Oak Grove, Virginia through Ozark, Missouri

OAK GROVE, VIRGINIA, June 25, 1862. The engagement at Oak Grove was the beginning of General McClellan's change of base from the Chickahominy to the James river. An account of the action is given under the head of Seven Days' Battles. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 653.


OAK HILLS, MISSOURI, August 10, 1861. (See Wilson's Creek.)


OAKES, James, soldier, born near Limestoneville, Pennsylvania, 4 April. 1826. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1846, assigned to the 2d U.S. Dragoons, served in the Mexican War. and was brevetted 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Medelin, near Vera Cruz, and captain for Molina del Rey. He was then on frontier and garrison duty, being wounded, 12 August, 1850, in a skirmish with Indians, and on 3 March, 1855, was promoted captain in the 2d U.S. Cavalry. After frequent service on scouting parties against Indians, he was made major on 6 April, 1861, and declined the commission of brigadier-general of volunteers on 17 May. He led a regiment in the Tennessee and Mississippi Campaign of 1862, and was afterward on mustering and recruiting service, also commanding the District of Illinois in 1863-'6. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. Army, on 30 March, 1865, and commissioned colonel, 31 July, 1866. On 29 April, 1879, he was retired from active service.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 548.


OAKLEY, Henry Augustus, financier, born in New York City, 20 September, 1827. He received a classical education, and in 1851 became secretary of the Howard Fire Insurance Company, of which he was subsequently chosen vice-president, and finally president. In 1850-'l he was president of  the Mercantile Library Association of New York. In 1862 he served in the Civil War as an officer of New York militia. He was president of the New York Bible Society in 1869-'70, of the New York Board of Underwriters in 1869-'71, of the National Board of Underwriters in 1871-'6, and has been an officer in many of the principal societies and charities of New York. He has been a frequent contributor to the literary press, and is the author of "A Christmas Reverie, and other Sketches " (printed privately, New York, 1849); "Outline of a Course of English Reading" (1853); "Historical Sketch of the Howard Insurance Company " (1875); and "Addresses as President of the National Board of Fire Underwriters" (1876).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 548.


OATH. “ Every officer, non-commissioned officer, musician, and private, shall take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation, to wit: I, A. B, do solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may be) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America, and that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against their enemies or opposers whomsoever; and that I will observe and obey the orders of the President of the United States, and the orders of the officers ap- pointed over me, according to the Rules and Articles of War; (Act March 16, 1802.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 429).


OATH, (COURT OF INQUIRY.) The form of the oath to be taken upon courts of inquiry by members and judge-advocate or recorder, is prescribed in ART. 93. Witnesses before courts of inquiry take the same oath as before courts-martial. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 429).


OATH, (PROFANE.) Any non-commissioned officer or soldier, who shall use any profane oath or execration, incurs the same penalties as for irreverence at divine worship. (See WORSHIP.) A commissioned officer shall forfeit and pay for each and every such offence one dollar, to be applied as forfeitures for irreverence at worship. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 429).


OATH OF WITNESSES. (See WITNESS.)


OATHS OF MEMBERS OF COURTS-MARTIAL The 69th Article of War prescribes the oath or affirmation to be taken upon courts-martial, by members, and the judge-advocate. (See TRIAL.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 429).


OATS. (See FORAGE; WEIGHTS.)


OBEDIENCE to “any lawful command of his superior officer “ is exacted from all officers and soldiers under penalty of death, or such other punishment as may be inflicted by a court-martial; (ART. 9.)

Two questions, therefore, arise under this article: Who is to judge of the legality of the command? and, What constitutes a superior officer in the sense of the article?

It is evident that if all officers and soldiers are to judge when an order is lawful and when not, the captious and the mutinous would never be at a loss for a plea to justify their insubordination. It is, therefore, an established principle, that, unless an order is so manifestly against law that the question does not admit of dispute, the order must first be obeyed by the inferior, and he must subsequently seek such redress against his superior as the laws allow. If the inferior disputes the legality before obedience, error of judgment is never admitted in mitigation of the offence. The redress now afforded by the laws to inferiors is not, however, sufficient; for doubtful questions of the construction of statutes, instead of being referred to the Federal courts of law for their true exposition, have received variable expositions from the executive, and left the army in an unfortunate state of uncertainty as to the true meaning of certain laws, and this uncertainty has been most unfavorable to discipline.

Again, while the punishment of death is meted to officers and soldiers for disobedience of lawful commands, the law does not protect officers and soldiers for obeying unlawful commands. Instances have occurred in our country, where officers and soldiers have been subjected to vexatious prosecutions, simply for obeying orders, according to their oath of office. Would it not be just if the law, instead of requiring officers and soldiers thus nicely to steer between Scylla and Charybdis, should hold the superior who gives an illegal order, alone responsible for its execution?

By superior officer in Article 9, and every other Article of War, is meant an officer who has the right to command his inferiors in the military hierarchy. The word superior, therefore, embraces, within their appropriate circle of command, commanding generals, superior regimental and company officers, superior officers of corps or departments, and the commanding officer on guards, marches, or in quarters of whatever corps of the line of the army, marine corps or militia authorized to command the whole by the 62d Article of War, whenever different corps come together. This construction of the words “ officers appointed over me, according to the Rules and Articles of War,” is manifest by an attentive examination of those articles:

See, for example, ART. 27, which gives authority to “all officers of what condition so ever to part and quell all quarrels, frays, and disorders, though the persons concerned should belong to another regiment, troop, or company.” Here it is seen that the ordinary subordination, by grades, is found only in the same “ regiment, troop, or company.” The power to part and quell quarrels, is, however, made an exceptional case, in favor not only of officers of different regiments, but the power is even extended to those of an “ inferior rank.” In a company, regiment, or corps, subordination by grades is established by the terms of the commission held in such regiment or corps. So also, where officers hold commissions in the army at large, their right to command when on duty is co-extensive with their commissions, except that the 61st Article of War makes such higher commissions inoperative within the regiment in which an officer is mustered. Within regiments and corps the muster-roll, then, at once determines the question of superiority of officers on duty. But when mixed corps come together, as commissions below the rank of general, excepting commissions for gallant or meritorious services, are only given in regiments and corps, and as such regimental commissions would not otherwise entitle their holders to command beyond their particular regiments, or the holders of commissions in the line of the army, marine corps, or militia, beyond the body in which they hold commissions, the 62d Article of War has provided that the officer highest in rank of the line of the army, marine corps, or militia, shall command the whole, and he likewise is thus consecrated the superior officer for the time being. (See BREVET; LINE; RANK.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 429-431).


OBEY'S RIVER, TENNESSEE, March 28, 1864. 13th Kentucky Cavalry. Captain Thomas Watson with a detachment of the 13th Kentucky cavalry met and routed a Confederate force under Colonel John M. Hughs. Three of the enemy were killed and 2 captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 653.


OBEY'S RIVER, TENNESSEE, April 18-20, 1864. 13th Kentucky Cavalry. Colonel J. W. Weatherford of the 13th Kentucky cavalry, reporting under date of April 20, says: "Captain Watson just returned; captured 8 prisoners; had a fight at Obey's river; Hughs scattered his men; killed and wounded some of them." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 653.


OBION PLANK ROAD CROSSING, Tennessee, May—, 1863. Detachment of 15th Illinois Cavalry. Company E of the 15th Illinois cavalry under Lieutenant William B. Ford surprised the camp of the guerrilla Captain Parks on the Obion plank road, 70 miles from Hickman. In the charge 4 of the outlaws were killed and 18 captured. No casualties reported on the Union side. Obion River, Tennessee, April 9, 1863. Detachment of 15th Illinois Cavalry. Captain William D. Hutchens, with Company E, 15th Illinois, crossed the Obion river and after a ride of 43 miles reached the plantation of one Wright, occupied by the Confederate Captain Scales for recruiting purposes. The enemy received Hutchens' command with a volley of musketry and the Federals charged. The result was the killing of 4 Confederates, the capture of 26 men and 13 horses and the complete dispersion of the band. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 653.


OBLIQUE. In tactics, oblique indicates a direction which is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the front, but more or less diagonal. It is a command of warning in the tactics. It is used to indicate oblique alignments, attacks, orders of battle, squares against cavalry, changes of front, fires, &c. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 431).


O'BRIEN, Fitz James, author, born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1828; died in Cumberland, Maryland, 6 April, 1862. He was educated at the University of Dublin, and is believed to have been at one time a soldier in the British service. On leaving college he went to London, and in the course of two years spent his inheritance of £8,000, meanwhile editing a periodical in aid of the World's Fair of 1851. About 1852 he came to the United States, and thenceforth he devoted his attention to literature. While he was in college he had shown an aptitude  for writing verse,  and two of his  poems—"Loch Ine" and "Irish Castles"—were published in " The Ballads of Ireland " (1856). His earliest writings in the United States were contributed to the "Lantern," which was then edited by John Brougham. Subsequently he wrote for the "Home Journal." the " New York Times," and the "American Whig Review." His first important literary connection was with "Harper's Magazine." and beginning in February, 1833, with "The Two Skulls," he contributed more than sixty articles in prose and verse to that periodical. He likewise wrote for the "New York Saturday Press," "Putnam's Magazine,” “Vanity Fair,” and the “Atlantic Monthly." To the latter, he sent "The Diamond Lens" and "The Wonder Smith," which are unsurpassed as creations of the imagination, and are unique among short magazine stories. His pen was also employed in writing plays. For James W. Wallack he made "A Gentleman from Ireland," which still keeps the stage, and he also wrote and adapted other pieces for the theatres, but they had a shorter existence. In 1861 he joined the 7th Regiment of the New York National Guard, hoping to be sent to the front, and he was in Camp Cameron before Washington for six weeks. When his regiment returned to New York he received an appointment on the staff of General Frederick W. Lander. He was severely wounded in a skirmish on 20 February, 1863, and lingered until April, when he died. In New York he at once associated with the brilliant set of Bohemians of that day, among whom he was ranked as the most able. At the weekly dinners that were given by John Brougham, or at the nightly suppers at Pfaff's on Broadway, he was the soul of the entertainment. His friend, William Winter, collected ".The Poems and Stories of Kitz James O'Brien," to which are added personal recollections of this gifted writer by those of his old associates that survived him (Boston, 1881).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 549-550.


OBSERVATION. Army of observation; detached party of observation, &c. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 431).


OBSTACLES. The obstacles used in field-fortification are of several kinds. Their object is to render access to works more difficult.


Common harrows, picketed to the ground, with the spikes uppermost, form excellent temporary obstacles. Crows'-feet, (Fig. 155,) consisting of four iron spikes arranged at equal angles with each other, so that in any position one spike must be pointing vertically upwards, may be scattered about in front of salients or other weak points, and will render approach difficult, and for cavalry impracticable.

Roads or breaches, and sometimes even the restricted front of a position, my be barred by chevaux-de-frize, two forms of which are exhibited in the annexed diagrams, (Figs. 156 and 157.) Chevaux-de-frize may be formed of stout square or hexagonal beams, with iron spikes or sword blades, or even stout pointed stakes let into and standing perpendicularly from the faces; or, like Fig. 157, of stout palisades, pointed, and furnished with legs to support them, with the points towards the enemy. FIG. 156. FIG. 157. FIG. 158.

When used to close a space of any extent indeed, where more than one length is necessary, they should be secured to each other by chains, to prevent their removal by an enemy. Trous-de-loup, or trap-holes, (Fig. 158,) are rows of pits in the form of inverted cones or pyramids, with a strong palisade or stake in the centre of each. They should be either too deep or too shallow to be used by riflemen, and they are, therefore, generally 8 or 2 feet deep. Trap-holes, whether round or square, should always be arranged checker wise, to prevent an enemy passing them easily. The earth from them should be formed into a glacis in front, rather than heaped up between them; as, in the latter case, they might be easily filled up again. Trous- de-loup of even two or three feet deep may be usefully employed in rendering impassable shallow, wet ditches, inundations, and fords; and, like abatis, they may be advantageously placed on the salients of works, on the weak points of lines, or in their intervals. They may thus compel the enemy to attack the strongest parts. The ardor of infantry may be much checked by unexpected obstacles within point-blank musket shot of the place attacked. (See ABATIS; PALISADES.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 431-432).


OBSTRUCTION OF LAWS. In ordinary cases of obstruction to the laws of the United States, the powers vested in marshals are to be exercised to secure their due execution. It is only when such obstructions are too formidable to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial procedure or by the powers vested in the marshals, that the President of the United States is authorized to use military force. And whenever such force is employed by him, he must first, by proclamation, command insurgents to disperse, and retire peaceably to their respective abodes within a limited time; (Acts of Feb. 28, 1795, and Act March 3, 1807. See CALLING FORTH MILITIA; MARSHAL; POSSE COMITATUS.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 432-433).


OCCOQUAN, VIRGINIA, December 19, 1862. 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry. This regiment, while marching from Washington, D. C., to join the 11th corps, was fired into from the opposite bank of the Occoquan. As the ferryboat had been sunk, there was no way of crossing the stream at that point and Colonel Josiah H. Kellogg with a portion of the regiment went to Snyder's ford, where a crossing was effected after the enemy's pickets had been driven. A pursuit of 5 miles brought the Federal cavalry up with the Confederate rear-guard and a skirmish ensued. The enemy's position on the Occoquan was secured through the capture of the picket at Neabsco creek, consisting of a lieutenant and 30 men of the 10th New York cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 654.


OCCOQUAN, VIRGINIA, December 27-28, 1862. Detachments of the 2nd and 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry. As an incident of a raid by Stuart's Confederate cavalry on Dumfries and Fairfax Station, a portion of Hampton's command dashed into Occoquan about dark on the 27th and drove out a detachment of the 17th Pennsylvania stationed there, capturing 17 of them and eight wagons. Next morning Captain Charles Chauncey with portions of the 2nd and 17th Pennsylvania cavalry encountered the Confederates as they were moving from Occoquan to the river of that name. The enemy charged and the Federals were forced back in some confusion to the ford of the river. Two Federals were known to have been killed on the 28th and more than 50 were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 654.


OCCOQUAN BRIDGE, Virginia, January 29, 1862. (See Lee's House, same date.)


OCCUPY. To take or hold possession of a post or district. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 433).


OCEAN POND, FLORIDA, February 20, 1864. (See Olustee.) Octorara (U. S. Steamer), January 28, 1865. Major-General Dabney H. Maury, of the Confederate army, reports that a Confederate torpedo boat struck the Octorara on the night of the 28th, but the torpedo failed to explode and no damage was done. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 654.


O’CONNOR, Charles, lawyer, born in New York City, 22 January, 1804; died in Nantucket, Massachusetts, 12 May, 1884, modified the spelling of the family name to conform to the ancient usage. At the age of sixteen he began to study law, and in 1824, before he had attained the statutory age of twenty-one years, he was admitted to practice. From this period till within a few years of his death his life was devoted to the pursuit of his profession. The Forrest divorce case, which, contending against John Van Buren and other eminent counsel, he brought to successful issue, securing for his client, Mrs. Forrest, a literal alimony, brought him more than ever into national reputation. Two silver vases were presented to him in its commemoration. One was the gift of thirty ladies of New York: the other was presented by sixty members of the bar. These he bequeathed to the Law Institute of New York City, and they are now preserved in the library of the institute in the post-office building. In the same library are preserved the bound records of his cases and opinions —a unique collection chat was made by himself, and also bequeathed in his will to the institute. These fill over 100 volumes. Others of his celebrated private cases were the Slave Jack case in 1835, the Lispenard will case in 1843, the Lemmon slave case in 1856, the Parrish will case in 1862, and the Jumel suit in 1871, involving the title to $6,000,000 in real estate. In 1848 he became a member of the " Directory of the Friends of Ireland," a society that was organized in anticipation of a rising in Ireland, and he presided at some of the meetings in the same year. In this year he was also a candidate on the Democratic ticket for lieutenant-governor of New York, but was defeated, although he received several thousand more votes than the other candidates of his party. When the Civil War was impending he was extremely anxious to avert it. During the contest and after it he felt that, in the motives and conduct of the war, a departure had been made from the original principles of the confederation of states. He sympathized throughout with the southern states, and at the conclusion of the war became senior counsel for Jefferson Davis when he was indicted for treason. He also appeared upon Mr. Davis's bond when the latter was admitted to bail. The suits against William M. Tweed, which were begun in 1871 and which eventually destroyed the ring that was then at the height of its power in New York City, were largely his work. In the original cases he was associated with William M. Evarts, James Emott, arid Wheeler H. Peckham. These suits were brought in the attorney-general's office, a special branch of which was established for the purpose, and named by him the bureau of municipal correction. In 1875 the court of appeals decided that the cases should have been brought by the city. Mr. O'Connor immediately drafted the Civil Remedies Act, which was enacted at the next session of the legislature, and under which new suits were at once begun. Disheartened with the issue of the first cases, he published an account of them, entitled " Peculation Triumphant, being the Record of a Five Years' Campaign against Official Malversation, A. D. 1871-1875" (New York, 1875). He declined any compensation for his services in these cases. In face of his absolute refusal, he was nominated at the Louisville Convention for president, in 1872, by the. branch of the Democratic Party that, opposed the election of Horace Greeley. His electoral ticket received 21,559 votes in the succeeding November. In 1869 he was elected president of the Law Institute of New York. In the electoral contest of 1870 he appeared as advocate for the claims of Samuel J. Tilden before the commission. He erected a house at Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1881, with a fire-proof library adjoining it, and resided there until his death. In 1854 Mr. O'Connor married Mrs. McCracken, formerly Miss Cornelia Livingston. She died on 12 May, 1874, just ten years before her husband. His portrait in oil, by Benjamin F. Reinhardt. hangs in the rooms of the Bar Association of New York. On 10 April. 1867, his bust was presented to the supreme court of the state of New York, and now stands in the court-room in this city. He would not permit its public display during his lifetime. See memorial presented before the New York law Institute by James C. Carter.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp.


