Jocelyn through Jurisdiction

JOCELYN, Simeon S., New Haven, Connecticut, New York, NY, abolitionist leader.  Vice President, 1834-1835, Manager and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833.  Member of the Executive Committee, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1840-1855.  Co-founded the Amistad Committee with Lewis Tappan and Joshua Leavitt.  Active in the Underground Railroad, aiding escaped slaves.  Vice President and co-founder, New England Anti-Slavery Society (NEASS), 1832.  Active in training Blacks in schools of manual arts. 

(Dumond, 1961, pp. 169, 171, 175-176; Mabee, 1970, pp. 4, 30, 31, 150, 235, 396n5; Sorin, 1971; Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833; The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II. New York: James T. White, 1892, p. 326; First, Second, and Third Annual Reports of the Board of Managers of the New England Anti-Slavery Society, Boston, 1833-35)


JOHN'S ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA, July 4-10, 1864. U. S. Troops of the Department of the South under Brigadier-General John P. Hatch. During the day of the 4th Hatch moved to a point on Aberpoolie creek. The following day he marched to a point opposite Battery Pringle. leaving four battalions of the 26th U. S. colored infantry at the camp of the night before and two companies at the forks of the Bugbee bridge and Legareville roads. The last named companies were attacked and driven back on the four battalions guarding the camp. On the 6th the enemy appeared on the Federal front with 3 guns and shelled their camp, but the next day the tables were turned, as Brigadier-General Rufus Saxton, with the 26th, attacked the enemy's line of rifle-pits and drove both the artillery and the infantry from the field. The Confederates were strongly reinforced and shelled the Union camp with an 8-inch and a 10-inch columbiad during the day of the 8th. At daylight on Saturday morning (the 9th) the enemy drove in the Federal pickets and at 5:45 a. m. attacked the line, but was easily repulsed. At 6:30 a. m. he attacked with a larger force, but was again repulsed. During the remainder of the day the Confederates kept quiet. The Federal loss was 11 killed and 71 wounded. The Confederate casualties amounted to over 100 killed and wounded. Hatch withdrew his forces from the island on the 10th. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 524.


JOHNSON, Andrew, seventeenth president of the United States, born in Raleigh, North Carolina, 29 December, 1808; died near Carter's Station, Tennessee, 31 July, 1875. His parents were very poor, and when he was four years old his father died of injuries received in saving another from drowning. At the age of ten Andrew was apprenticed to a tailor. A natural craving to learn was fostered by hearing a gentleman read from "The American Speaker." The boy was taught the alphabet by fellow-workmen, borrowed the book and learned to read. In 1824 he moved to Laurens Court-House, South Carolina, where he worked as a journeyman tailor. The illustration on page 437 represents the small shop in which he pursued the calling that is announced on the sign over the door. In May, 1826, he returned to Raleigh, and in September, with his mother and step-father, he set out in a two wheeled cart, drawn by a blind pony, for Greenville, Tennessee. Here he married Eliza McCardle. a woman of refinement, who taught him to write, and read to him while he was at work during the day. It was not until he had been in Congress that he learned to write with ease. From Greenville he went to the west, but returned after the lapse of a year. In those days Tennessee was controlled by landholders, whose interests were fostered by the state constitution, and Greenville was ruled by what was called an "aristocratic coterie of the quality." Johnson resisted their supremacy, and made himself a leader of the opposition. In 1828 he was elected alderman, in 1829 and 1830 was re-elected, and in 1830 was advanced to the mayoralty, which office he held for three years. In 1831 the county court appointed him a trustee of Rhea Academy, and about this time he took part in the debates of a society at Greenville College. In 1834 he advocated the adoption of the new state constitution, by which the influence of the large landholders was abridged. In 1835 he represented Greene and Washington Counties in the legislature. He resisted the popular mania for internal improvements, which caused his defeat in 1837, but the reaction justified his foresight, strengthened his influence, and restored his popularity. In 1839 he was returned. In 1836 he supported Hugh L. White for the presidency, and was a Bell man in the warm personal and political altercations between John Bell and James K. Polk, which distracted Tennessee at this time. Johnson was the only ardent follower of Bell that failed to go over to the Whig Party. In 1840 he was an elector for the state-at-large on Van Buren's ticket, and made a state reputation by the force of his oratory. In 1841 he was elected  to the state senate from Greene and Hawkins counties, and while in that body he was one of the "immortal 13 " Democrats who, having it in their power to prevent the election of a Whig senator, did so by refusing to meet the house in joint convention. He also proposed that the basis of representation should rest upon the white votes, without regard to the ownership of slaves.

