant in 1855, and in 1861 entered the Confederate service. He has, published "Instructions for Naval Light Artillery” (New York, 1862) and "Recollections of a Naval Officer" (1883). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 650.


PARKER, Joel, jurist, born in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, 25 January, 1795: died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 17 August, 1875. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1811, and began the practice of law in Keene, New Hampshire, in 1815. He was in the legislature in 1824-'6, appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire in 1833, and became chief justice in 1836. In 1840 he was chairman of the committee to revise the laws of the state. In 1847-'57 he was professor of medical jurisprudence at Dartmouth, and from 1847 until his death he was professor of law at Harvard. His publications, exclusive of law reports and periodical essays, include an address on "Progress A (Hanover. New Hampshire, 1840); "Daniel Webster as a Jurist," an address to the Harvard laws School (Cambridge. Massachusetts, 1853); "A Charge to the Grand Jury on the Uncertainty of Law '(1854); "The Non-Extension of Slavery" (1856): "Personal Liberty Laws and Slavery in the Territories" (1861); "The Right of Secession" (1861); "Constitutional Law" (1862); "Habeas Corpus and Martial Law" (Philadelphia, 1862); "The War Powers of Congress and the President" (1863); "Revolution and Construction " (New York, 1866): "The Three Powers of Government" (1869); and "Conflict of Decisions" (Cambridge. 1875).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 651.


PARKER, Joel, governor of New Jersey, born near Freehold, New Jersey, 24 November, 1816; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2 January, 1888. His father, Charles, was a member of the New Jersey Legislature for several years, and served one term as state treasurer. Joel moved with his father to Trenton in 1821, was graduated at Princeton in 1839, studied law under Chief-Justice Henry W. Green, and settled in Freehold, New Jersey. He began his political career in 1844 as a Democratic speaker, and was in the assembly in 1847-'50, prosecuting attorney in 1852-'7, and a presidential elector in 1860, casting his vote for Stephen A. Douglas. He had been commissioned brigadier-general of militia in 1857, and in 1861 became major-general. He had ardently opposed the Civil War, but when it began he actively supported the National government. He was elected governor of New Jersey in 1862, as a Democrat, served till 1866, and during his occupation of that office conducted the affairs of state with prudence and ability. During Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 he supplied several organized regiments of New Jersey volunteers that were sent to the protection of that state, but when a levy of 12,000 men was made on New Jersey in 1864, to make good a supposed deficiency in her former quotas, he obtained from President Lincoln the withdrawal of the order. Governor Parker also established a method of settlement of the war debt, so that not a bond of the state of New Jersey was sold below par, and at the close of the war in 1865 there was a surplus of $200,000 in the state treasury. He took strong grounds in favor of an amnesty toward those that had taken part in the war against the National government. In 1868 the New Jersey delegation to the National Democratic Convention, in New York City, cast their full vote for him in every ballot for the presidential nomination. He was again elected governor in 1870, and at the conclusion of his term became Attorney-General of the state. He was chosen a judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey in 1880, and was re-elected in 1887, presiding over the central circuit of the state. In 1883 he declined the nomination for governor. Rutgers gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1872.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 652.


PARKER, John P., 1827-1900, African American, former slave, abolitionist, businessman.  Born a slave.  Bought his freedom.  Worked in aiding fugitive slaves from Kentucky in the Cincinnati area.  May have helped more than 1,000 fugitive slaves.  Recruited volunteers for the U.S. Colored Regiment.  Wrote autobiography, His Promised Land: The Autobiography of John P. Parker, Former Slave and Conductor on the Underground Railroad. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 8, p. 592; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 17, p. 36; Hinks, Peter P., & John R. McKivigan, Eds., Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition.  Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood, 2007, Vol. 2, pp. 522-523; Gara, 1961; Griftler, 2004; Hagendorn, 2002; Horton, 1997)


PARKER, Mary S., leader, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS). (Rodriguez, 2007, p. 199; Yellin, 1994, pp. 36, 43, 51-53, 55, 61, 64, 174, 176)


PARKER, Reverend Theodore, 1810-1860, Boston, Massachusetts, Unitarian clergyman, abolitionist leader, reformer.  Secretly supported radical abolitionist John Brown, and his raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, (West) Virginia, on October 16, 1859.  Opposed Fugitive Slave Act.  Organizer, Committee of Vigilance to help fugitive slaves escape capture in Boston, Massachusetts.  Wrote anti-slavery book, To a Southern Slaveholder, in 1848.  Also wrote Defense.  Supported the New England Emigrant Aid Society and the Massachusetts Kansas Committee.  Member of the Secret Six group that clandestinely aided radical abolitionist John Brown. 

(Chadwick, 1900; Dirks, 1948; Drake, 1950, p. 176; Filler, 1960, pp. 6, 94, 126, 140, 141, 184, 204, 214, 239, 241, 268; Mabee, 1970, pp. 13, 82, 233, 253, 254, 256, 273, 302, 309, 316, 318, 320, 321; Pease, 1965, pp. 654, 656; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 207, 289, 327, 337, 338, 478; Sernett, 2002, pp. 69, 205, 211, 213; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 654-655; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 238; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 17, p. 43; Commager, Henry S. Theodore Parker. 1947.)

