Liberty, Louisiana through Long View, Arkansas

LIBERTY, LOUISIANA, November 21, 1864. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 562.


LIBERTY, MISSOURI, October 6, 1862. 5th Missouri Militia Cavalry. Liberty, Tennessee, March 9, 1863. Brigadier-General John H. Morgan in a report states that his force was attacked in front and rear by Federal cavalry and infantry. The result of the affair is not known, nor are the Federal participants, as Morgan's despatch contains the only mention of the affair.


LIBERTY, TENNESSEE, April 3, 1863. Detachment of the 3d Ohio Cavalry. Confederate General Wheeler reports that Colonel R. M. Gano, commanding J. H. Morgan's division, was attacked at Liberty early in the morning by 8,000 Federals, and was compelled to fall back 5 miles to Snow Hill. As a matter of fact Colonel J. W. Paramore, commanding the 2nd cavalry brigade, sent one squadron of the 3d Ohio over the river to dislodge some Confederate sharpshooters, and upon the appearance of this small force Gano fled. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 562.


LIBERTY, VIRGINIA, June 19, 1864. 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of West Virginia. While the Army of West Virginia was retiring from Lynchburg, Averell's cavalry, constituting the rear-guard, was attacked near Liberty by the Confederate cavalry and mounted infantry. For 2 hours a severe fight was continued, when Averell was compelled to fall back behind Crook's infantry division, which was drawn up ready to receive an attack. The enemy, however, was apparently satisfied with his victory over Averell and did not attack. Averell suffered a loss of 122 in killed, wounded and missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 562.


LIBERTY GAP, TENNESSEE, June 24-27, 1863. 20th Army Corps. During the middle Tennessee campaign Brigadier-General Richard' W. Johnson, commanding the 2nd division, moved with his force from Murfreesboro on June 24. The Confederates were not encountered until the 1st brigade, having the advance, reached Liberty gap, where the enemy was strongly posted and his line extended to such a length as to flank the Federal column. The 39th and 32nd Indiana were sent to reinforce the flanks and the 49th Ohio and part of the 32nd Indiana advanced steadily up a steep hill, driving the enemy before them. A portion of the 2nd brigade changed direction to the left and swept the hillside, after which the entire line was ordered forward. When darkness fell the 3d brigade was sent to relieve the other two and during the night had some skirmishing with the enemy. On the 25th two brigades of the 1st division reported to Johnson, but aside from heavy skirmishing little was done until 5 p. m., when the 1st brigade, 2nd division, Brigadier-General August Willich commanding, received and repulsed an attack of the enemy. Willich's men having exhausted their ammunition. Miller's brigade was sent to relieve them and countercharged the Confederates, driving them back across an open field and up a steep hill. Later in the day Brigadier-General W. P. Carlin, with the two brigades of the 1st division, charged a Confederate force approaching the Federal right flank and drove it in confusion. On the 26th Carlin made a demonstration of advancing down Liberty gap, the enemy having taken up a strong position half a mile below the one from which he had been driven on the day previous. All that was done was to develop the Confederate strength with skirmishing, and it was discovered on the morning of the 27th that the Confederates had evacuated their lines, leaving only a small cavalry force, which was easily driven out. The Union casualties for the Liberty gap skirmishes are not reported, but from June 23-July 7 amounted to 42 killed, 22 wounded and 364 captured or missing. The Confederate loss was not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 562-563.


LIBERTY MILLS, VIRGINIA, December 22, 1864. Cavalry Corps, Army of the Middle Military Division. During an expedition from Winchester to Gordonsville the Federal advance drove the enemy's cavalry back across the bridge over the Rapidan river at Liberty Mills, but when the Federals approached the structure was fired by an explosion and the enemy opened fire from the rifle-pits opposite. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 563.


LIBERTY POST OFFICE, ARKANSAS, April 16, 1864. (See Camden, Arkansas, Expedition to.) Lick Creek, Arkansas, January 12, 1863. Detachment of 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry. As an incident of an expedition which left Helena on the 11th, Lieutenant James B. Bradford with 25 men was detached to convey despatches back to Helena. On reaching Lick creek Bradford discovered that the bridge which had been constructed by the Federal troops on the 11th had been destroyed and he attempted a crossing at a ford farther up the stream. With 10 men he had succeeded in making the crossing when his command was attacked and a sharp resistance was made until the ammunition was exhausted, when Bradford started to retreat. While rallying his men a short distance from the ford he received a summons to surrender from a party of Confederates in ambush. Instead of complying he made a dash to break the enemy's line, and with 4 men succeeded in getting through to Helena. Of the remainder of his command 1 was killed, 2 wounded and 9 or 10 captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 563.


LIEBER, Francis, publicist, born in Berlin, Germany, 18 March, 1800; died in New York City, 2 October, 1872. His father, William, was engaged in commerce, and suffered heavy losses during the Napoleonic wars of 1789-1815. The son had begun the study of medicine when, in 1815, he joined the Prussian Army as a volunteer, fought at Ligny and Waterloo, and was severely wounded in the assault of Namur. At the close of the campaign he returned to his studies and entered the gymnasium of Berlin, but was arrested as a Liberal and confined several months in prison. After his discharge, without a trial he was prohibited from studying in the Prussian universities, and accordingly went to Jena, where he took his degrees in 1820, but was again persecuted as a member of a students' society. He then went to Halle; but, being subject to surveillance, he sought refuge in Dresden, and afterward took part in the Greek revolution. He spent one year, in 1822-3, in Rome in the family of Niebuhr then Prussian ambassador, as tutor to his son. While there he wrote in German a journal of his sojourn in Greece under the title of "The German Anacharsis" (Leipsic, 1823). With the king's promise of protection he returned to Berlin in 1824, and went to the University of Halle, but was again imprisoned at Kopeniek, where he wrote a collection of poems entitled "Wein-und Wonne-Lieder," which on his release, through the influence of Niebuhr, were published under the pen-name of " Franz Arnold (Berlin, 1824). Annoyed by persecutions, he tied to England in 1825, and supported himself for a year in London, giving lessons and contributing to German periodicals. He also wrote a tract on the Lancasterian system of instruction. In 1827 he came to this country and lectured on history and politics in the large cities. He settled in Boston, where he edited the ' Encyclopaedia Americana," based on Brockhaus's "Conversations-Lexicon" (13 vols., Philadelphia, 1829-'33). At this time he made translations of a French work on the revolution of July, 1830, and of the life of Kaspar Hauser by Feuerbach. In 1832 he received a commission from the trustees of the newly founded Girard College to form a plan of education (Philadelphia, 1834). He resided in Philadelphia from 1833 till 1835, when he accepted the professorship of history and political economy in the University of South Carolina, Columbia, remaining there until 1855, when he was appointed to the same chair in Columbia College, New York. He held this until 1865, and in 1860 became also professor of political science in the law-school of that institution, which post he held until his death. His inaugural address as professor at Columbia, on "Individualism; and Socialism, or Communism," was published by the college. As early as 1851 he delivered an address in South Carolina warning the southern states against secession, and during the Civil War was active in upholding the Union, frequently being summoned to Washington by the Secretary of War for consultation on important subjects. In 1863 he was one of the founders of the " Loyal Publication Society," of which he served as president. More than one hundred pamphlets were issued by it under his supervision, of which ten were by himself. His "Guerrilla Parties considered with reference to the Law and Usages of War," written at the request of General Halleck, was often quoted in Europe during the Franco-German war: and his "Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field" (Washington, 18(53) was ordered by President Lincoln to be promulgated in the general orders of the war department, and has formed the basis for many later European codes. In 1805 he was appointed superintendent of a bureau in Washington that had for its object the collection, arrangement, and preservation of the records of the Confederate government, and in 1870 he was chosen by the United States and Mexico as final arbitrator in important disputes between the two countries, which work was not completed at his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 709-710.


LIEBER, Oscar Montgomery, geologist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 8 September, 1830; died in Richmond, Virginia. 27 June, 1862, was educated at Berlin, Gottingen, and Freiburg. He was state geologist of Mississippi in 1850-'l, engaged in the geological survey of Alabama in 1854-'5, and from 1856 till 1860 held the office of mineralogical, geological, and agricultural surveyor of South Carolina. His first annual report of the last-mentioned survey was published in 1857, and the fourth and last in 1860. In 1860 he accompanied the American Astronomical Expedition to Labrador as geologist. At the beginning of the Civil War he joined the Confederate Army, and died of wounds that he received in the battle of Williamsburg. He was the author of "The Assayer's Guide" (Philadelphia, 1862); "The Analytical Chemist's Assistant," translated from the German of Wohler's " Beispiele zur Uebung in der analytischen Chemie," with an introduction (1852), and various articles on mining in this country in the New York " Mining Magazine."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 711


LIEBER, Hamilton, born in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, 7 June, 1835; died in Baden-Baden, Germany, 18 October, 1876, entered the volunteer army at the beginning of the Civil War as 1st lieutenant, 9th Illinois Regiment, and was badly wounded at Fort Donelson. Afterward he was appointed a captain in the veteran reserve corps, and served during the draft riots in New York City in 1863. In 1866 he was made a captain and military storekeeper in the regular army, and was retired on account of disabilities contracted in the line of duty. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 711.


LIEBER, Guido Norman, born in Columbia, South Carolina, 21 May, 1837, was graduated at the University of South Carolina in 1856, and at Harvard law-school in 1859, and in that year was admitted to the bar of New York. At the beginning of the Civil War he became 1st lieutenant in the 11th Infantry, U. S. Army, and was appointed regimental adjutant, and served during the Peninsular Campaign under McClellan, being brevetted captain for gallantry at the battle of Gaines's Mills, 27 June, 1862. He was with his regiment at the second battle of Bull Run, Virginia, 27 August, 1862, being then appointed aide-de-camp to the general-in-chief. In 1862 he was appointed major and judge-advocate, and he served in this capacity in the Department of the Gulf, being present in the Teche and Red River Campaigns. For gallantry during the latter he received another brevet, and he was brevetted a third time for services during the war. He also served as adjutant-general of the department, and as judge of the provost court in New Orleans. He was then transferred to the judge-advocate-general's office in Washington, and subsequently appointed assistant to his father. Dr. Francis Lieber, in the Bureau of Confederate Archives. He afterward served as judge-advocate of various military departments and divisions, being, when stationed in New York, one of the founders of the Military Service Institution. He was professor of law at the U. S. Military Academy from 1878 till 1882, when he was assigned to duty in Washington in the Bureau of Military Justice. In 1884 he was appointed assistant judge-advocate-general, with the rank of colonel, and he has since then been on duty as acting judge-advocate-general of the army.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 711.


LIEUTENANT. Rank next below captain. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 387).


LIEUTENANT-COLONEL. Rank next below colonel, and above major. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 387).


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL. Rank above major-general. Created by Act May 28, 1798. Revived by brevet by Act Feb. 15, 1855. To expire with present incumbent. Appoints in time of peace not exceeding two aides and one secretary with rank, pay, and emoluments of lieutenant-colonel. In war, entitled to four aides and two secretaries. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 387).


LIFTING- JACK. A geared screw-jack, for lifting heavy weights, used in mechanical manoeuvres of heavy artillery. (Consult Instruction for Heavy Artillery.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 387).


LIGHT BALL. A projectile of an oval shape formed of sacks of canvas filled with a combustible composition, which emits a bright flame. Used to light up our own works. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 387).


LIGHT INFANTRY. (See INFANTRY.)


LIGHTBURN, Joseph Andrew Jackson, soldier, born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, 21 September, 1824. He received a common-school education, moved to western Virginia, and represented Lewis County in the convention that reorganized the state government in 1861. He organized the 4th Virginia Regiment of the National Army, was made its colonel, 14 August, 1861, and in 1862 commanded the District of the Kanawha. He conducted the retreat from Kanawha Valley in September of that year, and was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers, 16 March, 1863. He then took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and the battle of Missionary Ridge, and was with Sherman in his campaign to Atlanta, where in August, 1864, he received a gun-shot wound in the head. After his recovery he led a brigade in Shenandoah valley, and was then president of an examining board 22 June, 1865, when he resigned his commission. In 1866-'7 he was a member of the West Virginia legislature.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 711


LIGHT PRAIRIE, CALIFORNIA, August 21, 1862. Detachments of Company F, 2nd California, Company D, 3d California Infantry, and 30 Citizens. During the night of the 20th this party surrounded the camp of about 25 Indians on Light prairie near Areata, and at daybreak the 30 citizens attacked. The Indians fled, running past the point where the soldiers were concealed. Several volleys were poured into them, resulting in the killing of 6 and the wounding of several others. Of the attacking force 1 man was killed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 563.


LIMBER. The forepart of a travelling gun carriage to which the horses are attached. The same limber is used for all field-carriages. It has two wheels and carries the same ammunition chest as the caisson. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 387).


LIMESTONE CREEK, TENNESSEE, September 8, 1863. Detachment of 100th Ohio Infantry. The itinerary of the 23d army corps from August 1 to September 30, during the East Tennessee campaign, states: "September 8.—Lieutenant-Colonel Hayes, 100th Ohio, and 300 men had a skirmish at Telford's station with 1,500 of the enemy, under General Jackson; 1 killed and 2 wounded. Thirty of the enemy killed and wounded. Fell back to Limestone creek, to await reinforcements. Fought the enemy, 1,800 strong, for two hours, and then surrendered. Loss, killed, wounded, and taken prisoners, 200 men." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 563.


LIMESTONE RIDGE, VIRGINIA, September 17, 1864. Detachment of the 1st Brigade, 3d Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia. Brigadier-General J. B. Mcintosh, with three regiments of his command, left camp near Berryville at 1 o'clock in the morning to capture a force at Limestone ridge, but the enemy got wind of the movement and the detachment was withdrawn, leaving only a small vedette, 2 of whom were captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 563.


LIMESTONE VALLEY, ARKANSAS, April 17, 1864. Detachment of 2nd Arkansas Cavalry. Two different detachments of the 2nd Arkansas cavalry, hunting a band of Confederates under Sissell, came upon them in Limestone valley. One detachment had just dislodged the enemy from in front when the other struck him in the rear. The rout was complete, the Federals pursuing for 8 miles. Some 30 Confederates were killed, a number wounded and 8 taken prisoners, while 23 horses and 25 stands of arms were captured. No casualties occurred on the Union side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 563.


LINCHPINS prevent the wheel from sliding off the axle-tree. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 387).


LINCOLN, Abraham, 1809-1865, 16th President of the United States (1861-1865), opponent of slavery.  Issued Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863, freeing slaves in southern states.  By the end of the Civil War, more than four million slaves were liberated from bondage. 

(Basler, Ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, New Jersey, Rutgers University, 1953, 9 Vols.; Dumond, 1961, pp. 224-225, 356; Miers, E. S., Lincoln Day by Day – A Chronology, Vols. 1-3; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 65, 66, 140, 241-243, 275, 368-370, 385, 690-691; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 715-727; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 6, Pt. 1, p. 242; National Archives and Records Administration [NARA], College Park, Maryland; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 13, p. 662)

LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth president of the United States, born in Hardin County, Kentucky, 12 Feb., 1809; died in Washington, D. C., 15 April, 1865. His earliest ancestor in America seems to have been Samuel Lincoln, of Norwich, England, who settled in Hingham, Massachusetts, where he died, leaving a son, Mordecai, whose son of the same name moved to Monmouth, New Jersey, and thence to Berks County, Pennsylvania, dying there in 1735. He was a man of some property, which at his death was divided among his sons and daughters, one of whom, John Lincoln, having disposed of his land in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, established himself in Rockingham County, Virginia. The records of that county show that he was possessed of a valuable estate, which was divided among five sons, one of whom, named Abraham, emigrated to Kentucky about 1780. At this time Daniel Boone was engaged in those labors and exploits in the new country of Kentucky that have rendered his name illustrious; and there is no doubt that Abraham Lincoln was induced by his friendship for Boone to give up what seems to have been an assured social position in Virginia and take his family to share with him the risks and hardships of life in the new territory. The families of Boone and Lincoln had been closely allied for many years. Several marriages had taken place between them, and their names occur in each other's wills as friends and executors. The pioneer Lincoln, who took with him what for the time and place was a sufficient provision in money, the result of the sale of his property in Virginia, acquired by means of cash and land-warrants a large estate in Kentucky, as is shown by the records of Jefferson and Campbell counties. About 1784 he was killed by Indians while working with his three sons—Mordecai, Josiah, and Thomas—in clearing the forest. His widow moved after his death to Washington County, and there brought up her family. The two elder sons became reputable citizens, and the two daughters married in a decent condition of life. Thomas, the youngest son, seems to have been below the average of the family in enterprise and other qualities that command success. He learned the trade of a carpenter, and married, 12 June, 1806, Nancy Hanks, a niece of the man with whom he learned his trade. She is represented, by those who knew her at the time of her marriage, as a handsome young woman of twenty-three, of appearance and intellect superior to her lowly fortunes. The young couple began housekeeping with little means. Three children were born to them; the first, a girl, who grew to maturity, married, and died, leaving no children; the third a boy, who died in infancy; the second was Abraham Lincoln. Thomas Lincoln remained in Kentucky until 1816, when he resolved to remove to the still newer country of Indiana, and settled in a rich and fertile forest country near Little Pigeon creek, not far distant from the Ohio River. The family suffered from diseases incident to pioneer life, and Mrs. Lincoln died in 1818 at the age of thirty-five. Thomas Lincoln, while on a visit to Kentucky, married a worthy, industrious, and intelligent widow named Sarah Bush Johnston. She was a woman of admirable order and system in her habits, and brought to the home of the pioneer in the Indiana timber many of the comforts of civilized life. The neighborhood was one of the roughest. The president once said of it: “It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods, and there were some schools, so called; but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond readin’, writin’, and cipherin’ to the rule of three. If a straggler supposed to understand Latin happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education.” But in spite of this the boy Abraham made the best use of the limited opportunities afforded him, and learned all that the half-educated backwoods teachers could impart; and besides this he read over and over all the books he could find. He practised constantly the rules of arithmetic, which he had acquired at school, and began, even in his early childhood, to put in writing his recollections of what he had read and his impressions of what he saw about him. By the time he was nineteen years of age he had acquired a remarkably clear and serviceable handwriting, and showed sufficient business capacity to be intrusted with a cargo of farm products, which he took to New Orleans and sold. In 1830 his father emigrated once more, to Macon County, Ill. Lincoln had by this time attained his extraordinary stature of six feet four inches, and with it enormous muscular strength, which was at once put at the disposal of his father in building his cabin, clearing the field, and splitting from the walnut forests, which were plentiful in that county, the rails with which the farm was fenced. Thomas Lincoln, however, soon deserted this new home, his last migration being to Goose Nest Prairie, in Coles County, where he died in 1851, seventy-three years of age. In his last days he was tenderly cared for by his son. 