In 1843 he was elected to Congress over John A. Asken, a U. S. Bank Democrat, who was supported by the Whigs. His first speech was in support of the resolution to restore to General Jackson the fine imposed upon him at New Orleans. He supported the annexation of Texas. In 1845 he was re-elected, and sustained Polk's administration. He opposed all expenditures for internal improvements that were not general, and resisted and defeated the proposed contingent tax of ten per cent, on tea and coffee. He was regularly re-elected until 1853. During this period he made his celebrated defence of the veto power, and urged the adoption of the Homestead Law, which was obnoxious to the slave-holding power of the south. He supported the compromise measures of 1850 as a matter of expediency, but opposed compromises in general as a sacrifice of principle. In 1853 the district lines were so "gerrymandered" as to throw him into a district in which the Whigs had an overwhelming majority. Johnson at once announced himself a candidate for the governorship, and was elected by a fair majority. In his message to the legislature he dwelt upon the Homestead Law and other measures for the benefit of the working-classes, and earned the title of the " mechanic governor.'' He opposed the Know-Nothing movement with characteristic vehemence. In 1855 he was opposed by Meredith P. Gentry, the Whig candidate, and defeated him after a canvass remarkable for the feeling displayed. Mr. Johnson earnestly supported the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.

In 1857 he was elected to the U. S. Senate, where he urged the passage of the homestead bill, and on 20 May, 1858, made his greatest speech on this subject. Finally, in 1860, he had the momentary gratification of seeing his favorite bill pass both houses of Congress, but President Buchanan vetoed it, and the veto was sustained. Johnson revived it at the next session, and also introduced a resolution looking to a retrenchment in the expenditures of the government, and on constitutional grounds opposed the grant of aid for the construction of a Pacific Railroad. He was prominent in debate, and frequently clashed with southern supporters of the administration. His pronounced Unionism estranged him from the slave-holders on the one side, while his acceptance of slavery as an institution guaranteed by the constitution caused him to hold aloof from the Republicans on the other. This intermediate position suggested his availability as a popular candidate for the presidency; but in the Democratic Convention he received only the vote of Tennessee, and when the convention reassembled in Baltimore he withdrew his name. In the canvass that followed, he supported the extreme pro-slavery candidate, Breckinridge. Johnson had never believed it possible that any organized attempt to dissolve the Union could be made; but the events preceding the session of Congress beginning in December, 1860, convinced him of his error. When Congress met, he took decided and unequivocal grounds in opposition to secession, and on 13 December introduced a joint resolution, proposing to amend the constitution so as to elect the president and vice-president by district votes, to elect senators by a direct popular vote, and to limit the terms of Federal judges to twelve years, half of them to be from slave-holding and half from non-slave-holding states. In his speech on this resolution, 18 and 19 December, he declared his unyielding opposition to secession, and announced his intention to stand by and act in and under the constitution. The southern states were then in the act of seceding, and every word uttered in Congress was read and discussed with eagerness by thirty millions of people. Johnson's speech, coming from a southern man, thrilled the popular heart; but his popularity in the north was offset by the virulence with which he was assailed in the south. In a speech delivered 2 March, 1861, he said, referring to the secessionists: "I would have them arrested and tried for treason, and, if convicted, by the eternal God, they should suffer the penalty of the law at the hands of the executioner." Returning to Tennessee from Washington, he was attacked at Liberty, Virginia, by a mob, but drove them back with his pistol. At Lynchburg he was hooted and hissed, and at various places burned in effigy. He attended the East Tennessee union Convention, in Cincinnati, 30 May, and again on 19 June he visited the same place and was received with enthusiasm. Here he declared for a vigorous prosecution of the war.