PARKER, Theodore, clergyman, born in Lexington, Massachusetts, 24 August, 1810; died in Florence, Italy, 10 May, 1860. His grandfather, Captain John Parker, commanded the company of minute-men that were fired on by the British troops on 19 April, 1775. Theodore was the youngest of eleven children. From the father, a Unitarian and Federalist, he inherited independence of mind, courage, and Jove of speculation; from his mother, depth of religious feeling. The family were poor, and the boy was brought up to labor on the farm. At the age of six he was sent to the district school, which was then taught by young students from Harvard. The instruction was never systematic, quite rudimental, and very meagre, but the boy's thirst for knowledge overcame all obstacles. At eight he had read translations of Horner and Plutarch, together with such other works in prose and verse as were accessible, including Rollin's “Ancient History.” At the age of sixteen he was allowed to go to a school at Lexington for one quarter, an expensive indulgence, costing four dollars. Here he began algebra, and extended his knowledge of Latin and Greek. At the age of seventeen he taught himself. No school could give him enough. He studied all the time, and remembered all he learned, for his memory was as amazing as his hunger for acquisition. This year militia duties were added, and Theodore threw himself into these with his usual ardor, rose to rank in his company, and learned how to fight. All the time he was the light of his home, charming among his mates, exuberant, joyous, a pure, natural boy in all his instincts. One day in August, 1830, having obtained leave of absence from his father, he walked to Cambridge, was examined, admitted, walked back, and told his unsuspecting father, then in bed, that he had entered Harvard College. For a year he stayed at home and worked on the farm, but kept up with his class, and went to Cambridge only to be examined. Under these circumstances he could not obtain his bachelor's degree, and that of A. M. was conferred on him as a mark of honor in 1840. In March, 1831, he became assistant teacher in a private school in Boston, and toiled ten hours a day. In 1832 he undertook a private school at Watertown. There he remained ten years, becoming intimate with Convers Francis, the large-minded Unitarian minister there, reading his books, teaching in his Sunday-school with Lydia Cabot, whom he afterward married, and working his way toward the ministry. While in Watertown he read Cicero, Herodotus, Thucydides, Pindar, Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, and Æschylus; wrote a history of the Jews for his Sunday-school class, studied French metaphysics, began Hebrew in Charlestown, whither he walked on Saturdays to meet Mr. Seixas, a Jew, and began the pursuit of theology. In 1834 he went to the divinity-school, and his religious feeling took a conservative turn at that time. He seemed rather over-weighted with erudition, though by no means dry. His first venture in preaching was at Watertown from the pulpit of his friend, Mr. Francis. Then followed a period of “candidating” at Barnstable, Concord, Waltham, Leominster, and elsewhere. In June, 1837, he was ordained as minister at West Roxbury. This was a season of study, friendship, social intercourse, intellectual companionship, solid achievement in thought, unconscious preparation for the work he was to do. Here he gradually became known as an iconoclast. He was at West Roxbury about seven years, until February, 1845. During that time the Unitarian controversy was begun, the overworked student had passed a year in Europe, examining, meditating, resolving, clearing his purpose, and making sure of his calling, and the future career of the “heresiarch” was pretty well marked out. In January, 1845, a small company of gentlemen met and passed a resolution “that the Reverend Theodore Parker shall have a chance to be heard in Boston.” This was the beginning of the ministry at the Melodeon, which began formally in December. In that month an invitation from Boston—a society having been formed—was accepted. On 3 January, 1846, a letter resigning the charge at West Roxbury was written, and the installation took place the next day. The preaching at the Melodeon had been most successful, and it remained only to withdraw entirely, as he had in part, from his old parish, and to reside in the city. The ministrations at the Melodeon lasted about seven years, until 21 November, 1852, when the society took possession of the Music hall, then just completed. Here his fame culminated. He had met, at Brook Farm, which lay close to him at West Roxbury, the finest, most cultivated, most ardent intellects of the day; he had made the acquaintance of delightful people; he bad studied and talked a great deal; he had been brought face to face with practical problems of society. He was independent of sectarian bonds, he stood alone, he could bring his forces to bear without fear of wounding souls belonging to the regular Unitarian communion, and he was thoroughly imbued with the modern spirit. His work ran very swiftly. No doubt he was helped by the reform movements of the time, the love of poverty played its part, the natural sympathy with an outcast centred on him, the passion for controversy drew many, and the heretics saw their opportunity. But all these combined will not explain his success. True, he had no grace of person, no beauty of feature, no charm of expression, no music of voice, no power of gesture; his clear, steady, penetrating, blue eye was concealed by glasses. Still, notwithstanding these disadvantages, his intensity of conviction, his mass of knowledge, his warmth and breadth of feeling, his picturesqueness of language, his frankness of avowal, fascinated young and old. He had no secrets. He was ready for any emergency. He shrank from no toil. His interest in the people was genuine, hearty, and disinterested. He aimed constantly at the elevation of his kind through religion, morality, and education. He was interested in everything that concerned social advancement. Peace, temperance, the claims of morals, the treatment of animosity, poverty, and the rights of labor, engaged his thought. He did not neglect spiritualism or socialism, but devoted to these subjects a vast deal of consideration. Mr. Parker's interest in slavery began early. In 1841 he delivered a sermon on the subject, which was published, but it was not until 1845 that his share in the matter became engrossing. Then slavery became prominent in National politics, and menaced seriously republican institutions; then men began to talk of the “slave power.” Wendell Phillips somewhere tells of Theodore's first alliance with the Abolitionists, not in theory, for he did not agree with their policy, but in opposition to the prevailing sentiment. It was at the close of a long convention. There had been hard work. Phillips had been among the speakers, Parker among the listeners. As they left the hall, the latter joined him, took his arm, and said: '”Henceforth you may consider my presence by your side.” And faithfully he kept his promise. Probably no one—not Garrison, not Phillips himself—did more to awaken and enlighten the conscience of the north. By speeches, sermons, letters, tracts, and lectures he scattered abroad republican ideas. As a critic of pro-slavery champions, as a shielder of fugitives, as an encourager of fainting hearts, he was felt as a warrior. His labors were incessant and prodigious. He was preacher, pastor, visitor among the poor, the downtrodden, and the guilty; writer, platform speaker, lyceum lecturer, and always an omnivorous reader. His lecturing engagements numbered sometimes seventy or eighty in a season. In 1849 he established the “Massachusetts Quarterly Review,” a worthy successor of the “Dial,” but more muscular and practical—“a tremendous journal, with ability in its arms and piety in its heart.” The editorship was pressed upon Ralph Waldo Emerson and Charles Sumner, but devolved at last on Parker, who was obliged also to write many of the articles, as his contributors failed him. The “Quarterly,” thanks to him, lived three years, and died at length quite as much through the stress of political exigency as through the want of support, though that was insufficient. The fugitive-slave bill was passed in 1850, and entailed a vast deal of toil and excitement. He took more than one man's share of both, was a leader of the committee of vigilance, planned escapes, and entertained runaway slaves. During the fearful agitations incident to the escape of William and Ellen Craft, the chase after Shadrach, the return of Sims, and the surrender of Burns, his energies were unintermitting. Then came the struggle with the slave-holders in the west, when John Brown came to the front, in which he bore an active part, being an early friend and helper of the hero of Ossawattomie. But for extraordinary strength in youth, a buoyant temperament, love of fun and jest, fondness for work, moderation in eating and drinking, sufficient sleep, exercise in the open air, and capacity for natural enjoyment, such excessive labor must have exhausted even his vitality. These supported him, and but for an unfortunate experience he might have lived to an old age. Indeed, he expected to do so. He used to say that if he safely passed forty-nine he should live to be eighty. But he inherited a tendency to consumption. In the winter of 1857, during a lecturing tour through central New York, he took a severe cold, which finally, in spite of all his friends could do, settled upon his lungs. On the morning of 9 January, 1859, he had an attack of bleeding at the lungs. At once he was taken to Santa Cruz, and in May he left the island for Southampton. The summer was spent in Switzerland, and in the autumn he went to Rome. The season being wet, he steadily lost ground, and could with difficulty reach Florence where he died. He lies in the Protestant cemetery there. (See illustration.)  Theodore Parker's system was simple. It was, so far as it was worked out, theism based on transcendental principles. The belief in God and the belief in the immortality of the soul were cardinal with him; all else in the domain of speculative theology he was ready to let go. He followed criticism up to this line; there he stood stoutly for the defence. He was a deeply religious man, but he was not a Christian believer. He regarded himself as a teacher of new ideas, and said that the faith of the next thousand years would be essentially like his. It is sometimes said that Parker was simply a deist; but they who say this must take into account the strong sweep of his personal aspiration, the weight of his convictions, his devotion to humanity, the enormous volume of his feelings. There is no deist whom he even remotely resembled. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Shaftesbury, Bolingbroke, Hobbes, Hume, suggest oppositions only. Parker affirmed and denied merely in order to make his affirmation more clear. He was a great believer, less a thinker than a doer. His bulky resources were so much fuel to his flame. His sympathies were all modern; he looked constantly forward, and was prevented only by his plain, common sense from accepting every scheme of his generation that wore a hopeful aspect. But he saw the weak points in reforms that he himself aided. He criticised women while working for their elevation, and laughed at Negroes while toiling against their bondage. He was not aesthetic, and had no taste in painting, sculpture, music, poetry, or the delicacies of literature. He knew about them as he knew about everything, but his power was moral and religious, and it was inseparable from his temperament, which was human and practical on the side of social experiment. He bequeathed his library of 13,000 volumes to the Boston public library. He was a prolific author, publishing books, pamphlets, sermons, essays without number, but never with a literary, always with a philanthropic, intention. His publications include “Miscellaneous Writings” (Boston, 1843); “Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and Popular Theology” (1852); “Occasional Sermons and Speeches” (2 vols., 1852); “Additional Speeches and Addresses” (2 vols., 1855); “Trial of Theodore Parker for the Misdemeanor of a Speech in Faneuil Hall against Kidnapping,” a defence that he had prepared to deliver in case he should be tried for his part in the Anthony Burns case (1855); and “Experience as a Minister.” His “Discourse on Matters pertaining to Religion” (1842) still presents the best example of his theological method; his “Ten Sermons of Religion” (1853) the best summary of results. His complete works were edited by Frances Power Cobbe (12 vols., London, 1863-'5); (10 vols., Boston, 1870). A volume of “Prayers” was issued in 1862, and one entitled “Historic Americans” in 1870. It included discourses on Franklin, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson. “Lessons from the World of Matter and the World of Mind,” selected from notes of his unpublished sermons, by Rufus Leighton, was edited by Frances P. Cobbe (London, 1865). See also “Théodore Parker sa vie et ses oeuvres,” by Albert Réville (Paris, 1865). On the death of Mrs. Parker in 1880, Franklin BORN Sanborn was made literary executor, and he, it is said, intends to issue some new material. Mr. Parker's life has been presented several times; most comprehensively by John Weiss (2 vols., New York, 1864), and by Octavius B. Frothingham (Boston, 1874). Studies of him have been made in French and English. There is a fragment of autobiography and innumerable references to him as the founder of a new school in theology. There are busts of Parker by William W. Story and Robert Hart.  Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 654-655.


          PARKER'S CROSS-ROADS, GEORGIA, May 16, 1864. (See Rome Crossroads.)


PARKER'S CROSS-ROADS, TENNESSEE, December 31, 1862. (See Forrest's Expedition.)


PARKER'S FORD, VIRGINIA, July 18, 1864. (See Snicker's Ferry, same date.)


PARKER'S STORE, VIRGINIA, November 29, 1863. (See Mine Run, Virginia, November 26 December 2, 1863.)


PARKER'S STORE, VIRGINIA, May 5-7, 1864. (See Wilderness.)


PARK'S GAP, TENNESSEE, September 4, 1864. 10th Michigan and 9th and 13th Tennessee Cavalry. About daylight the 10th Michigan and 9th Tennessee under Brigadier-General Alvan C. Gillem encountered the Confederate vedettes near Park's gap. At the gap the enemy was found in considerable force and stubbornly resisted the advance of the 10th Michigan, which fought dismounted. The artillery, however, was effective in dispersing the Confederates, who retreated toward Greeneville, only to find that the 13th Tennessee cavalry had gained their rear and that retreat through the town was impossible. After a resistance of some time they managed to break through a portion of the Union line and make their escape, pursued for a distance of 8 miles. The 13th Tennessee in getting to the rear surrounded the house in which the noted General John H. Morgan was sleeping, and on his attempting to escape through the surrounding lines he was shot and killed. Gillem estimated the enemy's loss at about 75 killed, more wounded and 106 captured; his own casualties amounted to 9 wounded, 1 mortally.


PARKVILLE, MISSOURI, July 7, 1864. Detachment of 82nd Missouri Militia. A body of guerrillas, headed by the notorious Coon Thornton, entered Parkville and meeting with no resistance from the company of Missouri militia stationed there, proceeded to plunder and destroy. One man was killed and 2 men and a woman wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 665-666.


PARKHURST, Jonathan, Essex County, New Jersey, abolitionist.  Manager, 1833-1840, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833. (Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833)


PARKMAN, John, Greenfield, Massachusetts, abolitionist, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1838-1840, 1840-1841.


PAROLE. Word distinguished from the countersign. The latter is given to all sentinels; the former only to officers of the guard, and those authorized to inspect guards or give orders to guards. Giving a different parole from that received punishable with death, or according to the discretion of a court-martial; (ART. 53.) Parole is also a pledge of honor required of prisoners when they are liberated on parole. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 453).