Abraham Lincoln left his father's house as soon as the farm was fenced and cleared, hired himself to a man named Denton Offutt, in Sangamon County, assisted him to build a fiat-boat, accompanied him to New Orleans on a trading voyage, and returned with him to New Salem, in Menard County, where Offutt opened a store for the sale of general merchandise. Little was accomplished in this way, and Lincoln employed his too abundant leisure in constant reading and study. He learned during this time the elements of English grammar, and made a beginning in the study of surveying and the principles of law. But the next year an Indian war began, occasioned by the return of Black Hawk with his bands of Sacs and Foxes from Iowa to Illinois. Lincoln volunteered in a company raised in Sangamon County, and was immediately elected captain. His company was organized at Richland on 21 April, 1832; but his service in command of it was brief, for it was mustered out on 27 May. Lincoln immediately re-enlisted as a private, and served for several weeks in that capacity, being finally mustered out on 16 June, 1832, by Lieutenant Robert Anderson, who afterward commanded Fort Sumter at the beginning of the civil war. He returned home and began a hasty canvass for election to the legislature. His name had been announced in the spring before his enlistment; but now only ten days were left before the election, which took place in August. In spite of these disadvantages, he made a good race and was far from the foot of the poll. Although he was defeated, he gained the almost unanimous vote of his own neighborhood, New Salem giving him 277 votes against 3. He now began to look about him for employment, and for a time thought seriously of learning the trade of a blacksmith; but an opportunity presented itself to buy the only store in the settlement, which he did, giving his notes for the whole amount involved. He was associated with an idle and dissolute partner, and the business soon went to wreck, leaving Lincoln burdened with a debt which it required several years of frugality and industry for him to meet; but it was finally paid in full. After this failure he devoted himself with the greatest earnestness and industry to the study of law. He was appointed postmaster of New Salem in 1833, an office which he held for three years. The emoluments of the place were very slight, but it gave him opportunities for reading. At the same time he was appointed deputy to John Calhoun, the county surveyor, and, his modest wants being supplied by these two functions, he gave his remaining leisure unreservedly to the study of law and politics. He was a candidate for the legislature in August, 1834, and was elected this time at the head of the list. He was re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840, after which he declined further election. After entering the legislature, he did not return to New Salem, but, having by this time attained some proficiency in the law, he moved to Springfield, where he went into partnership with John T. Stuart, whose acquaintance he had begun in the Black Hawk war and continued at Vandalia. He took rank from the first among the leading members of the legislature. He was instrumental in having the state capital moved from Vandalia to Springfield, and during his eight years of service his ability, industry, and weight of character gained him such standing among his associates that in his last two terms he was the candidate of his party for the speakership of the House of Representatives. In 1846 he was elected to Congress, his opponent being the Reverend Peter Cartwright. The most important congressional measure with which his name was associated during his single term of service was a scheme for the emancipation of the slaves in the District of Columbia, which in the prevailing temper of the time was refused consideration by Congress. He was not a candidate for re-election, but for the first and only time in his life he applied for an executive appointment, the commissionership of the general land-office. The place was given to another man, but President Taylor's administration offered Mr. Lincoln the governorship of the territory of Oregon, which he declined.  Mr. Lincoln had by this time become the most influential exponent of the principles of the Whig Party in Illinois, and his services were in request in every campaign. After his return from Congress he devoted himself with great assiduity and success to the practice of law, and speedily gained a commanding position at the bar. As he says himself, he was losing his interest in politics when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused him again. The profound agitation of the question of slavery, which in 1854 followed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, awakened all the energies of Lincoln's nature. He regarded this act, in which Senator Douglas was the most prominent agent of the reactionary party, as a gross breach of faith, and began at once a series of earnest political discussions which immediately placed him at the head of the party that, not only in Illinois but throughout the west, was speedily formed to protest against and oppose the throwing open of the territories to the encroachments of slavery. The legislature elected in Illinois in the heat of this discussion contained a majority of members opposed to the policy of Douglas. The duty of selecting a senator in place of General Shields, whose term was closing, devolved upon this legislature, and Mr. Lincoln was the unanimous choice of the Whig members. But they did not command a clear majority of the legislature. There were four members of Democratic antecedents who, while they were ardently opposed to the extension of slavery, were not willing to cast their votes for a Whig candidate, and adhered tenaciously through several ballots to Lyman Trumbull, a Democrat of their own way of thinking. Lincoln, fearing that this dissension among the anti-slavery men might result in the election of a supporter of Douglas, urged his friends to go over in a body to the support of Trumbull, and his influence was sufficient to accomplish this result. Trumbull was elected, and for many years served the Republican cause in the senate with ability and zeal. 

As soon as the Republican Party became fully organized in the nation, embracing in its ranks the anti-slavery members of the old Whig and Democratic parties, Mr. Lincoln, by general consent, took his place at the head of the party in Illinois; and when, in 1858, Senator Douglas sought a re-election to the senate, the Republicans with one voice selected Mr. Lincoln as his antagonist. He had already made several speeches of remarkable eloquence and power against the pro-slavery reaction of which the Nebraska bill was the significant beginning, and when Mr. Douglas returned to Illinois to begin his canvass for the senate, he was challenged by Mr. Lincoln to a series of joint discussions. The challenge was accepted, and the most remarkable oratorical combat the state has ever witnessed took place between them during the summer. Mr. Douglas defended his thesis of non-intervention with slavery in the territories (the doctrine known as “popular sovereignty,” and derided as “squatter sovereignty”) with remarkable adroitness and energy. The ground that Mr. Lincoln took was higher and bolder than had yet been assumed by any American statesman of his time. In the brief and sententious speech in which he accepted the championship of his party, before the Republican Convention of 16 June, 1858, he uttered the following pregnant and prophetic words: “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect that it will cease to be divided. It will become all the one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward until it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, north as well as south.” This bold utterance excited the fears of his timid friends, and laid him open to the hackneyed and conventional attacks of the supporters of slavery; but throughout the contest, while he did not for an instant lower this lofty tone of opposition to slavery and hope of its extinction, he refused to be crowded by the fears of his friends or the denunciations of his enemies away from the strictly constitutional ground upon which his opposition was made. The debates between him and Senator Douglas aroused extraordinary interest throughout the state and the country. The men were perhaps equally matched in oratorical ability and adroitness in debate, but Lincoln's superiority in moral insight, and especially in farseeing political sagacity, soon became apparent. The most important and significant of the debates was that which took place at Freeport. Mr. Douglas had previously asked Mr. Lincoln a series of questions intended to embarrass him, which Lincoln without the slightest reserve answered by a categorical yes or no. At Freeport, Lincoln, taking his turn, inquired of Douglas whether the people of a territory could in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a state constitution. By his reply, intimating that slavery might be excluded by unfriendly territorial legislation, Douglas gained a momentary advantage in the anti-slavery region in which he spoke, but dealt a fatal blow to his popularity in the south; the result of which was seen two years afterward at the Charleston Convention. The ground assumed by Senator Douglas was, in fact, utterly untenable, and Lincoln showed this in one of his terse sentences. “Judge Douglas holds,” he said, “that a thing may lawfully be driven away from a place where it has a lawful right to go.” 

This debate established the reputation of Mr. Lincoln as one of the leading orators of the Republican Party of the Union, and a speech that he delivered at Cooper Institute, in New York, on 27 Feb., 1860, in which he showed that the unbroken record of the founders of the republic was in favor of the restriction of slavery and against its extension, widened and confirmed his reputation; so that when the Republican Convention came together in Chicago in May, 1860, he was nominated for the presidency on the third ballot, over William H. Seward, who was his principal competitor. The Democratic Convention, which met in Charleston, South Carolina, broke up after numerous fruitless ballotings, and divided into two sections. The southern half, unable to trust Mr. Douglas with the interests of slavery after his Freeport speech, first adjourned to Richmond, but again joined the other half at Baltimore, where a second disruption took place, after which the southern half nominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and the northern portion nominated Mr. Douglas. John Bell, of Tennessee, was nominated by the so-called Constitutional Union Party. Lincoln, therefore, supported by the entire anti-slavery sentiment of the north, gained an easy victory over the three other parties. The election took place on 6 Nov., and when the electoral college cast their votes Lincoln was found to have 180, Breckinridge 72, Bell 39, and Douglas 12. The popular vote stood: for Lincoln 1,866,462; for Douglas, 1,375,157; for Breckinridge, 847,953; for Bell, 590,631. 

The extreme partisans of slavery had not even waited for the election of Lincoln, to begin their preparations for an insurrection, and as soon as the result was declared a movement for separation was begun in South Carolina, and it carried along with her the states of Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. A provisional government, styled the “Confederate States of America,” of which Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was made president, was promptly organized, and seized, with few exceptions, all the posts, arsenals, and public property of the United States within their limits. Confronted by this extraordinary crisis, Mr. Lincoln kept his own counsel, and made no public expression of his intentions or his policy until he was inaugurated on 4 March, 1861. 
He called about him a cabinet of the most prominent members of the anti-slavery parties of the nation, giving no preference to any special faction. His Secretary of State was William H. Seward, of New York, who had been his principal rival for the nomination, and whose eminence and abilities designated him as the leading member of the administration; the Secretary of the Treasury was Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, whose pre-eminence in the west was as unquestioned as Seward's in the east; of war, Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, the most influential politician of that state; of the U.S. Navy, Gideon Welles, of Connecticut; of the interior, Caleb B. Smith, of Indiana; the border slave-states were represented in the government by Edward Bates, of Missouri, Attorney-General, and Montgomery Blair, of Maryland, postmaster-general—both of them men of great distinction of character and high standing as lawyers. Seward, Smith, and Bates were of Whig antecedents; all the rest of Democratic. The cabinet underwent, in the course of Mr. Lincoln's term, the following modifications: Secretary Chase, after a brilliant administration of the finances, resigned in 1864 from personal reasons, and was succeeded by William P. Fessenden, of Maine; Secretary Cameron left the war department at the close of the year 1861, and was appointed minister to Russia, and his place was taken by Edwin M. Stanton, a war Democrat of singular energy and vigor, and equal ability and devotion; Secretary Smith, accepting a judgeship, gave way to John P. Usher, of Indiana; Attorney-General Bates resigned in the last year of the administration, and was succeeded by James Speed, of Kentucky; and Postmaster-General Blair about the same time gave way to William Dennison, of Ohio. 

In his inaugural address, President Lincoln treated the acts of secession as a nullity. He declared the Union perpetual and inviolate, and announced with perfect firmness, though with the greatest moderation of speech and feeling, the intention of the government to maintain its authority and to hold the places under its jurisdiction. He made an elaborate and unanswerable argument against the legality as well as the justice of secession, and further showed, with convincing clearness, that peaceful secession was impossible. “Can aliens make treaties,” he said, “easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war; you cannot fight always, and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you.” He pleaded for peace in a strain of equal tenderness and dignity, and in closing he said: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have a most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it.” This speech profoundly affected the public opinion of the north; but in the excited state of sentiment that then controlled the south it naturally met only contempt and defiance in that section. A few weeks later the inevitable war began, in an attack upon Fort Sumter by the secessionists of South Carolina under General G. T. Beauregard, and after a long bombardment the fort surrendered on 13 April, 1861. The president instantly called for a force of 75,000 three-months' militiamen, and three weeks later ordered the enlistment of 64,000 soldiers and 18,000 seamen for three years. He set on foot a blockade of the southern ports, and called Congress together in special session, choosing for their day of meeting the 4th of July. The remaining states of the south rapidly arrayed themselves on one side or the other; all except Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were drawn into the secession movement, and the western part of Virginia, adhering to the Union, under the name of West Virginia, separated itself from that ancient commonwealth. 

The first important battle of the war took place at Bull Run. near Manassas Station, Va., 21 July, 1861, and resulted in the defeat of the National troops under General Irwin McDowell by a somewhat larger force of the Confederates under Generals Joseph E. Johnston and Beauregard. Though the loss in killed and wounded was not great, and was about the same on both sides, the victory was still one of the utmost importance for the Confederates, and gave them a great increase of prestige on both sides of the Atlantic. They were not, however, able to pursue their advantage. The summer was passed in enlisting, drilling, and equipping a formidable National Army on the banks of the Potomac, which was given in charge of General George B. McClellan, a young officer who had distinguished himself by a successful campaign in western Virginia. In spite of the urgency of the government, which was increased by the earnestness of the people and their representatives in Congress, General McClellan made no advance until the spring of 1862, when General Johnston, in command of the Confederate Army, evacuated the position which, with about 45,000 men, he had held during the autumn and winter against the Army of the Potomac, amounting to about 177,000 effectives. General McClellan then transferred his army to the peninsula between the James and York Rivers. Although there was but a force of 16,000 opposed to him when he landed, he spent a month before the works at Yorktown, and when he was prepared to open fire upon them they were evacuated, and General Johnston retreated to the neighborhood of Richmond. The battle of Seven Pines, in which the Confederates, successful in their first attack, were afterward repelled, was fought on 31 May, 1862. Johnston was wounded, and the command devolved upon General Robert E, Lee, who in the latter part of June moved out from his position before Richmond and attacked McClellan's right flank, under General Fitz-John Porter, at Gaines's Mills, north of the Chickahominy. Porter, with one corps, resisted the Confederate Army all day with great gallantry, unassisted by the main army under McClellan, but withdrew in the evening, and McClellan at once began his retreat to the James River. Several battles were fought on the way, in which the Confederates were checked; but the retreat continued until the National Army reached the James. Taking position at Malvern Hill, they inflicted a severe defeat upon General Lee, but were immediately after withdrawn by General McClellan to Harrison's Landing. Here, as at other times during his career, McClellan labored under a strange hallucination as to the numbers of his enemy. He generally estimated them at not less than twice their actual force, and continually reproached the president for not giving him impossible re-enforcements to equal the imaginary numbers he thought opposed to him. In point of fact, his army was always in excess of that of Johnston or Lee. The continual disasters in the east were somewhat compensated by a series of brilliant successes in the west. In February, 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant had captured the Confederate forts Henry and Donelson, thus laying open the great strategic lines of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and, moving southward, had fought (6 and 7 April) the battle of Shiloh, with unfavorable results on the first day, which were turned to a victory on the second with the aid of General D. C. Buell and his army, a battle in which General Albert Sidney Johnston was killed and the Confederate invasion of Kentucky baffled. Farragut, on 24 April, had won a brilliant naval victory over the twin forts above the mouths of the Mississippi, which resulted in the capture of New Orleans and the control of the lower Mississippi. After General McClellan's retreat to the James, the president visited the army at Harrison's Landing (8 July), and, after careful consultations with the corps commanders, became convinced that in the actual disposition of the officers and the troops there was no reasonable expectation of a successful movement upon Richmond by McClellan. An order was therefore issued for the withdrawal of the Army from the James, and, General Halleck having been appointed general-in-chief, General Pope was sent forward from Washington with a small force to delay the Confederate Army under General Lee unti1 the Army of the Potomac could arrive and be concentrated to support him. McClellan's movements, however, were so deliberate, and there was such a want of confidence and co-operation on the part of his officers toward General Pope, that the National Army met with a decisive defeat on the same battle-field of Bull Run that saw their first disaster. General Pope, disheartened by the lack of sympathy and support that he discerned among the most eminent officers of the Army of the Potomac, retreated upon Washington, and General McClellan, who seemed to be the only officer under whom the army was at the moment willing to serve, was placed in command of it. General Lee, elated with his success, crossed the Potomac, but was met by the army under McClellan at South Mountain and Antietam, and after two days of great slaughter Lee retreated into Virginia. 

President Lincoln availed himself of this occasion to give effect to a resolve that had long been maturing in his mind in an act the most momentous in its significance and results that the century has witnessed. For a year and a half  he had been subjected to urgent solicitations from the two great political parties of the country, the one side appealing to him to take decided measures against slavery, and the other imploring him to pursue a conservative course in regard to that institution. His deep-rooted detestation of the system of domestic servitude was no secret to any one; but his reverence for the law, his regard for vested interests, and his anxiety to do nothing that should alienate any considerable body of the supporters of the government, had thus far induced him to pursue a middle course between the two extremes. Meanwhile the power of events had compelled a steady progress in the direction of emancipation. So early as August, 1861, Congress had passed an act to confiscate the rights of slave-owners in slaves employed in a manner hostile to the Union, and General Frémont had seized the occasion of the passage of this act to issue an order to confiscate and emancipate the slaves of rebels in the state of Missouri. President Lincoln, unwilling, in a matter of such transcendent importance, to leave the initiative to any subordinate, revoked this order, and directed General Frémont to modify it so that it should conform to the confiscation act of Congress. This excited violent opposition to the president among the radical anti-slavery men in Missouri and elsewhere, while it drew upon him the scarcely less embarrassing importunities of the conservatives, who wished him to take still more decided ground against the radicals. On 6 March, 1862, he sent a special message to Congress inclosing a resolution, the passage of which he recommended, to offer pecuniary aid from the general government to states that should adopt the gradual abolishment of slavery. This resolution was promptly passed by Congress; but in none of the slave-states was public sentiment sufficiently advanced to permit them to avail themselves of it. The next month, however, Congress passed a law emancipating slaves in the District of Columbia, with compensation to owners, and President Lincoln had the happiness of affixing his signature to a measure that he had many years before, while a representative from Illinois, fruitlessly urged upon the notice of Congress. As the war went on, wherever the National armies penetrated there was a constant stream of fugitive slaves from the adjoining regions, and the commanders of each department treated the complicated questions arising from this body of “contrabands”, as they came to be called, in their camps, according to their own judgment of the necessities or the expediencies of each case, a discretion which the president thought best to tolerate. But on 9 May, 1862, General David Hunter, an intimate and esteemed friend of Mr. Lincoln's, saw proper, without consultation with him, to issue a military order declaring all persons theretofore held as slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina forever free. The president, as soon as he received this order, issued a proclamation declaring it void, and reserving to himself the decision of the question whether it was competent for him, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, to declare the slaves of any state or states free, and whether at any time or in any case it should have become a necessity indispensable to the maintenance of the government to exercise such supposed power, and prohibiting to commanders in the field the decision of such questions. But he added in his proclamation a significant warning and appeal to the slave-holding states, urging once more upon them the policy of emancipation by state action. “I do not argue,” he said; “I beseech you to make the argument for yourselves. You cannot, if you would, be blind to the signs of the times. I beg of you a calm and enlarged consideration of them, ranging, if it may be, far above personal and partisan politics. This proposal makes common cause for a common object, casting no reproaches upon any. . . . Will you not embrace it? So much good has not been done, by one effort, in all past time, as in the providence of God it is now your high privilege to do. May the vast future not have cause to lament that you have neglected it.” He had several times endeavored to bring this proposition before the members of Congress from the loyal slave-holding states, and on 12 July he invited them to meet him at the executive mansion, and submitted to them a powerful and urgent appeal to induce their states to adopt the policy of compensated emancipation. Be told then, without reproach or complaint, that he believed that if they had all voted for the resolution in the gradual emancipation message of the preceding March, the war would now have been substantially ended, and that the plan therein proposed was still one of the most potent and swift means of ending it. “Let the states,” he said, “which are in rebellion see definitely and certainly that in no event will the states you represent ever join their proposed confederacy, and they cannot much longer maintain the contest.” While urging this policy upon the conservatives, and while resolved in his own mind upon emancipation by decree as a last resource, he was the subject of vehement attacks from the more radical anti-slavery supporters of the government, to which he replied with unfailing moderation and good temper. Although in July he had resolved upon his course, and had read to his cabinet a draft of a proclamation of emancipation which he had then laid aside for a more fitting occasion (on the suggestion from Mr. Seward that its issue in the disastrous condition of our military affairs would be interpreted as a sign of desperation), he met the reproaches of the radical Republicans, the entreaties of visiting delegations, and the persuasions of his eager friends with arguments showing both sides of the question of which they persisted in seeing only one. To Horace Greeley, on 22 Aug., Mr. Lincoln said: “My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” And even so late as 13 Sept. he said to a delegation of a religious society, who were urging immediate action: I do not want to issue a document that the whole world will see must necessarily be inoperative, like the pope's bull against the comet . . .  I view this matter as a practical war measure, to be decided on according to the advantages or disadvantages it may offer to the suppression of the rebellion.” Still, he assured them that he had not decided against a proclamation of liberty to the slaves, but that the matter occupied his deepest thoughts. The retreat of Lee from Maryland after his defeat at Antietam seemed to the president to afford a proper occasion for the execution of his long-matured resolve, and on 22 Sept. he issued his preliminary proclamation, giving notice to the states in rebellion that, on 1 Jan., 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state, the people whereof should then be in rebellion against the United States, should be then, thenceforward, and forever free. When Congress came together on 1 Dec. he urged them to supplement what had already been done by constitutional action, concluding his message with this impassioned appeal: “Fellow-citizens, we cannot escape history. We of this Congress and this administration will be remembered in spite of ourselves. No personal significance or insignificance can spare one or another of us. The fiery trial through which we pass will light us down in honor or dishonor to the latest generation. We even we here-hold the power and bear the responsibility. In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free—honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last, best hope of earth. Other means may succeed; this could not fail. The way is plain, peaceful, generous, just a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud, and God must forever bless.” It was hardly to be expected, however, that any action would be taken by Congress before the lapse of the hundred days that the president had left between his warning and its execution. On 1 Jan., 1863, the final proclamation of emancipation was issued. It recited the preliminary document, and then designated the states in rebellion against the United States. They were Arkansas, Texas, a part of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, excepting certain counties. The proclamation then continued: “I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.” The criticisms and forebodings of the opponents of emancipation had well-nigh been exhausted during the previous three months, and the definitive proclamation was received with general enthusiasm throughout the loyal states. The dissatisfaction with which this important measure was regarded in the border states gradually died away, as did also the opposition in conservative quarters to the enlistment of Negro soldiers. Their good conduct, their quick submission to discipline, and their excellent behavior in several battles, rapidly made an end of the prejudice against them; and when, in the winter session of Congress of 1863-'4, Mr. Lincoln again urged upon the attention of that body the passage of a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, his proposition met with the concurrence of a majority of Congress, though it failed of the necessary two-third vote in the House of Representatives. During the following year, however, public opinion made rapid progress, and the influence of the president with Congress was largely increased after his triumphant re-election. In his annual message of 6 Dec., 1864, he once more pleaded, this time with irresistible force, in favor of constitutional emancipation in all the states. As there had been much controversy during the year in regard to the president's anti-slavery convictions, and the suggestion had been made in many quarters that, for the sake of peace, he might be induced to withdraw the proclamation, he repeated the declaration made the year before: “While I remain in my present position I shall not attempt to retract or modify the emancipation proclamation; nor shall I return to slavery any person who is free by the terms of that proclamation or by any of the acts of Congress. If the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an executive duty to re-enslave such persons, another, and not I, must be their instrument to perform it.” This time Congress acted with alacrity, and on 31 Jan., 1865, proposed to the states the 13th amendment to the constitution, providing that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. The states rapidly adopted the amendment by the action of their legislatures, and the president was especially pleased that his own state of Illinois led the van, having passed the necessary resolution within twenty-four hours. Before the year ended twenty-seven of the thirty-six states (being the necessary three fourths) had ratified the amendment, and President Johnson, on 18 Dec., 1865, officially proclaimed its adoption. 