He retained his seat in the senate until appointed by President Lincoln military governor of Tennessee, 4 March, 1862. On 12 March he reached Nashville, and organized a provisional government for the state. On 18 March he issued a proclamation, in which he appealed to the people to return to their allegiance, to uphold the law, and to accept "a full and competent amnesty for all past, acts and declarations. He required the city council to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. They refused, and he moved them and appointed others. He urged the holding of Union meetings throughout the state, and frequently attended them in person. It was chiefly due to his courage that Nashville was held against a Confederate force. He completed the railroad from Nashville to Tennessee River, and raised 25 regiments for service in the state. On 8 December, 1862, he issued a proclamation ordering congressional elections, and on the 15th levied an assessment upon the richer southern sympathizers, "in behalf of the many helpless widows, wives, and children in the city of Nashville who have been reduced to poverty and wretchedness in consequence of their husbands, sons, and fathers having been forced into the armies of this unholy and nefarious rebellion." On 20 February, 1863, Governor Johnson issued a proclamation warning the agents of all "traitors" to retain their collections until some person should be appointed to receive them for the United States. During the term of his service, Governor Johnson exercised absolute and autocratic powers, but with singular moderation and discretion, and his course strengthened the Union cause in Tennessee. The Republican Convention assembled in Baltimore, 6 June,  1864, and renominated Mr. Lincoln for the presidency by acclamation. There was a strong sentiment in favor of recognizing the political sacrifices made for the cause of the Union by the war Democrats, and it was generally conceded that New York should decide who was to be the individual. Daniel S. Dickinson, of that state, was most prominent in this connection; but internal factional divisions made it impossible for him to obtain the solid vote of that state, and Secretary Seward's friends feared this nomination would force him from the cabinet. Henry J. Raymond urged the name of Andrew Johnson, and he was accordingly selected. Johnson, in his letter of acceptance, virtually disclaimed any departure from his principles as a Democrat, but placed his acceptance upon the ground of "the higher duty of first preserving the government." He accepted the Emancipation Proclamation as a war measure, to be subsequently ratified by constitutional amendment. In his inaugural address as vice-president, 4 March, 1865, a lack of dignity in his bearing and an incoherency in his speech were attributed to the influence of strong drink. As a matter of fact, he was much worn by disease, and had taken a little stimulant to aid him in the ordeal of inauguration, and in his weakened condition the effect was more decided than he anticipated. This explanation was generally accepted by the country.