ODELL, Moses Fowler, born in Tarrytown, New York, 24 February, 1818; died in Brooklyn, New York, 13 June, 1866, was a member of Congress in 1861-'5, having been elected as a Fusion Democrat and then as a War Democrat from the District of Brooklyn, and in 1865 was appointed naval officer of the port of New York.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 554-555.


ODELL, Moses Fowler, 1818-1866, Brooklyn, New York, statesman.  Fusion Democratic, later War Democratic, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York.  Congressman 1861-1865.  Voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery. (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 556; Congressional Globe)

ODELL, Moses Fowler, born in Tarrytown, New York, 24 February, 1818; died in Brooklyn, N. Y 13 June, 1866, was a member of Congress in 1861-'5, having been elected as a Fusion Democrat and then as a War Democrat from the District of Brooklyn, and in 1865 was appointed naval officer of the port of New York.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 556.


O'DONNELL, Daniel Kane, journalist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1838; died there, 8 September, 1871. He was educated at Girard College, and after a brief experience in a printing-office became the editor of a Philadelphia literary journal, to which he contributed many poems and criticisms. In 1862 he joined the editorial staff of the " Press" in the same city, acting successively as news-editor, leader-writer, and night-editor. His criticism on William H. Fry's opera of "Notre Dame." written about this time, attracted general attention. In 1864 he accompanied General William T. Sherman's army as chief correspondent of the " Press." During the campaign he was made assistant superintendent of education in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1866 he came to New York City and became connected with the “Tribune." The following year he was made musical critic and leader-writer. In the spring of 1867, as he was already suffering from consumption, he was sent to Mexico to recruit his health and describe the reconstruction of that country. From Mexico he went, in 1868, to Cuba, to report the progress of the revolutionary movement there. Returning in 1869, he resumed his duties in the "Tribune'' office, but devoted himself chiefly to the foreign department. During the course of that year he resigned and returned to Philadelphia, where, after serving a year as literary editor of the "Standard," he employed his remaining strength in preparing a volume on Mexico, which was never published, and in writing for the magazines, he published a volume of poems entitled "The Song of Iron and the Song of Slaves, with Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 1863), and subsequently  printed in the New York " Independent," "The Fish-Market." "The Cobbler's Hour," "St. Cecilia," and "Birds in the Square." These and his other poetic writings display great, facility in versification and a rare talent for rendering homely subjects attractive.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 558.


O'DONOVAN, William Rudolf, sculptor, born in Preston County, Virginia, 28 March, 1844. he is self-taught in his profession. After fighting in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, he went to New York, where he opened a studio, and was elected an associate of the National Academy in 1878. He has been very successful in portraiture, and among others has executed portrait-busts and bas-reliefs of John A. Kennedy (1870); William Page (1877); R. Swain Gifford (1879); Arthur Quartley. Bayard Taylor (for the memorial tablet in Cornell University), Winslow Homer, Erminnie A. Smith, and Edmund C. Stedman. His larger works include the Tarrytown monument to the captors of Major Andre, a statue of Washington for the government of Venezuela, two figures for the soldier's monument at Lawrence, Massachusetts, two bas-reliefs for the monument in Herkimer County, New York, commemorating the battle of Oriskany (see Herkimer, Nicholas) (1883), and a statue of Washington for the monument at Newburg (1888-'7). (General Washington is a favorite subject, with this sculptor, and he has published a series of papers on his portraits. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 558-559.


OERTEL, Johannes Adam, artist, born in Furth, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, 3 November, 1823. He studied art in Nuremberg and Munich, but devoted himself chiefly to engraving until 1848, when he came to the United States and taught for a time in Newark, New Jersey. In 1857 he moved to Madison, New Jersey, where he painted the " Lament of the Fallen Spirits" and " Redemption." About this time he was invited to assist in preparing new decorations for the National capitol. In 1861 he transferred his studio to Westerly, R. I., where he painted "Father Time and his Family" and "The Final Harvest" (1862); "The Dispensation of the Promise and the Law," containing 150 figures (1863); "Walk to Emmaus," "The Walk to Gethsemane," "Easter Morning," " Magdalen at the Sepulchre," "The Rock of Ages," and others (1868). The last named picture was reproduced by chromo-lithography. and sold extensively both in this country and in England. During the Civil War Mr. Oertel accompanied the Army of Virginia under General Burnside. His "Virginia Turnpike" and other landscapes were the fruit of his military experience. Besides his paintings he has produced several carved-wood altar-pieces, among them an elaborate altar and reredos for the Church of the Incarnation, Washington, D. C. While residing at Westerly he prepared himself for orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and he was made deacon in 1865, and subsequently presbyter. He has since confined himself almost entirely to the domain of Christian art, and painted pictures that he presented to churches in Glen Cove, New York, New York City, Washington, D. C, North Carolina, and elsewhere. After having charge of two parishes in the latter state and spending a year in Florida, Mr. Oertel was invited to fill the chair of Christian art at the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, which he now (1888) occupies.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 559.


OFFENCES. (See CRIMES; DISORDERS; NEGLECTS; ARTICLES OF WAR; JURISDICTION.)


OFFICERS. Whenever the word officer is used in the Articles of War, commissioned officer is understood. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 433).


OGDEN, Frederick Nash, soldier, born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 25 January, 1837; died in New Orleans. Louisiana, 25 May, 1886. He entered mercantile life as a boy, and continued so engaged until the beginning of the Civil War, when he volunteered as a private  in the Confederate Army, and was elected color-bearer. In this capacity he served through the Peninsular Campaign and then returned to New Orleans, when he was made major of heavy artillery. After the surrender of the forts at New Orleans he was in command of the 8th Louisiana Battalion, and served in charge of a battery at Vicksburg, where he was taken prisoner. On being exchanged, he was placed on General Leonidas Polk's staff, but later entered the cavalry as lieutenant-colonel, and was surrendered at the close of the war with General Nathan B. Forrest's command in northern Alabama. He then returned to New Orleans and re-entered commercial life. In 1868 he organized and became president of the Crescent City Democratic Club, the largest and most powerful political organization in New Orleans, and subsequently he organized the Crescent City White League, which took an active part in the contests for the state government in 1873-'4. He also commanded the local forces as major-general of militia. General Ogden was president of the Red Cross Association of Louisiana and vice-president of the Howard Association during the yellow-fever epidemic of 1878, when he closed his place of business and devoted his time to the sick and suffering. In 1884 he was chief superintendent of the World's Fair that was held in New Orleans. He refused a nomination for the governorship.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 560-561.


OGDEN, William Butler, first mayor of Chicago, born in Walton, New York, 15 June, 1805; died in New York City, 3 August, 1877. He was intended for the law, but the death of his father in 1821 compelled him to take charge of the latter's business affairs. In 1834 he was elected to the legislature, where he advocated the construction of the Erie Railway. Becoming convinced of the early development of western property, he moved to Chicago in 1835, where he established a land and trust agency that still exists. He soon became closely identified with the growth of the various enterprises that centre around Chicago, and on its incorporation as a city in 1837 became its first mayor. Mr. Ogden was active in the initial movement that led to the construction of the Chicago and Galena Railroad, and, among others, pledged his private fortune for its completion as far as Elgin, Illinois, becoming, in 1847, its president. In 1853 he visited Europe, and made a special study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the importance of enlarging and deepening the Illinois and Michigan Canal, so as to make it navigable for steamboats plying between Chicago and New Orleans. He was also an earnest advocate of the construction of a ship-canal across the southern portion of the Michigan Peninsula. In 1855 he became president of the Chicago, St. Paul, and Fond du Lac Railway Company, and in 1864 he effected the consolidation of that road with the Chicago and Galena Railroad, out of which grew the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company, of which he was made president. Mr. Ogden presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention at Philadelphia in 1850, and on the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company was elected its first president. He was a firm believer in the final success of the Northern Pacific Railway, and was largely concerned with its inception. Various other interests of public importance were controlled by him, notably the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and at the time of his death he was considered the owner of the largest plant of that kind in the world. His charities were extensive, and nearly all of the institutions of the northwest, including the Rush Medical College, of which he was president, the Theological Seminary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the Astronomical Society, the University of Chicago, and the Chicago Woman's Home, were recipients of his bounty. Shortly after his death a chapel was erected to his memory in Elmira by his widow. Mrs. Ogden also presented in 1885 a chime of ten bells to Trinity Cathedral in Omaha, Nebraska, in her husband's memory, and has also erected in Elmira, New York, the Arnot-Ogden Memorial Hospital in honor of her own family and that of her husband.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 562.


OGEECHEE CANAL, GEORGIA, December 9, 1864. 4th Division, 15th Army Corps. In the advance on Savannah the division, commanded by Brigadier-General John M. Corse, reached the canal on the 8th and learned that the enemy was intrenched in force at the junction of the Old River and King's Bridge roads, about 3 miles in front. About 9 a. m. on the 9th Corse sent forward Adams' and Rice's brigades and Brunner's battery to clear the road and open communication with the rest of the corps via King's bridge. Adams moved in advance, with the 66th Illinois thrown forward as skirmishers and the 7th Illinois mounted infantry protecting his flanks. The skirmishers drove in the Confederate pickets, after which Adams deployed his regiments and the whole brigade advanced. The enemy's artillery swept the road, forcing Adams to move through the dense undergrowth on either side and for a time he made slow progress. Learning that the enemy was moving to his right, Corse ordered Rice to gain the King's Bridge road and intercept him. In the meantime Adams had reached better ground, where he reinforced his skirmish line with two companies and ordered a charge. The charge was successfully made and before Rice had reached the road the cheers of Adams' men could be heard through the woods announcing a victory. The enemy was completely routed with a loss of several in killed and wounded and 12 captured, besides a fine 12-pounder rifled gun. Adams pursued the flying Confederates to the Little Ogeechee river, when he received orders to return to the division. The Union casualties were trifling. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 654.


OGEECHEE RIVER, GEORGIA, December 7, 1864. (See Jenks' Bridge.)


OGLESBY, Richard James, senator, born in Oldham County, Kentucky, 25 July. 1824. He was left an orphan at the age of eight, moved to Decatur, Illinois, in 1830, and learned the carpenter's trade, which, with farming and rope-making, occupied him until 1844. While making rope, he invented a machine that was a decided improvement on the methods before in use. In the meantime he had studied law in his leisure hours, and in 1845 was admitted to the bar, beginning to practice in Sullivan, Moultrie County, Illinois. The following year he returned to Decatur, and was commissioned 1st lieutenant in the 4th Illinois Regiment, which he accompanied to Mexico, and was present at the siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. He resumed practice at Decatur in 1847, pursued a course of study at Louisville Law School, and was graduated there in 1848. In 1849 he went to California, and engaged in mining until 1851, when he again returned to Decatur. In 1850 he was elected to the state senate, but resigned to accept the colonelcy of the 8th Illinois Volunteers. He commanded a brigade at the capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, and was promoted for gallantry brigadier-general of volunteers, 21 March, 1862. He added to his reputation at Corinth, where he was severely wounded, and disabled from duty until April, 1863. In the meantime he had been made major-general of volunteers, and assigned to the command of the 16th Army Corps. This commission he resigned in May, 1864, and in the following November he was elected governor of the state as a Republican by a large majority. He was in office continuously until 1869, and was again elected in 1872. He was chosen U. S. Senator in 1873, and served until 3 March, 1879, but declined a re-election. In November, 1884, he was again elected governor for a period of four years.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 564.


OIL TROUGH BOTTOM, ARKANSAS, March 24, 1864. Detachment of 2nd Arkansas Cavalry. Twenty-five men of the 2nd Arkansas cavalry charged and routed 40 Confederates under one Rutherford. An officer and 3 men were killed and 2 were wounded. No casualties were mentioned on the Union side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 654.


O'HARA. Theodore, poet, born in Danville, Kentucky, 11 February, 1820; died near Guerryton, Bullock County, Alabama, 6 June, 1867. He was the son of Kane O'Hara, an Irish political exile, and was graduated at St. Joseph Academy, Bardstown, Kentucky, where he entered the senior class and acted as professor of Greek while he was completing his studies. He then read law, was admitted to the bar, and in 1845 was appointed to a place in the Treasury Department at Washington. At the beginning of the Mexican War he entered the army, and was appointed captain and assistant quartermaster of volunteers, 26 June, 1846. He was brevetted major, 20 August, 1847, for gallant conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and was mustered out on 15 October, 1848. He was appointed captain in the 2d U.S. Cavalry, 3 March, 1855, but resigned on 1 December, 1856. When the remains of the Kentucky soldiers that fell at Buena Vista in February, 1847, were moved to their native state, Major O'Hara wrote for the occasion the poem by which he is best known. " The Bivouac of the Dead," which begins with the stanza:

"The muffled drum's sad roll has beat

The soldier's last tattoo.

No more on life's parade shall meet

That brave and fallen few.

On Fame's eternal camping-ground

Their silent tents are spread;

And Glory guards, with solemn round,

The bivouac of the dead."

Lines from this poem are inscribed over the entrances of several of the national cemeteries. At the close of the war Colonel O'Hara returned to Washington, D. C, where he practised his profession. He afterward went with a filibustering expedition to Cuba, and commanded a regiment in the battle of Cardenas, where he was wounded. During the absence of John Forsythe from the United States as minister to Mexico, O'Hara edited the " Mobile Register." He was afterward editorially connected with the Louisville 'Times" and the Frankfort, Kentucky. " Yeoman." He was several times intrusted by the government with diplomatic missions, and was especially active in the negotiations regarding the Tehuantepee Grant. During the Civil War he joined the Confederate Army, and was made colonel of the 12th Alabama Regiment. Subsequently he served on the staffs of General Albert Sidney Johnston and General John C. Breckinridge. After the war he engaged in the cotton business in Columbus, Georgia, but lost everything by fire, and retired to a plantation, where he died. After his “Bivouac of the Dead" his best-known poem is "The Old Pioneer." In accordance with a resolution of the Kentucky legislature, his remains were conveyed to that state and buried by the side of those whom he hail commemorated. See "O'Hara and His Elegies," by George W. Ranck (Baltimore, 1875).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 565-566.


OKOLONA, ARKANSAS, April 3-4, 1864. (See Camden, Arkansas, Expedition to.)


OKOLONA, MISSISSIPPI, February 18, 1864. 1st Cavalry Brigade, 16th Army Corps. During the Meridian campaign while the brigade under Colonel George E. Waring, Jr., was proceeding on the Egypt station road two miles out of Okolona it was fired upon by a party of Confederates who fled as soon as pursuit was started. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 655.


OKOLONA, MISSISSIPPI, February 22, 1864. Cavalry Division, 16th Army Corps and 4th U. S. Cavalry. As an incident of the Meridian campaign, Brigadier-General William Sooy Smith left Collierville, Tennessee, with a cavalry force of 7,000 men, his object being to move by Pontotoc and Okolona and join Sherman at Meridian. On reaching Okolona the 4th regulars drove an entire Confederate brigade out of town three different times. A portion of McCrillis' brigade sent to support the 4th stampeded when the regulars charged the enemy and galloping to the rear spread confusion in the ranks of the remainder of the division, upsetting into a ditch and rendering useless a battery of 6 small mountain howitzers. The division was then compelled to fall back to Ivey's farm, where it deployed in a fine position, two regiments supporting a 6-gun battery and the remainder in position for a saber charge. The rear-guard being heavily pressed was called in, the battery opened upon the enemy and the dismounted troops supporting the artillery poured a heavy musketry fire into the approaching column, which was finally repulsed. Just as the enemy was falling back the 4th Missouri and 7th Indiana charged in front and the 3d Tennessee 1n flank, turning the withdrawal into a rout. The casualties for this single engagement were not reported, but for the whole expedition, of which this was the hardest fight, the loss in the division was 54 killed, 179 wounded and 153 missing. The loss in the Confederate force for the single engagement was not reported, but for three days (February 20, 21 and 22) amounted to 27 killed, 97 wounded and 20 captured or missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 655.


OLD CHURCH, VIRGINIA, June 13, 1862. (See Stuart's Raid.)


OLD CHURCH, VIRGINIA, March 2, 1864. (See Richmond, Kilpatrick's Expedition against.)


OLD CHURCH, VIRGINIA, May 30, 1864. 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. In the advance of the Army of the Potomac from the Rapidan to the James the pickets of the 2nd brigade of this division were attacked near Old Church by Confederate cavalry, but managed to hold their ground until reinforcements arrived and drove the enemy back to the south side of the Matadequin creek. The stubborn resistance of the enemy made it necessary to bring another brigade into action, and finally two regiments of the third, before he could be dislodged from his position. The losses in killed and wounded were not reported, but in the pursuit of the Confederates to Cold Harbor 35 of them were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 655.