While the energies of the government and of the people were most strenuously occupied with the war and the questions immediately concerning it, the four years of Mr. Lincoln's administration had their full share of complicated and difficult questions of domestic and foreign concern. The interior and post-office departments made great progress in developing the means of communication throughout the country. Mr. Chase, as Secretary of the Treasury, performed, with prodigious ability and remarkable success, the enormous duties devolving upon him of providing funds to supply the army at an expense amounting at certain periods to $3,000,000 a day; and Mr. Seward, in charge of the state department, held at bay the suppressed hostility of European nations. Of all his cabinet, the president sustained with Mr. Seward relations of the closest intimacy, and for that reason, perhaps, shared more directly in the labors of his department. He revised the first draft of most of Seward's important despatches, and changed and amended their language with remarkable wisdom and skill. He was careful to avoid all sources of controversy or ill-feeling with foreign nations, and when they occurred he did his best to settle them in the interests of peace, without a sacrifice of national dignity. At the end of the year 1861 the friendly relations between England and the United States were seriously threatened by the capture of the Confederate envoys, Mason and Slidell, on board a British merchant-ship. (See WILKES, CHARLES.) Public sentiment approved the capture, and, as far as could be judged by every manifestation in the press and in Congress, was in favor of retaining the prisoners and defiantly refusing the demand of England for their return. But when the president, after mature deliberation, decided that the capture was against American precedents, and directed their return to British custody, the second thought of the country was with him. His prudence and moderation were also conspicuously displayed in his treatment of the question of the invasion of Mexico by France, and the establishment by military power of the emperor Maximilian in that country. Accepting as genuine the protestations of the emperor of the French, that he intended no interference with the will of the people of Mexico, he took no measures unfriendly to France or the empire, except those involved in the maintenance of unbroken friendship with the republican government under President Juarez, a proceeding that, although severely criticised by the more ardent spirits in Congress, ended, after the president's death, in the triumph of the National Party in Mexico and the downfall of the invaders. He left no doubt, however, at any time, in regard to his own conviction that “the safety of the people of the United States and the cheerful destiny to which they aspire are intimately dependent upon the maintenance of free republican institutions throughout Mexico.” He dealt in a sterner spirit with the proposition for foreign mediation that the emperor of the French, after seeking in vain the concurrence of other European powers, at last presented singly at the beginning of 1863. This proposition, under the orders of the president, was declined by Mr. Seward on 6 Feb., in a despatch of remarkable ability and dignity, which put an end to all discussion of overtures of intervention from European powers. The diplomatic relations with England were exceedingly strained at several periods during the war. The building and fitting out of Confederate cruisers in English ports, and their escape, after their construction and its purpose had been made known by the American minister, more than once brought the two nations to the verge of war; but the moderation with which the claims of the United States were made by Mr. Lincoln, the energy and ability displayed by Secretary Seward and by Mr. Charles Francis Adams in presenting these claims, and, it must now be recognized, the candor and honesty with which the matter was treated by Earl Russell, the British minister for foreign affairs, saved the two countries from that irreparable disaster; and the British government at last took such measures as were necessary to put an end to this indirect war from the shores of England upon American commerce. In the course of two years the war attained such proportions that volunteering was no longer a sufficient resource to keep the army, consisting at that time of nearly a million men, at its full fighting strength. Congress therefore authorized, and the departments executed, a scheme of enrolment and draft of the arms-bearing population of the loyal states. Violent opposition arose to this measure in many parts of the country, which was stimulated by the speeches of orators of the opposition, and led, in many instances, to serious breaches of the public peace. A frightful riot, beginning among the foreign population of New York, kept that city in disorder and terror for three days in July, 1863. But the riots were suppressed, the disturbances quieted at last, and the draft was executed throughout the country. Clement L. Vallandigham, of Ohio, one of the most eloquent and influential orators of the Democratic Party, was arrested in Ohio by General Burnside for his violent public utterances in opposition to the war, tried by a military court, and sentenced to imprisonment during the continuance of the war. The president changed his sentence to that of transportation within the lines of the rebellion. These proceedings caused a great ferment among his party in Ohio, who, by way of challenge to the government, nominated him for governor of that state. A committee of its prominent politicians demanded from the president his restoration to his political rights, and a correspondence took place between them and the president, in which the rights and powers of the government in case of rebellion were set forth by him with great lucidity and force. His letters exercised an important influence in the political discussions of the year, and Mr. Vallandigham was defeated in his candidacy by John Brough by a majority of 100,000 votes.

The war still continued at a rate that appears rapid enough in retrospect, but seemed slow to the eager spirits watching its course. The disasters of the Army of the Potomac did not end with the removal of General McClellan, which took place in November, 1862, as a consequence of his persistent delay in pursuing Lee's retreating army after the battle of Antietam. General Burnside, who succeeded him, suffered a humiliating defeat in his attack upon the intrenched position of the Confederates at Fredericksburg. General Hooker, who next took command, after opening his campaign by crossing the Rapidan in a march of extraordinary brilliancy, was defeated at Chancellorsville, in a battle where both sides lost severely, and then retired again north of the river. General Lee, leaving the National Army on his right flank, crossed the Potomac, and Hooker having, at his own request, been relieved and succeeded by General Meade, the two armies met in a three days' battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where General Lee sustained a decisive defeat, and was driven back into Virginia. His flight from Gettysburg began on the evening of the 4th of July, a day that in this year doubled its lustre as a historic anniversary. For on this day Vicksburg, the most important Confederate stronghold in the west, surrendered to General Grant. He had spent the early months of 1863 in successive attempts to take that fortress, all of which had failed; but on the last day of April he crossed the river at Grand Gulf, and within a few clays fought the successful battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, and the Big Black River, and shut np the army of Pemberton in close siege in the city of Vicksburg, which he finally captured with about 30,000 men on the 4th of July. 

The speech that Mr. Lincoln delivered at the dedication of the National cemetery on the battlefield of Gettysburg, 19 Nov., 1863, was at once recognized as the philosophy in brief of the whole great struggle, and has already become classic. There are slightly differing versions; the one that is here given is a literal transcript of the speech as he afterward wrote it out for a fair in Baltimore: 

“Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” 

General Grant was transferred to Chattanooga, where, in November, with the troops of Thomas, Hooker, and Sherman, he won the important victory of Missionary Ridge; and then, being appointed lieutenant-general and general-in-chief of the armies of the United States, he went to Washington and entered upon the memorable campaign of 1864. This campaign began with revived hopes on the part of the government, the people, and the army. The president, glad that the army had now at its head a general in whose ability and enterprise he could thoroughly confide, ceased from that moment to exercise any active influence on its movements. He wrote, on 30 April, to General Grant: “The particulars of your plans I neither know nor seek to know. You are vigilant and self-reliant, and, pleased with this, I wish not to obtrude any constraints or restraints upon you. . .  If there is anything wanting which is in my power to give, do not fail to let me know it. And now, with a brave army and a just cause, may God sustain you.” Grant crossed the Rapidan on 4 May, intending to move by the right flank of General Lee; but the two armies came together in a gloomy forest called the Wilderness, where, from the 5th to the 7th of May, one of the most sanguinary battles known to modern warfare was fought. Neither side having gained any decisive advantage in this deadly struggle, Grant moved to the left, and Lee met him again at Spottsylvania Court-House, where for ten days a series of destructive contests took place, in which both sides were alternately successful. Still moving to the left, Grant again encountered the enemy at the crossing of North Anna River, and still later at Cold Harbor, a few miles northeast of Richmond, where, assaulting General Lee's army in a fortified position, he met with a bloody repulse. He then crossed the James River, intending by a rapid movement to seize Petersburg and the Confederate lines of communication south of Richmond, but was baffled in this purpose, and forced to enter upon a regular siege of Petersburg, which occupied the summer and autumn. While these operations were in progress, General Philip H. Sheridan had made one of the most brilliant Cavalry raids in the war, threatening Richmond and defeating the Confederate cavalry under General J. E. B. Stuart, and killing that famous leader. While Grant lay before Richmond, General Lee, hoping to induce him to attack his works, despatched a force under General Early to threaten Washington; but Grant sent two corps of his army northward, and Early—after a sharp skirmish under the fortifications of Washington, where Mr. Lincoln was personally present—was driven back through the Shenandoah valley, and on two occasions, in September and October, was signally defeated by General Sheridan. 

General William T. Sherman, who had been left in command of the western District formerly commanded by Grant, moved southward at the same time that Grant crossed the Rapidan. General Joseph E. Johnston, one of the ablest of the Confederate generals, retired gradually before him, defending himself at every halt with the greatest skill and address; but his movements not proving satisfactory to the Richmond government, he was moved, and General John B. Hood appointed in his place. After a summer of hard fighting, Sherman, on 1 Sept., captured Atlanta, one of the chief manufacturing and railroad centres of the south, and later in the autumn organized and executed a magnificent march to the seaboard, which proved that the military power of the Confederacy had been concentrated at a few points on the frontier, and that the interior was little more than an empty shell. He reached the sea-coast early in December, investing Savannah on the 10th, and capturing the city on the 21st. He then marched northward with the intention of assisting General Grant in the closing scenes of the war. The army under General George H. Thomas, who had been left in Tennessee to hold Hood in check while this movement was going on, after severely handling the Confederates in the preliminary battle of Franklin, 30 Nov., inflicted upon Hood a crushing and final defeat in the battle of Nashville, 16 Dec., routing and driving him from the state. 

During the summer, while Grant was engaged in the desperate and indecisive series of battles that marked his southward progress in Virginia, and Sherman had not yet set out upon his march to the sea, one of the most ardent political canvasses the country had ever seen was in progress at the north. Mr. Lincoln, on 8 June, had been unanimously renominated for the presidency by the Republican Convention at Baltimore. The Democratic leaders had postponed their convention to a date unusually late, in the hope that some advantage might be reaped from the events of the summer. The convention came together on 29 Aug. in Chicago. Mr. Vallandigham, who had returned from his banishment, and whom the government had sagaciously declined to rearrest, led the extreme peace party in the convention. Prominent politicians of New York were present in the interest of General McClellan. Both sections of the convention gained their point. General McClellan was nominated for the presidency, and Mr. Vallandigham succeeded in imposing upon his party a platform declaring that the war had been a failure, and demanding a cessation of hostilities. The capture of Atlanta on the day the convention adjourned seemed to the Unionists a providential answer to the opposition. Republicans, who had been somewhat disheartened by the slow progress of military events and by the open and energetic agitation that the peace party had continued through the summer at the north, now took heart again, and the canvass proceeded with the greatest spirit to the close. Sheridan's victory over Early in the Shenandoah valley gave an added impulse to the general enthusiasm, and in the October elections it was shown that the name of Mr. Lincoln was more popular, and his influence more powerful, than anyone had anticipated. In the election that took place on 8 Nov., 1864, he received 2,216,000 votes, and General McClellan 1,800,000. The difference in the electoral vote was still greater, Mr. Lincoln being supported by 212 of the presidential electors, while only 21 voted for McClellan.  

President Lincoln's second inaugural address, delivered on 4 March, 1865, will forever remain not only one of the most remarkable of all his public utterances, but will also hold a high rank among the greatest state papers that history has preserved. As he neared the end of his career, and saw plainly outlined before him the dimensions of the vast moral and material success that the nation was about to achieve, his thoughts, always predisposed to an earnest and serious view of life, assumed a fervor and exaltation like that of the ancient seers and prophets. The speech that he delivered to the vast concourse at the eastern front of the capitol is the briefest of all the presidential addresses in our annals; but it has not its equal in lofty eloquence and austere morality. The usual historical view of the situation, the ordinary presentment of the intentions of the government, seemed matters too trivial to engage the concern of a mind standing, as Lincoln's apparently did at this moment, face to face with the most tremendous problems of fate and moral responsibility. In the briefest words he announced what had been the cause of the war, and how the government had hoped to bring it to an earlier close. With passionless candor he admitted that neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration it had attained. “Each looked for an easier triumph and a result less fundamental and astounding”; and, passing into a strain of rhapsody, which no lesser mind and character could ever dare to imitate, he said: “Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes his aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces. But let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered; that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. ‘Woe unto the world because of offences! for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh.’ If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offences, which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both north and south this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offence came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three years ago, so still it must be said, ‘The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.’ With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan—to do all which may and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations.” 

The triumphant election of Mr. Lincoln, no less than the steady progress of the National armies, convinced some of the more intelligent of the southern leaders that their cause was hopeless, and that it would be prudent to ascertain what terms of peace could be made before the utter destruction of their military power. There had been already several futile attempts at opening negotiations; but they had all failed of necessity, because neither side was willing even to consider the only terms that the other side would offer. There had never been a moment when Mr. Lincoln would have been willing to receive propositions of peace on any other basis than the recognition of the national integrity, and Mr. Davis steadfastly refused to the end to admit the possibility of the restoration of the national authority, In July, certain unauthorized persons in Canada, having persuaded Horace Greeley that negotiations might be opened through them with the Confederate authorities, Mr. Lincoln despatched him to Niagara Falls, and sent an open letter addressed, “To whom it may concern” (see illustration). It is in the possession of Mr. William H. Appleton, of New York, and now appears in fac-simile for the first time. This document put an end to the negotiation. The Confederate emissaries in Canada, and their principals in Richmond, made no use of this incident except to employ the president's letter as a text for denunciation of the National government, But later in the year, the hopelessness of the struggle having become apparent to some of the Confederate leaders, Mr. Davis was at last induced to send an embassy to Fortress Monroe, to inquire what terms of adjustment were possible. They were met by President Lincoln and the Secretary of State in person. The plan proposed was one that had been suggested, on his own responsibility, by Mr. Francis Preston Blair, of Washington, in an interview he had been permitted to hold with Mr. Davis in Richmond, that the two armies should unite in a campaign against the French in Mexico for the enforcement of the Monroe doctrine, and that the issues of the war should be postponed for future settlement. The president declined peremptorily to entertain this scheme, and repeated again the only conditions to which he could listen: The restoration of the national authority throughout all the states, the maintenance and execution of all the acts of the general government in regard to slavery, the cessation of hostilities, and the disbanding of the insurgent forces as a necessary prerequisite to the ending of the war. The Confederate agents reported at Richmond the failure of their embassy, and Mr. Davis denounced the conduct of President Lincoln in a public address full of desperate defiance. Nevertheless, it was evident even to the most prejudiced observers that the war could not continue much longer. Sherman's march had demonstrated the essential weakness of the Confederate cause; the soldiers of the Confederacy—who for four years, with the most stubborn gallantry, had maintained a losing fight—began to show signs of dangerous discouragement and insubordination; recruiting had ceased some time before, and desertion was going on rapidly. The army of General Lee, which was the last bulwark of the Confederacy, still held its lines stoutly against the gradually enveloping lines of Grant; but their valiant commander knew it was only a question of how many days he could hold his works, and repeatedly counselled the government at Richmond to evacuate that city, and allow the army to take up a more tenable position in the mountains. General Grant's only anxiety each morning was lest he should find the army of General Lee moving away from him, and late in March he determined to strike the final blow at the rebellion. Moving for the last time by the left flank, his forces under Sheridan fought and gained a brilliant victory over the Confederate left at Five Forks, and at the same time Generals Humphreys, Wright, and Parke moved against the Confederate works, breaking their lines and capturing many prisoners and guns. Petersburg was evacuated on 2 April. The Confederate government fled from Richmond the same afternoon and evening, and Grant, pursuing the broken and shattered remnant of Lee's army, received their surrender at Appomattox Court-House on 9 April. About 28,000 Confederates signed the parole, and an equal number had been killed, captured, and dispersed in the operations immediately preceding the surrender. General Sherman, a few days afterward, received the surrender of Johnston, and the last Confederate Army, under General Kirby Smith, west of the Mississippi, laid down its arms. 

President Lincoln had himself accompanied the army in its last triumphant campaign, and had entered Richmond immediately after its surrender, receiving the cheers and benedictions, not only of the Negroes whom he had set free, but of a great number of white people, who were weary of the war, and welcomed the advent of peace. Returning to Washington with his mind filled with plans for the restoration of peace and orderly government throughout the south, he seized the occasion of a serenade, on 11 April, to deliver to the people who gathered in front of the executive mansion his last speech on public affairs, in which he discussed with unusual dignity and force the problems of reconstruction, then crowding upon public consideration. As his second inaugural was the greatest of all his rhetorical compositions, so this brief political address, which closed his public career, is unsurpassed among his speeches for clearness and wisdom, and for a certain tone of gentle but unmistakable authority, which shows to what a mastery of statecraft he had attained. He congratulated the country upon the decisive victories of the last week; he expressly asserted that, although he had been present in the final operations, “no part of the honor, for plan or execution, was his”; and then, with equal boldness and discretion, announced the principles in accordance with which he should deal with the restoration of the states. He refused to be provoked into controversy, which he held would be purely academic, over the question whether the insurrectionary states were in or out of the Union. “As appears to me,” he said, “that question has not been, nor yet is, a practically material one, and any discussion of it, while it thus remains practically immaterial, could have no effect other than the mischievous one of dividing our friends. As yet, whatever it may hereafter become, that question is bad, as the basis of a controversy, and good for nothing at all—a merely pernicious abstraction. We all agree that the seceded states, so-called, are out of their proper practical relation with the Union, and that the sole object of the government, civil and military, in regard to those states, is to again get them into that proper practical relation. I believe it is not only possible, but in fact easier, to do this without deciding, or even considering, whether these states have ever been out of the Union than with it. Finding themselves safely at home, it would be utterly immaterial whether they had ever been abroad. Let us all join in doing the acts necessary to restoring the proper practical relations between these states and the Union, and each forever after innocently indulge his own opinion whether in doing the acts he brought the states from without into the Union, or only gave them proper assistance, they never having been out of it.” In this temper he discussed the recent action of the Unionists of Louisiana, where 12,000 voters had sworn allegiance, giving his full approval to their course, but not committing himself to any similar method in other cases; “any exclusive and inflexible plan would surely become a new entanglement . . . . If we reject and spurn them, we do our utmost to disorganize and disperse them. We, in effect, say to the white men, ‘You are worthless or worse, we will neither help you, nor be helped by you.’ To the blacks we say, ‘This cup of liberty which these, your old masters, hold to your lips, we will dash from you and leave you to the chances of gathering the spilled and scattered contents in some vague and undefined when, where, and how’. . . . If, on the contrary, we sustain the new government of Louisiana, the converse is made true. Concede that it is only to what it should be as the egg is to the fowl, we shall sooner have the fowl by hatching the egg than by smashing it.” These words were the last he uttered in public; on 14 April, at a cabinet meeting, he developed these views in detail, and found no difference of opinion among his advisers. The same evening he attended a performance of “Our American Cousin” at Ford's theatre, in Tenth street. He was accompanied by Mrs. Lincoln and two friends—Miss Harris, a daughter of Senator Ira Harris, of New York, and Major Henry R. Rathbone. In the midst of the play a shot was heard, and a man was seen to leap from the president's box to the stage. Brandishing a dripping knife, with which, after shooting the president, he had stabbed Major Rathbone, and shouting, “Sic semper tyrannis!—the south is avenged!” he rushed to the rear of the building, leaped upon a horse, which was held there in readiness for him, and made his escape. The president was carried to a small house on the opposite side of the street, where, surrounded by his family and the principal officers of the government, he breathed his last at 7 o'clock on the morning of 15 April. The assassin was found by a squadron of troops twelve days afterward, and shot in a barn in which he had taken refuge. The illustration on page 722 represents the house where Mr. Lincoln passed away.  The body of the president lay in state at the Capitol on 20 April and was viewed by a great concourse of people; the next day the funeral train set out for Springfield, Ill. The cortege halted at all the principal cities on the way, and the remains of the president lay in state in Baltimore, Harrisburg, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Chicago, being received everywhere with extraordinary demonstrations of respect and sorrow. The joy over the return of peace was for a fortnight eclipsed by the universal grief for the dead leader. He was buried, amid the mourning of the whole nation, at Oak Ridge, near Springfield, on 4 May, and there on 15 Oct., 1874, an imposing monument—the work of the sculptor Larkin G. Mead—was dedicated to his memory. The monument is of white marble, with a portrait-statue of Lincoln in bronze, and four bronze groups at the corners, representing the infantry, cavalry, and artillery arms of the service and the navy. (See accompanying illustration.) 