On 14 April, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated, and Mr. Johnson was at once sworn in as president, at his rooms in the Kirkwood House, by Chief-Justice Chase. In his remarks to those present Mr. Johnson said: "As to an indication of any policy which may be pursued by me in the administration of the government, I have to say that that must be left for development as the administration progresses. The message or declaration must be made by the acts as they transpire. The only assurance I can now give of the future is reference to the past." In his addresses to various delegations that called upon him, he emphasized the fact that he advocated a course of forbearance toward the mass of the southern people, but demanded punishment for those who had been leaders. "Treason is a crime," he said to the Illinois delegation, "and must be punished." At the time it was generally supposed that Johnson, who was known to be personally embittered against the dominant classes in the south, would inaugurate a reign of terror and decimate those who had taken up arms against the national authority. His protest against the terms of surrender granted to General Lee by General Grant, and utterances in private conversation, strengthened the fear that he would be too bloody and vindictive. He was supposed not to have been in accord with the humane policy that Lincoln had foreshadowed, and his silence in reference to Lincoln's policy, which amounted to ignoring it, was accepted as a proof that he did not intend to follow this course. On one occasion he said: "In regard to my future course, I will now make no professions, no pledges." And again: "My past life, especially my course during the present unholy rebellion, is before you. I have no principles to retract. I defy anyone to point to any of my public acts at variance with the fixed principles which have guided me through life." It was evident that the difference in views of public policy, which were kept in abeyance during the war, would now come to the surface. The surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston's army, 26 April, 1865, was practically the end of the war (although 20 August. 1866, was officially fixed as the close of the Civil War by the second section of the act of 2 March, 1867). and on 29 April President Johnson issued a proclamation for the removal of trade restrictions in most of the insurrectionary states, which, being in contravention of an act of Congress, was subsequently modified. On 9 May, 1865, he issued a proclamation restoring Virginia to the Union, and on 22 May all ports except four in Texas were opened to foreign commerce. On 29 May a general amnesty was declared to all except fourteen specified classes of citizens. Among the number excepted were "all participants in the rebellion the estimated value of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand dollars." This exception was undoubtedly the result of personal feeling on the part of the president. It began to be perceived that a change was taking place in his sentiments, and this was attributed to the influence of Secretary Seward, who was popularly supposed to perpetuate the humane spirit of the dead president. Those who had fears of too great severity now anticipated too great leniency. After the amnesty proclamation, the fundamental and irreconcilable difference between President Johnson and the party that had elevated him to power became more apparent. The constitution made no provision for the readmission of a state that had withdrawn from the Union, and Mr. Johnson, as a state-rights Democrat, held that the southern states had never been out of the Union; that the leaders were solely responsible: that as soon as the seceded states applied for readmission under such a form of government as complied with the requirements of the constitution, the Federal government had no power to refuse them admission, or to make any conditions upon subjects over which the constitution had not expressly given Congress jurisdiction. The Republican leaders held that the action of the seceded states had deprived them of their rights as members of the Union; that in any event they were conquered, and as such at the mercy of the conqueror; and that, at best, they stood in the category of territories seeking admission to the Union, in which case Congress could admit or reject them at will. The particular question that brought on a clash between these principles was the civil status of the Negro. The 13th amendment became a law, 18 December, 1865, with Johnson's concurrence. The Republicans held that slavery had been the cause of the war; that only by giving the freed man the right to vote could he be protected, and the results of the war secured: and that no state should be admitted until it had granted the right of suffrage to the Negroes within its borders. Johnson held this to be a matter of internal regulation, beyond the control of Congress. From 9 May till 18 July he appointed provisional governors for seven states, whose duties were to reorganize the governments. The state governments were organized, but passed such stringent laws in reference to the Negroes that the Republicans declared it was a worse form of slavery than the old. When Congress met in December, 1865, it was overwhelmingly Republican and firmly determined to protect the Negro against outrage and oppression. The first breach between the president and the party in power was the veto of the Freedman's Bureau Bill in February, 1866, which was designed to protect the Negroes. One of the grounds of the veto was, that it had been passed by a Congress in which the southern states had no representatives. On 27 March the president vetoed the civil rights bill, which made freedmen citizens without the right of suffrage. The chief ground of objection was the interference with the rights of the states. This bill was passed over the veto. On 16 June the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, which contained the principle of the civil rights bill, was proposed, disapproved by the president, but ratified and declared in force, 28 July, 1868. Both houses of Congress passed a joint resolution that the delegation from a state lately in rebellion should not be received by either the senate or the house until both united in declaring said state a member of the Union. In July the Second Freedman's Bureau bill was passed, vetoed, and passed over the veto. In June, 1866, the Republicans in Congress brought forward their plan of reconstruction, which was called the " Congressional plan," in contradistinction to the president's plan, of which he spoke as "my policy." The chief features of the Congressional plan were, to give the Negroes the right to vote, to protect them in this right, and to prevent the Confederate leaders from voting. Congress met on 3 December, 