OLD CHURCH, VIRGINIA, June 10, 1864. Cavalry Pickets and 1st Brigade, 4th Division, 9th Army Corps. The itinerary of the 1st brigade for the campaign from the Rapidan to the James says: "June 10.—Union cavalry pickets driven into Old Church by rebel cavalry; repulsed and driven back by infantry pickets of this brigade." This is the only mention of an affair at Old Church on the 10th. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 655.


OLDFIELDS, WEST VIRGINIA, August 7, 1864. Averell's Cavalry, Army of West Virginia. Brigadier-General W. W. Averell with his division of cavalry surpr1sed and attacked the camp of General McCausland's Confederate command at Oldfields, 3 miles from Moorefield. The result was the rout and dispersal of the whole command, the capture of 420 officers and men, 4 guns, stores, equipments, etc., and a loss of several in killed and wounded. Averell's casualties were 7 killed and 20 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 655-656.


OLD FORT WAYNE, Indian Territory, October 22, 1862. 1st Division, Army of the Frontier. After a severe night march of 30 miles the advance of the division, consisting of a portion of the 2nd Kansas cavalry, attacked the camp of Confederates and Indians near Old Fort Wayne, on Beattie's prairie near Maysville, Arkansas The enemy consisted of between 4,000 and 7,000 men, but after a spirited fight of about an hour he was routed, abandoning his battery of 6 pieces and all his camp and garrison equipage. The Federal casualties amounted to 4 killed and 15 wounded, while the enemy lost 3 killed, 25 wounded and 35 captured or missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 656.


OLD OAKS, LOUISIANA, May 18, 1864. (See Bayou de Glaize.)


OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA, February 10, 1863. Detachments of the 1st Kansas, 16th Wisconsin, 17th and 95th Illinois Infantry, and 3d Louisiana Cavalry. This was one of the numerous engagements that occurred during the operations along Bayou Teche, but no detailed report can be found in the official records of the war. It is sometimes called Lake Providence. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 656.


OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA, May 22, 1864. 6th Missouri Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 656.


OLD RIVER LAKE, ARKANSAS, June 6, 1864. Detachment of 16th Army Corps. Brigadier-General Joseph A. Mower with the 2nd and 3d brigades of the 1st division, embarked at Sunny side landing on the evening of the 5th, and after bivouacking on the bank of the river, took up the line of march next morning for Lake Village, 8 miles distant, the cavalry in advance. After proceeding 4 miles the main body came up with the cavalry which was skirmishing with the enemy. A line of infantry was thrown out by Mower, the cavalry withdrawn, and the Confederates were pushed back 2 miles, where a larger force was found in position on the opposite side of a bayou. The 3d Indiana battery was ordered up and kept up a continuous fire while the infantry moved forward and engaged the enemy, who from his position in the timber was enabled to pour a galling fire upon the Federals. After a time this fire was silenced and the two brigades were moved forward across the bridge. The Union loss was 1S killed, 57 wounded and 2 missing. The Confederate casualties were 4 killed and 33 wounded. (Also known as Lake Chicot, Ditch Bayou. Fish Bayou and Lake Village.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 656.


OLD TOWN, MARYLAND, August 2, 1864. Detachment 153d Ohio Infantry. After abandoning the position before Cumberland on the night of the 1st the Confederates under McCausland and Bradley T. Johnson moved toward Old Town and about 5 a. m. attacked the guard at that place. Colonel Israel Stough, commanding the post, was finally obliged to cross the river (the north branch of the Potomac) to Green Spring Depot, West Virginia, where a portion of his troops became disorganized and left him, but with the remainder he took position in the blockhouse and with the aid of 2 iron-clad cars manned by a detachment of the 2nd regiment, Potomac home brigade, Maryland infantry, he kept the enemy at bay until the iron-clads were disabled. Then, in response to a summons from Johnson. Stough surrendered, having lost 2 killed and 3 wounded. The Federal reports say the Confederate loss was from 20 to 25 killed and from 40 to 50 wounded.


OLD TOWN CREEK, MISSISSIPPI, July 15, 1864. (See Harrisburg, July 14-151864.)


OLDEN, Charles Smith, governor of New Jersey, born in Princeton, New Jersey, 19 February, 1799; died there, 7 April, 1876. He was educated at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, left school early to work in his father's store, entered a mercantile house in Philadelphia in 1823, and in 1826 went to New Orleans, where he became a successful merchant, retiring from business in 1834 and returning to Princeton. As treasurer of Princeton College, he aided in extricating it from financial embarrassment after the destruction of Nassau Hall by fire. He represented his county in the state senate from 1844 till 1850. In 1859 he was elected by the Republicans governor of New Jersey, and was efficient in organizing and equipping the state's quota of troops. He attended the Peace Congress in 1861. His service as governor ended in 1863, and he subsequently filled the offices of judge of the court of errors and appeals, member of the court of pardons, riparian commissioner, and presidential elector.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 569.


OLIVE BRANCH, LOUISIANA, August 25, 1864. Detachment of 118th Illinois Mounted Infantry. Forty men of this regiment under Lieutenant E. B. Hamilton, acting as an advance guard, came upon the enemy at 2 a. m. and after a short skirmish the Confederates were routed. The Federals lost 1 man killed and captured 2 prisoners. The affair was an incident of an expedition to Clinton, Louisiana. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 656-657.


OLIVE BRANCH, LOUISIANA, March 6, 1865. 4th Wisconsin Cavalry. Olive Branch, Mississippi, September 6, 1862. Detachment of 6th Illinois Cavalry. While 160 men of the 6th Illinois were feeding at Olive Branch during a scout in the direction of Holly Springs, under command of Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson, the pickets were attacked by two companies of Confederate cavalry. The Union troops were quickly drawn up in line of battle, skirmishers thrown out and after 20 minutes' firing the enemy began to give way. Part of the men were immediately mounted and charged, driving the Confederates back three-quarters of a mile to their reserve, which immediately threw out two companies to flank the approaching column and compelled it to fall back. Just at this juncture reinforcements came to the Federals and the enemy was routed completely. According to the Federal report of the affair 23 of the enemy were killed, between 30 and 40 wounded and 20 captured. The Union casualties were 1 killed, 18 wounded and 2 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 657.


OLIVE BRANCH BAYOU, LOUISIANA, May 3, 1864. (See Redwood Bayou, same date.)


OLIVE BRANCH CHURCH, VIRGINIA, February 5, 1863. Detachment of 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry. This affair was a skirmish between the Confederate cavalry pickets and a Union scouting party under Major Christopher Kleinz. The Federals drove the pickets back onto their reserve and then routed and pursued the whole band for a distance of 2 miles. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 657.


OLIVE HILL, KENTUCKY, October 2, 1862. Carter County Home Guards. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 657.


OLIVER, John Morrison, soldier, born in Penn Yan, New York, in September, 1827: died in Washington, D. C, 30 March, 1872. He joined the National Army as 1st lieutenant of the 4th Michigan Infantry in May, 1861, became colonel of the 15th Michigan Infantry in January, 1862, and served under General Sherman in his western campaigns. At Fort McAllister, Georgia, he led the attack, and in January, 1865, was commissioned brigadier-general. He received the brevet of major-general in March, 1865, and in 1869 was appointed associate judge of the District of Columbia, but declined.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 575.


OLIVER, Paul Ambrose, manufacturer, born on shipboard in the English Channel, 18 July, 1830. He was educated in Germany, settled in New York, and engaged first in the shipping business, and later in the cotton trade in that city and New Orleans. In February, 1862, he entered the army as 2d lieutenant in the 12th New York Volunteers, and in May was promoted to 1st lieutenant and assigned to duty on General Daniel Butterfield's staff, after which he served as aide-de-camp to General George G. Meade and General Joseph Hooker. Meanwhile he was promoted captain, to date from 1 January, 1864, after leading his company at Gaines's Mills, the second battle of Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. Later he again served on General Butterfield's staff, and was present at the battle of Lookout Mountain and in the campaigns to Atlanta. He then became acting provost-marshal of the 5th Corps, and was then ordered by General Grant to the headquarters of the U. S. Army. He was detailed on 11 April, 1865, to assist General George H. Sharpe to parole the Army of Northern Virginia, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. In 1870 he established a powder-factory near Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, where he has since been engaged in the manufacture of explosives, using for that purpose machinery of his own invention, consisting principally of devices by which powder can be made in small quantities at any time and at any place, thus doing away with the danger of violent explosion and reducing the risk to a minimum. General Oliver's improvements include principally an incorporating-mill, consisting of a succession of rollers set in pairs through which the powder is made to pass in very small quantities at a time, and a new mode of pressing and graining. He has also invented a bayonet fastening and a screw-headed key which are of practical value. General Oliver is a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, of the Loyal Legion, and of other organizations.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 575-576.


OLLEY'S CREEK, GEORGIA, June 26, 1864. 3d Div1sion, 23d Army Corps. Preparatory to the assault on Kennesaw mountain on the 27th, General Schofield ordered General Cox, commanding the division, to push Reilly's brigade from Cheney's farm to Olley's creek to make a demonstration and feel the enemy's position. Reilly made a determined advance, drove the Confederate skirmishers into their works on the east side of the creek, and under cover of a brisk cannonade by Myers' Indiana battery occupied the ridge close to the stream. On the opposite bank was Jackson's cavalry, dismounted and supported by artillery, in a strongly intrenched position. Reilly was then ordered to move his battery as near the enemy as possible and keep up the fire, while Byrd's brigade marched down to the creek about a mile above, where it built a bridge, crossed over and took possession of a hill to the northeast of the one held by the enemy. Here Byrd intrenched on all sides, connecting his front by a line of pickets with Reilly on the right and the rest of the divis10n on the left. In this position the division began operations when the attack on Kennesaw was made the next morning. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 657.


OLMSTED, Frederick Law, landscape-architect, born in Hartford, Connecticut. 26 April, 1822. He followed courses of special study in engineering and agriculture at Yale during 1845-'6, and then became a laborer on a farm in central New York, in order to acquire a practical knowledge of the details of agriculture. Subsequently he conducted a farm of his own on Staten Island, and contributed articles to periodicals on rural subjects. His attention being directed to the art of landscape-gardening and architecture, he made a pedestrian tour through Great Britain and parts of continental Europe in 1850 for the purpose of observing closely the agriculture and ornamental grounds of the various countries. Some account of this journey is given in " Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England" (New York, 1852). In 1852-'3 he travelled, mostly on horseback, through the southern and southwestern states, for the purpose of examining their agricultural resources, and also in order to study the effects of slavery upon agriculture. His observation and conclusions were given to the public in a series of letters, and these were issued as " A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on their Economy " (1856). Later he published " A Journey through Texas, or a Saddle Trip on the Southwestern Frontier, with a Statistical Appendix" (1857) and "A Journey in the Back Country" (1800). When the Civil War broke out in 1861 a condensed edition of these works was issued in London under the title of " The Cotton Kingdom " (2 vols., 1861). which was much quoted in the controversies that followed. A commission was formed in 1856 under an act of the New York legislature for the construction of a large central park in New York City, and Mr. Olmsted was appointed superintendent. In 1857 premiums were offered by the commission for the best plans for the ground, and. of thirty-four that were sent in, the highest prize was awarded to the one that was prepared by Mr. Olmsted in conjunction with Calvert Vaux. He was then engaged until 1861 in managing the construction of the park upon this plan, with the title of landscape architect. In 1861 he was appointed a member of the commission of inquiry and advice in regard to the sanitary condition of the U. S. forces. He was elected its general secretary, with the duty of organizing and controlling its executive service and taking charge of confidential communications between the commission and the government. During 1861-'4 he resided in Washington, and in behalf of the commission was active in securing needed legislation in regard to the army and navy. He made many visits to armies in the field, had large correspondence, and prepared confidential reports as to their condition and wants, many of which were published. See Charles J. Stille's "History of the U. S. Sanitary Commission" (Philadelphia, 1866). After the war he took part in the organization and direction of the Southern Famine Relief Commission, and later was engaged in the organization of the New York State Charities Aid Association, of which he was vice-president for several years. In 1871 he urged upon the territorial government of the District of Columbia the so-called "parking system" for the broad streets of Washington, which has since been carried out. He was active in the founding of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City. In 1872 he was appointed president of the Department of Public Parks in New York. In 1876-'7 he prepared plans, in accordance with which the street system of most of the part of the city of New York that lies north of Harlem River has since been laid out. Mr. Olmsted has been identified with the designing of numerous other public and private works, in certain of which he has been associated with Calvert Vaux, and in others with his son, John C. Olmsted, These have included the Riverside and Morningside Parks in New York City: Prospect and Washington Parks in Brooklyn, New York, with the several parkways of that city; Washington and Jackson Parks, and several of the parkways, of Chicago; the parks and parkways of Buffalo, New York, of Montreal, Canada, and of Bridgeport, Connecticut; also the great terrace and staircases, and the outworks and grounds, of the capital at Washington. He was the first commissioner of the National Park of the Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove, directing the survey and taking charge of the property for the State of California. Mr. Olmsted has also held directing appointments under the cities of Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wilmington, and San Francisco, the Joint Committee on Buildings and Grounds of Congress, the Niagara Falls Reservation Commission, the trustees of Harvard, Yale, Amherst, and other colleges and public institutions. Since 1886 he has been largely occupied in laying out an extensive system of parks and parkways for the city of Boston, and the town of Brookline, Massachusetts, and upon a scheme for the landscape improvement of Boston Harbor. He received the degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1864. and from Amherst in 1867.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 577-578.


OLUSTEE, FLORIDA, February 20, 1864. Florida Expedition. About 3 p. m. the advance of the expedition, Colonel Guy V. Henry's brigade of cavalry, came upon the Confederate pickets somewhat to the east of Olustee. They were soon driven back to their supports, which opened fire, when a portion of the 7th Connecticut cavalry was deployed as skirmishers and a battery placed in position to develop the Confederate force and position. It was the intention of Brigadier-General Truman Seymour, commanding, to engage the enemy in front with artillery, meanwhile throwing out a brigade to fall upon the Confederate left. The disposition was accord1ngly made, the cavalry skirmishers called in and the 7th New Hampshire deployed in their places, but the troops were hardly in position before the New Hampshire regiment broke and fled in confusion. The 8th U. S. colored infantry, moving into the same position, also broke and fled after its colonel had been killed. The 54th Massachusetts colored infantry, then occupied the position and the fighting continued sharp until dark, the whole Federal force except the cavalry being actively engaged. After dark Seymour withdrew, abandoning 6 pieces of artillery. His losses were 1,800 in killed, wounded and missing, and 39 horses. The Confederate casualties were about 250 killed and wounded. (Sometimes called Ocean Pond.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 658.


O'MAHONY, John Francis, Fenian leader, born in Kilbeheny, County Cork, Ireland, in 1816; died in New York City, 7 February, 1877. He belonged to a family every generation of which, for the last 200 years, had been implicated in movements hostile to English supremacy, and his father and uncle took part in the insurrection of 1798. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, but left this institution without taking a degree, spending most of his time in the study of Hebrew, Sanskrit, and Gaelic. He was already a fine classical scholar, and contributed articles to French journals. He began to take part in the repeal movement in 1843, but soon became dissatisfied with the methods of O'Connell, and was active in the party of which Smith O'Brien was the leader. The part that he took in the abortive rebellion of 1848 obliged him to leave the country, and he lived in France till 1854, when he came to the United States. Here he published the " History of Ireland, by Geoffrey Keating, D. D.. translated from the Original Gaelic, and Copiously Annotated" (New York, 1857). The mental strain to which O'Mahony was subjected in the preparation of this work, which brought him no pecuniary gain, affected his reason, and he was moved by his friends for a short time to a lunatic asylum. The Fenian brotherhood, or Irish Republican Brotherhood, was organized by him in 1860. The object of the association was to secure the freedom of Ireland. The name was probably derived from O'Mahony's Gaelic studies, the Fenians having been a military body in pagan Ireland, celebrated in the songs of Ossian. The organization of the new society was completed at conventions that were held in Chicago in 1864, and in Cincinnati in January, 1865. Its rapid growth in membership rendered it impossible for O'Mahony to retain the colonelcy of the 69th Regiment, which he had held for some time, and resigning he gave all his attention to the spread of Fenianism. Many differences occurred between him and James Stephens, but he remained president of the organization for several years. The close of the Civil War in the spring of 1865 gave a great impetus to the movement, owing to the number of Irish-American soldiers that were disbanded and anxious to see service elsewhere. Money poured into the Fenian exchequer: probably $500,000 was subscribed between 1860 and 1867. O'Mahony did not take any part personally in the attempted insurrection in Ireland or in the raids on Canada, although his advice counted for much in these enterprises, he devoted the last years of his life to literary pursuits, but suffered from ill health and poverty. However visionary may have been his objects, he was honest, and although thousands had passed through his hands, he was often at a loss for a dollar. When his poverty was discovered he declined to receive assistance in any shape. Soon after his death his remains were taken to Ireland and interred with the honors of a public funeral in Glasnevin Cemetery near Dublin.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 579-580.