The death of President Lincoln, in the moment of the great national victory that he had done more than any other to gain, caused a movement of sympathy throughout the world. The expressions of grief and condolence that were sent to the government at Washington, from national, provincial, and municipal bodies all over the globe, were afterward published by the state department in a quarto volume of nearly a thousand pages, called “The Tribute of the Nations to Abraham Lincoln.” After the lapse of twenty years, the high estimate of him that the world appears instinctively to have formed at the moment of his death seems to have been increased rather than diminished, as his participation in the great events of his time has been more thoroughly studied and understood. His goodness of heart, his abounding charity, his quick wit and overflowing humor, which made him the hero of many true stories and a thousand legends, are not less valued in themselves; but they are cast in the shade by the evidences that continually appear of his extraordinary qualities of mind and of character. His powerful grasp of details, his analytic capacity, his unerring logic, his perception of human nature, would have made him unusual in any age of the world, while the quality that, in the opinion of many, made him the specially fitted agent of Providence in the salvation of the country, his absolute freedom from prejudice or passion in weighing the motives of his contemporaries and the deepest problems of state gives him pre-eminence even among the illustrious men that have preceded and followed him in his great office. Simple and modest as he was in his demeanor, he was one of the most self-respecting of rulers. Although his kindness of heart was proverbial, although he was always glad to please and unwilling to offend, few presidents have been more sensible of the dignity of their office, and more prompt to maintain it against encroachments. He was at all times unquestionably the head of the government, and, though not inclined to interfere with the routine business of the departments, he tolerated no insubordination in important matters. At one time, being conscious that there was an effort inside of his government to force the resignation of one of its members, he read in open cabinet a severe reprimand of what was going on, mentioning no names, and ordering peremptorily that no questions should be asked, and no allusions be made to the incident then or thereafter. He did not except his most trusted friends or his most powerful generals from this strict subordination. When Mr. Seward went before him to meet the Confederate envoys at Hampton Roads, Mr. Lincoln gave him this written injunction: “You will not assume to definitely consummate anything”; and, on 3 March, 1865, when General Grant was about to set out on his campaign of final victory, the Secretary of War gave him, by the president's order, this imperative instruction: “The president directs me to say to you that he wishes you to have no conference with General Lee, unless it be for the capitulation of General Lee's army, or on some other minor and purely military matter. He instructs me to say that you are not to decide, discuss, or to confer upon any political question. Such questions the president holds in his own hands, and will submit them to no military conferences or conventions. Meanwhile, you are to press to the utmost your military advantages.” When he refused to comply with the desire of the more radical Republicans in Congress to take Draconian measures of retaliation against the Confederates for their treatment of black soldiers, he was accused by them of weakness and languor. They never seemed to perceive that to withstand an angry congress in Washington required more vigor of character than to launch a threatening decree against the Confederate government in Richmond. Mr. Lincoln was as unusual in personal appearance as in character. His stature was almost gigantic, six feet and four inches; he was muscular but spare of frame, weighing about 180 pounds. His hair was strong and luxuriant in growth, and stood out straight from his head; it began to be touched with gray in his last years. His eyes, a grayish brown, were deeply set, and were filled, in repose, with an expression of profound melancholy, which easily changed to one of uproarious mirth at the provocation of a humorous anecdote, told by himself or another. His nose was long and slightly curved, his mouth large and singularly mobile. Up to the time of his election he was clean-shaven, but during his presidency the fine outline of his face was marred by a thin and straggling beard. His demeanor was, in general, extremely simple and careless, but he was not without a native dignity that always protected him from anything like presumption or impertinence. 

Mr. Lincoln married, on 4 November, 1842, Miss Mary Todd, daughter of Robert S. Todd, of Kentucky. There were born of this marriage four sons. One, Edward Baker, died in infancy; another, William Wallace, died at the age of twelve, during the presidency of Mr. Lincoln; and still another, Thomas, at the age of eighteen, several years after his father's death. The only one that grew to maturity was his eldest son, Robert. The house in which Mr. Lincoln lived when he was elected president, in Springfield, Illinois, was conveyed to the state of Illinois in 1887 by his son, and a collection of memorials of him is to be preserved there perpetually. (See illustration on page 717.) 

There were few portraits of Mr. Lincoln painted in his lifetime; the vast number of engravings that have made his face one of the most familiar of all time have been mostly copied from photographs. The one on page 715 is from a photograph taken in 1858. There are portraits from life by Frank B. Carpenter, by Matthew Wilson, by Thomas Hicks, and an excellent crayon drawing by Barry. Since his death G. P. A. Healy, William Page, and others have painted portraits of him. There are two authentic life-masks: one made in 1858 by Leonard W. Volk (see illustration on page 723), who also executed a bust of Mr. Lincoln before his election in 1860, and another by Clark Mills shortly before the assassination. There are already a number of statues: one by Henry Kirke Brown in Union square, New York (see page 720); another by the same artist in Brooklyn; one in the group called “Emancipation,'” by Thomas Ball, in Lincoln Park, Washington, D. C., a work which has especial interest as having been paid for by the contributions of the freed people; one by Mrs. Vinnie Ream Hoxie in the Capitol; one by Augustus St. Gaudens in Chicago, set up in Chicago, 22 Oct., 1887; and one by Randolph Rogers in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (see illustration on page 721). There is a bust by Thomas D. Jones, modelled from life in 1860. 

The Lincoln bibliography is enormous, comprising thousands of volumes. See John Russell Bartlett's “Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets relating to the Civil War in the United States” (Boston, 1866). The most noteworthy of the lives of Lincoln already published are those of Joseph H. Barrett (Cincinnati, 1865); Henry J. Raymond (New York, 1865); Josiah G. Holland (Springfield, Massachusetts, 1866); Ward H. Lamon (only the first volume, Boston, 1872); William O. Stoddard (New York, 1884); and Isaac N. Arnold (Chicago, 1885). Briefer lives have also been written by Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, William D. Howells, Carl Schurz, Charles G. Leland, John Carroll Power, and others. The most complete and exhaustive work upon his life and times appeared in the “Century” magazine, written by his private secretaries, John G. Nicolay and John Hay (reissued in 10 vols., New York, 1890). The same authors prepared a complete edition of all his writings, speeches, and letters (2 vols., 1894).—His wife, Mary Todd, born in Lexington, Kentucky, 12 Dec., 1818; died in Springfield, Ill.. 16 July, 1882, was the daughter of Robert S. Todd, whose family were among the most influential of the pioneers of Kentucky and Illinois. Her great-uncle, John Todd, was one of the associates of General George Rogers Clark, in his campaign of 1778, and took part in the capture of Kaskaskia and Vincennes. Being appointed county lieutenant by Patrick Henry, at that time governor of Virginia, he organized the civil government of what became afterward the state of Illinois. He was killed in the battle of Blue Licks, 18 Aug., 1782, of which his brother Levi, Mrs. Lincoln's grandfather, who also accompanied Clark's expedition as a lieutenant, was one of the few survivors. Mary Todd was carefully educated in Lexington. When twenty-one years of age she went to Springfield to visit her sister, who had married Ninian W. Edwards, a son of Ninian Edwards, governor of the state. While there she became engaged to Mr. Lincoln, whom she married, 4 Nov., 1842. Her family was divided by the civil war; several of them were killed in battle; and, devoted as Mrs. Lincoln was to her husband and the National cause, this division among her nearest kindred caused her much suffering. The death of her son, William Wallace, in 1862, was an enduring sorrow to her. One of her principal occupations was visiting the hospitals and camps of the soldiers about Washington. She never recovered from the shock of seeing her husband shot down before her eyes; her youngest son, Thomas, died a few years later, and her reason suffered from these repeated blows. She lived in strict retirement during her later years, spending part of her time with her son in Chicago, a part in Europe, and the rest with her sister, Mrs. Edwards, in Springfield, where she died of paralysis. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 715-727.


LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, born in Springfield, Illinois., 1 August, 1843, was prepared for college at Phillips Exeter academy, and graduated at Harvard in 1864. He entered Harvard law-school, but after a short stay applied for admission to the military service, and his father suggested his appointment on the staff of General Grant, as a volunteer aide-de-camp without-pay or allowances. This exceptional position did not meet with General Grant's approval, and at his suggestion young Lincoln was regularly commissioned as a captain, and entered the service on the same footing with others of his grade. He served with zeal and efficiency throughout the final campaign, which ended at Appomattox. At the close of the war he resumed the study of law, was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and practised his profession with success in Chicago until 1881, with an interval of a visit to Europe in 1872; he steadily refused the offers that were repeatedly made him to enter public life, though taking part, from time to time, in political work and discussion. In 1881, at the invitation of President Garfield, he entered his cabinet as Secretary of War. Mr. Lincoln, who, sixteen years before, had returned from the field just in time to stand by the death-bed of his father, assassinated while president, now had this strange experience repeated upon the assassination of President Garfield, a few months after his inauguration. On the accession of Vice-President Arthur to the presidency, Mr. Lincoln was the only member of the former cabinet who was requested to retain his portfolio, and he did so to the end of the administration. He performed the duties of the place with such ability and fairness, and with such knowledge of the law and appreciation of the needs of the army, as to gain the warmest approbation of its officers and its friends. Noteworthy incidents of his administration of the civil duties of the department were his report to the House of Representatives upon its challenge to him to justify President Arthur's veto of the river and harbor bill of 1882, and the thoroughness and promptness of the relief given, from Wheeling to New Orleans, to those suffering from the great floods of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers in February, 1884. In the latter year Mr. Lincoln was prominently spoken of for the presidency: but as President Arthur was a candidate before the Republican Convention, Lincoln refused to allow his name to be presented for either place on the ticket. He returned to Chicago in the spring of 1885, and resumed the practice of his profession.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 727-728.


LINCOLN, Sumner, Gardiner, Vermont, abolitionist, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1844-1848, Vice-President, 1848-1849.  Vice President, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1840-1845.


LINDEN, TENNESSEE, May 12, 1863. 1st West Tennessee Cavalry. Lieutenant S. L. Phelps, commanding the Tennessee division of the Mississippi squadron, in a telegram to Fleet Captain A. M. Pennock, states: "Am just down from Tennessee river. Have on board prisoners captured at Linden, Tennessee, on the night of the 12th. Took on board gunboats 55 men and horses of 1st West Tennessee cavalry, under command of Lieutenant Colonel William K M. Breckenridge; landed them on the east side of the river. Sent gunboats to cover all landings above and below. Colonel Breckenridge dashed across the country to Linden; surprised the rebel force, more than twice his number, capturing Lieutenant-Colonel W. Frierson, 1 captain, 1 surgeon, 4 lieutenants, 30 rebel soldiers, 10 conscripts, 50 horses, 2 army wagons, etc. The enemy lost 3 killed. Our force none." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LINDEN, VIRGINIA, May 15, 1862. Detachment of 28th Pennsylvania Infantry. A squad of 17 men, guarding a wagon train of a company of the 28th Pennsylvania proceeding to Linden, was attacked by Confederate cavalry and 1 man was killed and all but 2 of the rest captured. The enemy was driven away by the approaching company. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LINDSEY, Daniel Weisiger, soldier, born in Frankfort, Kentucky, 4 October, 1835. His father, Thomas N. Lindsey, served as commonwealth's attorney in 1845-'8, was several times in the legislature, and a member of the state constitutional convention of 1849. The son was graduated at Kentucky Military Institute, and at Louisville law-school, beginning the practice of his profession in 1858. At the opening of the Civil War he entered the National service, and raised and organized the 22d Kentucky Volunteers, of which he was elected colonel. He led it in the campaign of General James A. Garfield in eastern Kentucky, and in the retreat with General George W. Morgan from Cumberland Gap. He was soon afterward appointed to the command of a brigade in General Morgan's division, which he led in the Vicksburg Campaign, and in other engagements. In 1863 he was appointed adjutant-general of Kentucky by Governor Thomas E. Bramlette, and served till the close of the term, in 1867. Since then General Lindsey has practised law in Frankfort.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 731.


LINDSLEY, Philip, 1786-1855, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, clergyman, educator, abolitionist.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 731; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 6, Pt. 1, p. 279)

LINDSLEY, Philip, educator, born in Morristown, New Jersey, 21 Dec., 1786; died in Nashville, Tennessee., 25 May, 1855. He was graduated at Princeton in 1804, and after teaching he was appointed in 1807 tutor in Latin and Greek at Princeton. Meanwhile he studied theology, and was licensed to preach in April, 1810. In 1812 he returned to Princeton, after preaching in various places, as senior tutor. He was made professor of languages in 1813, and at the same time became secretary of the board of trustees. In 1817 he was elected vice-president of Princeton, and, after the resignation of Ashbel Green in 1822, he was for one year acting president, but in the succeeding year was chosen president of Cumberland College (now University of Nashville), and also of Princeton, both of which he declined; but later he was again offered the presidency of Cumberland. He was finally induced to visit Nashville, and the result of his trip was his acceptance of the office in 1824. He continued his relations with that college until 1850, when he accepted the professorship of archæology and church polity in the Presbyterian theological seminary in New Albany, Indiana, which he held until 1853. Meanwhile he declined the presidency of numerous colleges. He was chosen moderator in 1834 of the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church, held in Philadelphia, and in 1855 commissioner of the presbytery to the general assembly in Nashville. In 1825 he received the degree of D. D. from Dickinson College. His publications, consisting chiefly of baccalaureate addresses and occasional sermons, were collected by Leroy J. Halsey, and published as “Dr. Lindsley's Complete Works and a Biography” (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1868). See also “A Sketch of the Life and Educational Labors of Philip Lindsley,” by Leroy J. Halsey (Hartford, 1859). Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 731


LINDSEY, William, born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, 4 September, 1835. He received an education in the schools of his native place, and in 1854 moved to Hickman County, Kentucky, where he taught, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1858. At the opening of the Civil War he entered the Confederate Army as lieutenant, and was soon made captain in the 22d Tennessee Infantry. He served as staff-officer with General Buford and General Lyon, and remained with the 2d Kentucky brigade until paroled as a prisoner of war early in 1865, at Columbus, Mississippi. At the close of hostilities he returned to Clinton, Kentucky, resumed the practice of his profession, and was elected to the state senate in 1867. In 1870 he was chosen to the highest judicial bench in the state, and in September, 1876, he became chief justice of Kentucky, leaving the bench two years afterward with a high reputation. He declined a renomination, and has since followed the profession of law at Frankfort.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 731.


LINE. President Fillmore in general orders, No. 51 of 1851, has given the following satisfactory exposition of the use of the word line in our statute book: The 62d Article of War provides that “ If, upon marches, guards, or in quarters, different corps of the army shall happen to join, or do duty together, the officer highest in rank of the line of the army, marine corps, or militia, by commission there, on duty, or in quarters, shall command the whole, and give orders for what is needful to the service, unless otherwise specially directed by the President of the United States, according to the nature of the case.” The interpretation of this act has long been a subject of controversy. The difficulty arises from the vague and uncertain meaning of the words “line of the army,” which, neither in the English service, (from which most of our military terms are borrowed,) nor in our own, have a well-defined and invariable meaning. By some they are understood to designate the regular army as distinguished from the militia: by others, as meant to discriminate between officers by ordinary commissions and those by brevet; and, finally, by others, to designate all officers not belonging to the staff. The question is certainly not without difficulty, and it is surprising that Congress should not long since have settled, by some explanatory law, a question which has been so fruitful a source of controversy and embarrassment in the service. The President has maturely considered the question, and finds himself compelled to differ from some for whose opinions he entertains a very high respect. His opinion is, that, although these words may sometimes be used in a different sense, (to be determined by the context and subject-matter,) in the 62d Article of War, they are used to designate those officers of the army who do not belong to the staff, in contradistinction to those who do, and that the article intended, in the case contemplated by it, to confer the command exclusively on the former. The reasons which have brought him to this conclusion are briefly these: 1st. It is a well-settled rule of interpretation that in the construction of statutes, words of doubtful or ambiguous meaning are to be understood in their usual acceptation. Now it must be admitted that, in common parlance, both in and out of the army, the words “line” and “ staff” are generally used as correlative terms. 2d. Another rule of construction is, that the same word ought not to be understood, when it can be avoided, in two different senses in different laws, on the same subject, and, especially, in different parts of the same law. Now in another article (74) of this same law, the words “line and staff of the army “are clearly used as correlative and contradistinctive terms. The same remark applies to almost every case in which the words “ line “ and “ staff” occur in acts of Congress. See

Act of 1813, sec. 4, Cross' Military Laws, p. 165; 1813, 9, “ 166; 1814, 19, “ 174; “ 1816, 10, “ 190; 1838, “ 7, “ 263; 1838, “ 8, “ 263; 1838, “ 15, 264; 1838, pars. 7 & 9, 268; 146, sec. 2, “ 283; 1846, “ 7, 286.

There are many other instances in which the words are so employed, but I have selected these as the most striking. On the other hand, I find but one act of Congress in which the words “line of the army “have been employed to designate the regular army in contradistinction to the militia, and none in which they have been manifestly used as contradistinctive of brevet. 3d. If Congress had meant by these words to discriminate between officers of the regular army and those of the militia, or between officers by brevet and by ordinary commission, it is to be presumed that they would have employed those terms, respectively, which are unequivocal, and are usually employed to express those ideas. 4th. If we look at the policy of the law, we can discover no reasons of expediency which compel us to depart from the plain and ordinary import of the terms: on the contrary, we may suppose strong reasons why it may have been deemed proper, in the case referred to by the article, to exclude officers of the staff from command. In the first place the command of troops might frequently interfere with their appropriate duties, and thereby occasion serious embarrassment to the service. In the next place, the officers of some of the staff corps are not qualified by their habits and education for the command of troops, and although others are so qualified, it arises from the fact that, (by laws passed long subsequently to the article in question) the officers of the corps to which they belong, are required to be appointed from the line of the army. Lastly, officers of the staff corps seldom have troops of their own corps serving under their command, and if the words “officers of the line” are understood to apply to them, the effect would often be to give them command over the officers and men of all the other corps, when not a man of their own was present an anomaly always to be avoided where it is possible to do so. 5th. It is worthy of observation that Article 25, of the first “rules and articles,” enacted by Congress for the government of the army, corresponds with Article 62 of the present rules and articles, except that the words “of the line of the army “are not contained in it. It is evident, therefore, that these words were inserted intentionally with a view to a change in the law, and it is probable that some inconvenience had arisen from conferring command indiscriminately on officers of the line or the staff, and had suggested the necessity of this change. It is contended, however, that sec. 10, of the act of 1795, enumerates the major-general and brigadier-general as among the staff officers, and that this construction of the article would exclude them from command, which would be an absurdity. No such consequence would, however, follow. The article in question was obviously designed to meet the case (of not unfrequent occurrence) where officers of different corps of the army meet together with no officer among them who does not belong exclusively to a corps. In such a case, there being no common superior, in the absence of some express provision conferring the power, no officer, merely of a corps, would have the right to command any corps but his own: to obviate this difficulty, the article in effect provides that, in such an event, the officer of the line, highest in rank, shall command the rest. But if there be a major-general or brigadier-general present, the case contemplated by the article does not exist. No question can arise as to the right of command, because the general officer, not belonging to any particular corps, takes the command by virtue of the general rule which assigns the command to the officer highest in rank. (See RANK; COMMAND; BREVET.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 388-391).


LINE OF DEFENCE is the line which extends from the angle of the polygon or extremity of the exterior side, through the inner end of the perpendicular, to the flank, of the bastion. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LINE OF LEAST RESISTANCE (THE) is that which is supposed to extend, from the centre of the charge of a mine, to the nearest surface of the ground. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LINES. A connected series of field-works, whether continuous or at intervals. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LINES AT INTERYALS are lines composed of separate field- works, so arranged as to flank and defend one another. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LINES CREMAILLERE are composed of alternate short and long faces, at right angles to each other. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LINES OF BASTION as the name indicates, are formed of a succession of bastion-shaped parapets, each consisting of two faces and two flanks, connected together by a curtain. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LINES OF TENAILLES consist of parapets, forming a series of salient and re-entering angles. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LINN CREEK, MISSOURI, October 14, 1861. Fremont Battalion (Missouri) Cavalry. Major Clark Wright, commanding the battalion, surrounded the town of Linn Creek and then marched into it from different directions, demanding an unconditional surrender. Several Confederate officers made good their escape, a number of shots being fired in the attempt to head them off. No casualties were suffered. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LINN CREEK, MISSOURI, October 16, 1861. Detachment of Fremont Battalion (Missouri) Cavalry. On learning that a corn team and 2 men had been captured by a party of Confederates, Major Clark Wright despatched Lieutenant Jesse C. Kirby with 15 men to overtake the enemy while he followed with a heavier force. Kirby engaged the Confederates, recaptured the men and the wagon, killed 5 and wounded several others and captured a horse, 2 saddles and 10 guns. The Federal casualties amounted to 1 man slightly wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LINN CREEK, MISSOURI, April 22, 1865. Detachment of Missouri Militia. A Confederate band attacked the militia stationed at Linn creek, and after killing 7 of the men and wounding the captain, the remainder were stampeded. Linn Creek, Virginia, February 8. 1862. Detachment of 5th West Virginia Infantry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LINSTOCK. A pointed forked staff used for lighting fort fires; the lower end pointed and shod with iron. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391).