PARRISH, Isaac, 1811-1852, Philadelphia, physician, Pennsylvania, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1834-1837.  (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 659)


PARRISH, Joseph, Jr., born 1818, Burlington, New Jersey, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1841-1846.


PARRISH, Joseph, physician, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 11 November, 1818, was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, and then settled in Burlington, New Jersey. He returned to his native city in 1855, and in 1856 was called to fill the chair of obstetrics in Philadelphia Medical College, but soon resigned to go abroad. While he was in Rome his attention was directed to the imperfect management of the insane hospital, and by addressing the pope he succeeded in rectifying the abuse. On his return in 1857 he was appointed superintendent of the Pennsylvania Training-School for Feeble-Minded Children, and this institution, with its buildings, grew up under his management. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered the service of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, for which, under orders from the president, he visited many hospitals and camps with orders for supplies and hospital stores. Dr. Parrish also had charge of the sanitary posts of White House and City Point, and subsequently visited the governors of the loyal states, whom he aided in the organization of auxiliary associations for the continued supply of hospital stores. When the war was over he established and conducted for seven years the Pennsylvania Sanitarium for the Treatment of Alcoholic and Opium Inebriety. In 1875 he settled in Burlington, New Jersey, where he has since continued in charge of a home for nervous invalids. He has been most active in relation to the care of inebriates, and in 1872 he was summoned before the Committee on Habitual Drunkards of the British House of Commons. His advice and recommendations were approved and adopted by the committee, and were made the basis of a law that is now in existence. He issued the first call for the meeting that resulted in the formation of the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates, and has since been president of that organization. Dr. Parrish was vice-president of the International Congress on Inebriety in England in 1882, and was a delegate to the International Medical Congress in Washington in 1887. He is also a member of scientific societies both at home and abroad. In 1848 he established the “New Jersey Medical and Surgical Reporter,” which is now issued from Philadelphia without the state prefix and under new management. He also edited “The Sanitary Commission Bulletin,” and has been associated in the control of other publications, such as the Hartford '”Quarterly Journal of Inebriety.” Dr. Parrish is the author of many papers and addresses on topics pertaining to that branch of medical science, and “Alcoholic Inebriety from a Medical Standpoint” (Philadelphia, 1883). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 659.


PARROTT, Enoch Greenleaf, naval officer, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 10 December, 1814: died in New York City, 10 May, 1879. He entered the U. S. Navy as a midshipman in 1831, became lieutenant in 1841, and was engaged under Commodore Matthew C. Perry against Bendy and the neighboring towns on the west coast of Africa in 1843. He served on the "Congress" during the war with Mexico, and was on John C. Fremont's expedition from Monterey to Los Angeles, and at the capture of Giuaymas and Mazatlan. He was commissioned commander in 1861. He was with the expedition that destroyed the Norfolk U.S. Navy-yard, and in the Brig  “Perry " captured the Confederate privateer "Savannah," for which he received the commendation of the Navy Department. He commanded the "Augusta" in 1861-'3, participated in the battle of Port Royal, engaged the Confederate rams at the time of their sortie from Charleston, and commanded the "Canonicus," of the North Atlantic Squadron in the engagements with the iron-clads on James River in 1864, and in the fights with Howett's battery. He commanded the " Monadnock" in the attacks on Fort Fisher in December, 1864, and January, 1865, and was at the surrender of Charleston, South Carolina. He was commissioned captain in 1866, commodore in 1870, rear-admiral in 1873, and was retired in 1874.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 660


PARROTT, Robert Parker, inventor, born in Lee, New Hampshire, 5 October, 1804; died in Cold Spring, New York, 24 December, 1877. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1824, assigned to the artillery, and till 1829 was on duty at West Point as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy in 1824-'6, and of mathematics till 1828, and then as principal assistant in the former subjects. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, 27 August, 1831, and served in garrison till 1834, then on ordnance duty till 1835, and on the stall during operations in the Creek nation in 1836. On 13 January, 1836, he was mode captain of ordnance, and assigned to duty in the Ordnance Bureau at Washington, hut on 31 October of that year he resigned his commission and became superintendent of the West Point Iron and Cannon Foundry at Cold Spring, Putnam County, New York. While in charge of this institution he devised and perfected, by long and costly experiments, the system of rifled cannon and projectiles that is known by his name. These were used extensively by the U. S. government during the Civil War, and were first put to the test of actual warfare at Bull Run. Parrott's guns are of cast-iron, and in the larger calibres are hollow-cast on the plan invented by General Thomas J. Rodman, and cooled from the inside, as in his method, by a stream of cold water running through the bore. They are strengthened by shrinking a hoop or barrel of wrought-iron over that part of the re-enforce that surrounds the charge. Some Parrott guns have shown wonderful endurance. During Gilmore's operations against Charleston a thirty-pounder on Cumming's Point was fired 4,605 times before bursting. Others have burst, owing probably to the wedging of the projectile in the bore. During the war Captain Parrott refused to enrich himself by charging the government an extravagant price for his guns, and at its close he voluntarily cancelled a large contract that had recently been awarded him. From 1844 till 1847 he served as first judge of the Putnam County Court of Common Pleas. His connection with the West Point Foundry lasted till 1867, after which he was president or director of various industrial enterprises.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 661-662.


PARSCHALL, Nathaniel, editor, born in Knoxville, Tennessee, 4 April, 1804; died in St. Louis, Missouri. 13 December, 1866. He was early left an orphan, and entered a printing-office. About 1814 he went to St. Louis and was apprenticed to Joseph Charles, of the “Missouri Gazette." He became part proprietor and editor of the "Missouri Republican" with Edward Charles in 1827, and continued so for ten years, when he engaged in business that was connected with the transfer of lands. This was unsuccessful, and in 1840 he established the "New Era," and for a time was also clerk of the probate court of St. Louis. In 1843 he returned to the " Republican " as co-editor, becoming later editor-in-chief, which place he held until his death. The paper, which was conspicuous for its ability, advocated slavery and opposed the principles of the Republican Party.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 661.


PARSONS, Charles Carroll, soldier, born in Elyria, Ohio, in 1838; died in Memphis, Tennessee, 7 September, 1878. His father died when the son was an infant, and he was brought up in the family of his maternal uncle, a physician in Elyria. He was appointed to the U. S. Military Academy by his cousin, Judge Philemon Bliss, then member of Congress from Ohio, and graduated in 1861, being promoted at once to 1st lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Artillery. He served in West Virginia, and then with the Army of the Ohio in Tennessee and Kentucky, commanding a battery after July, 1862, and covering the retreat to Louisville in September. He was brevetted captain for gallantry at Perryville and major for Stone River. From January till March, 1863, he was on sick leave, and, being unable to return to the field, was assistant, professor of ethics and English at West Point till September. 1864, after which he again commanded a battery till the close of the war. "Parsons's Battery" was noted in both the National and Confederate armies, and many stories are told of his courage and daring. At Perryville. where his battery was temporarily served by partially drilled infantrymen, forty of his men were killed by a furious charge of the enemy, and the rest driven back, but Parsons remained with his guns until he was dragged from them by a huge cavalryman by order of General McCook. At Stone River he repelled six charges, much of the time under musketry fire, and he was often mentioned in the official reports. After the war he was on frontier duty, and in 1867 was chief of artillery in General Winfield S. Hancock's, Indian expedition. He returned to duty at West Point as professor in 1868, and remained there till 30 December, 1870, when he was honorably discharged at his own request, and in 1871 he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He held charges in Memphis, Tennessee, Cold Spring, New York, and Hoboken, New Jersey, and then again in Memphis, till his death, which took place during the yellow-fever epidemic of 1878, after he had worked untiringly for two months among the victims of the disease, both as clergyman and as nurse.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 662.


PARSONS, Levi, jurist, born in Kingsboro, New York, 1 July, 1822; died.in New York City, 23 October, 1887. He was educated at Kingsboro Academy, admitted to the bar, and practised in Little Falls, New York. He emigrated to California in 1849, settled in San Francisco, and was one of the organizers of the Whig Party in that city. He was elected judge of the San Francisco District in 1850, subsequently engaged in business, and built the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railroad, of which he became the  first president. He retired from public life in 1866, and spent his subsequent years in travel and in New York City. In 1880 he endowed the public library of Gloversville, New York, with $6,800, and $1,000 worth of books and engravings, and subsequently he gave Union College $50,000 for the support of students from Fulton and Montgomery Counties. Union College gave him the degree of LL. D., in 1881. See "Memorial Address." by Reverend William E. Park (Gloversville, New York., 1888).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 663-664.


PARSONS, Lewis Baldwin, soldier, born in Genesee County, New York, 5 April, 1818, was graduated at Yale in 1840, studied law at Harvard, and settled in Alton, Illinois, where he was city attorney for several years. He moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1853, and became president and treasurer of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. At the beginning of the Civil War he was one of a commission to examine into the administration of General John C. Fremont in Missouri. He became colonel of volunteers, and was assigned to the staff of General Henry W. Halleck in 1862, with the charge of rail and river transportation in his department, which was subsequently extended to cover the entire country west of the Alleghanies. In 1864 he was placed in charge of all railroad and river army transportation in the United States. In January, 1865, by order of the Secretary of War, he personally supervised the transfer of General John M. Schofield's army of 20,000 men from Mississippi to Washington, D. C., a distance of 1,400 miles, in an average time of eleven days. For this service he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, 11 May, 1865. In April, 1866, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 664.