ONDERDONK, Bishop, Episcopal bishop, New York, abolitionist


O'NEALL, John Belton, jurist, born in Bush River, South Carolina, 10 April, 1793; died near Newberry, South Carolina, 27 September, 1863. His grandparents on both sides were natives of Ireland, and his parents were Quakers. He was graduated at South Carolina College in 1812, prepared himself for the profession of the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1814. He was elected in 1816 to the lower house of the South Carolina Legislature, and was subsequently three times re-elected to the same body. During his last two terms, in 1824 and 1826, he was the speaker of the house. In December, 1828, he was chosen an associate judge, and in 1830 a judge of the court of appeals. He henceforth remained upon the bench through various changes of the judiciary system until finally he was made chief justice of South Carolina. Not content with the reputation of an able and incorruptible judge, he was active in promoting the agricultural interests and railway enterprises of the state. He was especially devoted to the cause of temperance, of which he was an eloquent and untiring advocate. In this relation his reputation was wide. In the Baptist denomination, of which he was a member, he was recognized and honored as a leader. He was president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1858 till 1863. Judge O'Neall was also active in the militia, in which he rose to the rank of major-general. He contributed largely to the press on education, temperance, religion, and agriculture, and delivered numerous addresses, several of which were published. He was also the author of a "Digest of the Negro Law"(1848); "Annals of Newberry" (1858); and "Bench and Bar of South Carolina" (2 vols., Charleston, 1859).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 581.


O’NEILL, Charles, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


O'NEILL, John, soldier, born in County Cavan, Ireland, in 1&34; died in Omaha, Nebraska, 7 January, 1878. He emigrated to the United States in his youth, served three years in the National Army during the Civil War, and, resigning in 1864, established a pension agency in Nashville, Tennessee, with branch offices in other cities. In 1866 he was appointed by his Irish compatriots to command the Fenian forces that invaded Canada. On 1 January he set out with 1,500 men, crossed the Niagara River at Buffalo in canal-boats, and took possession of Fort Erie. A skirmish ensued the next day, but General Grant, with a considerable force of U. S. troops, having arrived in Buffalo and issued orders that no additional Fenians be permitted to cross the river, O'Neill's party was left without ammunition or supplies, and by his order left the encampment and retreated to the American shore. Seven hundred Fenians were intercepted and arrested by the U. S. gun-boat " Michigan," and the remainder were disbanded and ordered to their respective homes. In September of the same year O'Neill was a delegate to the Fenian Congress, and was elected inspector-general of the Fenian forces. After his second invasion of Canada in 1870 he was imprisoned for several months. He subsequently engaged in lecturing and in organizing a movement for the colonization of his countrymen in Nebraska.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 581-582.


OPDYCKE, Emerson, soldier, born in Hubbard, Trumbull County, Ohio, 7 January, 1830; died in New York City, 25 April, 1884. His father served in the war of 1812, and his grandfather was a captain in the Revolution. He engaged in business in California and Ohio, and, enlisting in July, 1861, in the 41st Ohio Regiment, was mustered in as 1st lieutenant, and soon commissioned captain. At Shiloh, he carried the colors, and led an important charge of his command, he was commissioned colonel of the 125th Ohio in January, 1863. At Chickamauga, a charge of his regiment, and later in the day its maintenance of an exposed position, at a loss of one third of its number in killed and wounded, were of vital importance. At Missionary Ridge his demi-brigade was among the first commands to reach the crest. He rendered special service at Rocky-Face Ridge and Resaca, and commanded a brigade from August, 1864, to the end of the war, and on 26 July, 1865, was made brigadier-general of volunteers. At Franklin, when the National line had been disastrously broken by Hood's assault, he independently and without receiving orders changed his brigade from reserve into the gap, and was credited by General Thomas, the commander of the army, with the success of the day. He rendered valuable service also at Nashville, commanded a division in Texas, resigned in January, 1866, and received commission as major-general of volunteers by brevet, to date from the battle of Franklin. He then engaged in business in New York City, and published many papers on the history of the war.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 583-583.


OPDYKE, George, mayor of New York, born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, in 1805; died in New York City, 12 June, 1880. His ancestor, Gysbert, was an early settler of New York State. George went to the west at eighteen years of age and settled in Cleveland, Ohio, but afterward moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, and, returning to the north in 1832, engaged in business in New York City, where he subsequently established the banking-house of George Opdyke and Company. He was a member of the Buffalo Free-Soil Convention in 1848, served on its committee on resolutions, and was a candidate for Congress on the Free-Soil ticket in New Jersey, and while in the legislature in 1858 he was zealous in protecting the franchises of New York City from spoliation. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention in 1860, and was instrumental in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. He was mayor of New York in 1862-'3, and was energetic in sustaining the National government, in raising and equipping troops, and did much to prevent commercial panics. He served in the New York Constitutional Convention in 1867-'8, in the New York Constitutional Commission in 1872-5, was a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce in 1858-80, and its vice-president in 1867-75. He published a "Treatise on Political Economy," in which he took advanced views against the economic evils of slavery, and in favor of inconvertible paper money and free trade (New York, 1851); "Report on the Currency " (1858; and " Official Documents. Addresses, etc." (1866).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 583.


OPELIKA, ALABAMA, April 16, 1865. Detachment of 2nd Indiana Cavalry. A battalion of the 2nd Indiana under Captain J. B. Williams, in the advance of the brigade, struck Confederate pickets near Opelika and drove them in. The affair was an incident of Wilson's raid. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 658.


OPELOUSAS, LOUISIANA, October 21, 1863. 13th and 19th Army Corps. Major General W. B. Franklin, commanding the 19th corps, reporting from Opelousas under date of October 21, says: "The head of my column has arrived here. The enemy made a stand about 3 miles out. They had nine regiments, of cavalry, two battalions of infantry, and 3 or 4 guns. A little shelling drove them away. I leave at once for Barre's landing." A Confederate report of the affair states that the enemy lost 2 men killed. The affair was an incident of the operations in the Teche country. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 658.


OPEQUAN CREEK, VIRGINIA, August 18-21, 1864. 3d Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia. During the night of the 17 th the Federal forces fell back from Winchester to Summit Point, with the 3d brigade, commanded by Colonel C. R. Lowell, guarding the rear. On the morning of the 18th the Confederates advanced and the skirmishing was kept up for some time, Lowell gradually falling back about a mile from the creek to a strong position, which he held for the rest of the day. Here he remained in camp during the 19th, keeping out a strong picket line and late in the afternoon repelling an attack on his lines. About 4 p. m. on the 20th another attack was made on his position, but it was repulsed and the pickets extended to connect with the 2nd brigade on the left and the 3d division on the right. At 10 o'clock on the morning of the 21st an attack in force was commenced. Lowell held his position until 2 p. m., when he received orders to fall back to Berryville, which order was executed without serious difficulty, although he was closely pursued by the enemy. The loss during these engagements was slight. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 658.


OPEQUAN CREEK, VIRGINIA, September 19, 1864. (See Winchester, same date.)


OPERATIONS. Field operations; offensive and defensive operations; under-ground operations; siege operations, &c. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 433).


ORANGEBURG, SOUTH CAROLINA, February 11-12, 1865. 17th Army Corps. In the advance on Orangeburg during the campaign of the Carolinas the 15th corps, Major-General John A. Logan commanding, crossed the south fork of the Edisto river at Holman's bridge and moved to Poplar Springs to support the 17th corps, commanded by Major-General Frank P. Blair, which crossed at Binnaker's bridge and moved straight toward the town. Blair's corps moved with Force's division in advance, the 9th Illinois mounted infantry forming the head of the column. The enemy's pickets were encountered behind a barricade about 3 miles from Orangeburg, but were quickly driven out by the 9th Illinois and forced to retreat so rapidly that they had no time to burn the bridges through the swamp. At the bridge over the north fork of the Edisto the enemy was found intrenched in force—three brigades of infantry and some of Young's cavalry—commanded by General Stevenson. As soon as the Federals came within range the enemy opened a heavy artillery fire, temporarily checking the advance. Force pushed a strong skirmish line up to the bank of the river, completely covering the bridge so that no one dare approach it to set it on fire, and sent parties both up and down the river to find some place where a crossing could be made. Colonel Wiles, commanding the 2nd brigade, found a narrow place about a mile above and felled a tree across the river, over which a small party was crossed, thus gaining a foothold on the opposite bank. A foraging party reported a road crossing about a mile farther up and a party from the 30th Illinois found a place about a mile below where pontoons could be successfully laid. During the night Force opened a road to this crossing and shortly after noon on the 12th the pontoon bridge had been completed and the whole division was on the other side. The enemy shelled the skirmish line and kept up a feeble musketry fire, but the 1st brigade, under Colonel Fairchild, steadily advanced, driving the Confederates from their trenches and back through the town. Force reported 1 man severely wounded. The enemy's loss was known to be 6 killed, 14 wounded and 26 captured. Soon after the occupation of the town a fire broke out in the upper story of a building. It was said to have been started by a Jew who was incensed because the Confederates had burned his cotton. The Union troops finally succeeded in getting the fire under control, but not until a considerable portion of the town was destroyed. The 17th corps then turned its attention to the destruction of the railroad, tearing up about 15 m1les of track and burning all the trestles up to the Santee river. While the action at Orangeburg was in progress the cavalry was sent to the bridge on the road leading to Rowe's station, about 10 miles below, where a body of Confederate cavalry was met and routed and the bridge destroyed. Orange Court House, Virginia, July 26, 1862. Detachment of Brigadier General Rufus King's Division. During a reconnaissance from Fredericksburg toward Orange Court House the detachment under Brigadier General John Gibbon moved from its bivouac upon the town. At the cross-roads, 5 miles out, the Confederate pickets were encountered and driven back to within a mile and a half of the town, when Gibbon turned back, the object of the reconnaissance being accomplished. The enemy pursued for a short distance and made an attack on the Federal rear, but it was easily repulsed. Gibbon suffered no casualties, while the enemy had 5 men wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 658-659.


ORANGE COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA, August 2, 1862. 1st Vermont and 5th New York Cavalry. Brigadier-General W. S. Crawford was sent out with the two regiments to make a reconnaissance in the direction of Orange Court House. As he approached the town the enemy's skirmishers were encountered, but they were rapidly driven back upon the main body, which was found drawn up just outside the town. By a vigorous charge Crawford routed the enemy, pursuing him through the town and for some distance beyond, killing or wounding 10 and capturing between 40 and 50, his own loss being 4 wounded and 4 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 659.


ORANGE GROVE, LOUISIANA, July 31, 1864. Detachment of 11th New York Cavalry. Major S. Pierre Remington reporting from Donaldsonville under date of July 31: "The guerrillas attacked the picket station at Orange Grove again last night between 1 and 2 a. m. and were repulsed without loss on either side." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 659.


ORCHARD KNOB, TENNESSEE, November 23, 1863. (See Chattanooga, same date.)


ORD, Edward Otho Cresap, soldier, born in Cumberland, Maryland. 18 October, 1818; died in Havana, Cuba, 22 July, 1883. He showed in his boyhood great mathematical ability, which attracted attention and gained for him an appointment to the U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1839. On his graduation he was assigned to the 3d U.S. Artillery, and served in the Florida War against the Seminole Indians in 1839-42, winning his promotion as 1st lieutenant in 1841. He was one of two lieutenants that were selected by Colonel William S. Harney to assist in attacking the Indians in the Everglades. During the four following years he served on garrison duty on the eastern seaboard. In 1847, with his classmate, Lieutenant Henry W. Halleck, and Lieutenant William T. Sherman, he was sent to California by way of Cape Horn, and by his individual efforts did much toward preserving law and order in Monterey during the latter part of the Mexican War. In 1850 he returned to the east and was made captain, but after two years' service in Fort Independence, Massachusetts, he went back to California and was engaged on coast survey duty until 1855. He then took part in Indian warfare, again participating in the campaigns against the Rogue River Indians in Oregon in 1850, and in that against the Spokane Indians in Washington Territory in 1858. He was stationed at the Presidio in San Francisco at the beginning of the Civil War, but in September, 1861, was made brigadier-general of volunteers and given a command in the Army of the Potomac. In November he was promoted major and assigned the 3d Brigade of Pennsylvania reserves. His first engagement was at Dranesville, where he defeated the Confederates after a sharp contest of several hours. Following the defeats of Bull Run and Ball's Bluff, this victory did much toward raising the spirits of the soldiers. General John F. Reynolds said at the time: " I knew if there was a fight to be scared up, Ord would find it." Later he was sent down the valley of Virginia with General Franz Sigel, with the understanding that he should by his advice control most of the movements of the command, but, failing to accomplish this, he abruptly returned to Washington. On 2 May, 1862, he was made major-general of volunteers and transferred to a command under General Halleck in the Department of the Mississippi. He led the left wing of the Army of the Tennessee under General Grant when it advanced upon Iuka from the north, and is reported as having "showed untiring zeal," although he did not participate in the battle. In the subsequent fights before Corinth. General Grant says in his orders that General Ord's "forces advanced with unsurpassed gallantry, driving the enemy back across the Hatchie, over ground where it is almost incredible that a superior force should he driven by an inferior, capturing two of the batteries, many hundred small arms, and several hundred prisoners." Among these were several field officers and an aide-decamp to General Earl Van Dorn. He was severely wounded late in the afternoon and had to be carried from the field, serving during his recovery on the military commission that was appointed to investigate General Don Carlos Buell’s campaign in Kentucky and Tennessee. In June, 1863, he was put in command of the 13th Army Corps in the Army of the Tennessee, before Vicksburg, and after its surrender, on 4 July, 1863, he was given command of the right wing of General William T. Sherman's army in the movement that resulted in the capture of Jackson, Mississippi, and in clearing that part of the state of the organized forces of the enemy. He was then sent to New Orleans, but was relieved in October, owing to illness, returning later to his command of the 13th Corps, then in the Department of the Gulf. In July, 1864, he was given command of the 8th Army Corps and the troops in the Middle Department, and at once began to quiet the confusion in Baltimore and the surrounding country. After confidence had been restored he was given the 18th Army Corps in the vicinity of Petersburg, Virginia. He took part in the movements before that city, and, crossing to the north side of the James, on 29 September, 1864, led the forces that carried the strong fortifications and long line of intrenchments below Chapin's farm, known as Fort Harrison. On this occasion he captured about fifteen pieces of artillery and nearly 300 prisoners, but during the assault he received a wound that temporarily disabled him. When the 10th and 18th Corps were consolidated he was placed in command, but, owing to feeble health, was ordered to Washington for a few months. After the return of the troops from Fort Fisher he resumed command of his corps, but in January, 1865, was given the Army of the James and the Department of Virginia. In this capacity he participated in the operations that resulted in the evacuation of Richmond and the surrender of General Lee. General Sherman says that he "had always understood that his (Ord's) skilful, hard march the night before was one of the chief causes of Lee's surrender." He then was given the Department of the Ohio, which he retained until he was mustered out of the volunteer service in September, 1866, after receiving, on 13 March, 1865, the brevets of brigadier-general and major-general in the U. S. Army, and the commissions of lieutenant-colonel, on 11 December, 1865, and of brigadier-general in the regular army, 20 July, 1866. Subsequently he had command of the Department of Arkansas, the 4th Military District, the Department of California, the Department of the Platte, and that of Texas. On 6 December, 1880, he was retired with his brevet rank of major-general, and on this occasion General Sherman wrote of him: " He has hail all of the hard knocks of service, and never on soft or fancy duty. He has always been called on when hard duty was expected, and never flinched." General Ord then accepted the appointment as engineer on the construction of a Mexican Railroad, but died of yellow fever while on his way from Vera Cruz to New York by way of Cuba. The order that announced his death closed with these words: "As his intimate associate since boyhood, the General [Sherman] here bears testimony of him, that a more unselfish, manly, and patriotic person never lived."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 584


ORDER. This term, considered in its relation to the army, embraces divers subjects. It gives an idea of harmony in the accomplishment of DUTIES; a classification of corps or men; injunctions emanating from AUTHORITY; measures which regulate service, and many tactical details.

In tactics, the natural order is when troops coming upon ordinary ground are ranged in line of battle by the prescribed tactical means, and when they are formed in column right in front.

The oblique order is contradistinguished from the parallel, and in general means every tactical combination the aim of which is to produce an effect upon two points of an enemy's line by bringing a superior force to bear down on those two points. Such combinations constitute the oblique order, whatever manoeuvres may be used to accomplish the object.

The parallel order operates on the contrary against the whole front of the enemy. Turenne and Conde fought habitually in parallel order, although they sometimes made a skilful use of oblique attacks. Giubert well says that a contiguous and regular parallel order can be of no use in war. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 433).


ORDERLIES. Non-commissioned officers and soldiers appointed to wait upon generals and other officers, to communicate orders, and carry messages. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 433).


ORDERLY SERGEANTS. The first sergeant of a company is so called. On hearing the drum beat for orders, orderly sergeants repair to the adjutant's office, and, having taken down the orders in writing, they are immediately to show them to the officers of their company, and to warn the men for duty. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 433).


ORDERLY BOOK. A book for the sergeants to insert the general and regimental orders, which are issued from time to time, is sometimes called an orderly book. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 433-434).


ORDERS. The principle upon which orders are to be issued is established by the 62d Article of War, which gives to the immediate commander of the troops “ by commission there on duty, or in quarters,” authority to “give orders for what is needful to the service, unless otherwise specially directed by the President of the United States, according to the nature of the case.”