LITTER. If a man be wounded or sick, and has to be carried along upon the shoulders of the others, make a litter for him in the Indian fashion, (Fig. 148 ;) that is to say, cut two stout poles, each 8 feet long, FIG. 148. to make its two sides, and three other cross-bars of 2 feet each, to be lashed to them. Then, supporting this ladder-shaped framework over the sick man as he lies in his blanket, knot the blanket well up to it; and so carry him off. One cross-bar will be just behind his head, another in front of his feet; the middle one will cross his stomach, and keep him from falling out; and there will remain two short handles for the carriers to lay hold on. The American Indians carry their wounded companions by this contrivance after a fight, and in a hurried retreat, for wonderful distances. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 391-392).


LITTLE, Lewis Henry, born in Baltimore in 1818; died in Iuka, Mississippi., 19 September, 1862, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1839, and assigned to the 5th U.S. Infantry. He was made 1st lieutenant, 18 April, 1845, and having taken part in the Mexican War, he was brevetted captain, 23 September, 1846, for "gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey. He was given the full rank of captain, 20 August, 1847, but resigned, 7 May, 1861, to enter the Confederate Army. He was appointed adjutant-general of the forces in Missouri on the staff of General Sterling Price, and for his bravery at the battle of Elk Horn was promoted brigadier-general. When Van Dorn was assigned to the command of the District of Northern Mississippi, Little succeeded to the command of Price's division. He was killed at the battle of Iuka. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 738.


LITTLE, Sophia Louise, poet, born in Newport, Rhode Island., 22 August, 1799. She was the second daughter of Asher Robbins. U. S. Senator from Rhode Island. She was educated in her native town, and in 1824 married William Little, Jr., of Boston, who greatly assisted her by judicious criticism in the development of her poetic talent. Her first poem of any length, a description of a New England Thanksgiving, was printed in 1828 in "The Token." Mrs. Little took an active interest in the anti-slavery movement, and was a life-long friend of William Lloyd Garrison, being present at the Boston meeting, at which he was mobbed. She was also president of the Prisoner's aid association of Rhode Island from its formation. With the aid of friends she opened a free reading-room for working people in Newport, which proved to be the germ of a free public library. She also established a Holly-tree coffee-house, and is still (1887) active in many charitable enterprises. Mrs. Little, besides contributing frequently to various periodicals, has published the following poems: "The Last Days of Jesus " (Boston, 1839); "The Annunciation and Birth of Jesus, and the Resurrection" (1842): and "Pentecost" (1873). In 1877 a complete edition of her religious poems was published at Newport, bearing the title, "Last Days of Jesus, and Other Poems.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 738-739.


LITTLE BEAR CREEK, ALABAMA, December 12. 1862. (See Corinth, Mississippi, Reconnaissance from, December 9-14, 1862.)


LITTLE BLACK RIVER, MISSOURI, September 20. 1864. (See Ponder's Mill, same date.)


LITTLE BLUE, DAKOTA TERRITORY, August 12, 1864. Detachment of the 7th Iowa Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LITTLE BLUE, MISSOURI, November 11, 186t. Detachment of the 7th Kansas Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LITTLE BLUE RIVER, MISSOURI, April 12, 1862. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564.


LITTLE BLUE RIVER, Missouri, August 1, 1863. (See Taylor's Farm, same date.)


LITTLE BLUE RIVER, MISSOURI, July 6, 1864. Detachment of Company C, 2nd Colorado Cavalry. Captain Seymour W. Wagoner and 25 men were surrounded by 100 guerrillas under Todd while scouting on the Little Blue river from Raytown, and Wagoner and 7 of his men were killed. The enemy lost 6 killed and a number wounded. Little Blue River, Missouri, October 21, 1864. Portions of the Army of the Border. During Price's Missouri raid, while he was steadily driving the Federal troops westward, he came up with Colonel Thomas Moonlight's division, guarding the Union rear, and gave battle at the Little Blue, the crossing of which stream Moonlight was resisting. Major-General S. R. Curtis, with the 2nd Colorado cavalry and McLain's battery of Colonel light artillery, together with a portion of the regular cavalry under General Blunt, advanced from Independence to reinforce Moonlight, who by this time had developed most of the Confederate force. The battery was placed behind the crest of a hill and Colonel Jennison and Colonel Ford, each leading a brigade, were placed in advanced positions. The enemy advanced in force against Jennison and Ford, who after a desperate resistance repelled the attack. The Confederates had, in the meantime, begun to get to the Federal rear and the latter began to fall slowly back on Independence, skirmishing until long after dark. The casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 564-565.


LITTLE BLUE RIVER, MISSOURI, March 11, 1865. Detail of troops from 4th Sub-district, Central District of Missouri. Four men were placed on the stage leaving Kansas City for Warrensburg in order to catch the bushwhackers who had been holding it up. An attack was made upon it 3 miles below the Little Blue and 2 of the band of 5 outlaws were killed and 1 was wounded. The other 2 escaped and brought reinforcements enough to make a party of 15 and again attacked the stage, capturing the driver and vehicle, the rest of the party escaping into the brush. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 565.


LITTLE CACAPON RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA, November 30, 1861. Detachment of troops of Brigadier-General B. F. Kelley's command. General Kelley, reporting to Major-General George B. McClellan from Romney under date of November 30, says: ''Nothing new tonight except bushwhackers captured 6 of our horses and wounded 3 men today. Teams were out on river road south of town after hay. But to offset that, Captain Dyche met party of secesh near mouth of Little Cacapon and captured 4 horses, saddles and bridles, one a field officer's." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 565.


LITTLE COHERA CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, March 16, 1865. 4th Division, 15th Army Corps. As the corps was marching from South river toward Bentonville on this date, Corse's division occupied the advance. Shortly after leaving camp in the morning a foraging party met and exchanged shots with a brigade of Confederate cavalry. The 81st Ohio, supported by the 12th Illinois, was sent forward to dislodge the enemy. The Ohio regiment deployed as skirmishers, drove the enemy back slowly for about a quarter of a mile, when he took up a strong position where his flanks were protected by a swamp, and opened with artillery. The Union skirmish line was then strengthened, and a section of the 1st Missouri light artillery ordered up to shell the enemy's position. A few shots threw the Confederates into consternation, and the skirmishers were pushed vigorously forward, giving the enemy no time to halt until after he had been driven across the creek. No losses reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 565.


LITTLE COMPTON, MISSOURI, August 11, 1862. (See Grand River.)


LITTLE CREEK, NORTH CAROLINA, November 2, 1862. Troops of Department of North Carolina. As an incident of an expedition from New Berne, under command of Major-General John G. Foster, the Union force, 5,000 strong, encountered the Confederates strongly posted on Little creek. The 2nd brigade was ordered to cross the stream, dislodge the enemy and then push on with all haste. After an hour's engagement, in which a Rhode Island battery did good service, the Confederates withdrew to Rawle's mill, a mile farther on. The artillery was again brought into action and after a fight of half an hour succeeded in driving the enemy from their works and across a bridge. Foster reported no loss, and the Confederate reports do not mention the affair. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 565.


LITTLE HARPETH RIVER, TENNESSEE, March 25, 1863. (See Brentwood.)


LITTLE MISSOURI, ARKANSAS, April 6, 1864. (See Camden, Arkansas, Expedition to.)


LITTLE OSAGE CROSSING, KANSAS, October 25, 1864. (See Marais des Cygnes.)


LITTLE PINEY, MISSOURI, May 14, 1865. Detachment of Missouri State Militia. Colonel John Morrill, commanding the District of Rolla, reports under date of May 19: "Captain Murphy, with detachment of Texas and Pulaski County militia, attacked a party of guerrillas on headwaters of Little Piney, killing 3 and wounding 1. On the 14th instant a detachment of 10 men of the same company, under a sergeant, attacked a party of 35 guerrillas near the same place, killing 2 and wounding 4." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 566.


LITTLE POND, TENNESSEE, August 30, 1862. U. S. Troops under Colonel E. P. Fyffe. On his arrival in camp near McMinnville from an expedition Brigadier-General Thomas J. Wood learned that Forrest was in the vicinity and sent Colonel Fyffe with three regiments of infantry and 4 pieces of artillery to engage him. By a rapid march Fyffe managed to strike Forrest just as his column was crossing the McMinnville and Murfreesboro road, attacking the center. After a short but sharp engagement the enemy was defeated, and the column obliged to take flight in two different directions. Fyffe pursued until darkness intervened. The Confederate loss was estimated by Fyffe at 18 or 20 killed and wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 566.


LITTLE RED RIVER, ARKANSAS, May 17, 1862. Detachment of Missouri Troops. A Federal foraging party was attacked by a party of Confederates 9 miles below the Union camp. Five wagons and 24 mules were captured, and the 9 men missing were supposed to have been killed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 566.


LITTLE RED RIVER, ARKANSAS, June 7, 1862. Company L, 3d Illinois Cavalry. This affair was an attack by some Confederate cavalry on a company of the 3d Illinois cavalry acting as a picket. The result was the retreat of the Federals with a loss of 7 killed, wounded or captured.


LITTLE RED RIVER, ARKANSAS, June 25, 1862. 4th Iowa Cavalry. Little River, Alabama, October 20, 1864. 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. The report of Brigadier-General Kenner Garrard, commanding the division, states: "On the 20th advanced through Gaylesville, skirmishing, and drove the enemy beyond Little river." The affair was an incident of the North Georgia and North Alabama campaign. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 566.


LITTLE RIVER, VIRGINIA, May 26-27, 1864. (See North Anna River.)


LITTLE RIVER TURNPIKE, VIRGINIA, March 23, 1863. 5th New York Cavalry. At 8 p. m. the pickets of the 5th New York in front of Chantilly were attacked by Mosby's men. The reserve was immediately ordered under arms and charged the Confederates, driving them for 2 miles into a strip of timber, where Mosby turned and countercharged. Reinforcements coming to the Federal aid the enemy was again driven until darkness stopped the fighting. The Union loss was 5 killed and a number wounded, besides 36 prisoners. Mosby reported no casualties. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 566.


LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, September 10, 1863. Arkansas Expedition. During the night of the 9th Brigadier-General John W. Davidson threw a pontoon bridge across the Arkansas river and at daylight began crossing his division to the south side. The 2nd division was put under Davidson's command also and the artillery was placed in position to cover the crossing. Davidson's movement was successfully executed and the two columns began moving on Little Rock on both sides of the river. No resistance was met until the column on the south bank (Davidson's) arrived at Bayou Fourche. There the Confederates held their position obstinately until the Federal artillery on the opposite bank opened upon them in flank and rear, when they gave way and were steadily pushed back to the city. By the time the Union force arrived the city had been evacuated, only Marmaduke's cavalry disputing the entrance. A formal surrender by the municipal authorities was received in the evening. The Federals lost 7 men killed, 64 wounded and 1 captured or missing. The Confederate casualties were 6 killed, 14 wounded and 13 captured or missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 566.


LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, May 28, 1864. 57th U. S. Colored Troops. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567.


LITTLE ROCK LANDING, TENNESSEE, April 26, 1863. Mississippi Marine Brigade. While on a raid along the Tennessee river the boats of the brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General Alfred W. Ellet, were attacked near the landing and Duck River island by 700 Confederate cavalry with 2 pieces of artillery. The fight was spirited, but resulted in the defeat and pursuit of the enemy for some 12 miles. The enemy lost 10 killed, while the Federal casualties were 2 killed and 1 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567.


LITTLE ROCK ROAD, Arkansas, April 2, 1863. One company of the 5th Kansas Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567.


LITTLE SANTA FE, MISSOURI, November 6, 1861. 4th Missouri and 5th Kansas Cavalry, and Kowald's Missouri Battery. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567.


LITTLE SANTA FE, MISSOURI, March 22, 1862. Detachment of 2nd Kansas Cavalry. With 300 men Colonel Robert B. Mitchell left the Federal camp about 6:30 p. m. and proceeded to Little Santa Fe, reaching there about 10 p. m. On his arrival he despatched Major James M. Pomeroy with a number of men to the house of one Tate, said to be in league with the guerrilla Quantrill, to arrest the owner. When Pomeroy demanded a surrender he was fired upon through the door. The Federal troops returned the fire and 2 men came out and surrendered, stating that Quantrill and 26 men were within. An attempt to fire the house resulted unsuccessfully and Pomeroy was wounded. On the second attempt the house was set on fire and the unwounded men within made a break for the woods, 2 being shot and killed. The killed and wounded, some 6 or 7, within the house were burned with it. The only casualty to the Union force besides Pomeroy's wound was 1 soldier mortally wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567.


LITTLE SEWELL MOUNTAIN, WEST VIRGINIA, November 6, 1863. Duffie's Expedition. Brigadier-General Alfred N. Duffie, commanding an expedition from Charleston to Lewisburg, says in his report: "On the 6th the whole command marched to Meadow Bluff, 15 miles this side of Lewisburg. We encountered the enemy's pickets on Little Sewell mountain, and drove them a distance of 5 miles, capturing 2 of them." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567.


LITTLEHALE, Sargent Smith, abolitionist.  Father of Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney (American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 164-165)


LITTLEJOHN, DeWitt C., Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


LITTLESTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA, June 30, 1863. Cavalry, 2nd Division, 12th Army Corps. During the movements before the battle of Gettysburg the cavalry of General John W. Geary's division was attacked at Littlestown by Stuart's cavalry, which was driven off without much difficulty after half an hours fight. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567.


LITTLE WASHINGTON, VIRGINIA, November 15, 1862. (See Fayetteville.)


LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 19 December, 1821. Her maiden name was Rice. She was noted in childhood for resolution and restless activity, being foremost in all healthful, out-door sports, and also remarkable for proficiency in her studies. She was a pupil and for some time a teacher in the Charlestown, Massachusetts, female seminary, and subsequently became a governess in southern Virginia, where she remained two years, and then taught at Duxbury, Massachusetts. There she met Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist clergyman, whom she married and accompanied successively to Stafford. Connecticut, Maiden and Weymouth, Massachusetts, Auburn, New York, and Quincy, Illinois, in which places he had pastorates. In 1857 he became editor and publisher of the "New Covenant" at Chicago. During this period Mrs. Livermore wrote frequently for the periodicals of her denomination, and edited the "Lily," besides assisting her husband for twelve years as associate in his editorial labors. At the beginning of 1862 Mrs. Livermore was appointed one of the agents of the northwestern branch of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, which had been then recently established in Chicago. During that year she travelled throughout the northwest, everywhere organizing sanitary aid societies. In the following December she attended a council of the National Sanitary Commission at Washington, and the next spring was ordered to make a tour of the hospitals and military posts on the Mississippi. At this time sanitary supplies were low, and the most serious results at the Vicksburg camps were feared; but by personal appeals, by circulars, and by untiring persistence and enthusiasm, she secured immediate relief. She also took an active part in the organization of the Great Northwestern Sanitary Fair in Chicago in 1863, from which nearly $100,000 were secured for the purposes of the association, and obtained the original draft of his Emancipation proclamation from President Lincoln, which sold for $3,000. Since the war she has labored earnestly in the woman suffrage and temperance movements, often appearing on the platform, and editing the " Woman s Journal " (Boston, 1870—'1). Her success as a lecturer before lyceums has been great. At a time when those institutions were at the height of their popularity, she was one of the four lecturers that were most in demand and that commanded the largest fees, the other three being men. For years she spoke five nights in the week for five months in the year, travelling 25,000 miles annually. Among her more popular lectures are "What shall we do with our Daughters?" "Women of the War," and "The Moral Heroism of the Temperance Reform." The first of the foregoing has been issued in book form (Boston, 1883). She is the author of "Pen Pictures" (Chicago. 1865), and "Thirty Years too Late," a temperance tale (Boston, 1878). She has also prepared a work of 600 pages giving her experience during the war, which will probably be issued during the present year (1887).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 740.


LIVERPOOL HEIGHTS, MISSISSIPPI, February 3-4, 1864. Detachments of 11th Illinois Infantry, 8th Louisiana Colored Infantry and 1st Mississippi Colored Cavalry. During the Meridian expedition a side expedition, under Colonel James H. Coates, was sent up the Yazoo river in transports under escort of gunboats. On the morning of the 3d the Confederates opened on the gunboats with 2 pieces of field artillery and Coates immediately landed 250 men of the 11th Illinois , who steadily advanced up the hill and drove the enemy from his first position. By the time he had rallied, one wing of the 8th Louisiana colored infantry had been thrown to the right of the Illinois detachment, but the Federals were hard pressed and it became necessary for the balance of the 11th Illinois to go to the assistance of the troops already engaged. About this time the Confederates opened fire from 2 pieces of artillery and attempted to outflank the Union men, a movement which was frustrated by Coates bringing the remainder of his force into action. A charge by the first battalion of the 11th Illinois was repulsed and the Confederates in a countercharge were themselves repulsed and driven back over the hill on which the contest had been Waged. The following day as the transports were passing the heights the Confederates on the opposite shore opened upon them with musketry. The troops on board returned the fire from behind hastily constructed barricades of boxes, etc., and the enemy was driven away. The Confederate casualties were not ascertained; the losses on the Union side were 6 killed, 26 wounded and 8 captured or missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 567-568.


LIVINGSTON ROAD, MISSISSIPPI, October 18, 1863. Part of 15th and 17th Army Corps. This was the last engagement of an expedition under Major-General J. B. McPherson from Messinger's ferry on the Big Black river to the vicinity of Canton. After the fight at Robinson's mills on the 17th, McPherson learned that a large Confederate force was concentrating at Canton, and deemed it advisable to return to the Big Black. That night he encamped at the junction of the Vernon and Clinton and the Livingston and Brownsville roads, where he was attacked on the morning of the 18th by the Confederates under Loring, Adams and Jackson. The Union troops fell back in good order, pursued through Clinton by Jackson's cavalry, which did no material damage. The Federal loss during the entire expedition was 4 killed, 10 wounded and a few stragglers missing. The enemy's loss was reported as 5 killed, 20 wounded and 20 captured. Among the wounded was General Wirt Adams. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 568.


LIVONIA, LOUISIANA, May 30, 1864. (See Atchafalaya River, Expedition to.) Lizzard's, Tennessee, December 29, 1862. Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. On this date the cavalry division, commanded by Brigadier-General D. S. Stanley, was advancing from Triune to Murfreesboro, with the 3d and 4th Ohio deployed as skirmishers. About 6 miles from Murfreesboro the enemy's pickets were met and driven back some 2 miles to Lizzard's place, where 2 pieces of artillery, supported by infantry and dismounted cavalry, were found posted in the edge of the wood. Both cannon opened a fire of grape and canister on the Union advance, and Major Pugh was sent forward to reconnoiter the enemy's position. While thus engaged a body of Confederate cavalry tried to gain his flank and rear. Pugh ordered his men to change front and charged the flanking party, driving them back to the woods. The 1st brigade was then formed in line of battle and moved forward, when after a sharp skirmish the enemy retreated. The Union loss was 2 killed, 7 wounded and 9 missing. Seven Confederates were captured, but their loss in killed and wounded was not ascertained. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 568.


LOAD. Command in infantry and artillery instruction. (Consult Tactics of those arms.) In loading small arms the powder should be well shaken out of the paper, to prevent the formation of gas, which, forcing the paper against the sides of the bore, prevents it from leaving with the charge, and endangers the explosion of the next charge when loading, from the lighted paper. There is no danger of heating the piece by rapid firing so as to cause premature explosions, since long before it reaches 600, the temperature at which gunpowder inflames, it is entirely too hot to handle. In loading cannon the vent should always be kept carefully closed, while the loading is going on, especially when sponging, to prevent the current of air from passing out and collecting there pieces of thread, paper, &c., from the cartridge-bag, which would retain fire in the gun, and cause premature explosion the next time the gun was loaded. This precaution is the more necessary, when the sponge fits the bore tight, and acts as a piston. The sponge should be well pressed down against the bottom of the bore, and turned, so as to leave no remnant of the cartridge-bag. In mortars, where a sponge is seldom used, or when it does not fit tightly, the stopping of the vent is not necessary; but it should always be cleared out with the priming wire before the powder is placed in. Mortar-shells should be let down gently so as not to be forced into the chamber, or crush suddenly any powder they may meet. The use of sabots is avoided when firing over the heads of our own men. It may sometimes become necessary to fire a shell from a mortar too large for it; in which case it is wedged in on different sides with pieces of soft wood, and the space between it and the bore filled in with earth. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 392).


LOAN, Benjamin F., Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


LOBELVILLE, TENNESSEE, September 27, 1864. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 568.


LOCK. (See ARMS.)


LOCKE, Joseph J., Barre, Massachusetts, abolitionist, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1851-1852.


LOCKE'S MILL, TENNESSEE, September 27, 1863. 6th Tennessee Cavalry. A scouting party,' consisting of a sergeant and 10 men of the 6th Tennessee cavalry, encountered a squad of 6 or 7 Confederates at Locke's mill near Moscow. The sergeant formed his men across the road and when the enemy approached within 60 yards the Federals fired, mortally wounding a lieutenant. No casualties on the Union side. Locke's Ford, Virginia, September 13, 1864. Reserve Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps. Shenandoah campaign. This affair was a demonstration made at Locke's ford on the Opequan creek, in which 1r Confederates of Breckenridge's corps were captured. No casualties were reported in the Federal force. Lockhart's Mill, Mississippi, October 6, 1863. 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, 16th Army Corps. This engagement was an incident of Chalmers' raid. While the brigade was crossing the Coldwater river Chalmers attacked in the rear, but after some sharp fighting was driven off. There was 1 man wounded on each side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 568.