1866. The bill giving Negroes the right of suffrage in the District of Columbia was passed over a veto. An attempt was made to impeach the president, but it failed. In January, 1867, a bill was passed to deprive the president of the power to proclaim general amnesty, which he disregarded. Measures were adopted looking to the meeting of the 40th and all subsequent Congresses immediately upon the adjournment of the predecessor. The president was deprived of the command of the army by a "rider" to the Army Appropriation Bill, which provided that his orders should only be given through the general, who was not to be moved without the previous consent of the senate. The bill admitting Nebraska provided that no law should ever be passed in that state denying the right of suffrage to any person because of his color or race. This was vetoed, and passed over the veto. On 2 March, 1867, the "bill to provide efficient governments for the insurrectionary states," which embodied the Congressional plan of reconstruction, was passed, vetoed, and passed over the veto. This divided the southern states into military districts, each under a brigadier-general, who was to preserve order and exercise all the functions of government until the citizens had formed a state government, ratified the amendments, and been admitted to the Union. On 2 March, 1867, the tenure-of-office bill was passed over the veto. This provided that civil officers should remain in office until the confirmation of their successors; that the members of the cabinet should be moved only with the consent of the senate; and that when Congress was not in session, the president could suspend, but not remove, any official, and in case the senate at the next session should not ratify the suspension, the suspended official should be reinducted into his office. The elections of 1866 were uniformly favorable to the Republicans, and gave them a two-third majority in both house and senate. On 5 August, 1867, the president requested Edwin M. Stanton to resign his office as Secretary of War. Mr. Stanton refused, was suspended, and General Grant was appointed in his place. When Congress met, it refused to ratify the suspension. General Grant then resigned, and Mr. Stanton again entered upon the duties of his office. The president moved him, and appointed Lorenzo Thomas, adjutant-general, U. S. Army. The Senate declared this act illegal, and Mr. Stanton refused to comply, and notified the Speaker of the House. On 24 February, 1868, the house passed a resolution for the impeachment of the president. The trial began on 5 March. The main articles of impeachment were for violating the provisions of the tenure-of-office act, which it was claimed he had done in order to test its constitutionality. After the trial began, the president made a tour through the northwest, which was called "swinging round the circle," because in his speeches he declared that he had swung around the entire circle of offices, from alderman to president. He made many violent and intemperate speeches to the crowds that assembled to meet him, and denounced the Congress then sitting as "no Congress," because of its refusal to admit the representatives and senators from the south, and on these speeches were based additional articles of impeachment. On 16 May the test vote was had. Thirty-five senators were for conviction and nineteen for acquittal. A change of one vote would have carried conviction. The senate adjourned sine die, and a verdict of acquittal was entered. After the expiration of his term the president returned to Tennessee. He was a candidate for the U. S. Senate, but was defeated. In 1872 he was a candidate for congressman from the state-at-large, and, though defeated, he regained his hold upon the people of the state, and in January, 1875, was elected to the Senate, taking his seat at the extra session of 1875. Two weeks after the session began he made a speech which was a skilful but bitter attack upon General Grant. He returned home at the end of the session, and in July visited his daughter, who lived near Carter's Station in east Tennessee. There he was stricken with paralysis, 29 July, and died the next day. He was buried at Greenville. His "Speeches' were published with a biographical introduction by Frank Moore (Boston, 1865), and his " Life and Times" were written by an anonymous author (New York, 1866). See "also "The" Tailor Boy" (Boston, 1865), and "The Trial of Andrew Johnson on Impeachment" (3 vols., Washington, 1868).—His wife, Eliza Mcardie, born in Leesburg, Washington County, Tennessee, 4 October, 1810; died in Home, Greene County, Tenn., 15 January, 1876, was the only daughter of a widow in Greenville, Tennessee. On 27 May, 1826, she married Andrew Johnson, and devoted herself to his interests and education, contributing effectually toward his future career. She remained in Greenville while he served in the legislature, and in 1861 spent two months in Washington while Mr. Johnson was in the senate. Owing to impaired health she returned to Greenville, and while there received an order, dated 24 April, 1862, requiring her to pass beyond the Confederate lines through Nashville in thirty-six hours. This was impossible, owing to her illness, and she therefore remained in Greenville all summer, hearing constantly rumors of Mr. Johnson's murder. In September she applied for permission to cross the line, and, accompanied by her children and Mr. Daniel Stover, she began her journey to Nashville. At Murfreesboro they were met by General Forrest, who detained them until Isham G. Harris and Andrew Ewing obtained permission from the authorities at Richmond for them to pass. Mrs. Johnson joined her husband at Nashville. During her residence in Washington Mrs. Johnson appeared in society as little as possible.—Their daughter, Martha, born in Greenville, Tennessee, 25 October. 1828, was educated in Georgetown, D. C, and during her school-life was a frequent guest in the White House in President Polk's administration. She returned to east Tennessee in 1851, and on 13 December 1837, married Judge David T. Patterson. She presided at the White House in place of her invalid mother, and, with her sister, assisted in the first reception that was held by President Johnson, 1 January, 1806. During the early spring an appropriation of $30,000 was made by Congress to refurnish the executive mansion, and Mrs. Patterson superintended the purchases. —Another daughter, Mary, born in Greenville, Tennessee, 8 May, 1832; died in Bluff City, Tennessee, 19 April, 1883, married Daniel Stover, of Carter County, who died in 1862, and in 1869 she married William K. Bacon, of Greenville. Tennessee. She resided at the White House from August, 1863, until a short time before the expiration of her father's term.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 436-440.