The President of the United States and commanding officers are, however, limited to issuing such orders as may be “ according to the Rules and Articles of War; “ (Act March 16, 1802.) The determination of what orders are, and what are not, contrary to the Rules and Articles of War established by Congress, is a very nice question, and it is much to be regretted that Congress has not long since accurately defined the functions, rights, and duties of all officers and soldiers, and also given them some means of obtaining redress against unsound expositions of law made by the executive and military authorities. (See ARMY; REMEDY.)


In article INJURIES it has been shown how officers become answerable at law for their own acts or defaults occurring in the course of professional duty; but commanding 9 officers are not legally liable for the acts of subordinates in the execution of the services confided to them.

By the general law, masters and employers of every kind are answerable for the acts or neglects of their servants or subordinate agents; but the principle of this rule is, that private individuals have the power of appointing and selecting such agents or servants as they may think proper, and are consequently bound to employ only those who are of competent skill, diligence, and ability. But this principle has no application as between superior and subordinate officers in the army, for the obvious reason that the former do not choose the latter. The rule as to military officers therefore is, that the wrong-doer alone is personally liable for the damages or injury resulting from his conduct, and the wrong-doer is he who issued the order, or otherwise gave direct occasion to the act or omission which led to the mischief.

When an officer, therefore, is employed upon a particular service, the execution of which is left to his own skill and uncontrolled judgment, the superior officer from whom he receives his orders incurs no legal responsibility for injuries occasioned to the persons or property of third parties by the conduct of the junior in executing the duty confided to him. For the senior officer has no power of appointing his subordinate officers; he is not even himself to be deemed a volunteer in that particular station merely by having voluntarily entered the army, and has no choice whether or not he will serve with the junior officers placed under his orders, but is bound to take such as he finds there, and make the best of them. He is a servant of the State, doing duty with others appointed and stationed in like manner, and by the same authority.

But the case is altered when the senior officer not only orders another to perform a particular service, but likewise prescribes the specific mode of execution. For the subordinate officer is then deprived of all exercise of his own judgment and discretion; his acts are the direct acts of his senior officer; and the latter becomes as thoroughly responsible, in a legal point of view, as if he had been personally present and assisting in the performance of the duty in question.

It frequently happens in suits at law respecting private wrongs, that the officer against whom the action is brought is the only person acquainted with some of the material facts which it may be necessary to prove against him: and though, in cases of mere debt or contract, a defendant is compellable to make a disclosure, on oath, of such facts as lie within his own knowledge, that rule does not apply to actions respecting private wrongs or injuries. An attempt, however, was made in Sir William Houston's case, by means of proceedings in the Court of Chancery, to compel that officer to produce certain military and other orders, reports, books, letters, and documents, from which the truth of the charge against him would appear. But the Master of the Rolls refused to make any order for the production; (PRENDERGAST.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 434-435).


ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT. The Ordnance Department consists of one colonel, one lieut.-colonel, four majors, twelve captains, twelve first lieutenants, and six second lieutenants; master carriage- makers, master blacksmiths, master armorers, &c., &c., limited only by the judgment of the colonel of Ordnance and Secretary of War.

It shall be the duty of the colonel of the Ordnance Department to direct the inspection and proving of all pieces of ordnance, cannon-balls, shot, shells, small-arms, and side-arms and equipments, procured for the use of the armies of the United States; and to direct the construction of all cannon and carriages, and every implement and apparatus for ordnance, and all ammunition-wagons, travelling-forges, and artificers' wagons; the inspection and proving of powder, and the preparation of all kinds of ammunition and ordnance stores. And it shall also be the duty of the colonel or senior officer of the Ordnance Department to furnish estimates, and, under the direction of the Secretary for the Department of War, to make contracts and purchases for procuring the necessary supplies of arms, equipments, ordnance, and ordnance stores; (Act Feb. 8, 1815.)

The colonel of the Ordnance Department shall organize and attach to regiments, corps, or garrisons, such number of artificers, with proper tools, carriages, and apparatus, under such regulations and restrictions relative to their government and number as, in his judgment, with the approbation of the Secretary for the Department of War, may be considered necessary; (Act Feb. 8, 1815.)

The colonel of the Ordnance Department, or the senior officer of that department of any district, shall execute all orders of the Secretary for the Department of War, and, in time of war, the orders of any general, or field-officer, commanding any army, garrison, or detachment, for the supply of all arms, ordnance, ammunition, carriages, forges and apparatus, for garrison, field, or siege service; (Act Feb. 8, 1815.)

The costs of repairs and damages done to arms, equipments, or implements in the use of the armies of the United States, shall be deducted from the pay of any officer or soldier in whose care or use the said arms, equipments, or implements were, when the said damages occurred; provided, the said damages were occasioned by the abuse or negligence of the said officer or soldier. And it is hereby made the duty of every officer commanding the regiments, corps, garrisons, or detachments, to make, once every two months, or oftener if so directed, a written report to the colonel of the Ordnance Department, stating all damages to arms, equipments, and implements belonging to his command, noting those occasioned by negligence or abuse, and naming the officer or soldier by whose negligence or abuse the said damages were occasioned; (Act Feb. 8, 1815.)

The colonel of the Ordnance Department, under the direction of the Secretary of War, is hereby authorized to draw up a system of regulations for the government of the Ordnance Department; forms of returns and reports; and for the uniformity of manufacture of all arms, ordnance, ordnance stores, implements, and apparatus, and for the repairing and better preservation of the same; (Act Feb. 8, 1815.)

Regulations for the government of the Ordnance Department, &c., have been drawn up in conformity with the authority conferred by the act of 1815. (Consult Ordnance Regulations, 1852.) Officers and enlisted men of the Ordnance Department subject to the Rules and Articles of War; (Act April 5, 1832.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 436-436).


ORDNANCE AND ORDNANCE STORES comprehend all cannon, howitzers, mortars, cannon-balls, shot, and shells, for land service; all gun-carriages, mortar beds, caissons, and travelling forges, with their equipments; and all other apparatus and machines required for the service and manoeuvres of artillery, in garrisons, at sieges, or in the field; together with the materials for their construction, preservation, and repair. Also, all small-arms, side-arms, and accoutrements, for the artillery, cavalry, infantry, and riflemen; all ammunition for ordnance and small-arms; and all stores of expenditure for the service of the various arms; materials for the construction and repair of ordnance buildings; utensils and stores for laboratories, including standard weights, gauges, and measures; and all other tools and utensils required for the performance of ordnance duty. The ordinary articles of camp equipage and pioneers' tools, such as axes, spades, shovels, mattocks, &c., are not embraced as ordnance supplies. Wagons, &c., for the transport service of the army, and horse equipments, are also furnished by the Ordnance Department when practicable. Ordnance supplies are provided by open purchase, fabrication, or by contract. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 436-444).

The following are the kinds and calibres of cannon used in the land service of the United States: 


KIND OF ORDNANCE. CALIBRE. MATERIAL. WEIGHT. f Field..., ... -S 6-pounder... Bronze lbs. 884 1 ( 12-pounder... 12-pounder... 1,757 3,590 GUNS Siege and garrison 18-pounder... 4 913 24-pounder Iron 5 790 ( 32-pounder... 7 200 Sea-coast  8 465 12-pounder... i 20 HOWITZERS....Field j 12-pounder... 24-pounder... 32-pounder... 8-inch V Bronze 788 1,318 1,920 2 614 Siege and garrison 24-pounder 1 476 8-inch 5,740 9 500 COLUMBIADS .... 8-inch Iron 9,240 10-inch 8-inch 15,400 930 Light -j 10-inch 1852  10-inch 5,775 MORTARS - 1 Stone mortar Coehorn 13-inch 16-inch J ( Bronze 11,500 1,500 164 Eprouvette 24-pounder Iron 220

A 12-inch columbiad, of cast iron, has also been made for trial; and recently Captain Rodman's 15-inch gun, now at Fort Monroe, was cast at Pittsburg, Pa. It weighs 49,100 lbs. (See COLUMBIAD.) For several pieces of ordnance see articles COLUMBIAD; MORTAR; MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY; RIFLED ORDNANCE. The Caisson, Travelling Forge, Sea- coast Carriage, and 24-pdr. Siege Carriage, are shown in Figs. 159, 160, 161, and 162.

Cannon made of bronze are commonly called brass cannon.

The cascable is the part of the gun in rear of the base-ring; it is composed generally of the following parts: the knob, the neck, the fillet, and the base of the breech.

FIG. 159. The Caisson h composed of a body and a limber. 1. Two side rails of body. 8. Axle-tree of limber. 2. Stock of body. 9. A pole. 8. Axle-tree. 10. The prop. 4, 5. Two Ammunition chests. 11. A fork. 6. Spare wheel. 12. Pintle-hook. 7. Spare pole. 13. Ammunition chest

The base of the breech is a frustum of a cone, or a spherical segment, in rear of the breech.

The base-ring is a projecting band of metal adjoining the base of the breech, and connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding.

Fig. 160. TRAVELLING FORGE. The body is composed of 1. Two rails; 2. A stock; 8. An axle-tree; 4. The bellows-room: 5. The inner room of bellows-house; 6. The coal box; 7. The fireplace; 8. Air-pipe; 9. The vice; 10. The prop.

The breech is the mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, extending to the rear of the base-ring.

The reinforce is the thickest part of the body of the gun, in front of the basering; if there is more than one reinforce, that which is next to the base-ring is called the first reinforce; the other, the second reinforce. In some howitzers, instead of a reinforce, there is a recess in the metal around the chamber next to the base-ring.

The reinforce band is at the junction of the first and second reinforces in the heavy howitzers and columbiads.

The chase is the conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce. FIG. 161. SEA-COAST CARRIAGE. N 1. Gun-carriage, composed of two iron cheeks. 5. Elevating screw. 2. Chassis. 6, 6. Traverse wheels. 8. Iron transom straps. 7, 7. Hurters. 4. Manoeuvring wheels. 8. Elevating arc. I. Pintle or fixed centre.

The astragal and fillets in field-guns, and the chase-ring in other pieces, are the mouldings at the front end of the chase.

The neck is the smallest part of the piece in front of the astragal or the chase-ring.

The swell of the muzzle is the largest part of the gun in front of the neck. It is terminated by the muzzle mouldings, which in field and siege guns consist of the lip and the fillet. In the sea-coast guns and heavy howitzers and columbiads there is no fillet. In field and siege howitzers and in mortars a muzzle band takes the place of the swell of the muzzle.

The face of the piece is the terminating plane perpendicular to the axis of the bore.

The trunnions are cylinders, the axes of which are in a line perpendicular to the axis of the bore, and in the same plane with that axis.

The rimbases are short cylinders, uniting the trunnions with the body of the gun. The ends of the rimbases, or the shoulders of the trunnions, are planes perpendicular to the axis of the trunnions.

The bore of the piece includes all the part bored out, viz.: the cylinder, the chamber, (if there is one,) and the conical or spherical surface connecting them.

The chamber, in howitzers, columbiads, and mortars, is the smaller part of the bore, which contains the charge of powder. In howitzers and columbiads the chamber is cylindrical; it is united with the large cylinder of the bore by a conical surface; the angles of intersection of this conical surface with the cylinders of the bore and chamber are rounded (in profile) by arcs of circles. In the 8-inch siege howitzer, the chamber is united with the cylinder of the bore by a spherical surface, in order that the shell may, when necessary, be inserted without a sabot. A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of the bore by a portion of a spherical surface, (as in the 8-inch and 10-inch light mortars,) is called a Gomer chamber.

The bottom of the bore is a plane perpendicular to the axis, united with the sides (in profile) by an arc of a circle, the radius of which is one-fourth of the diameter of the bore at the bottom. In the columbiads, the heavy sea-coast mortars, the stone mortar, and the eprouvette, the bottom of the bore is hemispherical.

The muzzle, or mouth of the bore, is chamfered to a depth of 0.15 inch to 0.5 inch, (varying with the size of the bore,) in order to prevent abrasion, and to facilitate loading.

The true windage is the difference between the true diameters of the bore and of the ball.

The axis of the vent is in a plane passing through the axis of the bore, perpendicular to the axis of the trunnions. In guns, and in howitzers having cylindrical chambers, the vent is placed at an angle of 80 with the axis of the bore, and it enters the bore at a distance from the bottom equal to one-fourth the diameter of the bore. The diameter of the vent is two-tenths of an inch, in, all pieces except the eprouvette, in which it is one-tenth. The vents of brass guns are bored in vent pieces, of wrought copper, which are screwed into the gun.

The lock piece is a block of metal at the outer opening of the vent, in some pieces of ordnance, to facilitate attaching a lock to the cannon.

The natural line of sight is a line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis of the piece, from the highest point of the base-ring to the highest point in the swell of the muzzle, or to the top of the sight, if there is one. The natural angle of sight is the angle which the natural line of sight makes with the axis of the piece.

The dispart is the difference of the semi-diameters of the base-ring and the swell of the muzzle, or the muzzle band. It is therefore the tangent of the natural angle of sight, to a radius equal to the distance from the rear of the base-ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or the front of the muzzle band, as the case may be.

The preponderance of the breech of the gun is the excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over that in front: it is measured by the weight which it is necessary to apply in the plane of the muzzle to balance the gun when suspended freely on the axis of the trunnions.

The handles of the gun are placed with their centres over the centre of gravity of the piece. The 6-pounder gun and the 12-pounder howitzer have no handles. The handle of a heavy mortar consists of a clevis, which is attached by a bolt to the ear of the mortar.

The eprouvette mortar is cast with a sole, which fits into a cast-iron bed-plate, bolted to the platform.

To designate a piece of ordnance. State the kind, the calibre, (in inches if it be foreign ordnance,) the material, the weight, the inspector's initials, the number, the country in which it was made, the date, the place of fabrication, the founder's name, the name inscribed on it, its condition for service, the kind of chamber, if any; whether it has a vent piece, a lock piece, handles; the ornaments, and any particular marks which may serve to identify it.

There are two national armories: the Springfield Armory, Springfield, Mass., and the Harper's Ferry Armory, Harper's Ferry, Va. Their principal business is the manufacture of the rifle musket and rifle; making components, and altering other arms. The armory of James J. Ames, Chickopee, Mass., furnishes swords, sabres, and field-artillery; that of Samuel Colt, Hartford, Conn., Colt's revolving pistols, rifles, and  carbines; Sharp's Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Conn., Sharp's carbines and rifles; Charles Jackson, Providence, R. I., Burnsides carbines; and Maynard's Arms Company, Washington, D. C., Maynard's rifles and carbines. The arms of the foregoing manufactories have been tried more or less in service and by boards, and are considered good cavalry arms. The best arms for infantry, however, are the United States rifle musket and rifle. The foundries for cannon are the South Boston, C. Alger & Co., Boston, Mass.; the West Point, R. P. Parrott, Cold Spring, N. Y.; the Tredegar, J. R. Anderson & Co., Richmond, Va.; the Bellona, J. L. Archer, Black Heath, Va., and the Pennsylvania, Knap, Rudd & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. The following are the arsenals for construction of carriages, &c., or repair: Kennebec Arsenal, Augusta, Maine; Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, Mass.; Champlain Arsenal, Vergennes, Vt.; Watervliet Arsenal, West Troy, N. Y.; New York Arsenal, New York; Alleghany Arsenal, Pittsburg, Pa.; Frankford Arsenal, Bridesburg, Pa.; Pikesville Arsenal, Pikesville, Md.; Washington Arsenal, Washington, D. C.; Fort Monroe Arsenal, Old Point Comfort, Va.; N. C. Arsenal, Fayetteville, N. C.; Charleston Arsenal, Charleston, S. C.; Augusta Arsenal, Augusta, Ga.; Mount Vernon Arsenal, Mount Vernon, Ala.; Appalachicola Arsenal, Chattahooche, Florida; Baton Rouge Arsenal, Baton Rouge, La.; Little Rock Arsenal, Little Rock, Ark.; St. Louis Arsenal, St. Louis, Mo.; Detroit Arsenal, Dearbornville, Mich.; Benicia Arsenal, Benicia, Cal.; Texas Arsenal, San Antonio, Texas. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862).

The principal articles furnished by the Ordnance Department by fabrication at armories and arsenals and by purchase from foundries, and manufacturing establishments, are in inventories classed as follows:

PART I. ARTILLERY, SMALL-ARMS, AMMUNITION, AND OTHER ORDNANCE STORES.

CLASS 1. Cannon. The mean weight of each kind of ordnance, as well as the number of pieces, should be entered in the inventory.

CLASS 2. Artillery Carriages include mortar beds, different gun- carriages, battery wagons, forges, &c. “ The field-carriage complete” includes the limber and ammunition chest, but no implements. The “ case- mate, or barbette carriage complete” includes the upper or gun-carriage, and the chassis, with all the wheels, but no implements. It is better, however, to enter the gun-carriages and the chassis separately, as above.

CLASS 3. Artillery Implements and Equipments include all implements and equipments used by artillerists. A set of harness for two horses includes every thing required for them except whips and nose-bags, which are reported separately.

CLASS 4. Artillery Projectiles and their Appendages unprepared for Service.