LOCKHART, Jesse, abolitionist, Russellville (Dumond, 1961, p. 135)


LOCKRIDGE'S MILL, TENNESSEE, May 5, 1862. Detachment of 5th Iowa Cavalry. Learning of a trade being carried on between the people of Dresden and Paris and the Confederate troops, Colonel William W. Lowe sent Major Carl Boernstein with about 150 men to break it up. Finding no enemy at Paris, Boernstein pushed on to Lockridge's mill on the Obion river and bivouacked. The command had not been in camp more than 20 minutes when it was attacked by about 1,200 Confederate cavalry under Colonel Thomas Claiborne. The result was the complete dispersion of the Union force with a loss of 4 killed, 6 wounded and about 60 captured. No casualties were reported on the Confederate side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 568-569.


LOCKWOOD, Henry Hayes, soldier, born in Kent County. Delaware, 17 August, 1814. He was graduated at the IT. S. Military Academy in 1836, assigned to the 2d Artillery, and served against the Seminoles in Florida in 1836-‘7, but resigned his commission on 12 September, 1837, and engaged in farming in Delaware until 1841. He was then appointed professor of mathematics in the U. S. Navy and ordered to the frigate “United States,” on which he participated in the capture of Monterey, California, in October, 1842. On his return he was ordered to the naval asylum at Philadelphia, and subsequently to the naval school at Annapolis, as professor of natural and experimental philosophy. In 1851 he was transferred to the chair of field artillery and infantry tactics, serving also as professor of astronomy and gunnery till 1860. During the Civil War he served as colonel of the 1st Delaware Regiment, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 8 August, 1861. He commanded an expedition to the eastern shore of Virginia, then had charge of Point Lookout and the defences of the lower Potomac, commanded a brigade at Gettysburg, and, from December, 1863, till April, 1864, was at the head of the middle department, with headquarters at Baltimore. He then participated in the Richmond Campaign in May and June, 1864, and commanded provisional troops against General Jubal A. Early, in July, 1864. From that date until August, 1865, he commanded a brigade in Baltimore. He was mustered out of service on 25 August, 1865, and returned to the naval school in Annapolis. He was retired on 4 August, 1870. In addition to a tract entitled “ Manual of Naval Batteries,” he has published “ Exercises in Small Arms and Field Artillery, arranged for the Naval Service “ (Washington. 1852).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 751-752.


LOCKWOOD, Julia, abolitionist (Yellin, 1994, p. 43n40)


LOCKWOOD, Roe, abolitionist (Yellin, 1994, p. 43n40)


LOCKWOOD, Samuel, naval officer, born in Connecticut, 24 January, 1803. He was appointed midshipman in the U. S. Navy on 12 July, 1820, and in 1826 served in the sloop “Warren,’’ which was engaged in suppressing piracy in the Greek waters. He was promoted lieutenant in 1828, and in 1847-‘8 commanded the steamers “Petrel” and “Scourge,” assisting in the capture of Vera Cruz, Tuspan, and Tobasco. In 1850 he was made commander, and in 1857 commodore. In 1861-‘2 he had charge of the blockade of Wilmington and Beaufort, and of York River and Newport News. Commodore Lockwood also assisted in the capture, of Fort Macon. He retired 1 October, 1864.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 752.


LOGAN, John Alexander, statesman, born in Jackson County, Illinois, 9 February, 1826; died in Washington, D. C, 26 December, 1886. His father, Dr. John Logan, came from Ireland when a young man and settled in Maryland, but moved to Kentucky, thence to Missouri, and finally to Illinois. He served several terms in the legislature, having been chosen as a Democrat, and held several county offices. The son was educated at a common school and under a private tutor. This instruction was supplemented, in 1840, by attendance at Shiloh College. When war with Mexico was declared, he volunteered as a private, but was soon chosen a lieutenant in the 1st Illinois Infantry. He did good service as a soldier, and for some time was acting quartermaster of his regiment. After his return from Mexico he began the study of law with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenkins, and in 1849 was elected clerk of Jackson County, but resigned to continue the study of law. In 1851 he was graduated at Louisville University, admitted to the bar, and became his uncle's partner. He soon grew popular, and his forcible style of oratory, pleasing address, and fine voice, secured his election to the legislature in 1852 and again in 1856. At the end of his first term he resumed practice with such success that he was soon chosen prosecuting attorney for the 3d Judicial District. In 1852 he moved to Benton, Franklin County, Illinois. He was a presidential elector in 1856 on the Buchanan and Breckinridge ticket. In 1858 he was elected to Congress from Illinois as a Douglas Democrat, and was reelected in 1860. In the presidential campaign of that year he earnestly advocated the election of Stephen A. Douglas; but, on the first intimation of coming trouble from the south, he declared that, in the event of the election of Abraham Lincoln, he would "shoulder his musket to have him inaugurated." In July, 1861, during the extra session of Congress that was called by President Lincoln, he left his seat, overtook the troops that were marching out of Washington to meet the enemy, and fought in the ranks of Colonel Richardson's Regiment in the battle of Bull Run, being among the last to leave the field. Returning home in the latter part of August, he resigned his seat in Congress, organized the 31st Illinois Infantry, and was appointed its colonel, 13 September. At Belmont in November he led a successful bayonet-charge and a horse was shot under him. He led his regiment in the attack on Fort Henry, and at Fort Donelson, while gallantly leading "the assault, received a wound that incapacitated him for active service for some time. After he had reported for duty to General Grant at Pittsburg Landing, he was made a brigadier-general of volunteers, 5 March, 1862. He took an important part in the movement against Corinth, and subsequently was given the command at Jackson, Tennessee, with instructions to guard the railroad communications. In the summer of 1862 his constituents urged him to become a candidate for re-election to Congress, but he declined, saying in his letter: "I have entered the field to die, if need be, for this government, and never expect to return to peaceful pursuits until the object of this war of preservation has become a fact established." During Grant's Northern Mississippi Campaign General Logan commanded the 3d Division of the 17th Army Corps under General McPherson, and was promoted major-general of volunteers, to date from 26 November, 1862. He participated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, and Champion Hills. In the siege of Vicksburg he commanded McPherson's centre, and on 25 June made the assault after the explosion of the mine. His column was the first to enter the captured city, and he was appointed its military governor. He succeeded General Sherman in the command of the 15th Army Corps in November, 1863. In May, 1864, he joined Sherman's army, which was preparing for its march into Georgia, led the advance of the Army  of the Tennessee in the fight at Resaca, repulsed Hardee's veterans at Dallas, and drove the enemy from his line of works at Kenesaw Mountain. General Sherman says in his report of the battle of Atlanta, speaking of General McPherson's death: "General Logan succeeded him and commanded the Army of the Tennessee through this desperate battle with the same success and ability that had characterized him in the command of a corps or division." In fact it was mainly his skill and determination that saved Sherman's army from a serious disaster during that engagement. After the fall of Atlanta, 1 September, 1864, he went home and took an active part in the presidential campaign of that year. He rejoined his troops, who had accompanied General Sherman in his famous "march to the sea," at Savannah, and remained in active service with Sherman's army till the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston, 26 April, 1865. On 23 May he was appointed to the command of the Army of the Tennessee; but, as soon as active service in the field was over, he resigned his commission, saying that he did not wish to draw pay when not on active duty. He was appointed minister to Mexico by President Johnson, but declined. In 1866 he was elected a representative from Illinois to the 40th Congress as a Republican, find served as one of the managers in the impeachment trial of President Johnson. He was reelected to the 41st Congress, and did good service as chairman of the committee on military affairs in securing the passage of an act for the reduction of the army. He was re-elected to the 42d Congress, but before that body convened he was chosen by the Illinois legislature U. S. Senator for the term beginning 4 March, 1871. He succeeded Vice-President Wilson as chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs at the beginning of the third session of the 42d Congress, 2 December 1872. After the expiration of his term of service, 3 March, 1877, he resumed the practice of law in Chicago. He was again returned to the U. S. Senate, and took his seat on the convening of that body in extra session, 18 March, 1879. Both in the House and Senate he maintained his reputation for brilliancy and success. While a representative his more important speeches were " On Reconstruction," 12 July, 1867; "On the Impeachment of President Johnson," 22 February, 1868; "Principles of the Democratic Party," 16 July. 1868; and "Removing the Capitol," 22 January, 1870. In the Senate he spoke in "Vindication of President Grant against the Attack of Charles Sumner," 3 June, 1872; in reply to Senator Gordon on the "Ku-klux in Louisiana," 13 January, 1875; "On the Equalization of Bounties of Soldiers. Sailors, and Marines of the late War for the Union," 2 March, 1875; and " On the Power of the Government to enforce the United States Laws," 28 June, 1879. On 6 June, 1880, he delivered an able speech on the Fitz-John Porter case, maintaining, as he always had done, that General Porter had been justly condemned and should not be restored to his rank in the army. At the Republican National Convention in Chicago in June, 1884, on the first ballot for a candidate for president, General Logan received 63  votes against 334 for James G. Blaine, 278 for Chester A. Arthur, and 93 for George F. Edmunds. After the subsequent nomination of Mr. Blaine. General Logan was nominated for vice-president. When General Logan's sudden death was announced to him, James G. Blaine thus briefly summarized his character: "General Logan was a man of immense force in a legislative body. His will was unbending, his courage, both moral and physical, was of the highest order. I never knew a more fearless man. He did not quail before public opinion when he had once made up his mind any more than he did before the guns of the enemy when he headed a charge of his enthusiastic troops. In debate he was aggressive and effective. ... I have had occasion to say before, and 1 now repeat, that, while there have been more illustrious military leaders in the United States and more illustrious leaders in legislative halls, there has, I think, been no man in this country who has combined the two careers in so eminent a degree as General Logan." His personal appearance was striking. He was of medium height, with a robust physical development, a broad and deep chest, massive body, and small hands and feet. He had fine and regular features, a swarthy complexion, long jet-black hair, a heavy moustache and dark eyes. General Logan published "The Great Conspiracy," a large volume relating to the Civil War (New York, 1886), and "The Volunteer Soldier of America" (Chicago, 1887). See "Life and Services of John A. Logan," by George Francis Dawson (Chicago, 1887).—His wife, Mary Simmerson Cunningham, daughter of John M. Cunningham, born in Petersburg, Boone County. Missouri, 15 August, 1838, lived amid the hardships of frontier life, and was subsequently sent to the Convent of St. Vincent in Kentucky. On leaving that institution she assisted in preparing the papers that were needed by her father, who, on his return from the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars, had been elected sheriff and county clerk of Williamson County, and appointed register of the land office at Shawneetown, Gallatin County, Illinois, by President Pierce. Blank forms for any legal documents were then rare, and Miss Cunningham, through her industry in her father's case, supplied the deficiency. While thus engaged she met General Logan, who was at that time prosecuting attorney. She was married, 27 November, 1855, and was identified with her husband's career, becoming his best adviser in the gravest crises of political and civil life. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 5-6.


LOGAN, John Henry, born in Abbeville District, South Carolina, 5 November, 1822: died in Atlanta, Georgia, 28 March, 1885. He was graduated at South Carolina College in 1844, and at Charleston Medical College a few years later. After practicing for some time and teaching at Abbeville. South Carolina, he served as a surgeon in a Confederate regiment, and at its conclusion moved to Talladega County. Alabama He subsequently became professor of chemistry in the Atlanta, Georgia, Medical College. Dr. Logan is the author of a " History of the Upper Country of South Carolina" (vol. L, Charleston, 1859). only the first volume of which was finished, and the "Student's Manual of Chemico-Physics" (Atlanta, 1879).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 6.


LOGAN, John Wesley, bishop of the Zion M. E. Church, born in North Carolina about 1810; died in Syracuse, New York, 23 September, 1872. He was a slave until the age of twenty, when he ran away to Canada. In the anti-slavery days he was a zealous and active agent, with Gerrit Smith, Lewis Tappan, Putnam, Wright, and others, in the "Underground Railroad." He settled in Syracuse in 1847, where he became a minister of the Zion Methodist Episcopal Church, and ultimately a bishop.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 6.


LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, jurist, born in Franklin County, Kentucky, 24 February, 1800; died in Springfield, Illinois, 17 July, 1880. He was educated at Frankfort, Kentucky, and when only thirteen years of age was employed as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State. He went to Glasgow, Kentucky, in 1817, studied law, and was admitted to the bar before he was twenty-one, but did not at once engage in practice. Subsequently he was appointed commonwealth's attorney, and followed his profession for ten years in Barren and the adjoining counties. Becoming pecuniarily embarrassed, he emigrated in 1832 to Sangammon County, Illinois, and in the following spring opened a law-office in Springfield, where he soon won reputation throughout the state. In 1835 he was elected judge of the 1st judicial circuit of the state, and in 1842 he was chosen to the legislature, and again in 1844 and 1846. In 1847 he was a delegate to the convention that framed the Illinois constitution. His efforts, both in the legislature and in the convention, were specially directed to securing economy in the public expenditures, and to making adequate provision for the payment of the state debt. For the next six years he devoted himself exclusively to his profession, and from 1841 till 1844 had as his law partner Abraham Lincoln. In 1854 he was elected for the fourth time to the lower branch of the general assembly. In 1860 he was a delegate from the state at large to the Chicago Republican National Convention, and early in February, 1861, he was appointed by the governor of Illinois one of five commissioners to represent the state in the National peace Convention at Washington, in which he took an active part. This was Judge Logan's last appearance on any great public occasion. He retired soon afterward from politics, and gradually withdrew from the pursuit of his profession, but maintained his interest in current events. As an advocate he stood at the head of the bar in his adopted state. Judge David Davis has said of him: "In all the elements that constitute a great 'nisi prius' lawyer, I have never known his equal." See " Memorials of the Life and Character of Stephen T. Logan " (Springfield, Illinois, 1882). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 6-7.


LOGAN'S CROSS ROADS, KENTUCKY, January 19, 1862. (See Mill Springs.) London, Kentucky, August 17, 1862. Detachment of the 3d Tennessee Infantry. Colonel Houk, with five companies of his regiment, was attacked by a large force of Confederate cavalry at London and after a gallant resistance of an hour was forced to seek shelter in the mountain ridges near the town. After 5 days of privations his command reached camp at Cumberland gap. In the fight at London the enemy lost a lieutenant colonel and several soldiers killed, and a number wounded. Houk's loss was not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 569.


LOGARITHM. The logarithm of a number is the exponent of the power to which another given invariable number must be raised in order to produce the first number. Thus in the common system of logarithms in which the invariable number is 10, the logarithm of 1,000 is 3, because 10 raised to the third power is 1,000. In general, if a x y in which equation a is a given invariable number, then x is the logarithm of y. All absolute numbers positive or negative, whole or fractional, may be produced by raising an invariable number to suitable powers. This invariable number is called the base of the system of logarithms: it may be any number whatever greater or less than unity; but having been once chosen, it must remain the same for the formation of all numbers in the same system. Whatever number may be selected for the base, the logarithm of the base is 1 , and the logarithm of 1 is 0. In fact if, in the equation a=y, we make # = 1 we shall have a l =a, whence by definition log. a I; and if we make #=0 we shall have a=l, whence log. 1=0. The chief properties of logarithms are: that the logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of the logarithms of its factor; the logarithm of a quotient is equal to the difference between the logarithm of the dividend and the logarithm of the divisor; and the logarithm of the power of a number is equal to the product of the logarithm of the number by the exponent of the power; and the logarithm of any root of a number is equal to the logarithm of the number divided by the index of the root. These properties of logarithms greatly facilitate arithmetical operations. For if multiplication is to be effected, it is only necessary to take from the logarithmic tables the logarithms of the factors, and then add them into one sum, which gives the logarithm of the required product; and on finding in the table the number corresponding to this new logarithm, the product itself is obtained. Multiplication is thus performed by simple addition. In like manner division is performed by simple subtraction, and by means of a table of logarithms numbers may be raised to any power by simple multiplication, and the roots of numbers extracted by simple division. (Consult BABBAGE, Logarithms of Numbers; FARLEY'S Tables of Six- figure Logarithms.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 393).


LOGISTICS. Bardin considers the application of this word by some writers as more ambitious than accurate. It is derived from Latin LOGISTA, the administrator or intendant of the Roman armies. It is properly that branch of the military art embracing all details for moving and supplying armies. It includes the operations of the ordnance, quartermaster's, subsistence, medical, and pay departments. It also embraces the preparation and regulation of magazines, for opening a campaign, and all orders of march and other orders from the general-in- chief relative to moving and supplying armies. Some writers have, however, extended its signification to embrace STRATEGY. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 393-394).


LOGUEN, Jermain Wesley, 1813-1872, New York, African American, clergyman, speaker, author, former slave, abolitionist leader.  American Abolition Society.  Bishop, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.  Supported the anti-slavery Liberty Party.  Conductor, Underground Railroad, aiding hundreds of fugitive slaves, in Syracuse, New York.  In 1851, he himself escaped to Canada when he was indicted for helping a fugitive slave.  Wrote autobiography, The Reverend J. W. Loguen, as a Slave and as a Freeman, A Narrative of Real Life. 1859. (Dumond, 1961, p. 334; Mabee, 1970, pp. 294, 307; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 677-678; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 6, Pt. 1, p. 368; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 13, p. 848; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 7, p. 358; Radical Abolitionist, Vol. 1, No. 1, New York, August 1855)


LONDON, KENTUCKY, July 26, 1863. 44th Ohio Mounted Infantry. Colonel John S. Scott, reporting the operations of his Confederate cavalry brigade in a raid in eastern Kentucky, states that his force drove the 44th Ohio mounted infantry from London on the evening of the 26th. Scott makes the only mention of the affair to be found in the official records of the war, but states no casualties. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 569.


LONE JACK, MISSOURI, August 15-16, 1862. Missouri Militia and 3d Indiana Battery. With 800 men Major Emory S. Foster of the 7th Missouri cavalry (militia) marched on Lone Jack, arriving there about 9 p. m. Colonel Coffee with about 800 Confederates was driven out in confusion and Foster camped in the town. About daylight next morning the Union pickets were driven in and half an hour later a desperate assault was made on the town by the combined forces of Cockrell, Thompson, Hays and Quantrill, about 3,000 strong. The strongest efforts were directed against the flanks, but neither were turned. After the fight had been in progress about an hour Coffee returned with his command and charged the guns, which he succeeded in capturing. Foster was wounded, Captain M. H. Brawner assumed command and withdrew the force to Lexington. The Federal loss was 43 killed, 154 wounded and 75 captured, an aggregate loss of 272. Brawner estimated the enemy's killed at 118. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 569.


LONE JACK, MISSOURI, March 12, 1865. Detachment 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Major A. W. Mullins, commanding the regiment, reported from Pleasant Hill on the 13th: "My foot scout has just returned. Had a fight last night 2 miles east of Lone Jack with 2 bushwhackers. The latter escaped, though one of them went off evidently wounded. My men captured 2 revolvers." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 569.


LONE PINE, CALIFORNIA, March 20, 1862. A report from Lieutenant-Colonel George S. Evans of the California infantry states that he learned "there had been a fight at the Lone Pine between 20 white men, under command of Captain Anderson of Aurora, and about 40 Indians, in which engagement 11 Indians were killed and 3 white men wounded." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 569.


LONG, Armistead Lindsay, soldier, born in Campbell County, Virginia, 3 September, 1827. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy, 1 July, 1850, assigned to the 2d U.S. Artillery, and promoted 1st lieutenant. 1 July, 1854. He resigned, 10 June, 1861, and the following month was appointed major in the Confederate Army. He was promoted colonel and military secretary to General Robert K. Lee in April, 1862, and brigadier-general of artillery in September, 1863, taking part in all of General Lee's campaigns. General Long is the author of "Memoirs of General Robert E. Lee" (New York, 1886). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 8.