PARSONS, Mosby Monroe, soldier, born in Virginia in 1819; died in Camargo. Mexico, 17 August, 1865. He moved to Cole County, Missouri, early in life, practised law, was Attorney-General of Missouri in 1853-'7, and subsequently became a member of the state senate. He was a captain in the U. S. Army during the Mexican War, and received honorable mention for his service at Sacramento. At the beginning of the Civil War he acted in concert with Governor Claiborne F. Jackson in his endeavor to draw Missouri into the Confederacy, was active in organizing the state militia, and raised a mounted brigade which he commanded at Carthage, Springfield, and Pea Ridge, with the rank of brigadier-general, subsequently serving under General Sterling Price until the last invasion of Missouri in 1864. The next year he went to Mexico, joined the Republican forces, and was killed in an engagement with the imperialists.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 664.


PARTISAN. The name given to small corps detached from the main body of an army, and acting independently against the enemy. In partisan warfare, much liberty is allowed to partisans. Continually annoying the flanks and rear of columns, they intercept convoys, cut off communications, attack detachments, and endeavor to spread terror everywhere. This kind of warfare is advantageously pursued only in mountainous or thickly- wooded districts. In an open country, cavalry very readily destroys partisans. The Spanish race make active partisans. The party is called a guerilla, the partisan a guerillero. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 453).


PARTON, James, author, born in Canterbury, England, 9 February, 1822. He was brought to the United States when he was five years old, and educated in the schools of New York City and at White Plains, New York. After teaching in Philadelphia and New York City, he became a contributor to the "Home Journal," with which he was connected for three years. He has spent his life since that time in literary labors, contributing many articles to periodicals, and publishing books on biographical subjects. While he was employed on the “Home Journal" he remarked one day to a New York publisher that an interesting story could be made out of the life of Horace Greeley. When asked why he did not do it. he said that it would require an expensive journey and a year of labor. The publisher offered to advance the means, and he collected materials from the lips of Greeley's former neighbors in Vermont and New Hampshire, and produced the " Life of Horace Greeley (New York, 1855; new and completed ed., Boston, 1885), which was so profitable that he determined to devote himself thenceforth to authorship. He has also lectured successfully on literary and political topics. He resided in New York City till 1875, when he moved to Newburyport. Massachusetts. His first book was followed by a collection of "Humorous Poetry of the English Language from Chaucer to Saxe" (1856). Next appeared the “Life and Times of Aaron Burr," prepared from original sources, in which he sought to redeem Burr's reputation from the charges that attached to his memory (1857; new ed., 1864). In writing the "Life of Andrew Jackson," he also had access to inedited documents (3 vols., 1859-'60). His subsequent works are "General Butler in New Orleans" (1863; new ed., 1882); "Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin " (1864); "Manual for the Instruction of Rings, Railroad and Political, and How New York is Governed" (1866): "Famous Americans of Recent Times," containing sketches of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster. John C. Calhoun, John Randolph, and others (Boston, 1867); "The People's Book of Biography," containing eighty short lives (Hartford, 1868); "Smoking and Drinking," an essay on the evils of those practices, reprinted from the "Atlantic Monthly'' (Boston, I860); a pamphlet entitled " The Danish Islands: Are We Bound to pay for Them I" (1869); "Topics of the Time," a collection of magazine articles, most of them treating of administrative abuses at Washington (1871); "Triumphs of Enterprise, Ingenuity, and Public Spirit" (Hartford, 1871); "The Words of Washington" (1872); "Fanny Fern: A Memorial Volume" (New York, 1873): "Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States" (Boston, 1874); "Taxation of Church Property," a pamphlet (New York, 1874); "Le Parnasse Francais, a Book of French Poetry from A. D. 1550 to the Present Time" (Boston, 1877); "Caricature and Other Comic Art, in all Times and Many Lands " (New York. 1877); a "Life of Voltaire," which was the fruit of several years' labor (Boston, 1881); "Noted Women of Europe and America" (Hartford. 1883); and "Captains of Industry, or Men of Business who did Something besides Making Money, a Book for Young Americans" (Boston. 1884). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 665-666.


PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI, April 9, 1863. 74th U. S. Colored Infantry. Colonel N. W. Daniels, with a detachment of 180 men, embarked on the transport General Banks at Ship Island for an attack upon Pascagoula. After landing, taking possession of the place and hoisting the American flag, Daniels was attacked by some 300 Confederate cavalry and a company of infantry, which he repulsed with a loss of but 2 killed and 5 slightly wounded. The Confederate loss was 20 killed, a large number wounded, and 3 taken prisoners. Their colors were also lost. Learning of reinforcements coming to the enemy's aid, Daniels withdrew to his transport about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. The gunboat Jackson, accompanying the expedition, fired a shell by mistake into the Union troops, killing 4 men and seriously wounding 5 others. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 666.


PASCO, Samuel, senator, born in London, England, 28 June, 1834. He was taken by his parents to the British provinces when he was ten years old, and thence to Charlestown, Massachusetts, and was graduated at Harvard in 1858. He moved to Florida, and became principal of the academy at Waukeenah, at the same time studying law. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the 3d Florida Infantry. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Missionary Ridge, and was detained in Camp Morton at Indianapolis, Indiana, till the close of the war. Returning to Florida, he was soon elected county clerk, and, resuming his law studies, was admitted to the bar, and practised at Monticello. In 1870 he was made chairman of the Democratic State Executive Committee. In 1880 he was a presidential elector, and in that year and 1884 he was proposed as the Democratic candidate for governor, but withdrew his name for the sake of party harmony. He was president of the state constitutional convention of 1885, and in 1886 was elected to the legislature, and chosen speaker. On 19 May, 1887, he was elected U.S. Senator for the term expiring 3 March. 1893.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 668.


PASQUOTANK, NORTH CAROLINA, August 18, 1863. 1st New York Mounted Rifles and 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Colonel B. F. Onderdonk, of the New York regiment, says in his report of an expedition from Portsmouth, Virginia, to Edenton, North Carolina: "From Hertford to Elizabeth City and South Mills had a number of skirmishes with the rangers, driving them into the swamps, where they have hiding places known only to the initiated." One of these skirmishes occurred near Pasquotank. The casualties of the entire expedition were 1 man killed and 1 wounded by the enemy; 1 man accidentally killed by shooting himself; and 2 horses killed by the Confederates. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 666.


PASS. A straight, difficult, and narrow passage, which, well defended, shuts up the entrance to a country. A short permission to be absent given to a soldier. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 453).


PASSAGE OF RIVERS. The passage is effected by surprise or by main force, and detachments are thrown by one means or the other upon the enemy's bank of the river before proceeding to the construction of bridges. The passage by force ought always to be favored by diversions upon other points. Infantry cross bridges without keeping step. Cavalry dismount in crossing, leading their horses. Wagons, heavily loaded, pass at a gallop. (BRIDGE; DEFILE; DISTANCES; FORDS.453)


PASSAGES are openings cut in the parapet of the covered way, close to the traverses, in order to continue the communication through all parts of the covered way. (See TRAVERSE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 453).


PASSPORTS. Foreigners going into the Indian territory without passports subject to a penalty of $1,000. (See INDIAN; WAR.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 453).


PASS CHRISTIAN, MISSISSIPPI, April 4, 1862. (See Biloxi.) Patten, Missouri, July 26, 1862. Missouri Militia.


PATTERSON, MISSOURI, April 20, 1863. 3d Missouri Militia Cavalry. Marmaduke, in his expedition into Missouri, approached Patterson on the Doniphan, Van Buren and Pitman's Ferry roads, cutting off several Union scouting parties. Another scouting party discovered the Confederates 6 miles out. and two companies were immediately sent out under Major Richard G. Woodson to engage them. While Woodson was holding the enemy in check Colonel Edwin Smart moved all the commissary and quartermaster's stores. Woodson held his position until the enemy began to outflank him and then fell back through the town. When the Confederates began using their artillery the rear-guard was reinforced and fought stubbornly against superior numbers until the wagon train was across the bridge and out of danger. The Federal loss was 50 killed, wounded and missing; the Confederate loss in killed alone (according to the Union report) was 28. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 666.


PATRICK, Marsena R., soldier, born in Houndsfield, Jefferson County, New York, 15 March, 1811. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1835, became 1st lieutenant in 1839, served in the Mexican War, was made captain in 1847, and brevetted major in 1849 for "meritorious conduct while serving in the enemy's country." He resigned in 1850, engaged in farming in Jefferson County, New York, and in 1859 was appointed president of the State Agricultural College. At the beginning of the Civil War he was made inspector-general of the New York Militia, became brigadier-general of volunteers in March. 1862, and served with General Irwin McDowell in the Shenandoah Valley in northern Virginia, and with the Army of the Potomac at South Mountain and Antietam. He became provost-marshal-general of that army in October of the same year, subsequently of the combined armies acting against Richmond, and, after Lee's surrender, of the Department of Virginia. He resigned 12 June, 1865, was president of the New York State Agricultural Society in 1867-'8, commissioner for New York State in 1868-'9, and again in 1879-'80, and since 1880 has been governor of the central branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers in Ohio.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 670-671.