CLASS 5. Artillery Projectiles with their Appendages prepared for Service. A round of fixed ammunition is used to indicate the projectile with its cartridge prepared for use, although in some cases they are not actually connected together. A shot strapped, or a canister, stand of grape, &c., indicate the projectile prepared for making fixed ammunition, or for service.

CLASS 6. Small-arms include muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, swords, sabres.

CLASS 7. Accoutrements, Implements, and Equipments for Small-arms, and Horse Equipments for Cavalry.


CLASS 8. Powder, Ammunition for Small-arms and Materials.


CLASS 9. Parts or Incomplete Sets of any of the Articles inserted in the preceding classes.


CLASS 10. Miscellaneous includes gins, sling-carts, hand-carts, trucks, handspikes, rollers, &c., for mechanical manoeuvres, eprouvettes and beds, gauges, callipers, &c. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. ).

PART II.

TOOLS AND MATERIALS, CLOTHS, ROPES, THREAD, ETC., FORAGE, IRON-MONGERY, LABORATORY STORES.

Lumber includes gun-carriage timber, and building materials. The number of pieces of timber for each part of a gun-carriage to be stated separately. Other plank, &c., to be stated in board measure.

LEATHER AND MATERIALS FOR HARNESS-WORK, PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, ETC., STATIONERY, TOOLS, MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

To prevent the rapid decay of the wooden material of which sea- coast and garrison carriages are mainly composed, experiments have been successfully made by the Ordnance Department to ascertain whether suitable iron-carriages might not be substituted. Such carriages have been devised and fabricated even more convenient for service than those of wood, and, at the same time, fully as cheap in first cost, and of far greater durability; and more easily moved and stored. With the aid of the practical experience of officers of the different mounted corps, a new uniform model for horse equipments has also been adopted. The attention of the Ordnance Department has been given to the subject of  “rifle cannon “ and projectiles for the same. Many varieties of such cannon and projectiles have been devised and brought to' the notice of the department for examination. Actual experiment is necessary for a comparison of the relative merits of the different devices, and the selection of the best. Such experiments have been commenced under the direction and supervision of a board of artillery and ordnance officers, who have reported their opinion “ that the era of smooth-bore field artillery has passed away, and that the period of the adoption of rifle cannon for siege and garrison service is not remote. The superiority of elongated projectiles, whether solid or hollow, with the rifle rotation, as regards economy of ammunition, extent of range, and uniformity and accuracy of effect, over the present system is decided and unquestionable.” Attention has been given also to experiments and tests of gunpowder with a view to ascertain the composition and manufacture of a powder which will impart a given velocity and range to a projectile, with the least strain or injury to the gun. (See GUNPOWDER.) Varieties of the breech-loading carbines are now on actual trial in service, either of which is probably an effective arm for cavalry. Uniformity of armament for the same kind of service is, however, essential both for tactical instruction and for adaptation to ammunition in depot, and the one arm to be adopted must be not only an effective, but the most effective of the kind. Further trials, and more extended experience, will be requisite for the selection which may yet fall on an arm not now invented. (See ARMS; ARTILLERY; CARBINES; FIRING; RIFLED ORDNANCE.)


ORDNANCE SERGEANTS. The Secretary of War may select from the sergeants of the line of the army, who shall have faithfully served eight years in the service, four years of which in the grade of non-commissioned officer, as many ordnance sergeants as the service may require, not to exceed one for each military post; whose duty it shall be to receive and preserve the ordnance, arms, ammunition and other military stores, at the post, under the direction of the commanding officer of the same, and under such regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of War, and who shall receive for their services five dollars per month, in addition to their pay in the line; (Act April 5, 1832.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 444).


ORDWAY, Abigail, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS), Boston, Massachusetts (Yellin, 1994, p. 61)


ORGANIZING. “Congress shall have power to provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia.” (See CONSTITUTION.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 444).


ORILLON is a projecting tower at the shoulder angle of a bastion, covering the flank from exterior view, frequently found in old fortresses. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 444).


ORME, William Ward, soldier, born in Washington, D. C, 17 February, 1832: died in Bloomington, Illinois, 18 September, 1866. He was educated at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmettsburg, Maryland, moved to Illinois, and settled in the practice of law in Bloomington. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1860, raised the 94th Illinois Regiment at the beginning of the Civil War, was appointed its colonel, and became brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862. Failure of health soon compelled his retirement, and he was subsequently supervising agent in the U. S. Treasury.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 590


ORMSBY, Waterman Lilly, engraver, born in Hampton, Windham County. Connecticut, in 1809; died in Brooklyn. New York, 1 November, 1883. He received a public school education, moved to New York City, and was for many years an engraver there. He invented several ruling-machines, transfer-presses, and other implements that are used in bank-note engraving, a machine for engraving on steel called the " gramma-graph," and one for splitting wood. He was a founder of the Continental Bank-Note Company, which during the Civil War and afterward executed a large amount of work for the U.S. government; and the peculiar design of the five dollar bank-note was largely the result of Mr. Ormsby's idea for the prevention of counterfeiting. It is claimed that he assisted Samuel F. B. Morse and Henry A. Munson in the invention of the Morse alphabet, and, aided by Mr. Munson, he transmitted messages at the first public exhibition of the telegraph in New York City. He published several pamphlets, and a quarto volume entitled "Ormsby Bank-Note Engraving" (New York, 1852).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 590-591.


O'RORKE, Patrick Henry, soldier, born in County Cavan, Ireland, 25 March. 1837; killed in the battle of Gettysburg, 2 July, 1863. He came to this country with his parents when but a year old, and in 1842 the family settled in Rochester, New York. There young O'Rorke was distinguished as among the brightest pupils in the public schools, and in his sixteenth year he was offered one of the three free scholarships given by the University of Rochester to the city, but declined in deference to the wishes of his mother. He then went to work as a marble-cutter, and remained at his trade until he was appointed to a cadetship in the U. S. Military Academy, where he stood third in his class at the end of the first year, and was graduated at the head of it in June, 1861. He was assigned to duty on the staff of General Daniel Tyler, in command of the 1st Division of McDowell's army, and served at Blackburn's Ford, 18 July, and Bull Run, 21 July, 1861, his horse being killed under him in the latter action. In August, 1861, he was sent to Fort Monroe, and was afterward assigned to the staff of General Thomas W. Sherman, in command of the Port Royal Expedition which sailed, 29 October, 1861. He was employed in constructing the batteries on Tybee Island for the reduction of Fort Pulaski, and showed rare skill and talent as an engineer officer, as well as courage and enterprise, in a preliminary reconnaissance. On the reduction of the fort, 10 April, 1862, he was selected as one of the officers to receive the surrender. In September, 1862, he accepted the colonelcy of the 140th Regiment of New York Volunteers. The regiment, which was placed in Warren's brigade, Sykes's division, 5th Corps, was composed of good material, and, largely through the effects of its colonel's thorough discipline, became one of the best in the Army of the Potomac. O'Rorke was under fire with his regiment at Fredericksburg, but not actively engaged, Sykes's division being held in reserve near the town. In the Chancellorsville Campaign he was temporarily in charge of a brigade. On 2 July, 1863, as "he was leading his regiment on to the field of Gettysburg, bringing up the rear of Weed's brigade, his former commander and intimate friend, General Gouverneur K. Warren, then of the Engineer Corps, met him, and, though without authority to order it, asked him to turn aside and defend Little Round Top, which was seriously threatened, and the loss of which would jeopardize the whole battle. On a less important occasion O'Rorke had been known to meet the suggestion of a staff-officer, that he should change the position of his regiment, with the skeptical question: "Is that an order from the general, or is it merely an idea of your own" But he recognized the nature of the crisis, changed the direction of his advance, and led his men rapidly up Little Round Top, helping to haul the guns of Hazlett's battery to the summit. As he went over the crest, the regiment hesitated for an instant when the storm of fire struck it, and he caught the colors, sprang upon a rock, and fell dead from a bullet-wound through the neck as his men responded to his appeal and his example. The Count of Paris, in his "History of the Civil War," describes the incident in detail. O'Rorke was made brevet 2d lieutenant of engineers, 24 June. 1861; 2d lieutenant, 24 June, 1861: 1st lieutenant, 3 March, 1863; brevet captain, 15 March, 1862, for meritorious service with the Port Royal Expeditionary Corps: brevet major, 13 December, 1862, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Fredericksburg; brevet lieutenant-colonel, 1 May, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Chancellorsville: and brevet colonel, 2 July, 1863, for gallant and meritorious service at the Battle of Gettysburg. His widow entered the sisterhood of the Sacred Heart.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 591-592.


ORPHANS of officers who may die by reason of wounds received in service, to receive half pay for five years. (See PENSION.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 444).


ORR, James Lawrence, statesman, born in Craytonville, Anderson County, South Carolina., 12 May. 1822; died in St. Petersburg, Russia, 5 May, 1873. He was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1842, studied law, was admitted to the bar. and practised at Anderson, South Carolina, where he also established and edited the "Gazette." He sat in the state legislature in 1844'57, where he denounced nullification, and was elected and re-elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving from 3 December 1849, till 3 March, 1859. With the exception of his original contest, there was no opposition to his election. In Congress, while he deprecated the agitation of the slavery question, he was a devoted friend of the Union. He opposed the compromise measures that were introduced by Henry Clay. While he was a member of the 33d Congress he was appointed chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs, and made an elaborate report on the best method of civilizing the various tribes, which, in the case of several of them, was adopted with considerable success. On the assembling of the 35th Congress in December, 1857, he was chosen speaker. As a member of the Southern Rights Convention in Charleston, South Carolina, in May, 1851, he opposed the policy, while maintaining the right, of secession in the several states, and to his efforts is attributed the failure of the secession ordinance that was framed on that occasion. On 4 July, 1854, Mr. Orr, with Stephen A. Douglas and others, addressed a Democratic meeting in Philadelphia, taking a strong stand against the Know-Nothing Party, and is said by his arguments to have prevented many public men from joining its ranks. At the Secession Convention he earnestly opposed the withdrawal of South Carolina, but when he found that the state was determined to secede he acquiesced and declared that he would yield his judgment and cast his lot with his state. He was subsequently appointed one of the three Confederate commissioners that visited Washington in December, 1860, to treat with the government for the surrender of the U. S. forts in Charleston Harbor and to transact other business. On his return to South Carolina, he organized a rifle regiment which he led in the field until 1862, when he was elected a member of the Confederate Senate, and served until the dispersion of that body at the end of the war. He was chosen governor of the state of South Carolina under President Johnson's plan of reconstruction, and served until 1868. In 1866 he represented his state in the Philadelphia Constitutional Union Convention, and in 1872 he was sent to the National Republican Convention. In 1870 he was elected circuit judge for South Carolina, which office he held until his appointment as U. S. minister to Russia in 1872. His death took place in St. Petersburg within two months after the presentation of his credentials to the Russian government.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 593.


ORR, Isaac, clergyman, born in Bedford. New Hampshire, in 1793; died in Amherst, Massachusetts, 28 April, 1844, was graduated at Yale in 1814. He studied theology, was ordained and became a teacher at the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb in Hartford, Connecticut, and afterward labored as a missionary among the colored people in Washington, D. C, and other southern cities, being employed by the American Colonization Society. He was proficient in mathematics and the natural sciences, and had a talent for mechanics, one of his inventions being an air-tight stove. He was a voluminous writer for the newspaper and periodical press, contributing forty-five letters signed "Hampden" to the New York "Commercial Advertiser," and eighty letters over the signature of "Timoleon" to the Boston "Courier." Among his unpublished manuscripts is a commentary on the books of "Daniel' and " Revelation." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 593.


ORR, John William, wood-engraver, born in Ireland, 31 March. 1815; died in Jersey City, New Jersey, 4 March, 1887. He was brought to this country in infancy, his father settling in Buffalo, New York. In 1836 John went to New York City, where he studied drawing under William Redfield. one of the most skilful of the early engravers on wood. The following year he was awarded a silver medal by the Mechanics' Institute for the best specimen of engraving. The same year he began business on his own account in Buffalo, but he moved to Albany in 1842, where he was employed in making illustrations for the state reports on geology. In the latter year he received a gold medal from the State agricultural Society "for the best specimen of domestic animals engraved on wood." In 1844 he went to New York City, where the remainder of his business life was spent. His first important work was for the frontispieces for Harper's "Illustrated Shakespeare." When Mr. Orr moved to New York, wood-engraving was but little used, but by advertising extensively, engaging the best assistants he could procure, and by introducing new inventions, he placed his establishment in the front rank in his profession, which position it retained for more than a quarter of a century. He employed skilled English, French, and German engravers, and adopted an original device for economizing their time. he engaged a young man to read to them daily, and it was found that the men became too much interested to waste their time in discussions and arguments that previously had caused them to neglect their work. Mr. Orr was an active member of the Society of Odd Fellows, and from 1862 till 1871 edited and published "The American Odd Fellow," the official organ of that order.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 593.


ORTH, Godlove Stoner, 1817-1882, lawyer, diplomat.  Member of the anti-slavery faction of the Whig Party.  Republican Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana.  U.S. Congressman December 1863-March 1871, December 1873-March 1875.  Voted for Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, abolishing slavery, establishing citizenship, due process and equal protections, and establishing voting rights for African Americans.

(Appletons’, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 594-595; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 60; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 16, p. 772; Congressional Globe)

ORTH, Godlove Stoner, statesman, born near Lebanon, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, 22 April, 1817; died in Lafayette, Indiana, 16 December, 1882. He was a descendant of Balthazer Orth, a German, who in 1742 purchased of John Thomas and Richard Penn, the proprietors of Pennsylvania, 282 acres of land in Lebanon County, where on the birthplace of Godlove Orth was soon afterward built and still stands. His Christian name is a translation of the German Gottlieb, which was borne by many of his ancestors. He was educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and began to practice in Indiana. He was a member of the Senate of that state from 1842 till 1848, and served one year as its presiding officer. In the latter year he was presidential elector on the Taylor and Fillmore ticket. He represented Indiana in the Peace Conference of 1861. The part that he took in its debates gave him a wide reputation, and his definitions of “state rights” and “state sovereignty” have been quoted by Hermann von Holst with approval. In 1862, when a call was made for men to defend Indiana from threatened invasion, he organized a company in two hours, and was made captain and placed in command of the U. S. Ram “Horner,” in which he cruised in the Ohio River, and did much to restore order on the borders of Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. He was elected and re-elected to Congress as a Republican, serving from 7 December, 1863, till 3 March, 1871. Two years later he was chosen a member of the 43d Congress, and served from 1 December, 1873, till 3 March, 1875. During his long Congressional career he was the chairman and member of many important committees. He urged the vigorous prosecution of the war, and voted for the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution. After his return to Congress in 1866 he began to labor to secure from European governments the recognition of the right of expatriation, and lived to see it recognized in the treaties of the United States with most of the other powers. In 1868, at the request of the administration, he undertook the management of the legislation that looked to the annexation of Santo Domingo. At the same session he framed the “Orth Bill,” which reorganized the diplomatic and consular system, and much of which is still in force. Early in 1871 a recommendation, urging his appointment as minister to Berlin, was signed by every member of the U. S. Senate and House of Representatives, and President Grant at one time intended to comply with the request, but circumstances arose that rendered the retention of George Bancroft desirable. Mr. Orth soon afterward declined the office of commissioner of internal revenue. In 1876 he was the Republican candidate for governor, but withdrew from the canvass. He had frequently been a member of the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in March, 1875, was appointed minister to Austria, after declining the mission to Brazil. He returned to the United States in 1877, and was again elected to Congress, serving from 18 March, 1879, until his death. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 594-595.  


ORTON, William, Federal official, born in Cuba, Alleghany County, New York, 14 June. 1820; died in New York City, 22 April, 1878. He was graduated at the State Normal School, Albany, New York, and became a teacher. In 1850 he entered the book-store of George Derby and County, at Geneva. New York, and soon afterward he became a partner. After the death of George, James C. Derby entered the firm, and the business was subsequently moved to New York City, where, in 1857, the firm became insolvent. Orton was then employed in the publishing house of J. G. Gregory and Company. About this time he began to take an active interest in politics as a Republican, and in 1862 he was appointed collector of internal revenue for the 6th District of New York. In 1865 he was promoted to be commissioner of internal revenue. He had discharged his duties only for a few months when he resigned to accept the presidency of the United States Telegraph Company, which corporation was in the following April consolidated with its rival, the Western Union Telegraph Company, Mr. Orton being made vice-president of the new organization. He became president in 1867, and retained that office until his death. In the latter year he established the "Journal of Telegraphy." Mr. Orton was a man of great executive ability.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 596.


ORTON POND, NORTH CAROLINA, February 18. 1865. (See Fort Anderson.)


OSAGE BRANCH, ARKANSAS, April 16, 1864. Detachment of 2nd Arkansas Cavalry. An escort of 36 men guarding a forage train was attacked by from 200 to 300 Confederates on the Osage branch of King's river. After fighting desperately for some time the escort was obliged to abandon the train. The Federal loss in this affair was 6 men killed and 1 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 659-650.