LONG, Charles Chaille, soldier, born in Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland, 2 July, 1842. He was educated at Washington Academy, Maryland, and in 1862 he enlisted in the 1st Maryland Infantry in the National service, and at the close of the Civil War had attained the rank of captain. He was appointed a lieutenant-colonel in the Egyptian Army in the autumn of 1869, was first assigned to duty as professor of French in the Military Academy at Abbassick, and later as chief of staff to the general-in-chief of the army. Early in 1872 he was transferred to General Loring's corps at Alexandria. On 20 February, 1874, he was assigned to duty as chief of staff to General Charles George Gordon, then lieutenant-colonel in the British Army, who had been appointed by the khedive governor-general of the equatorial provinces of Egypt. On 24 April he set out toward the equator on a secret diplomatic and geographical mission inspired by Ismail Pacha, the khedive. He was accompanied only by two soldiers and his servants, and arrived at the capital of Nyanda on 20 June, 1874, being the only white man save Captain Speke that had ever visited that place, and secured a treaty by which King M'Tse acknowledged himself a vassal of Egypt.  He then turned north to trace the unknown part of the Nile that still left the question of its source in doubt. In descending the river at M'roole he was attacked by the king of Unyoro Kaba-Rega with a party of warriors in boats and a numerous force on shore. Chaille-Long, with his two soldiers, armed with breech-loading rifles and explosive shells, sustained the attack for several hours, and finally beat off the savages. He was promoted to the full rank of colonel and bey, and decorated with the cross of the commander of the Medjidieh. In January, 1875, he fitted out and led an expedition southwestward of the Nile into the Niam-Niam country, subjected it to the authority of the Egyptian government, and dispersed the slave  trading bands. On his return in March, 1875, he was ordered to go to Cairo, where, with orders from the khedive, he organized an expedition ostensibly to open an equatorial road from the Indian ocean along Juba River to the central African lakes. The expedition sailed from Sury on 19 September, 1875, took possession of the coast and several fortified towns, and occupied and fortified Comf, on Juba River. On 1 September, 1877, Chaille-Long resigned his commission in the Egyptian Army, on account of failing health, returning to New York, where he studied law at Columbia. He was graduated and admitted to practice, and in 1882 returned to Egypt to practice in the international courts. The insurrection of Arabi culminated in the terrible massacre at Alexandria of 11 June, 1882, the U. S. consul-general remained away from his post at this juncture, and the U. S. consular agents fled from Egypt. Chaille-Long assisted the refugees, hundreds of whom were placed on board of the American ships, and after the burning of the city, he reestablished the American consulate, and, aided by 160 American sailors and marines, restored order, and arrested the fire. Colonel Chaille-Long moved to Paris in October, 1882, and opened an office for the practice of international law. In March, 1887, he was appointed U. S. consul-general and secretary of legation in Corea. He has published "Central Africa: Naked Truths of Naked People " (New York, 1877) and "The Three Prophets—Chinese Gordon, the Mahdi, and Arabi Pacha" (1884).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 8-9.


LONG, Crawford W., physician, born in Danielsville, Madison County, Georgia, 1 November, 1815; died  in Athens, Georgia, 16 June, 1878. He was graduated at Franklin College, Pennsylvania, in 1835, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1839. He then practised in Jefferson, Jackson County, Georgia, until 1851, when he moved to Athens, Georgia He claimed that he performed on 30 March, 1842, the first surgical operation with the patient in a state of anesthesia from the inhalation of ether. In his history of the discovery of anesthesia. Dr. J. Marion Sims says that Dr. Long was the first " to intentionally produce an aesthesia for surgical operations," and that this was done with sulphuric ether; that he did not by accident "hit upon it, but that he reasoned it out in a philosophical and logical manner"; that "Horace Wells, without any knowledge of Dr. Long's labors, demonstrated in the same philosophic way (in his own person) the great principle of anesthesia by the use of nitrous-oxide gas in December, 1844, thus giving Long the priority over Wells by two years and eight months, and over Morton, who followed Wells in 1846." He was named, with William T. G. Morton, Charles T. Jackson, and Wells, in a bill before the U. S. Senate in 1854 to reward the probable discoverers of practical anesthesia. Dr. Long's contributions to medical literature relate chiefly to his discovery.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 9.


LONG, David, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1835-38


LONG, Eli, soldier, born in Woodford County, Ky., 16 June, 1837. He was graduated at the Frankfort, Kentucky, Military school in 1855, and in 1856 appointed 2d lieutenant in the 1st U. S. Cavalry. Prior to 1861, when he was promoted 1st lieutenant and captain, he served with his regiment mainly against hostile Indians. Throughout the Civil War he was actively engaged in the west at Tullahoma, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and in the Atlanta Campaign, as colonel of the 4th Ohio Cavalry, and subsequently in command of a brigade of cavalry. He was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel for " gallant and meritorious services" at Farmington and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Lovejoy's Station, Georgia, respectively. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for gallantry at Selma, Alabama, where he led his division in a charge upon the intrenchments that resulted in the capture of that place. He was severely wounded in the head in the action. For his services during the war he was also brevetted major-general in the regular army and major-general of volunteers, and having been mustered out of the volunteer service, 15 January, 1866, he was retired with the rank of major-general in August, but was reduced to brigadier-general through the operation of the act of 3 March, 1875.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 9.


LONG, John Collins, naval officer, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1795; died  in North Conway, New Hampshire, 2 September, 1865. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman, 18 June, 1812, and served in the " Constitution " in her action with the "Java." He was promoted lieutenant, 5 March, 1817, commander, 25 February, 1838, captain, 2 March, 1849, and commodore on the retired list, 16 July, 1862. He was assigned the duty of bringing Louis Kossuth to this country, but would not allow him to deliver revolutionary harangues at Marseilles, which so annoyed the Hungarian patriot that he left the ship at Gibraltar. Commodore Long was fifty-three years in the service.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 9.


LONG, John Dixon, 1817-1894, New Town, Maryland, writer, anti-slavery activist.  Wrote Pictures of Slavery in Church and State, in 1857.


LONG, Richard, Ross County, Ohio, Ohio Anti-Slavery Society, Vice-President, 1835-36, Manager, 1838-39.


LONG, Stephen Harriman, engineer, born in Hopkinton, N. II., 30 December, 1784; died  in Alton, Illinois, 4 September, 1864. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1809, and after teaching for some time entered the U. S. Army in December, 1814, as a lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers. After discharging the duties of assistant professor of mathematics at the U. S. Military Academy until April, 1816, he was transferred to the Topographical Engineers, with the brevet rank of major. From 1818 till 1823 he had charge of explorations between Mississippi River and the Rocky mountains, and of the sources of the Mississippi in 1823-'4, receiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. The highest summit of the Rocky Mountains was named Long's Peak in his honor. He was engaged in surveing the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1827 till 1830, and from 1837 till 1840 was engineer-in-chief of the Western and Atlantic Railroad in Georgia, in which capacity he introduced a system of curves in the location of the road and a new kind of truss bridge, which was called by his name, and has been generally adopted in the United States. On the organization of the Topographical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became major in that body, and in 1861 chief of topographical engineers, with the rank of colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1819-'20 from the notes of Major  Long and others, by Edwin James, was published in Philadelphia in 1823, and in 1824 appeared " Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, etc.," by William H. Keating (2 vols., Philadelphia). Colonel Long was retired from active service in June. 1863, but continued, charged with important duties, until his death. He was a member of the American philosophical Society, and the author of a " Railroad Manual" (1829), which was the first original treatise of the kind published in this country.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 10.


LONG BRIDGE, VIRGINIA, June 12, 1864. 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. In the movement to the James river, after the battle of Cold Harbor, the division, Brigadier-General James H. Wilson, commanding, was assigned to the duty of covering both the front and rear of the army. Just after dark on the 12th the advance (Chapman's brigade) reached Long Bridge, expecting to find the pontoons in position for crossing. The enemy, from a line of rifle-pits on the south bank, prevented the laying of the pontoons and the officer in charge had been unable to procure assistance from the 5th corps. Colonel Chapman halted his brigade until Wilson came up with the remainder of the division, and then dismounted the 22nd New York and 3d Indiana for action. The former was sent about 50 yards above the site of the old bridge, which had been destroyed, and effected a crossing by means of fallen trees and overhanging limbs. The 3d Indiana launched some pontoons and pushed across directly in the face of a sharp fire. Once on the south side of the river the two regiments charged the enemy and drove him from his intrenchments. The bridge was then laid and the entire division crossed over, driving the Confederates rapidly in the direction of White Oak swamp. No losses reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 569-570.


LONGFELLOW, Henry Wadsworth, 1807-1882, poet. Wrote antislavery poetry. (Hughes, Meltzer, & Lincoln, 1968, p. 105; Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV; pp. 10-15. Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 6, Pt. 1, p. 382)

LONGFELLOW, Henry Wadsworth, poet, born in Portland, Maine. 27 February, 1807; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 24 March, 1882, was the second son in a family that included four sons and four daughters. His birthplace, on Fore Street, is shown in the engraving on page 11. He was named fora brother of his mother, who, a youth of nineteen, lately commissioned lieutenant in the U. S. Navy, and serving before Tripoli under Com. fire-ship " Intrepid,"  Preble, had perished in the which was blown up in the night of 4 September, 1804. The boyhood of the poet was happy. A sweeter, simpler, more essentially human society has seldom existed than that of New England in the first quarter of this century, and the conditions of life in Portland were in some respects especially pleasant and propitious. The beautiful and wholesome situation of the town on the sea-shore; the fine and picturesque harbor that afforded shelter to the vessels by which a moderate commerce with remote regions was carried on, giving vivacity to the port and widening the scope of the interests of the inhabitants; the general diffusion of comfort and intelligence; the traditional purity and simplicity of life; the absence of class distinctions; the democratic kindliness of spirit; the pervading temper of hopefulness and content—all made Portland a good place in which to be born and grow up. Like the rest of New England it was provincial, it had little part in the larger historic concerns of the world, it possessed no deep wells of experience or of culture, and no memorials of a distant past by which the imagination might be quickened and nurtured; it was a comparatively new place in a comparatively new country. The sweetness of Longfellow's disposition showed itself in his earliest years. He was a gentle, docile, cheerful, intelligent, attractive child; "one of the best boys in school " was his teacher's report of him at six years old. He was fond of books, and his father's library supplied him with the best in English. He was sensitive to the charm of style in literature, and a characteristic glimpse of his taste, and of the influences that were shaping him, is afforded by what he said in later life in speaking of Irving: "Every boy has his first book; 1 mean to say, one book among all others which in early youth first fascinates his imagination, and at once excites and satisfies the desires of his mind. To me this first book was the 'Sketch-Book' of Washington Irving. I was a school-boy when it was published [in 1819], and read each succeeding number with ever-increasing wonder and delight, spell-bound by its pleasant humor, its melancholy tenderness, its atmosphere of reverie. . . . The charm remains unbroken, and whenever I open the pages of the ' Sketch-Book,' I open also that mysterious door which leads back into the haunted chambers of youth." Already, when he was thirteen years old, he had begun to write verses, some of which found place in the poet's corner of the local newspaper. In 1821 he passed the entrance examinations for Bowdoin, but it was not until 1822 that Longfellow left home to reside at the college. Among his classmates was Nathaniel Hawthorne, with whom he speedily formed an acquaintance that was to ripen into a life-long friendship. His letters to his mother and father during his years at college throw a pleasant light upon his pursuits and his disposition; they display the early maturity of his character; the traits that distinguished him in later years are already clearly defined; the amiability, the affectionateness, the candor, and the cheerful spirit of the youth are forecasts of the distinguishing qualities of the man. His taste for literary pursuits, and his strong moral sentiment and purpose, are already developed. A few sentences from his letters will serve to exhibit him as he was at this time. "I am in favor of letting each one think for himself, and I am very much pleased with Gray's poems, Dr. Johnson to the contrary notwithstanding." "I have very resolutely concluded to enjoy myself heartily wherever I am." "Leisure is to me one of the sweetest things in the world." "I care but little about politics or anything of the kind." "I admire Horace very much indeed." "I conceive that if religion is ever to benefit us, it must be incorporated with our feelings and become in every degree identified with our happiness." "Whatever I study I ought to be engaged in with all my soul, for 1 will be eminent in something." "I am afraid you begin to think me rather chimerical in many of my ideas, and that I am ambitious of becoming a rara avit in terris. But you must acknowledge the usefulness of aiming high at something which it is impossible to overshoot, perhaps to reach." He was writing much, both verse and prose, and his pieces had merit enough to secure publication, not only in the Portland paper, but in more than one of the magazines, and especially in the " United States Literary Gazette," published in Boston, in which no fewer than sixteen poems by him appeared in the course of the year 1824-'5. Very few of these were thought by their author worth reprinting in later years, and though they all show facile versification and refined taste, none of them exhibit such original power as to give assurance of his future fame. Several of them display the influence of Bryant both in form and thought. Long afterward, in writing to Bryant, Longfellow said: "Let me acknowledge how much I owe to you, not only of delight but of culture. When I look back upon my earlier verses, I cannot but smile to see how much in them is really yours." He owed much also to others, and in these youthful compositions one may find traces of his favorite poets from Gray to Byron. As the time for leaving college drew near, it became necessary for him to decide on a profession, He was averse to the ministry, to medicine, and, in spite of his father's and grandfather's example, to the law. In 1824 he writes to his father: "I am altogether in favor of the farmer's life." But a few months later he says: "The fact is, 1 most eagerly aspire after future eminence in literature. My whole soul burns most ardently for it, and every earthly thought centres in it. . . . Surely there never was a better opportunity offered for the exertion of literary talent in our own country than is now offered. . . . Nature has given me a very strong predilection for literary pursuits, and I am almost confident in believing that, if I can ever rise in the world, it must be by the exercise of my talent in the wide field of literature." In reply to these ardent aspirations his father wisely urged that, though a literary life might be very pleasant to one who had the means of support, it did not offer secure promise of a livelihood, and that it was necessary for his son to adopt a profession that should afford him subsistence as well as reputation: but he gave his consent readily to his son's passing a year in Cambridge, after leaving college, in literary studies previous to entering on the study of a profession. Before the time for this arrived a new prospect opened, full of hope for the young scholar. He had distinguished himself in college by his studious disposition, his excellent conduct, and his capacity as a writer, and when their rank was assigned to the members of his class at graduation, he stood upon the list as the fourth in general scholarship in a class of thirty-eight. Just at this time the trustees of the college determined to establish a professorship of modern languages, and, not having the means to obtain the services of any one that was already eminent in this department, they determined to offer the post conditionally to the young graduate of their own college, who had already given proof of character and abilities that would enable him after proper preparation to fill the place satisfactorily. The proposal was accordingly made to him that he should go to Europe for the purpose of fitting himself for this chair, with the understanding that on his return he should receive the appointment of professor. It was a remarkable testimony to the impression that Longfellow had made and to the confidence he had inspired. Nothing could have been more delightful to him than the prospect it opened. It settled the question of his career in accordance with the desire of his heart, and his father gladly approved. After passing the autumn and winter of 1825-'6 in preparatory studies at home in Portland, Longfellow sailed "for Havre in May, 1826. The distance of Europe from America, measured by time, was far greater then than now. Communication was comparatively infrequent and irregular; the interval of news was often months long; the novelty of such an experience as that on which Longfellow entered was great. "Madam," said a friend to his mother, "you must have great confidence in your son." "It is true, Henry," she wrote, "your parents have great confidence in your uprightness and in that purity of mind which will instantly take alarm on coming in contact with anything vicious or unworthy. We have confidence; but you must be careful and watchful." Sixty years ago Europe promised more to the young American of poetic temperament than it does to-day, and kept its promise better. Longfellow's character was already so mature, his culture so advanced, and his temperament so happy, that no one could be better fitted than he to profit by a visit to the Old World. A voyage to Europe is often a voyage of discovery of himself to the young American: he learns that he possesses imagination and sensibilities that have not been evoked in his own land and for which Europe alone can provide the proper nurture. So it was with Longfellow. He passed eight months in Paris and its neighborhood, steadily at work in mastering the language, and in studying the literature and life of France. In the spring of 1827 he went from France to Spain, and here he spent a like period in similar occupations. It was a period of great enjoyment for him. At Madrid he had the good fortune to make acquaintance with Irving, who was then engaged in writing his "Life of Columbus," of Alexander Everett, the U. S. minister, and of Lieutenant Alexander Slidell, U. S. Navy (afterward honorably known as Commodore Slidell-Mackenzie), who in his "Year in Spain" pleasantly mentions and gives a characteristic description of the young traveller. In December, 1827, Longfellow left Spain for Italy, where he remained through a year that was crowded with delightful experience and was well employed in gaining a rich store of knowledge. His studies were constant and faithful, and his genius for language was such that when he went to Germany at the end of 1828 he had a command of French, Spanish, and Italian such as is seldom gained by a foreigner. He established himself at Gottingen in February, 1829, and was pursuing his studies there when he was called home by letters that required his return. He reached the United States in August, and in September, having received the appointment of professor of modern languages at Bowdoin College, with a salary of $800, he took up his residence at Brunswick. He was now twenty-two years old, and probably, with the exception of Mr. George Ticknor, was the most accomplished scholar in this country of the languages and literatures of modern Europe. He devoted himself zealously to teaching, to editing for his classes several excellent text-books, and to writing a series of lectures on the literatures of France, Spain, and Italy. The influence of such a nature and such tastes and learning as his was of the highest value in a country college remote from the deeper sources of culture. "His intercourse with the students," wrote one of his pupils, "was perfectly simple, frank, and manly. They always left him not only with admiration, but guided, helped, and inspired." In addition to his duties as professor he performed those of librarian of the college, and in April. 1831, he published in the "North American Review" the first of a series of articles, which were continued at irregular intervals for several years, upon topics that were connected with his studies. His prose style was already formed, and was stamped with the purity and charm that were the expression of his whole nature, intellectual and moral. Poetry he had for the time given up. Of those little poetic attempts dating from his college years he wrote, that he had long ceased to attach any value to them. "I am all prudence now, since t can form a more accurate judgment of the merit of poetry. If I ever publish a volume, it will be many years first." In September, 1831. he married Miss Mary Potter, of Portland. It was a happy marriage. About the same time he began to publish in the "New England Magazine" the sketches of travel that afterward were collected, and, with the addition of some others, published under the title of "Outre Mer; a Pilgrimage beyond the Sea" (New York, 1835). This was his earliest independent contribution to American literature, and in its pleasant mingling of the record of personal experience, with essays on literature, translations, and romantic stories, and in the ease and grace of its style, it is a worthy prelude and introduction to his later more important work. The narrowness of the opportunities that were afforded at Bowdoin for literary culture and conversation prevented the situation there from being altogether congenial to him, and it was with satisfaction that he received in December, 1834, an invitation to succeed Mr. George Ticknor in the Smith professorship of modern languages at Harvard, with the suggestion that, before entering on its duties, he should spend a year or eighteen months in Europe for study in Germany. He accordingly resigned the professorship at Bowdoin, which ne had held for five years and a half, and in April, 1835, he set sail with his wife for England. In June he went to Denmark, and, after passing the summer at Copenhagen and Stockholm studying the Danish, Swedish, and Finnish languages, he went in October to Holland on his way to Germany. At Amsterdam and Rotterdam he was detained by the serious illness of Mrs. Longfellow, and employed his enforced leisure in acquiring the Dutch language. Near the end of November his wife died at Rotterdam. The blow fell heavily upon him; but his strong religious faith afforded him support, and he was not overmastered by vain grief. He soon proceeded to Heidelberg, and sought in serious and constant study a relief from suffering, bereavement, and dejection. For a time he was cheered by the companionship of Bryant, whom he met here for the first time. In the spring he made some excursions in the beautiful regions in the neighborhood of the Rhine, and he spent the summer in Switzerland and the Tyrol. In September he was at Paris, and in October he returned home. In December, 1836, he established himself at Cambridge, and entered upon his duties as professor. For the remainder of his life Cambridge was to be his home. Lowell, in his delightful essay, "Cambridge Thirty Years Ago," has preserved the image of the village much as it was at this period. The little town was not yet suburbanized; it was dominated by the college, whose professors, many of them men of note, formed a cultivated and agreeable society. Limited as were its intellectual resources as compared with those that it has since acquired, its was the chief centre in New England of literary activity and cultivated intelligence. Longfellow soon found friends, who speedily became closely attached to him, both in Boston and Cambridge, alike of the elder and younger generation of scholars, chief among whom were George Ticknor, William H. Prescott, Andrews Norton, John G. Palfrey, Cornelius C. Felton, Charles Sumner, George S. Hillard, and Henry R. Cleveland. His delightful qualities of heart and mind, his social charm, his wide and elegant culture, his refinement, the sweetness of his temper, the openness of his nature, and his quick sympathies, made him a rare acquisition in any society, and secured for him warm regard and affection. He employed himself busily in instruction and the writing of lectures, and in 1837 he began once more to give himself to poetry, and wrote the poems that were to be the foundation of his future fame. In the autumn of this year he took up his residence at Craigie House, a fine old colonial mansion, consecrated by memories of Washington's stay in it, which was thenceforward to be his abode for life. Here, in 1837, he. wrote "The Reaper and the Flowers," and in June, 1838, "The Psalm of Life," which, on its publication in the " Knickerbocker Magazine" for October, instantly became popular, and made its author's name well known. It was the sound of a new voice, a most musical and moving one, in American poetry. In February, 1838, he was lecturing on Dante: in the summer of that year his course was on "The Lives of Literary Men." He was writing also for the "North American Review," and during the year he began his " Hyperion." It was a busy and fruitful time. "Hyperion" was published in New York in 1839. It was a romance based upon personal experience. The scene was laid among the sites he had lately visited in Europe; the characters were drawn in part from life. He put into his story the pain, the passion, and the ideals of his heart. It was a book to touch the soul of fervent youth. It had much beauty of fancy, and it showed how deeply the imagination of the young American had been stirred by the poetic associations of Europe, and enriched by the abundant sources of foreign culture. It was hardly out of press before it was followed by the publication, in the late autumn, of his first volume of poems, "Voices of the Night." This contained, in addition to his recent poems, a selection of seven of his early poems—all that he wished to preserve —and numerous translations from the Spanish, Italian, and German. The little volume of 144 pages contained poems that were stamped with the impress of an original genius whose voice was of a tone unheard before. "The Psalm of Life," " The Reaper and the Flowers," " The Footsteps of Angels, "The Beleaguered City," speedily became popular, and have remained familiar to English readers from that day to this. "Nothing equal to some of them was ever written in this world—this western world, I mean," wrote his friend Hawthorne. Before a year was out the volume had come to a third edition. From this time Longfellow's fame grew rapidly. Success and reputation were to him but stimulants to new exertions. Essentially modest and simple, praise or flattery could do him no harm. His genial and sound nature turned all experience to good. During the next two or three years, while his laborious duties as instructor were faithfully and successfully discharged, he still found time for study, and his vein of poetry was in full flow. In 1841 his second volume of poems was published; it was entitled " Ballads and other Poems," and contained, among other well-known pieces." The Wreck of the Hesperus," "The Village Blacksmith," and "Excelsior." It confirmed the impression that had been made bv the " Voices of the Night," and henceforth Longfellow stood confessedly as the most widely read and the best beloved of American poets. In the spring of 1842, his health having been for some time in an unsatisfactory state, he received leave of absence for six months from the college, and went abroad. After a short stay in Paris ne made a journey, abounding in interest and poetic suggestions, through Belgium, visiting Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp, and Brussels, and proceeded to Marienberg-on-the-Rhine. where he spent a quiet but pleasant summer at a water-cure establishment. Here he made acquaintance with the German poet Freiligrath, and the cordial friendship then formed with him was maintained by letters until Freiligrath's death, more than thirty years afterward. In October he passed some delightful days in London, as the guest of Charles Dickens, with whom he had come into very cordial relations in America early in the same year, and in November he was again at home engaged in his familiar pursuits. On the return voyage he wrote "Poems on Slavery," which were published in a thin pamphlet before the end of the year. They were the expression not so much of poetic emotion as of moral feeling. They attracted much attention, as the testimony of a poet, by nature disinclined to censure, against the great national crime of which the worst evil was its corrupting influence upon the public conbl. It was to that conscience that these poems appealed, and they were received on the one hand with warm approval, on the other with still warmer condemnation. In June, 1843, he married Frances Appleton, daughter of the Hon. Nathan Appleton. of Boston. He had been attached to her since their first meeting in Switzerland in 1836, and something of his feeling toward her had been revealed in his delineation of the character of Mary Ashburton in "Hyperion." She was a woman whose high and rare qualities of character found harmonious expression in beauty of person and nobility of presence. Seldom has there been a happier marriage. From this time forward for many years Longfellow's life flowed on as peacefully and with as much joy as ever falls to man. His fortunes were prosperous. His books were beginning to bring him in a considerable income: his wife's dowry was such as to secure to him pecuniary ease; Craigie House, with the pleasant fields in front of it reaching to the river Charles, was now his own, and his means enabled him to gratify his taste for a refined hospitality no less than to satisfy the generous impulses of his liberal disposition, and to meet the multitude of appeals for help that came to him from the poor and suffering, who, though they might be remote and unknown to him, felt confident of his sympathy. The general character of these years and of their influence on him is reflected in his work. His genius found in them the moment of its fullest expansion and happiest inspiration. In the year of his marriage "The Spanish Student" was published in a volume. It had been mainly written three years before, and was first printed in "Graham's Magazine" in 1842. In 1846 " The Belfry of Bruges and other Poems" appeared; among the "other Poems" were "The Old Clock on the Stairs" and "The Arsenal at Springfield." This was followed by "Evangeline" (1847), of which Hawthorne wrote to him: "I have read it with more pleasure than it would be decorous to express," and which thousands upon thousands have read, and will read, with hearts touched and improved by its serene and pathetic beauty. Then appeared "Kavanagh," a tale in prose (1849); "The Seaside and the Fireside," containing "The Building of the Ship," "Resignation," " The Fire of Driftwood," and twenty other poems (1850): and " The Golden Legend " (1851). During all these years he had continued to discharge the active duties of his professorship, but they had gradually become irksome to him, and in 1854. after nearly eighteen years of service at Harvard, he resigned the place. "I want to try, he wrote to Freiligrath, " the effect of change on my mind, and of freedom from routine. Household occupations, children, relatives, friends, strangers, and college lectures so completely fill up my days that I have no time for poetry; and, consequently, the last two years have been very unproductive with me. I am not, however, very sure or sanguine about the result." But he was hardly free from the daily duties of instruction before he was at work upon " Hiawatha," and in the course of the year he wrote many shorter pieces, among his best, such as "The Rope-Walk," "My Lost Youth," and "The Two Angels." "Hiawatha" was published in 1855, and in 1858 appeared "The Courtship of Miles Standish," with about twenty minor poems. But the days of joyful inspiration and success were drawing to their close. In July, 1861, an inexpressible calamity, by which all his later life was shadowed, fell upon him, in the sudden and most distressing death of his wife by fire. His recovery from its immediate, shattering effect was assisted by the soundness of his nature, the strength of his principles, and the confidence of his religious faith, but it was long before he could resume his usual occupations, or find interest in them. After several months, for the sake of a regular pursuit that might have power more or less to engage his thought, he took up the translation of the ' Divine Comedy." He found the daily task wholesome, and gradually he became interested in it. For the next three or four years the translation, the revision of it for the press, and the compilation of the notes that were to accompany it, occupied much of his time. The work was published in 1867, and took rank at once as the best translation in English of Dante's poem. The accomplishment of this task had not only been a wholesome restorative of intellectual calm, but had been the means of bringing about in a natural and simple way the renewal of social pleasures and domestic hospitalities. In the revision of the work. Longfellow had called to his aid his friends, James Russell Lowell and the present writer; and the "Dante Club" thus formed met regularly at Craigie House one evening every week for two or three winters. Other friends often joined the circle, and the evenings ended with a cheerful supper. Thus, by degrees, with the passing of time, the current of life began once more to run on in a tranquil course, and though without a ray of the old sunlight, equally without a shadow of gloom. At the end of 1863 he published "Tales of a Wayside Inn," a volume in which there was no lowering of tone, no utterance of sorrow, but full vigor and life in such poems as " Paul Revere's Ride," " The Birds of Killingworth," "The Children's Hour," and others. The printing of the translation of the "Divine Comedy' was begun about the same time, and the text of the "Inferno " was completed in season to send to Florence the volume, not yet published, as an offering in honor of Dante, on occasion of the celebration in that city of the sixth centenary of the poet's birth in May, 1865. The whole translation, with its comment, was finally published in 1867. In the same year appeared a little volume of original poems, entitled " Flower de Luce," and in succeeding years, at irregular intervals, he wrote and published " The New England Tragedies" (1868); "The Divine Tragedy" (1871); "Three Books of Song" (1872); "Aftermath " (1874); "The Masque of Pandora" (1875)', "Keramos" (1878); and "Ultima Thule" (1880). A little volume containing his last poems was published in 1882, after the poet's death, with the title of " In the Harbor." These years had been marked by few striking events in his external life. They had been spent for the most part at Cambridge, with a summer residence each year at Nahant. His interests were chiefly domestic and social; his pursuits were the labors and the pleasures of a poet and a man of letters. His hospitality was large and gracious, cordial to old friends, and genial to new acquaintances. His constantly growing fame burdened him with a crowd of visitors and a multitude of letters from "entire strangers." They broke in upon his time, and made a vast tax upon his good nature. He was often wearied by the incessant demands, but he regarded them as largely a claim of humanity upon his charity, and his charity never failed. He had a kind word for all, and with ready sacrifice of himself he dispensed pleasure to thousands. In 1868 and 1869. accompanied by his daughters, he visited Europe for the last time, and enjoyed a delightful stay in England, in Paris, and especially in Italy. Fame and the affection that his poems had awakened for him, though personally unknown, in the hearts of many in the Old World not less than in the New, made his visit to Europe a series of honors and of pleasures. But he returned home glad to enjoy once more its comparative tranquillity, and to renew the accustomed course of the day. His last years were the fitting close of such a life. In 1875 he read at Brunswick, on the fiftieth anniversary of his graduation,  the beautiful poem "Morituri Salutamus." It ended with the characteristic verse— "Kor age is opportunity no less Than youth itself, though in another dress, And as the evening twilight fades away, The sky is filled with stars, invisible by day." On his seventy-fourth birthday, 27 February, i«81, he wrote in his diary: "I am surrounded by roses and lilies. Flowers everywhere— 'And that which should accompany old age, As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends.'" But he had had already warnings of declining health, and in the course of this year he suffered greatly from vertigo, followed by nervous pain and depression. The serenity of his spirit was unaffected. On the 18th he suffered a chill, and became seriously ill. On the 24th he sank quietly in death. The lines given in fac-simile were the last written by the poet. 15 March, 1882, and are from the closing stanza of the " Bells of San Bias." No poet was ever more beloved than he; none was ever more worthy of love. The expressions of the feeling toward him after death were deep, affecting, and innumerable. One of the most striking was the placing of his bust in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey in March, 1884. It was the passing through various hands, it was purchased on 1 January, 1793, by Andrew Craigie, who built the west wing. Mr. Craigie had made a fortune as apothecary-general to the Continental Army, and he entertained in the house with lavish hospitality. After his death his widow, whose income had become reduced, let rooms to various occupants, among whom were Jared Sparks and Edward Everett. Finally the house passed into Longfellow's hands, as is related above. It is now (1887) occupied by his eldest daughter. His study remains unaltered as he left it. Mr. Longfellow had two sons and three daughters, by his second wife. His eldest son, Charles, entered the National service in 1861, and was badly wounded at Mine Run. His daughters, as children, were the subjects of a celebrated portrait group by Thomas Buchanan Read.