PATROL. A small party detached from a guard to gain information from a neighboring post, to scour a village or wood, or to supply the place of an insufficiency of sentinels by making constant rounds. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 453).


PATTEN, George Washington, soldier, born in Newport, Rhode Island, 25 December, 1808: died in Houlton, Maine, 28 April, 1882. Patten was graduated at Brown in 1825, and at the U. S. Military Academy in 1830. He served on frontier and garrison duty till the Mexican War, was engaged against the Seminole Indians: in Florida at various times in 1837-'42, and reached  the rank of captain, 18 June, 1846. At the battle of Cerro Gordo, during the war with Mexico, he lost his left hand while storming the heights, and was brevetted major for gallant conduct. At the end of the war impaired health forced him to decline a captaincy in the quartermaster's department, and he obtained an absence on sick-leave. After his return to duty in 1850 he served on the frontier till he was made major on 30 April, 1861, and though his disability prevented him from seeing service in the field during the Civil War, he rendered valuable assistance as a member of various military commissions. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 7 June, 1862, and on 17 February, 1864. retired "for disability resulting from long and faithful service, and from wound and exposure in the line of duty." Colonel Patten achieved some reputation as a writer, and has been called the "poet laureate of the army." His lyrics include "The Seminole's Reply." "Joys that We've Tasted." and “Episode of the Mexican War," which he delivered on 14 September, 1878, the thirty-first anniversary of the capture of the city of Mexico. He published in book-form " Army Manual "(3d ed.. New York, 1863); " Infantry Tactics, Bayonet Drill, and Small Sword Exercise " (1861); "Artillery Drill" (1861): "Cavalry Drill and Sabre Exercise" (1863); and "Voices of the Border," a collection of his fugitive poems (1807). He also edited General Philip St. George Cooke's "Cavalry Tactics" (1863). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 671.


PATTERSON, James Willis, 1823-1893, educator.  Republican Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Hampshire.  Congressman 1863-1867.  Elected U.S. Senator 1866-1873.  Voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 672; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 303; Congressional Globe)

PATTERSON, James Willis, senator, born in Henniker, Merrimack County, New Hampshire, 2 July, 1823. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1848, and studied divinity at Yale, but was not licensed to preach. He was tutor at Dartmouth in 1852-'4, professor of mathematics there in 1854-'9, and occupied the chair of astronomy and meteorology from the latter date till 1865. He was school commissioner for Grafton County in 1858-'61, and at the same time secretary of the state board of education, and prepared the state reports for five years. He was in the legislature in 1862, was elected to Congress as a Republican in the same year, served till 1867, and in 1866 was chosen U.S. Senator, serving one term, during which he was the author of the measure constituting consular clerkships, and the bill for establishing colored schools in the District of Columbia, and was chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia and of that on Retrenchment and Reform. At the close of the Congressional investigation of the Credit Mobilier (see AMES, OAKES) the Senate committee reported a resolution expelling Mr. Patterson, 27 February, 1873; but no action was taken upon it, and five days later his term expired. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1864-'5, and was a delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalists' Convention in 1866. In 1877-'8 he was again a member of the New Hampshire legislature, and in 1885 he was appointed state superintendent of public instruction in New Hampshire. Iowa College gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1868. In 1880 he was the orator at the unveiling of the Soldiers’ monument in Marietta, Ohio. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 672.


PATTERSON, John James, senator, born in Waterloo, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, 8 August, 1830. He was graduated at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1848, edited the Juniata "Sentinel" in the interest of General Winfield Scott in the presidential campaign in 1852, and for ten subsequent years the " Harrisburg Telegraph." He then engaged in banking and in the management of railroads, and in 1858-'61 was in the legislature. He served in the National Army on General Seth Williams's staff during the Civil War. In 1869 he moved to South Carolina. He was elected to the U. S. Senate as a Republican in 1872, and served one term.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 672.


PATTERSON, Joseph, banker, born near Norristown, Pennsylvania, 2 February, 1808; died in Philadelphia, 25 September, 1887. His father, John, was a native of Ireland, and his mother, Elizabeth Stuart, was the only daughter of Colonel Christopher Stuart, an officer in the Revolutionary Army, who was second in command at the storming of Stony Point. The son engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1842, when he became president of what is now the Western National Bank. He afterward was largely engaged as a dealer and shipper of anthracite coal, and owned large collieries in Schuylkill County, but continued president of the bank till his death. On 15 August, 1861, Mr. Patterson participated in the memorable conference in New York between Secretary Salmon Chase and representatives of the banking interests of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. The secretary asked for a loan of $50,000,000 in gold to aid in defraying the expenses of the war. In view of the alarming condition of the nation's finances, the assembled bankers hesitated to accede to his request. Then Mr. Patterson made an eloquent appeal in behalf of the government, convincing those present that they should furnish the needed money, and the associated banks of the three cities lent the government at that time $50,000,000 at par, and later in the same year $100,000,000 more. From that time the secretary was accustomed to consult Mr. Patterson regarding the financial policy of the government, and his successors in office followed his example. He declined the controllership of the currency twice, and also the post of assistant U. S. Treasurer at Philadelphia. Throughout the Civil War he was treasurer of the Christian Commission. From 1869 until his death he was president of the Philadelphia Clearing-House Association.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 672.


PATTERSON, Robert, soldier, born in Cappagh, County Tyrone, Ireland, 12 January, 1792; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 7 August, 1881. His father, who was engaged in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, escaped to this country and settled in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Robert was educated in the common schools, and subsequently became a clerk in a Philadelphia counting house. He was commissioned 1st lieutenant of infantry in the war of 1812, and afterward served on General Joseph Bloomfield's staff. He returned to commercial pursuits, engaged in manufacturing and established several mills, became active in politics, and was one of the five Colonel Pattersons in the Pennsylvania Convention that nominated Andrew Jackson for the presidency, and in 1836 was president of the electoral college that cast the vote of Pennsylvania for Martin Van Buren. In 1838, and again in 1844, he was active in quelling local riots. He became major-general of volunteers at the beginning of the Mexican War, commanded his division at Cerro Gordo, led the cavalry and advanced brigades in the pursuit, entered and took Jalapa, and was honorably mentioned in General Winfield Scott's official report. After the war he resumed business, and took command of the Pennsylvania Militia. At the beginning of the Civil War he was the oldest major-general by commission in the United States. On the president's first call for 75,000 men for  three months, 15 April, 1861, he was mustered into service as major-general of volunteers, and assigned to a military department composed of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia. He crossed the Potomac on 15 June at Williamsport. When General McDowell advanced into Virginia, General Patterson was instructed to watch the troops under General Joseph E. Johnston at Winchester, Virginia. He claimed that the failure of General Winfield Scott to send him orders, for which he had been directed to wait, caused his failure to co-operate with McDowell in the movements that resulted in the battle of Bull Run. He was mustered out of service on the expiration of his commission, 27 July, 1861, and returned to private life. General Patterson was a popular speaker, one of the largest mill-owners in the United States, and was interested in sugar-refineries and cotton-plantations. He was president of the board of trustees of Lafayette College at the time of his death. He published "Narrative of the Campaign in the Shenandoah" (Philadelphia. 1865).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 673-674.


PATTERSON, Francis Engle, soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 24 June, 1827; died in Fairfax Court-House, Virginia, 22 November, 1862. He entered the army from civil life in 1847 as 2nd lieutenant of artillery. Patterson became captain in 1855, resigned in 1857, and devoted himself to commercial pursuits till the beginning of the Civil War, when he took command of the 115th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers. He became brigadier-general of volunteers, 11 April, 1862, and participated in the Peninsular Campaign. He was killed by the accidental discharge of his own pistol.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 674.


PATTERSON, Robert, clergyman, born in Letterkenny, County Donegal, Ireland, in 1829. He was educated in his native town and in Londonderry, emigrated to the United States, and after a course in the theological seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was licensed to preach in 1851. He was ordained the next year, engaged in missionary work, and in 1854 became pastor of the 1st Reformed Presbyterian Church of Cincinnati, Ohio. He was in charge of churches in Chicago, Illinois, from 1857 till 1873, and in San Francisco in 1874-'8, returned to Cincinnati in the latter year, and accepted a call from the Central Presbyterian Church of that city, serving for two years. Since 1880 he has been pastor of the church in Brooklyn, Alameda County, California He has received the degree of D.D.  His publications include "The Fables of Infidelity and the Facts of Faith" (Cincinnati, 1800); "The American Sabbath " (Philadelphia, 1868); "The Sabbath, Scientific, American, and Christian " (1870); "Christianity the only Republican Religion" (1871); "Christ's Testimony to the Scriptures" (1872); and "Egypt's Place in History " (1875).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 674.