OSAGE RIVER, MISSOURI, April 25, 1862. (See Monogan Springs, same ,date.) Osceola, Arkansas, August 2, 1864. Detachment of Missouri State Troops. Lieutenant-Colonel John T. Burris, with the 2nd and 3d militia cavalry and portions of the 1st, 2nd, 3d and 6th volunteer cavalry, while scouting in Arkansas, came upon a Confederate camp near Osceola late on the afternoon of the 2nd. The enemy's pickets retired upon the main body, (Capts. Bowen's and McVeigh's companies) when Burris ordered a charge. A running fight ensued in which the Confederates lost 7 killed, 25 wounded and a few missing, while Burris' men came out unscathed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 660.


OSBORN, Charles, 1775-1850, Kentucky and Mt. Pleasant, Ripley, Ohio, farmer, Society of Friends, Quaker, radical abolitionist, opponent of colonization.  Publisher of The Philanthropist, founded 1817.  With John Rankin, organized the Manumission Society of Tennessee in 1815.  Founder of anti-slavery newspaper, Manumission Intelligencer, in 1819.   (Drake, 1950, pp. 128, 162, 165; Dumond, 1961, pp. 95, 136; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 66; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 621-623)


OSBORN, Thomas W., senator, born in Scotch Plains, Union County, New Jersey, 9 March, 1836. He moved with his parents to Wilna, New York. in 1842, and was graduated at Madison University in 1860. He studied law in Watertown, New York, but as soon as he was admitted to the bar in 1861 he entered the National Army, being commissioned captain in the 1st New York Artillery, and serving successively as chief of artillery of various army corps and of the Army of the Tennessee. He served as assistant commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen for Florida, with the rank of colonel in 1865-"6. He was three times wounded in battle, and had an arm and shoulder broken in a railway accident. After the war he went to Florida for his health, practised law in Tallahassee, was made a register in bankruptcy in 1867, was a member of the convention that adopted the state constitution which he drafted, and was elected to the upper branch of the legislature. He afterward moved to Pensacola, and was chosen to represent Florida in the U. S. Senate as a Republican, serving from 30 June, 1868, till 3 March, 1873.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 598.


OSBORNE, Thomas O., soldier, born in Jersey, Licking County, Ohio, 11 August, 1832. He was graduated at the University of Ohio in 1854, studied law with General Lewis Wallace at Crawfordsville, Indiana, was admitted to the bur. and began to practice, in Chicago. At the beginning of the Civil War he offered his services to the government and devoted his time and means to the organization of the 39th Illinois Regiment, of which he became lieutenant-colonel and afterward colonel. He was sent to the east with his command and ordered to guard the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad between Alpine and Great Capacon, West Virginia When "Stonewall" Jackson made his first raid into Morgan County in the state in the winter of 1861-2, he kept that officer at bay for several hours, although the latter was at the head of a largely superior force, and succeeded in making good his retreat across the Potomac with but slight loss. He took part in the battle of Winchester in April, 1862, served during the operations in Charleston Harbor in 1863, accompanied General Benjamin F. Butler up James River in May, 1864, and was severely wounded at Drury's Bluff, losing the use of his right arm. At the siege of Petersburg, Virginia, he commanded the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 24th Army Corps, and on 2 April, 1865. He captured Fort Gregg, the key to the works about Petersburg and Richmond, by one of the most gallant and successful charges of the war. For this service he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. Subsequently by a rapid movement he cut off the Confederate troops from the Lynchburg road and contributed to the capture of Lee's army. This and his other services throughout the war were recognized by promotion to the rank of brevet major-general of volunteers. At the close of hostilities he returned to the practice of his profession in Chicago. In February, 1874, he was accredited as consul-general and minister-resident to the Argentine Republic, which office he held until June. 1885, when he resigned. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 598.


OSCEOLA, MISSOURI, September 22, 1861. Kansas Brigade. On the approach of the brigade to Osceola the Confederates ambushed the roads but were driven from their positions by the advance under Colonels Montgomery and Weer and took refuge in the houses. To dislodge them artillery was freely used, which resulted in reducing the town to ashes. The Confederates suffered a loss of 15 or 20 killed and wounded, while the Union force, which was commanded by Brigadier General James H. Lane, suffered no casualties. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 660.


OSCEOLA, MISSOURI, May 27, 1862. 1st Iowa Cavalry. Otter Creek, Virginia, June 16, 1864. Advance of the Army of West Virginia. In the advance of the Army of West Virginia in the Lynchburg campaign there was constant skirmishing during the 16th, McCausland's Confederate command being driven back. The reports are meager, no casualties being mentioned, nor no detailed statement as to what troops were engaged. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 660.


OSGOOD, Helen Louise Gibson, philanthropist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, about 1835; died in Newton Centre, Massachusetts, 20 April, 1868. During her childhood she moved with her parents to Chelsea, Massachusetts, and after their death she became the ward of Francis H. Fay, of that place, in whose family she lived for several years. She was well educated, and was endowed with great musical and conversational powers. When the Civil War began she was among the first to organize soldiers' aid societies, and provided employment for those wives and daughters of soldiers that were in straitened circumstances. In the early spring of 1862 she went to the army as a nurse. She organized and conducted for "many months a hospital for 1,000 colored soldiers of the Army of the Potomac, and displayed great executive ability. In 1866 she married Mr. Osgood, who was connected with the U.S. Sanitary Commission in the Army of the Potomac. Her patriotic labors superinduced the illness which caused her death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 600.


OSGOOD, Samuel, Springfield, Massachusetts, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1837-1840.


OSGOOD, Samuel, clergyman, born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, 30 August, 1812; died in New York City, 14 April, 1880. He was graduated at Harvard in 1832 and at the divinity-school in 1835. For two years following he was editor of the "Western Messenger" at Louisville, Kentucky. He assumed charge of a Unitarian congregation in Nashua, New Hampshire, in 1837. He was called to the Westminster Church in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1841, and in 1849 went to the Church of the Messiah (Unitarian) in New York City. He remained in charge of this congregation for twenty years, but resigned in 1869 and went to Europe for rest and recreation. On his return he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1870. Not caring to engage in parochial work, he spent most of his time during the last ten years of his life in literary labor, writing for reviews and magazines, giving lectures, and making addresses at colleges and institutions of science and art. He was also for several years domestic corresponding secretary of the New York Historical Society, he received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in 1857, and that of LL. D. from Hobart in 1872. In connection with Dr. Henry W. Bellows he was editor of the "Christian Inquirer " in New York in 1850-54. He was an excellent German scholar, and translated Hermann Olshausen's " History of the Passion " (Boston, 1839), and Wilhelm M. L. De Wette's "Human Life" (2 vols., 1842). Dr. Osgood's chief publications were "Studies in Christian Biography" (New York, 1851); "God with Man, or Footprints of Providential Leaders" (1853); "The Hearth-Stone: Thoughts upon Home Life in our Cities" (1854); "Mile-Stones in our Life-Journey" (1855); "Student Life" (1860); "American Leaves" (1867); and "Address before the New York Historical Society on Thomas Crawford and Art in America" (1875).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 600-601.


OSTERHAUS, Peter Joseph, soldier, born in Coblentz, Germany, about 1820, he became an officer in the Prussian Army, and subsequently emigrated to the United States, settling in St. Louis, Missouri. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered the National service as major of the 2d Missouri Volunteers. He took part in the actions at Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, was made colonel of the 12th Missouri Regiment, commanded a brigade under General John C. Fremont, and took part in the expedition of General Samuel Curtis into Arkansas in pursuit of General Sterling Price, leading a division at Pea Ridge. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 6 June, 1862, and commanded a division at Helena, Arkansas, with which he participated in the capture of Arkansas Post, and subsequently in the siege of Vicksburg. He was engaged in the operations at Chattanooga and the battle of Mission Ridge as commander of the 1st Division of the l5th Corps, and in the Atlanta Campaign, the march through Georgia, and the campaign of the Carolines he commanded that corps, being promoted major-general on 28 July, 1864. At the surrender of General E. Kirby Smith he acted as chief of staff to General Edward R. S. Canby. He was mustered out on 15 January, 1866, and in the same year went to Lyons, France, as U. S. consul. He now (1888) resides at Mannheim, Germany, where he is director of a manufacturing association.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 603


OSTRANDER, R. N., New York, American Abolition Society (Radical Abolitionist, Vol. 1, No. 1, New York, August 1855)


OTIS, Elisha Graves, inventor, born in Halifax, Windham County, Vermont, 8 August, 1811; died in Yonkers, New York, 8 April, 1861. At an early age he invented  several new and ingenious machines that proved successful. He afterward held the post of superintendent of machinery in a furniture manufactory in Hudson City, New Jersey, and Yonkers, New York. In designing machinery for new works in Yonkers Mr. Otis put into practical operation a hoisting machine that embodied some novel features calculated to automatically prevent loss of life in case of the breaking of the lifting-cable. Other machines had been constructed, in which the means of securing the car in case of accident was placed under the control of the attendant, but Mr. Otis claimed that this method was wrong in principle, as in the moment of danger the operator would become confused, and his views were soon proved correct by the fall of an elevator in the New York factory of his firm. This was replaced by one of Mr. Otis's invention, and, the machine proving satisfactory to the owners, other orders soon followed. At the opening of the World's Fair in the Crystal Palace in New York, Mr. Otis placed therein a small working machine, and by exhibitions of its safety features by practical tests considerable attention was attracted to his inventions. At the end of eight years he had succeeded in introducing his elevators very extensively through the eastern, middle, and southern states. In 1867 Mr. Otis's sons organized a stock company to carry on the manufacture of his inventions, and its business now amounts to about $2,000,000 per annum.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 605.


OTIS, Elwell Stephen, soldier, born in Frederick City, Maryland, 25 March, 1838. He was graduated at the University of Rochester, New York, in 1858, studied law, was admitted to the bar of New York in 1859, and was subsequently graduated at Cambridge law-school in 1861. He entered the volunteer service of the United States as a captain in the 140th New York Infantry on 18 September, 1862, was promoted lieutenant-colonel of that regiment on 23 December, 1863, and made colonel in 1864, participating in all the principal engagements of the Army of the Potomac after Antietam, in the capacity of captain, field-officer, and brigade commander. In 1864 he commanded the regular brigade in the Army of the Potomac, and was severely wounded in the vicinity of Petersburg, Virginia, in consequence of which he was discharged on 24 January, 1865, and brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 22d Infantry in the regular army in February, 1867, and colonel of the 20th Infantry in February, 1880. From 1867 till 1881 he served on the frontier against the Indians, and then organized the U. S. Infantry and cavalry school in Leavenworth, Kansas, which he conducted until 1885. Since then he has served with his regiment in northwestern Montana, and has also been on duty in Washington, D. C. He is the author of " The Indian Question" (New York, 1878). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 605.


OITS, George Alexander, surgeon, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 12 November, 1830; died in Washington, D.C., 23 February, 1881. He was graduated at Princeton in 1849, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1851, continued his surgical studies in London and Paris, and in 1854 began practice in Springfield, Massachusetts. During the Civil War he served as a field surgeon with the 27th Massachusetts Volunteers. In February, 1866, he was appointed assistant surgeon in the U. S. Army, and assigned to duty in the office of the surgeon-general at Washington. He received the brevets of captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel, and was a member of the principal American medical societies and a corresponding member of various European societies. He was advanced to the rank of major on 17 March, 1880. He wrote for medical journals, and published in the form of reports monographs on " Amputation at the Hip-Joint" (Washington, 1867); "Excisions of the Head of the Femur" (1869); "A Plan for transporting Wounded Soldiers by Railway "; and "Transport of Sick and Wounded by Pack Animals "; also a "Report of Surgical Cases treated in the Army of the United States from 1867 to 1871." Dr. Otis was for several years, curator of the Army Medical Museum in Washington, and compiled the surgical part of the " Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion " (Washington, 1870-'9). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 605.


OUACHITA RIVER, ARKANSAS, April 29, 1864. (See Camden, Arkansas, Expedition to.)


OUACHITA RIVER, LOUISIANA, March 2, 1864. (See Harrisonburg, same date.)


OUTLINE OR TRACING is the succession of lines that show the figure of the works, and indicate the direction in which the defensive masses are laid out, in order to obtain a proper defence. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 444).


OUTPOSTS should not only secure an army against surprise, but also be so arranged as to enable the outposts to avoid an engagement and not be enveloped by an enemy. Marshal Bugeaud has elaborated a system for outposts well worth attention. Its principal feature is the occupation at night of all avenues of approach (front, flank, and rear) to the position occupied by the detached corps, by squads of men instructed in concerted signals. These little squads do not form a continuous chain, and are each independent. It is not necessary that they should be large, for their duty is to warn. The service exacted from them is explained with clearness and precision the signals by which the commanding officer corresponds with the posts and the posts with him, are given. These signals should be made by petards of one or two pounds of powder. About a dozen petards in all will be necessary. The posts will be made to understand what the different reports of the petard indicate, and these signals must be few in number. The little posts should be on the circumference of a circle having the village occupied by the detached corps as its centre, and at such a distance as would prevent an enemy, without warning from the night posts, from enveloping the village.

A corps detached at one or more leagues from the main body ought not only to be able to avoid a surprise, but also to prevent an enemy from cutting off its retreat. Marshal Bugeaud accordingly recommends that the chief of a detachment that is to establish itself for many days, should, on arriving in position, lose no time; but, without waiting to rest, occupy himself in reconnoitring the ground in his neighborhood, within a radius of one or two leagues. He should take with him the officers intrusted with the care of the camp for the night, some horsemen, and a few intelligent inhabitants; scan the course of the roads and pathways crossed in making his rounds, and take notes. This reconnoissance finished, he will be able to judge what will be the circle that an enemy would probably make around his post, in order to envelop it without their expectation of meeting any men in observation. This circle Marshal Bugeaud calls the supposed circle, and beyond this line he advises little posts during the night only, drawn from the posts occupied during the day. These little posts must be without fire or animals, and sometimes on the right and sometimes on the left of the pathways, and their position should be constantly varied. In the plan, (Fig. 163,) the village X is occupied by two battalions detached three leagues distant from the army. Upon arriving at the post, the chief of the detachment establishes the usual chain marked by the inner circle. This circle is about 800 metres in diameter, or 2,400 in circumference.

After reconnoissance, little posts for the night are sent to the points H I L M N O P Q KG. The enemy is signaled at H IG. Immediately the chief of the two battalions announces, by reports of the petard, that FIG. 164. the different posts must occupy the place of assembly in rear of O. The order is given to rally, and the route followed is designated on the plan thus Having re-united his men, the chief of the detachment may, according to circumstances, await daylight or continue his retreat.

Ordinary arrangement of Outposts composed of both Infantry and The best line of observation in this example, (Fig. 164,) is from the lake N and the height O, on the right flank on the road L. The advanced guard A, consisting of a brigade of cavalry and a division of infantry, is placed behind the village B, and outposts are to be posted to guard against an attack by the enemy arriving from the direction FIG. 165. of the village C; 4 companies of cavalry, 2 regiments of infantry, and 2 pieces of foot artillery are detailed to furnish the outposts and reserve. D is the reserve, consisting of 1 companies of cavalry, 11 companies of infantry, and 2 pieces of foot artillery. E is a main-guard of 3 companies of infantry, which furnishes the two pickets F, each of which posts 5 pairs of sentinels.

is an infantry main guard of 3 companies, which supports the two cavalry pickets H, each of which consists of a platoon, and posts 3 pair of videttes. E” is an infantry main guard of two companies, to support the cavalry picket H', which posts 4 videttes, and H", which posts 1 vidette. E'" is an infantry main guard of 2 companies, which holds the cemetery and supports the cavalry picket H'", posting 3 videttes.

Ordinary arrangement of Outposts composed of Cavalry alone. In this example, (Fig. 165,) the most advantageous line of observation is that proceeding from the village L, through the villages M and N, thence following the ridge O to the lake P. The extent of this line is a little more than 5 miles. The advanced guard A, composed of a brigade of cavalry and a division of infantry, is in the village A, and it is necessary to post outposts to guard it against the enemy, expected by the roads B; 10 companies of cavalry and 2 pieces of horse artillery are detailed for the outposts and reserve. C is the reserve, consisting of 4 companies and 2 guns. D, D', and D" are the main guards, consisting of one company each. E, E, E', E', E", E'", are the pickets, of a platoon each. II is an independent picket of one platoon, observing the road K. (Consult BUGEAUD and MCCLELLAN.)  (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p.


OUTWORKS are such works as are constructed between the enceinte and the glacis, of whatever kind. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 445-449).


OVEN. Ovens are always provided in garrisons, so that the troops may bake their own bread. A large saving of flour is thus made, which is the most considerable element of the post fund. A brick oven, 3m. 33 in breadth, 4m. 50 in depth, and Cm. 75 in height, contains 500 rations. It may be constructed in less than 24 hours. The cylindrical form is greatly to be preferred, as it is more easily made and requires less material than the ordinary form. The want of brick for the arch and fireplace of ovens may be supplied in the field by two gabions of semi-circular or semi-elliptical form FIG. 166. BRICK OVEN, DIMENSIONS IN METRES. FIG. 167. OVEN OF GABIONS, DIMENSIONS IN METRES. 1m. 44 in diameter; the basket work is not so close as the ordinary gabion, and is 1m. 32 in height. The two gabions, resting one over the other upon the flat side, make a cradle 2m. 64 long, 1m. 44 broad, and Cm. 72 high. The interior and exterior is then plastered with clay, which must penetrate the interstices of the basket work. The front and back part is shut in the same manner, or with sods. The cradle is then covered with earth to retain the heat, and in order that the superincumbent weight may not cause it to give way. Withes are attached to the top of the basket work, and passed vertically through the embankment, and then fastened to the longitudinal beam of a wooden horse straddled against the exterior curve. Eight of these furnaces may be made in 24 hours. Ovens may also be made of wood or of earth.