His bust stands near the tomb of Chaucer, between the memorials to Cowley and Dryden. (See illustration on page 14.) On this occasion Mr. Lowell, then II. S. minister in England, said: "Never was a private character more answerable to public performance than that of Longfellow. Never have I known a more beautiful character." A bronze statue of Longfellow, by Franklin Simmons, will be erected in Portland in the spring of 1888. His "Life" has been written by his brother Samuel, in three volumes (Boston, 1886-'7). This work, mainly compiled from the poet's diaries and letters, is a full and satisfactory picture of the man. In this life there is a bibliography of his works. The meadow, across the street, in front of the poet's home, stretching down to the river Charles, so often commemorated in his verse, was given by his children shortly after his death to the Longfellow memorial Association, on condition that it should be kept open forever, and properly laid out for public enjoyment. The view over the river, of the hills of Brighton and Brookline, as seen from the windows of Longfellow's study, will thus 1x3 kept open, and associated with his memory. The vignette on page 10 is from a portrait made in 1856 by Samuel Laurence; the frontispiece on steel is a copy of one of the latest photographs of the poet. The illustration on page 12 represents Longfellow's home, Craigie House. It was built by Colonel John Vassall in 1759, and on his flight to England, at the beginning of the Revolution, was confiscated. It served as Washington's headquarters till the evacuation of Boston, and then, after 1878 he became the minister of a church in Germantown. Pennsylvania In 1882 he again returned to Cambridge. In addition to writing several essays that appeared in the "Radical" (1866-'71), and many hymns that have a place in other collections than his own, he compiled, in association with Reverend Samuel Johnson, "A Book of Hymns" (Boston. 1846; revised ed., entitled " Hymns of the Spirit," 1864). He published "A Book of Hymns and Tunes," for congregational use (1859). and a small volume for the vesper service that he had instituted. He is also the editor, in connection with Thomas W. Higginson, of " Thalatta, a Book for the Seaside," a collection of poetry, partly original (1853). His latest publications are the "Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" (2 vols.. 1886), and "Final Memorials of Henry W. Longfellow' (1887).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 10-15.


LONGNECKER, Henry Clay, lawyer, born in Allen, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 17 April, 1820; died  in Allentown, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, 16 September, 1871. He was educated at the Norwich Military Academy. Vermont, and entered Lafayette College in 1841, but was not graduated. He was admitted to the bar in January, 1843, and practised in Northampton and Lehigh Counties. He served in the Mexican War in 1847-'8 as 1st lieutenant and adjutant of voltigeurs, being wounded at Chapultepec, and in 1848 was chosen district attorney of Lehigh County. He was a member of state Democratic Conventions in 1851 and 1854, but in 1856 became a Republican, and in 1859-'61 was a member of Congress, where he served on the committee on military affairs. He became colonel of the 9th Pennsylvania Regiment in 1861, led a brigade in western Virginia at the beginning of the Civil War, and commanded a brigade of militia at Antietam. In 1867 he became an associate judge of Lehigh County. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 16.


LONGSTREET, James, soldier, born in Edgefield District, South Carolina, 8 January, 1821. He moved with his mother to Alabama in 1831, and was appointed from that state to the U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1842. and assigned to the 41th Infantry. He served at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, in 1842-'4, on frontier duty at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1844-'5, in the military occupation of Texas in 1845-6, and in the war with Mexico, being engaged in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, the siege of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, Churubusco, and Moleno del Rey. For gallant and meritorious conduct in the two latter battles he was brevetted captain and major, and he had previously been promoted 1st lieutenant, 23 February, 1847. At the storming of Chapultepec, 8 September, 1847, he was severely wounded in the assault on the fortified convent. He served as adjutant, 8th U.S. Infantry, from 8 June, 1847, till 1 July, 1849, and on frontier and garrison duty, chiefly in Texas, till 1858, being made captain, 7 December, 1852. He became paymaster, 19 July, 1858, and resigned, 1 June, 1861. He was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate service, and at the first battle of Bull Run commanded a brigade on the right of the Confederate line, where he held a large force of the National Army from operating in support of McDowell's flank attack. On General Joseph E. Johnston's retreat before McClellan at Yorktown, Longstreet commanded the rear-guard, having been made a major-general. On 5 May, 1862, he made a stand at Williamsburg, and was at once attacked by Heintzelman, Hooker, and Kearny. He held his ground until his opponents were re-enforced by Hancock, when he was driven back into his works. He took part in the seven days' battles around Richmond, and at the second battle of Bull Run, when in command of the 1st Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, came to the relief of Jackson, when he was hard pressed by Pope's army, and by a determined charge in flank decided the fortunes of the day. At Fredericksburg he held the Confederate left. In 1863 he was detached with two of his divisions for service south of James River. On Hooker's movement, which led to the battle of Chancellorsville, Longstreet was ordered to rejoin the army of Lee, but did not arrive in time to participate in the battle. He commanded the right wing of the Army of Northern Virginia at the battle of Gettysburg, and tried to dissuade Lee from ordering the disastrous charge on the third day. When Lee retreated to Virginia. Longstreet, with five brigades, was transferred to the Army of Tennessee under Bragg, and at the battle of Chickamauga held the left wing of the Confederate Army. He was then detached to capture Knoxville, but found it too strongly fortified to be taken by assault. Early in 1864 he rejoined Lee, and was wounded by the fire of his own troops in the battle of the Wilderness. He commanded the 1st Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia in all the operations in 1864, and was included in the surrender at Appomattox, 9 April, 1865. He was known in the army as "Old Pete," and was considered the hardest fighter in the Confederate service. He had the unbounded confidence of his troops, who were devoted to him, and the whole army felt better when in the presence of the enemy it was passed along the line that "Old Pete was up." After the war General Longstreet established his residence in New Orleans, where he engaged in commercial business in the firm of Longstreet, Owens and Company. He was appointed Surveyor of Customs of the Port of New Orleans by President Grant, supervisor of internal revenue in Louisiana, postmaster at New Orleans, and minister from the United States to Turkey by President Hayes, and U. S. Marshal for the District of Georgia by President Garfield.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 16.


LONGSTREET, William, inventor, born in New Jersey about 1760;died  in Georgia in 1814. He moved in boyhood to Augusta, Georgia As early as 26 September, 1790, he addressed a letter to Thomas Telfair, then governor of Georgia, asking his assistance, or that of the legislature, in raising funds to enable him to construct a boat to be propelled by the new power. This was three years before Fulton's letter to the Earl of Stanhope announcing his theory "respecting the moving of ships by the means of steam." Failing to obtain public aid at that time, Longstreet's invention remained for several years in abeyance until, at last securing funds from private sources, he was enabled to launch a boat on Savannah River, which moved against the current at the rate of five miles an hour. This was in 1807, a few days after Fulton had made a similarly successful experiment on the Hudson. Besides this invention, Longstreet patented a valuable improvement in cotton-gins, called the "breast roller," moved by horse power, which entirely superseded the old method. He set up two of his gins in Augusta, which were propelled by steam and worked admirably; but they were destroyed by fire within a week. He next erected a set of steam mills near St. Mary's, Georgia, which were destroyed by the British in 1812. These disasters exhausted his resources and discouraged his enterprise, though he was confident that steam would soon supersede all other motive powers. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 16.


LONGSTREET, Augustus Baldwin, author, born in Augusta, Georgia, 23 September, 1790:died  in Oxford, Mississippi, 9 September, 1870, was graduated at Yale in 1813, studied in the law school at Litchfield. Connecticut, and was admitted to the bar in Richmond County, Georgia, in 1815, but moved to Greensboro, Georgia, where he soon rose to eminence in his profession. He represented Greene County in the legislature in 1821, and in 1822 became judge of the Ocmulgee judicial District, which office he held for several years, and then declined re-election. He then resumed the practice of the law, becoming well known for his success in criminal cases, and, removing to Augusta, he established there the "Augusta Sentinel," which was consolidated in 1838 with the "Chronicle," continuing, meanwhile, the practice of the law. In 1838 he became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was stationed at Augusta. During this period of his ministry the town was visited with yellow fever, but he remained at his post, ministering to the sick and dying. In 1839 he was elected president of Emory College, Oxford, Georgia, where he served nine years, after which he became president of Centenary College, Louisiana. Shortly afterward he became president of the University of Mississippi, at Oxford, Mississippi, which post he held for six years, resigning at that time to devote himself to agricultural pursuits. But in 1857 he was elected to the presidency of South Carolina College, Columbia, South Carolina, where he remained till just before the Civil War, when he returned to the presidency of the University of Mississippi. In 1844 he was a member of the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was conspicuous in the discussions that led to a rupture of the church, siding throughout with his own section. In politics he belonged to the Jeffersonian school of strict construction and state rights. At an early age he began to write for the press, and he made speeches on all occasions through his life. "I have heard him," writes one who knew him, " respond to a serenade, preach a funeral sermon, deliver a college commencement address, and make a harangue over the pyrotechnic glorifications of seceding states. He could never be scared up without a speech." His pen was never idle. His chief periodical contributions are to be found in " The Methodist Quarterly," "The Southern Literary Messenger," " The Southern Field and Fireside,'' "The Magnolia," and "The Orion," and include "Letters to Clergymen of the Northern Methodist Church" and "Letters from Georgia to Massachusetts." His best-known work is a series of newspaper sketches of humble life in the south, "Georgia Scenes, Characters, Incidents, etc., in the First Half Century of the Republic, by a Native Georgian," which were collected into a book that appeared first at the south and then in New York (1840). A second edition was issued in 1867, and though it purported to be revised, he would, it is said, have nothing to do with it. It is said that he sent men through the country to collect and destroy all copies of the first edition. This book is full of genuine humor, broad, but irresistible, and by many these sketches are considered the raciest, most natural, and most original that appeared at the south before the Civil War. He also published "Master William Mitten," a story (Macon, Georgia, 1864). Many unpublished manuscripts were best roved with his library during the war.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 17.


LONGYEAR, John Wesley, jurist, born in Shandaken, Ulster County, New York, 22 October, 1820; died in Detroit, Michigan. 10 March, 1875. He was educated at Lima, New York, and, moving in 1844 to Michigan, was admitted to the bar in 1846, settling the next year in Lansing, where he acquired an extensive practice. He was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1862, served till 1867, and during both terms was chairman of the committee on Expenditures on the Public Buildings. He was a delegate to the Loyalists' Convention in Philadelphia in 1866, a member of the Michigan Constitutional Convention in 1867, and in 1870 became U. S. Judge of the Southern District of the state. His decisions, especially those in admiralty and bankruptcy cases, were extensively quoted.  , New York, 1879)  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. IV, p. 17.


LONG'S MILLS, TENNESSEE, July 28, 1864. Detachment of 1st Brigade, 4th Division, 23d Army Corps. Colonel W. Y. Dillard, commanding the 1st brigade, reported from Cumberland gap under date of July 29: "Col . (R. A.) Davis has just returned from a scout. He fought the rebels at Long's mills yesterday near Mulberry gap, whipping them badly, killing and wounding 21, capturing 8 prisoners and 20 horses. No one hurt on our side." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 570.


LONG VIEW, ARKANSAS, March 29, 1864. (See Camden, Arkansas, Expedition to.)