PATTERSON, Thomas H., naval officer, born in New Orleans, Louisiana, in May, 1820. He entered the U. S. Navy in 1830 as midshipman, became lieutenant in 1849, and commanded the steamship "Chocura" in Hampton roads. He was present at the siege of Yorktown, made a reconnaissance to West Point, Virginia, and opened the way up the Pamunkey River in support of General George B. McClellan's army. He cooperated with General George Stoneman's advance, at the White House, in checking the approach of the enemy at that point, and from June till October was senior officer of the naval forces in York and Pamunkey Rivers, being in constant co-operation with the Army of the Potomac. He was commissioned commander in July, 1822, was in charge of the steamer "James Adger" till 1865, on blockade duty off Wilmington, North Carolina, and cut out the steamer " Kate" from under the Confederate batteries at New Inlet in July, 1863. He participated in the capture of a flying battery above Fort Fisher in August, 1863, captured the " Cornubia" and the "Robert E. Lee," both filled with arms and stores for the Confederate Army, and the schooner "Ella." He became senior officer of the outside blockade off Charleston, South Carolina, in September, 1864. He was commissioned captain in 1866, commodore in 1871, commanded the U.S. Navy-yard at Washington, D.C., was president of the naval board of examiners in 1870-'7, and in the latter year became rear-admiral. He was retired in 1883.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 674.


PATTISON, Thomas, naval officer, born in New York City, 8 February, 1822. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman. 2 March, 1889, and saw service during the Mexican War. He was commissioned lieutenant, 19 September, 1854, and in 1857 was stationed at the Boston U.S. Navy-yard, serving the next three years on the "Mississippi," of the East India Squadron. In 1861 he was attached to the " Perry," of the Atlantic Squadron. He was then transferred to the " Philadelphia," of the Potomac Flotilla, which he commanded in October. He was made lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and commander, 3 March, 1865. In 1862 he was chief officer of the "Sumpter," of the South Atlantic Squadron, and of the " Clara Dolson," of the Mississippi Squadron, in 1863. From 1863 till 1865 he was in charge of the naval station at Memphis, Tennessee.  He was in command of the Norfolk U.S. Navy-yard in 1867-'9, and in July, 1870, was promoted captain. After being in command of the "Richmond " in the West Indies in 1871, Captain Pattison took her to San Francisco the following year, and subsequently commanded the " Saranac " and the receiving-ship " Independence" at the Mare Island U.S. Navy-yard, California. Pattison was promoted commodore, 11 December, 1877, and was for eighteen months in charge of the naval station at Port Royal, South Carolina, when he was transferred to the command of the U.S. Navy-yard at Washington, D. C. He was detached in July, 1883, made rear-admiral the following November, and retired 8 February, 1884. Admiral Pattison was the first American naval officer to enter Jeddo, now Tokio, Japan, and was lieutenant on the "Perry" when she captured the first privateer taken during the Civil War in a night engagement off Charleston, South Carolina.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 676.


PATTERSON, MISSOURI, May —, 1863. A Confederate report states that a detachment under Captain Timothy Reves encountered some Federals near Patterson; that the result was a Confederate victory, the Federals losing 1 killed and several wounded, and that Reves captured 22 horses, saddles, blankets, etc., and some camp equipage. The exact date of the affair cannot be gained from the account above referred to, and the Union reports do not mention it. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 666.


PATTERSON, MISSOURI, April 15, 1865. (See McKenzie's Creek.)


PATTERSON'S CREEK, WEST VIRGINIA, June 26, 1861. 11th Indiana Infantry. A mounted picket of 13 men attacked a company of 41 Confederates near Frankfort, routed and pursued them 2 or 3 miles, killing 8 of them and capturing 17 horses. While returning from the skirmish they were in turn attacked by a reinforced body of the enemy, and obliged to retire to Kelly's island at the mouth of Patterson's creek, where they made a stand and held the enemy at bay until dark, when they scattered and escaped. Only 1 member of the Union party was killed, and 1 wounded, while the Confederates lost 31 killed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 666-667.


PATTERSON'S CREEK, WEST VIRGINIA, February 2, 1864. Detachment of Campbell's Brigade, Department of West Virginia. Fifty-seven men under Captain John W. Hibler, stationed at the Baltimore & Ohio railroad bridge over Patterson's creek, were surprised while at dinner by some 400 Confederate cavalry under Rosser. But little resistance was offered, the enemy killing 1, wounding 4 and capturing 37 of the command, besides all the camp and garrison equipage and the stores. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 667.


PATTERSON'S CREEK STATION, West Virginia, March 22, 1865. Detachment of 14th West Virginia Infantry. A scouting party of 11 men under Lieutenant Zenas Martin was attacked by 60 Confederates at the house of a Mr. Baker near Patterson's Creek Station. Three successive charges of the enemy were repulsed before they were made to retreat in confusion, leaving upon the field 2 dead and 3 wounded. There were no casualties in the Federal command. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 667.


PATTERSONVILLE, LOUISIANA, March 28, 1863. U. S. Gunboat Diana. The Diana was ordered to make a reconnaissance up the Teche by the Grand Lake route, but for some reason she went up the Atchafalaya, right in the teeth of the enemy. On board were two companies and one of Brigadier-General Weitzel's aides. When near Pattersonville the vessel was assaulted by Confederate General Dick Taylor's whole force and compelled to surrender, with all on board. Taylor reported the Union loss in killed, wounded and prisoners as 150. The gunboat mounted 5 heavy guns, and these also fell into the enemy's hands. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 667.


PATTERSONVILLE, LOUISIANA, April 11, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Army Corps. During General Banks' operations in western Louisiana, Weitzel's brigade skirmished all day on the 11th and went into bivouac in line of battle near Pattersonville. The fighting was continued next day in the attack on Fort Bisland. (q. v.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 667.


PATTON, William, 1798-1879, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, clergyman, opponent of slavery, father of abolitionist William Weston Patton.  (Appleton’s, 1888; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 317)


PATTON, William Weston, 1821-1889, South Boston, Massachusetts, theologian, educator, college president, abolitionist, anti-slavery activist.  Massachusetts Abolition Society, Executive Committee, 1845-46.  On September 3, 1862, petitioned Lincoln to issue a proclamation of emancipation.  President of Howard University, 1877-1889.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 677-678)

PATTON, William Weston, clergyman, born in New York City, 19 October, 1821, was graduated at the University of the City of New York in 1839 and at the Union Theological Seminary in 1842. After taking charge of a Congregational Church in Boston, Massachusetts, for three years, he became pastor of one in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1846, and in Chicago, Illinois, in 1857. From 1867 till 1872 he was editor of “The Advance” in that city, and during 1874 he was lecturer on modern skepticism at Oberlin, Ohio, and Chicago theological seminaries, since which time he has been president of Howard University, Washington, D. C., filling the chair of natural theology and evidences of Christianity in its theological department. He took an earnest part in the anti-slavery movement, and was chairman of the committee that presented to President Lincoln, 13 September, 1862, the memorial from Chicago asking him to issue a proclamation of emancipation. He was vice-president of the Northwestern Sanitary Commission during the Civil War, and as such repeatedly visited the eastern and western armies, publishing several pamphlet reports. In 1886 he went, on behalf of the freedmen, to Europe, where, and in the Orient, he remained nearly a year. He received the degree of D. D. from Asbury (now De Pauw) University, Indiana, in 1864, and that of LL. D. from the University of the city of New York in 1882. He is the author of “The Young Man” (Hartford, 1847; republished as “The Young Man's Friend,” Auburn. New York, 1850); “Conscience and Law” (New York, 1850); “Slavery and Infidelity” (Cincinnati, 1856); “Spiritual Victory” (Boston, 1874); and “Prayer and its Remarkable Answers” (Chicago, 1875).   Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 677-678.


PAUL, Gabriel Rene, soldier, born in St. Louis, Missouri, 22 March, 1813; died in Washington, D. C, 5 May, 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1834, made 1st lieutenant in the 7th U.S. Infantry, 20 October, 1830, and served in the Florida War in 1839-'42, surprising a camp of Seminole Indians near Tampa Bay in the latter year. He was commissioned captain, 19 April, 1840, took part, in the Mexican War, was wounded at the battle of Cerro Gordo, and brevetted major for gallant conduct at Chapultepec, where he led the storming party that captured the enemy's flag. The following year he was presented with a sword by the citizens of St. Louis, Missouri, for his services in Mexico. In an expedition to Rio Grande River, Texas, in 1852, he took part in the capture of a band of desperadoes, and on 2 October, 1858, he surprised and took a camp of  Indians on Spanish Fork, Utah. Later he was promoted major of the 8th U.S. Infantry, became colonel of the 4th New Mexico Volunteers, and did good service in keeping the Confederates out of that territory. He was acting inspector-general of the Department of New Mexico till December, 1861, subsequently in command of the Southern Military District, and on 13 April, 1862, engaged in a skirmish with the enemy at Peralta. He was made lieutenant-colonel on 25 April, brigadier-general of volunteers, 18 April, 1863, and colonel, 13 September, 1864. He was present at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, in which latter engagement he was deprived of the sight of both eyes by a rifle-ball. In the following November he was presented by the 29th New Jersey Volunteers with a jeweled sword for his services in that battle. General Paul was on sick-leave until 10 February, 1865.  He served as deputy-governor of the Soldiers' Home near Washington. D. C. till 13 June of that year, and was in charge of the Military Asylum at Harrodsburg, Kentucky, till 20 December, 1866. He was retired from active service, 10 February, 1865, on account of his blindness, and on the 23d of the same month he was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for gallant conduct at the battle of Gettysburg. In December, 1866, Congress granted him the pay and allowances attaching to the full rank of brigadier-general. On 10 December, 1886, a monument erected to the memory of General Paul in the Arlington, Virginia Cemetery, by his comrades of the Grand Army of the Republic, was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 678.