The wooden oven (Fig. 168) is made by digging an excavation of 3m. 20 in length by 2m. 40 in breadth, and Om. 50 in depth, making the fireplace slightly descending towards the mouth. This trench is covered with pieces of wood of Om. 15 to Om. 25 square, placed close together; the wood is covered with earth carefully packed, the chimney-place is sodded. The fireplace is dried by heating for 7 or 8 hours, and subsequent heatings require two hours. Such ovens resist very well five or six bakings. They require only two hours for construction with prepared wood, and if the wood should burn, the fire may be extinguished by closing the chimney and mouth, and in half an hour the wood may be replaced, if consumed. To construct rapidly an earthen oven dig a slope with a step, and on its prolongation, dig the length of the oven in a trench separated from the step by a mass of earth to be pierced later as the mouth of the oven. The trench, when finished, to be Om. 80 in depth, Om. 40 in breadth, and 2m. 40 in length. Then dig laterally portions of an elliptical arch in such a manner as to make the arch 1m. 70 in breadth. This work finished, pierce the mouth and cover the trench with from three to five sods as arch stones, leaving a chimney -place to the bottom. Ovens for from 100 to 250 rations may be thus made. Dough is kneaded with 6 parts of wheat, 4 of water, and a little salt, a half part to the hundred parts. (Consult Memorial des Officiers d’ Infanterie et de Cavalerie.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 449-451).


OVER. Authority; command; above. (See OATH OF OFFICE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 451).


OVERALL'S CREEK, TENNESSEE, December 4, 1864. (See Nashville & Chattanooga R. R.)


OWEN, Joshua Thomas, soldier, born in Caermarthen, Wales, 29 March, 1821; died in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, 7 November, 1887. He emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1830, settled in Baltimore, Maryland, and was graduated at Jefferson College in 1845. He was admitted to the bar in 1832, and established, with his brother Robert, the Chestnut Hill Academy for boys. He also practised his profession, was in the legislature in 1837-9, and in 1861 enlisted as a private in the 1st City Troop. He was shortly afterward elected colonel of the 24th Pennsylvania Regiment, and, after three months' service, organized and was placed in command of the 69th Pennsylvania. With this regiment he participated in every battle that was fought by the Army of the Potomac from Fair Oaks to Cold Harbor, and he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers for " gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Glendale" on 29 November, 1862. His appointment expired on 4 March, 1863, but he was appointed again on 30 March. He was mustered out of service in 1864, returned to the practice of law, and in 1866 was elected recorder of deeds of Philadelphia. He founded in 1871 the " New York Daily Register," a law journal, which became the official organ of the New York courts in 1873, and he continued on its editorial staff until his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 615.


OWEN, Robert Dale, 1801-1877, author, abolitionist, diplomat, reformer.  Member of the American Freedman’s Inquiry Commission and the U.S. War Department, 1863.  Democratic Congressman from Indiana.  Anti-slavery and women’s rights activist.  Strong advocate of wartime emancipation of slaves.  Wrote “The Wrong of Slavery, the Right of Emancipation, and the Future of the African Race” (Philadelphia, 1864), of which Secretary Salmon P. Chace wrote that it “had more effect in deciding the president to make the [Emancipation] Proclamation than all other communications combined.” 

(Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 165, 397; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 615-616; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 118; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 16, p. 861)

OWEN, Robert Dale, author, born in Glasgow, Scotland, 9 November, 1800; died at his summer residence on Lake George, N.Y., 17 June, 1877, was educated under private tutors at home, and in 1820 was sent to Emanuel von Fellenberg's school at Hofwyl, near Berne, Switzerland, where he remained three years. In 1825 he came to the United States and aided his father in his efforts to found the colony at New Harmony, Indiana On the failure of that experiment he returned to Europe, and there spent some time in study, but returned to this country in 1827 and became a citizen. In November, 1828, he began in New York, with Frances Wright, the publication of “The Free Inquirer,” a weekly paper, devoted to the promulgation of pronounced socialistic ideas and the denial of the supernatural origin of Christianity. This journal was continued until 1832, when he returned to New Harmony. He was elected to the legislature of Indiana in 1835, and sat for three terms, during which, largely owing to his influence, one half of that part of the surplus revenue of the United States that had been appropriated to the state of Indiana was devoted to the support of public schools. He was sent to Congress as a Democrat in 1843, and served twice, but was defeated for a third term. Mr. Owen, in January, 1844, introduced in Congress a joint resolution relative to the occupation of Oregon, which, though it failed at that session, passed during the next, and became the basis of the settlement of the northwestern boundary that was effected in 1846. He also introduced in December, 1845, the bill under which the Smithsonian Institution was organized, and was made chairman of the select committee on that subject, having as a colleague John Quincy Adams, who had made two unsuccessful attempts in former sessions to procure action in the matter. He was afterward appointed one of the regents of the Smithsonian, as well as chairman of its building committee. His speeches in Congress on the Oregon question, the tariff, and the annexation of Texas had a wide circulation. In 1850 he was chosen a member of the convention that assembled to remodel the constitution of Indiana, and was made chairman of its Committee on Rights and Privileges, and then chairman of its Revision Committee. He was a member of the legislature in 1851, was again made chairman of the Committee on Revision, and was the author of a bill that secured to widows and married women independent rights of property. On the enactment of this measure, the women of Indiana presented him with a testimonial “in acknowledgment of his true and noble advocacy of their independent rights.” In 1853 he was appointed chargé d'affaires at Naples, and he was raised to the grade of minister in 1855, remaining as such until 1858, in the meanwhile negotiating two valuable treaties with the Neapolitan government. After his return to the United States he devoted himself to various public interests, and in 1860 he discussed with Horace Greeley, in the columns of the New York “Tribune,” the subject of divorce. This discussion, reprinted in pamphlet-form, had a circulation of 60,000 copies. In 1862 he served on a commission relative to, ordnance and ordnance stores, and audited claims that amounted to $49,500,000, and in 1863 he was chairman of a commission that was appointed by the Secretary of War to examine the condition of the recently emancipated freedmen of the United States. The results of his observations were published as “The Wrong of Slavery, the Right of Emancipation, and the Future of the African Race in the United States” (Philadelphia, 1864). In 1863 he published an address to the citizens of Indiana, showing the disastrous consequence that would follow from the success of the effort of certain politicians to reconstruct the Union with New England left out. The Union League of New York published 50,000 copies of this letter, and the Union League of Philadelphia an additional 25,000. During the Civil War he further wrote and published a letter to the president, one to the Secretary of War, one to the Secretary of the Treasury, and another to the Secretary of State, advocating the policy of emancipation as a measure that was sanctioned alike by the laws of war and by the dictates of humanity. Secretary Chase wrote that his letter to Lincoln “had more effect in deciding the president to make his proclamation than all the other communications combined.” Mr. Owen was a believer in spiritualism, and was one of its foremost advocates in the United States. In 1872 he received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Indiana. He published “Outlines of the System of Education at New Lanark” (Glasgow, 1824); “Moral Physiology” (New York, 1831); “Popular Tracts” (1831); “Discussion with Origen Bachelor on the Personality of God and the Authority of the Bible” (1832); “Pocahontas: A Drama” (1837); “Hints on Public Architecture” (1849); “A Treatise on the Construction of Plank-Roads” (1856); “Footprints on the Boundary of Another World” (Philadelphia, 1859); “Beyond the Breakers” (1870); “Debatable Land Between this World and the Next” (New York, 1872); and “Threading My Way,” an autobiography (1874). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 615-616.


OWEN, Richard, geologist, born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, 6 January, 1810, received his early education in the Lanark Grammar-School, after which he studied at Hofwyl, and then in the Andersonian Institute of Glasgow. In 1828 he came to New Harmony, Indiana, and began to teach, but soon moved to Cincinnati, engaging in business. Subsequently he returned to New Harmony, where he owned a steam flour-mill, and also managed a stock-farm. In 1847 he went to the Mexican War as captain in the 16th U. S. Infantry, and served principally under General Zachary Taylor in charge of provision-trains. At the close of the war he aided his brother, David Dale Owen, in making preparations for the geological survey of Minnesota, and in 1849, under whose direction he explored the north shore of Lake Superior, in 1849 he also became professor of natural sciences in the Western Military Institute of Kentucky, and he continued to hold that chair, after the institute became the University of Nashville, until 1858, in which year he was given the degree of M. D. by Nashville Medical College. He then became assistant state geologist of Indiana, and made a survey of the state. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the l0th Indiana volunteers, and he became, in the autumn of 1861, colonel of the 60th Indiana. Dr. Owen was taken prisoner at Mumfordsville, but was soon exchanged, after which he served under General William T. Sherman, was at the capture of Arkansas Post and Vicksburg, also at the taking of Jackson, Mississippi, and in 1864 was with General Nathaniel P. Banks in the Red River Expedition. In 1864 he accepted the chair of natural sciences in the University of Indiana, where he remained until the close of the session of 1879. Professor Owen's scientific work has been chiefly in the domain of geology. He has contributed largely to the knowledge of that science, especially as relating to Indiana, Minnesota, New Mexico, Arizona, and North Carolina. Since his retirement from collegiate work he has devoted much attention to the subject of meteorology and its connection with terrestrial magnetism, publishing numerous papers on that subject and on seismology. In 1871 he received the degree of LL. D. from Wabash College, and he is an honorary member of the New Orleans and of the St. Louis Academies of Sciences, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of other scientific organizations. Besides his official geological reports and scientific memoirs, he is the author of a "Key to the Geology of the Globe" (Nashville, 1857). [Son of Richard Dale Owen, 1800-1877]. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 616-617.


OWENS, John Edward, actor, born in Liverpool, England, 4 May, 1824; died near Towson, Baltimore County, Maryland, 6 December, 1886. His father, a shoemaker, emigrated to the United States in 1834, and settled in Philadelphia. After attending private school in that city for a few years, the son became a clerk in a wholesale drug-store, and while holding that post made his first appearance on the stage at the old National Theatre, Philadelphia, under the management of William E. Burton. From small parts and no pay he rose rapidly to a recognized position and regular salary. He remained in Burton's Company until 1843, when he quarreled with his patron and went to Baltimore, where he acted at the Holliday Street Theatre. The next year he accepted an engagement at Peale's Museum in Baltimore, where he remained until 1847, when, meeting Burton, he became reconciled to him. Frank S. Chanfrau was then playing Mose in "A Glance at New York," which was a great success. Burton had the play adapted to suit Philadelphia, and Owens acted the part of Jakey, corresponding to Chanfrau's Mose. The piece had a long run, during which Burton made his first and Owens laid the foundation of his future fortune from his salary of $300 a week. The same play was acted in Baltimore, Owens being the chief attraction as Jakey. In 1849 he became one of the proprietors of the Baltimore Museum. In 1853 he sold this interest and opened the Charles Street Theatre with " Uncle Tom's Cabin," playing the title role. In 1858 he became manager of the Varieties, in New Orleans, and continued there until the Civil War, when he returned to Baltimore. As Solon Shingle, which was first played by him in 1864, he achieved his greatest success. It was played in almost every city in the United States and in many English cities. Other favorite parts were Dr. Ollapod, Caleb Plummer, Aminadab Sleek, and Dr. Pangloss. He was also a very clever burlesque artist. "The Live Indian " was written for him, and proved a great success. In 1880 he went to California to play, and. engaging in mining speculations, lost most of his fortune. In 1882 he accepted an engagement of $300 a week with the Madison Square Company, and played in " Esmeralda " in many of the larger American cities. At the time of his death he was the owner of the Academy of Music, Charleston, South Carolina. During the last three or four years of his life his declining health prevented him from appearing on the stage. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 617.


OWENSBORO, KENTUCKY, August 27, 1864. 108th U. S. Colored Infantry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 660.


OWENSBORO, KENTUCKY, September 2, 1864. Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Moon, of the 118th U. S. colored infantry, commanding the post of Owensboro, reports under date of September 17: "On the second day of the present month this town was visited by a band of guerrillas, who murdered 3 U. S. soldiers after they had surrendered, and 1 citizen who had once been an officer in the Federal army." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 660.


OWENSBURG, KENTUCKY, September 19-20, 1862. 14th Kentucky Cavalry and Spencer County (Indiana) Home Guards. Owen's Cross Roads, Tennessee, December 1, 1864. Major-General Nathan B. Forrest, commanding the Confederate cavalry in the campaign in North Alabama and Middle Tennessee, reports that he encountered the Federals in strong force at Owen's cross-roads. A battery was opened upon them and soon afterward Buford charged with his brigade, dislodging the Union command and capturing several prisoners. No casualties were reported. Federal reports do not mention any such affair. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 660.


OWENS' FORD, GEORGIA, September 17, 1863. Pickets of 2nd Division, 21st Army Corps. While the opposing armies were maneuvering for position just before the battle of Chickamauga, the pickets of Major General John M. Palmer's division were attacked at Owens' or Gower's ford. The enemy was repulsed with a loss to him of several wounded and 1 captured. Owen's Lake, California, June 24, 1862. 2nd California Cavalry. After a forced march or 35 miles, the regiment surprised a party of Indians while they were engaged in digging worms along the shore. In the first volley 2 Indians were killed and in the pursuit that followed 2 braves, 7 squaws and 2 children were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 661-662.


OWEN'S MILL, GEORGIA, May 25, 1864. (See Dallas.)


OWEN'S RIVER VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, April 9, 1862. (See Bishop's Creek, same date.)


OWSLEY, William, jurist, born in Virginia in 1782; died in Danville, Kentucky, in December, 1862. In 1783 he moved with his father to Lincoln County, Kentucky, and he afterward became a teacher and lawyer in Garrard County, and represented it several years in the legislature. He was judge of the supreme court of Kentucky from 1812 till 1828, when he resigned. In 1824 he maintained with great courage the principle of anti-repudiation, which Henry Clay had eloquently advocated. The Repudiation Party, who were a majority in the legislature, attempted to get rid of the judge by abolishing the supreme court and establishing a new one, but he held his post, and the act of the legislature was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1844 he was elected governor of the state by the Whigs, serving two terms.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 617


OXFORD, KANSAS, January 31, 1865. Detachment of 5th Kansas Cavalry. Lieutenant W. F. Goble with 18 men came upon a band of 9 guerrillas 2 miles south of Oxford. His men fired and charged, the enemy taking to the timber. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 661.


OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI, December 4, 1862. Squad from 26th Illinois Infantry. Seven men belonging to the hospital corps of the 26th Illinois while purchasing supplies at the house of one Thompson were attacked by Confederates, 1 being killed and 3 wounded at the first fire, and the other 3 were captured. One of these was afterward killed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 661.


OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI, August 9, 1864. (See Tallahatchie River.)


OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI, August 23, 1864. (See Abbeville, same date.)


OX FORD, VIRGINIA, May 24, 1864. (See North Anna River.)


OXFORD BEND, ARKANSAS, October 28, 1862. 1st Iowa and 7th Missouri Cavalry. With these two regiments Brigadier-General Herron attacked a Confederate camp at Oxford Bend, 4 miles east of Fayetteville, and after a sharp engagement of an hour the enemy was completely routed, leaving all his camp equipage, etc. The Union loss was 5 men wounded, 1 mortally, and the Confederates left 8 dead on the field. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 661.


OXFORD HILL, MISSISSIPPI, August 21, 1864. (See College Hill, same date.)


OX HILL, VIRGINIA, September 1, 1862. (See Chantilly.) Oyster Point, Pennsylvania, June 28-29, 1863. 1st Division, Department of the Susquehanna. Brigadier-General William F. Smith, commanding the 1st division, reporting the movements of his command prior to the battle of Gettysburg states: "On Sunday, (28th) a rebel cavalry force, with a section of artillery came to our picket line near Oyster Point, and drove in our cavalry pickets, but did not succeed in moving the infantry pickets. On Monday, I sent the regular cavalry, under Lieutenant Frank Stanwood, on the Carlisle road, and he engaged and drove in the pickets of the enemy, but was obliged to retire under a fire of artillery which was opened on him." This is the only mention of the affair. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 661.


OZARK, MISSOURI, August 1, 1862. Detachment of 14th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. About 1 o'clock on the morning of this date some Confederate cavalry under Colonel Robert R. Lawther attacked the Union camp at Ozark, thinking to take it by surprise. Captain Milton Burch, commanding the four companies stationed at the post, had been apprised of the enemy's attack, which was easily repulsed. A second charge was also repulsed. The Union casualties were 2 wounded; the enemy had 9 wounded, 3 dying before they reached camp. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 661.


OZARK, MISSOURI, July 14-15, 1864. 14th Kansas Cavalry. Ozark Mountains, Missouri, December 2, 1862. Detachments of 3d and 6th Missouri Cavalry. As an incident of an expedition from Rolla to the Ozark mountains, portions of three companies from the two regiments, under Colonel John M. Glover, met a band of 130 Confederates in the gorges of the Ozarks. The result was the killing of 4 of the enemy and the capture of 2, with no loss to the Federal participants.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 661.