PAUL, Augustus Chouteau, soldier, born in Albany, New York, 16 April, 1842, was a cadet at the Kentucky Military Institute in 1861. In May, under the call for three months' troops, he enlisted and was made captain of Kentucky mounted infantry. He was mustered out in the following August, but entered the army again as captain in the 23d Kentucky Volunteers, his commission bearing date 2 January, 1862. He took part with his regiment in the campaigns of the Armies of the Ohio and the Cumberland until 1 June, 1863, when he was appointed assistant adjutant-general of volunteers. In this capacity he served with the Army of the Potomac on the staffs of General Henry Baxter and General Andrew A. Humphreys, and on that of Byron R. Pierce. During this period Colonel Paul took part in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court-House, etc., was captured by the enemy, spent eleven months in Confederate prisons, and was among those officers that were placed by the Confederates under the fire of National guns at Charleston. South Carolina. He was brevetted major for gallantry in the Wilderness, and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious conduct at Spottsylvania Court-House. He was mustered out, 19 September, 1865. On 11 May, 1866, he was appointed 2d lieutenant in the regular army, but declined. He subsequently accepted the same rank in the 3d U.S. Cavalry, and was promoted 1st lieutenant, 20 December, 1872. During the next twelve years Colonel Paul saw arduous service on the western frontier. In May, 1881, his health became so impaired that he resigned his commission. [Son of Gabriel Rene Paul] Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 678.


PAULDING, Hiram, naval officer, born in New York City, 11 December, 1797; died in Huntington, Long Island, 20 October, 1878, entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman, 1 September, 1811, and participated in the victory on Lake Champlain under Commodore McDonough on 11 September, 1814, for which he, with others, received a vote of thanks from Congress on 20 October, 1814. He served in the frigate "Constellation" during the Algerine War, was commissioned lieutenant, 27 April, 1816, cruised in the frigate " Macedonian " in 1820-"2, suppressing piracy in the West Indies and commanded the schooner "Shark" in the Mediterranean in 1834-'7. He was promoted to commander, 9 February, 1837, and had charge of the sloop " Levant" in the Mediterranean in 1839-'41. After becoming a captain on 29 February, 1844, he was on the sloop “Vincennes" in the East Indies in 1846-'7 and the frigate "St. Lawrence" in 1849-'50. He was in charge of the U.S. Navy-yard at Washington, D. C, in 1853-'5, and of the home squadron in 1850-'8. On 21 December, 1861, he was retired by law, being over sixty-two years of age, and on 16 July, 1862, he was promoted to rear-admiral on the retired list. During the Civil War he rendered valuable service in command of the U.S. Navy-yard at New York until May, 1865, when he was placed on waiting orders until his death, at which time he was the senior officer on the retired list of the navy. The Navy Department published an obituary order to commemorate his long, faithful, and distinguished service. [Son of John Paulding 1758-1818].  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 682.


PAULDING, Leonard, born in New York City, 16 February, 1826; died in the Bay of Panama, 29 April, 1867, entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman, 19 December, 1840, and was promoted master, 1 March, 1855, lieutenant the following September, lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and commander, 24 December, 1865. Out of twenty-four years in the navy, he was only two years unemployed, seeing service on the survey, off the coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean, on the lakes, in the naval observatory, on the Paraguay Expedition, and on the Pacific. At the beginning of the Civil War he was ordered to St. Louis to superintend the construction of iron-clads, and commanded the "St. Louis." the first vessel of that kind that was built in the United States, doing valuable service at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, and in many skirmishes with Confederate gun-boats. While thus employed he was attacked by acute dysentery, but still continued at his post. He was wounded at Fort Donelson. and again at Island No. 10 by the explosion of a 100-pound rifle-gun, which threw him in the air, and killed and maimed more than a dozen others. After a few months' absence on sick-leave he reported for duty, and after being stationed a short time at the Brooklyn U.S. Navy-yard he was ordered to command the "Galena”, of the James River Squadron. After the war he was successively in command of the "Monocacy," "Eutaw," "Cyane," on the Pacific Squadron, and the "Wateree," on board of which he died.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 682.


PAULLIN, William, aeronaut, born in Philadelphia, 3 April, 1812; died there, 1 December, 1871. At the age of twenty-one he began the construction of his first balloon, and in August, 1833, he made a trial trip from Philadelphia, inflating with hydrogen gas, followed by numerous ascents, and on 26 July, 1837, made a private effort from the Philadelphia Gas-Works with the view of testing the practicability of using coal-gas for balloon purposes. He succeeded, and was thus the first, in this country at least, to use illuminating gas for balloon purposes. In September, 1841, he sailed for Valparaiso, Chili, and he made numerous ascensions during his stay in South America. On one occasion he rose from St. Jagjo and crossed the volcano, being compelled to ascend to such a height as to distress him severely. The heat was so great as to endanger the balloon, while the fumes that arose threatened the aeronaut with suffocation. Mr. Paullin made ascensions also in Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, and Mexico. After an absence of six years he returned to the United States, and made many ascents from the western states, and some in the east. During the Civil War he was connected with the National Army, making his last ascension under General Joseph Hooker. He then resigned, and became a photographer. His intellect was affected for some time before his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 682.


PAWL. The click or detent which falls into the teeth of a ratchet-wheel to prevent its motion backward. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 453).


PAWNEE AGENCY, NEBRASKA, June 23, 1863. Detachment of 2nd Nebraska Cavalry. A band of Sioux Indians attacked the Pawnee agency and killed several of the red men there. Lieutenant Henry Gray with 35 men started in pursuit, and after following them some 15 miles came upon 40o or 500 drawn up in line ready to receive an attack. Receiving assurances from the 300 or 400 Pawnees who had accompanied him that they would fight, he attacked. The Pawnees fled at the first fire and Gray and his small detachment were compelled to fight alone. After an hour's heavy firing the Sioux retired. The casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 667.


PAWNEE ROCK, KANSAS, June 12, 1865. Detachment of 2nd Colorado Cavalry. A mule train hauling corn from Fort Leavenworth, with an escort of 20 men under command of Lieutenant Martin Hennion, was attacked by a band of Indians near Pawnee rock, 16 miles east of Fort Larned. A messenger was immediately despatched to the latter place for help, but before it arrived Hennion had driven off the Indians. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 667.


PAXTON, Elisha Franklin, soldier, born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, 4 March, 1828; died near Chancellorsville, Virginia, 2 May, 1863. He was graduated at Yale in 1847, studied at the Virginia Military Academy in Lexington, and became president of a bank in Lynchburg. He joined the Confederate Army, in which he rose to the rank of brigadier-general, commanded the Stonewall brigade and subsequently an army corps, and served at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, being killed in the last-named action.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 684.


PAXTON, John R., clergyman, born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, 18 September, 1848. He entered Jefferson College, Canonsburg in 1859, but was not graduated until 1866, having left college to serve in the Civil War, enlisting in the 140th Pennsylvania Regiment, and becoming 2d lieutenant. He studied theology at the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and at Princeton, was ordained in 1870, and was pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D. C., from 1878 till 1882, when he became pastor of the 42d Street Presbyterian Church in New York City, which charge he now (1888) holds. In 1887 he became chaplain of the 7th Regiment of Now York. Union gave him the degree of D. D. in 1882. He has published several addresses and sermons.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 684.


PAXTON, Joseph, manufacturer, born near New Hope, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 3 February, 1786; died in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, 21 August, 1861. He was educated at home by his mother, a Quaker, and during the war of 1812 held successively the commissions of major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of Pennsylvania troops. He was the principal projector of the Catawissa (now Reading) Railroad, and through it did much to develop the mineral and agricultural region between Pottsville and Williamsport. Colonel Paxton was the first to undertake the manufacture of iron on a large scale in the state, and among the first to import short-horn cattle. He was a friend and correspondent of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, and an advocate of a protective tariff. —His son,


PAXTON, Joseph Rupert, author, born in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, 2 July, 1827; died in Houston, Texas, 20 August, 1867. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1845, studied law, and in 1848 was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, where he engaged in practice. In 1854-'5 he edited the " Bizarre" in that city. Shortly after the inauguration of President Lincoln he was offered a diplomatic appointment abroad, but chose to enter the National service, and became captain in the 15th U. S. Infantry, in which he served until the close of the war, resigning on 1 July, 1865. At the battle of Nashville he was on the staff of General George H. Thomas, rendering valuable services, and being accompanied in the fight by his only son, then a boy, Alexis R. Paxton, who has since become an officer in the regular army. In 1866 he travelled in Europe, with the view of obtaining matter for future literary work. He was well known in Philadelphia for his various acquirements, and also for his genial nature. He dramatized many of Dickens's stories, translated into English several French plays and into French "Reveries of a Bachelor," and was the author of "Jewelry and the Precious Stones, by Hipponax Roset," an anagram (Philadelphia, 1856). His mother, a daughter of Leonard Rupert, of Rupert, Pennsylvania, died, 14 November, 1887, in the hundred and first year of her age, preserving her faculties until the last.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 685.


PAY.

RANK AND CLASSIFICATION OF OFFICERS. PAY. SUBSISTENCE. FORAGE. SERVANTS. TOTAL MONTHLY PAY. 30  por Act, Feb. 21, 1857, Sect L 8 00 per mo. for each horse Act, April 24, 1816,

GENERAL OFFICERS. $270 80 90 Secretary Major-general Senior Aid-de-camp to General-in-chief Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, &c., of Lieut. Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, &c., of Lieut. ADJUTANT-GENERAL s DEPARTMENT. Assistant Adjutant gene p

INSPECTOR-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT.

QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. Quartermaster-general Brigadier-general Deputy Quartermaster-general Lieut.-colonel A " f On  SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT. Commissary general of Subsistence Colonel Ass't Commissary-general of Subsistence Lieut.-col... . Commissary of Subsistence Major Commissary of Subsistence Captain Assistant Commissary of Subsistence, in addition to > PAY DEPARTMENT.

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. Surgeon-general, $2,740 per annum Surgeons of ten years' service Surgeons of less than ten years' service. Assistant Surgeons of five years' service Assistant Surgeons of less than five years' service

OFFICERS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

CORPS OF TOPOG. ENG., AND ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. 

OFFICERS OF MOUNTED DRAGOONS, CAVALRY, RIFLEMEN, AND LIGHT ARTILLERY. Lieutenant-colonel Major Captain , First Lieutenant . . Adjutant and Regimental Quartermaster, in addition 

OFFICERS OF ARTILLERY AND INFANTRY.  Lieutenant-colonel Major First Lieutenant Brevet Second Lieutenant Adjutant and Regimental Quartermaster, in addition

MILITARY STOREKEEPERS. Attached to the Quartermaster's Department, at armories, and at arsenals of construction; the store- 1 keeper at Watertown Arsenal, and storekeepers of V ordnance serving in Oregon, California, and New .. At all other arsenals, $1,040 per annum

PAY. 1. The officer in command of a company is allowed $10 per month for the responsibility of clothing, arms, and accoutrements; (Act March 2, 1827; Sec. 2.)

2. Subaltern officers, employed on the General Staff, and receiving increased pay therefor, are not entitled to the additional or fourth ration provided by the Act of March 2, 1827; Sec. 2.

3. Additional rations allowed to officers while commanding separate armies, divisions, departments, posts, armories, and arsenals; (Act March 3, 1797, Sec. 4; Act March 16, 1802, Sec. 5; Act August 23, 1842, Sec. 6; Act March 3, 1849, Sec. 1.)

4. Every commissioned officer of the line or staff, exclusive of general officers, receives an additional ration per diem for every five years' service; (Acts July 5, 1838; July 7, 1838.)

5. The allowances for forage and servants are contingent.

6. The following is the monthly pay of non-commissioned officers and soldiers: Each ordnance-sergeant, twenty-two dollars, and each sergeant- major, quarter-master sergeant, and chief musician, twenty-one dollars; to each first sergeant of a company, twenty dollars; to all other sergeants, seventeen dollars; to each artificer, fifteen dollars; to each corporal, thirteen dollars; to each musician and private of artillery or infantry, eleven dollars one dollar per month of each private's pay being retained to the expiration of his term of service; (Acts July 7 and 8, 1838, and Act Aug. 4, 1854.)

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That every soldier, who, having been honorably discharged from the service of the United States, shall, within one month thereafter, re-enlist, shall be entitled to two dollars per month in addition to the ordinary pay of his grade, for the first period of five years after the expiration of his previous enlistment, and a further sum of one dollar per month for each successive period of five years, so long as he shall remain continuously in the army; and that soldiers now in the army, who have served one or more enlistments, and been honorably discharged, shall be entitled to the benefits herein provided for a second enlistment.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That soldiers who served in the war with Mexico, and received a certificate of merit for distinguished services, as well those now in the army as those that may hereafter enlist, shall receive the two dollars per month to which that certificate would have entitled them, had they remained continuously in the service.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That non-commissioned officers, who, under the authority of the seventeenth section of the act approved March third, eighteen hundred and forty-seven, were recommended for promotion by brevet to the lowest grade of commissioned officer, but did not receive the benefit of that provision, shall be entitled, under the condition recited in the foregoing section, to the additional pay authorized to be given to such privates as received certificates of merit; (Act Aug. 4, 1854.)

Non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates are also allowed one ration per day, and an allowance of clothing, both to be prescribed by the President of the United States; (Act April 24, 1816, and Act April 14, 1818.)

Troops shall be paid in such manner that the arrears shall, at no time, exceed two months, unless the circumstances of the case shall render it unavoidable; (Act March 16, 1802, and March 3, 1815.)

No assignment of pay made by a non-commissioned officer or private shall be valid; (Act May 8, 1792.)

Brevet officers shall be entitled to, and receive, pay and emoluments according to their brevet rank “ when on duty, and having a command according to their brevet rank, and at no other time; “ (Act April 1 6, 1818.)

No money shall be paid to any person for his compensation, who is in arrears to the United States, until such person shall have accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all sums for which he may be liable. Provided, however, that the officers of the treasury shall, upon demand of the party, forthwith report the balance due, and it shall be the duty of the solicitor of the treasury within sixty days thereafter to order suit to be commenced against such delinquent; (Acts Jan. 15, 1828, and May 29, 1830.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 454-457).


PAY DEPARTMENT. (See ARMY for its organization.) It k the duty of paymasters to pay all the regular and other troops in the service of the United States; and, to insure punctuality and responsibility, correct reports shall be made to the paymaster-general once in two months, showing the disposition of the funds previously transmitted, with accurate estimates for the next payment of such regiment, garrison, or department, as may be assigned to each; and whenever any paymaster shall fail to transmit such estimate, or neglect to render his vouchers to the paymaster-general for settlement of his accounts, more than six months after receiving funds, he shall be recalled and another appointed in his place; (Acts April 24, 1816, and July 14, 1832.) (See ACCOUNTABILITY; DISBURSING OFFICERS.)

When volunteers or militia are called into service, so that the pay-masters authorized by law shall not be deemed sufficient to enable them to pay the troops with proper punctuality, the President may assign to any officer of the army the duty of paymaster, who shall perform the same duty, give the same bond, and receive the same pay and emoluments as are provided for the paymasters of the army; but the number of officers so assigned shall not exceed one for every two regiments of militia or volunteers; (Act July 4, 1836.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 457-458).


PAYMASTER-GENERAL. Under the direction of the Secretary of War, the paymaster-general assigns paymasters to districts; (Act April 24, 1816.) He receives “ from the treasurer all the moneys which shall be intrusted to him for the purpose of paying the pay, the arrears of pay, subsistence, or forage due to the troops of the United States; he shall receive the pay abstracts of the paymasters of the several regiments or corps, and compare the same with the returns or muster-rolls, which shall accompany the said pay abstracts. He shall certify accurately to the commanding officer the sums due to the respective corps, which shall have been examined as aforesaid, who shall thereupon issue his warrant on the said deputy paymaster for the payment accordingly; (Act May 8, 1792.)

The paymaster-general may, in his discretion, allow to any paymaster's clerk, in lieu of the pay now allowed by law, an annual salary of $700. The paymaster-general shall have the rank of colonel; the deputy paymaster-general the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and in addition to paying troops, shall superintend the payment of armies in the field. Paymasters have the rank of major; but it is provided that paymasters, in virtue of such rank, shall not be entitled to command in the line or other staff departments of the army; (Act March 3, 1847.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 458).


PAYNE, Edward Duggan, naval officer, born in Reading, Pennsylvania, 2 July, 1836. He was graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1857, appointed assistant surgeon in the U. S. Navy in 1861, served on the " Congress " in her fight with the "Merrimac," 8 March, 1862, and was assistant surgeon in charge of the " Metacomet" in the action in Mobile Bay in August, 1864. He became passed assistant surgeon in 1865, surgeon in 1871, and was retired in 1876 on account of the failure of his health. He has published reports of cases in "Contributions to Medical Science in the United States Navy Department"; "Medical Essays" (Washington, D. C, 1872); and "United States Naval Sanitary and Medical Reports " (1873-'4).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 685.


PAYNE, Henry B., senator, born in Madison County, New York, 30 November, 1810. His father, Elisha, was an early settler, and judge of Madison County. Henry was graduated at Hamilton College in 1832, studied law in Canandaigua, New York, moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1834, and practised law there for the next twelve years. He was a presidential elector in 1848, state senator in 1849-'50, and was defeated in the canvass for U. S. Senator in 1851, and for governor in 1857, Salmon P. Chase being elected by a slight majority. He supported Stephen A. Douglas in the Cincinnati Democratic Convention in 1856, and in the Charleston, South Carolina, Convention in 1860, reporting from the minority of the committee the resolutions that were adopted as the platform of that body. He was a consistent Unionist during the Civil War. Having retired from his profession, he became largely interested in manufactures, railroads, and similar enterprises. Since 1862 he has been president of the Cleveland Sinking-Fund Commission, and he was for several years president of the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad Company. He was chairman of the Ohio delegation to the Baltimore Democratic Convention in 1872, a member of Congress in 1875-'7, chairman of the House Committee on the Electoral Bill, and a member of the electoral commission in 1876. In 1884 he was elected to the U. S. Senate.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 685.


PAYNE'S FARM, VIRGINIA, November 27, 1863. (See Mine Run, Virginia, November 26 December 2, 1863.)


PAW PAW TUNNEL, VIRGINIA, October 4, 1862. Detachment of 54th Pennsylvania Infantry. Captain John H. Hite with Company B, comprising the guard at Paw Paw tunnel, was approached by a Confederate force under Imboden. Without firing a gun Hite surrendered his whole force of 93 men and 3 officers. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 667.