JOHNSON, Andrew Wallace, naval officer, born in Washington, D. C, 24 February, 1826: died there, 14 June, 1887. He was appointed midshipman in 1841, and commissioned lieutenant, 15 September, 1855. He was made lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and in 1864-'5 served with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, being on the iron-clads " Lehigh" and " Montauk " in their engagements with Confederate batteries in Stono River, South Carolina, in July, 1864. He was commissioned commander, 2 February, 1867, and captain, 5 April, 1874, and served as chief of staff of the South Atlantic Squadron from 1869 till 1870. After being assigned to special duty for several years at Washington, D. C, and at Portsmouth, N. H., Captain Johnson was retired by operation of law. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 440.


JOHNSON, Bradley Tyler, lawyer, born in Frederick City, Maryland, 29 September, 1829. He was graduated at Princeton in 1849, receiving the mathematical oration, studied law at Harvard, was admitted to the bar in North Carolina in 1851. and was elected state's attorney of Frederick County in November. He was the Democratic candidate for comptroller of the state in 1857, chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee in 1859-'60, delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860. and withdrew with a majority of the Maryland delegation from the convention and united in the nomination of Breckinridge and Lane. At the beginning of the Civil War he organized and armed a company at his own expense, which was mustered into the service of the Confederate States, he being captain. On 16 June he was made major, 21 July lieutenant-colonel, and 18 March, 1862, colonel. He commanded his regiment in all the battles of Jackson's valley campaign of 1862 and in the Seven Days' Battles around Richmond. The regiment having been almost annihilated, in August, 1862, the remnant was mustered out, and Colonel Johnson was then assigned to Jackson's division. On 28 June, 1864, was commissioned brigadier-general of cavalry. His services in defeating Dahlgren on his raid toward Richmond were recognized in a general order, and General Wade Hampton presented him with a sabre. He commanded a brigade of cavalry under Early in the campaign of 1864. On Early's advance into Maryland, General Johnson destroyed the railroad bridges north of Baltimore, but on 12 July was ordered by Early to report to him. In December, 1864, General Johnson was assigned to the command of the post at Salisbury, North Carolina. When the prisoners were actually starving. General Johnson stopped a train bound for the Army of Northern Virginia, took from it the provisions with which it was freighted, and used them to feed the prisoners. At the same time he asked to be allowed to carry the prisoners to Goldsboro and release them on parole, and urged upon Governor Vance, of North Carolina, the propriety of furnishing them with blankets and clothes from the depots of the state. After the war General Johnson settled in Richmond, Virginia, and devoted himself to the practice of law. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore. In 1875 he published "Reports of Chase's Decisions on the 4th Circuit," and in the same year was elected to the Senate of Virginia. In 1877 he made a report from the committee on finance on the public debt of Virginia, and in 1879, as chairman of the joint committee on Federal relations, he prepared the report on the question of the Federal judicial jurisdiction in its relation to the jurisdiction of the state courts. In 1879 he moved to Baltimore. In 1883 he published an examination of the "Foundation of Maryland and the Maryland Act Concerning Religion." In 1884 he was president of the Electoral College of Maryland.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 440


JOHNSON, Bushrod Rust, soldier, born in Belmont County, Ohio, 7 October, 1817; died in Brighton, Illinois, 11 September, 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1840, served in the Seminole War, and became 1st lieutenant in 1844. During the Mexican War he participated in numerous battles. He became professor and subsequently superintendent of the Western Military Institute of Kentucky at Georgetown. He entered the Confederate service in 1861. was commissioned brigadier-general, and taken prisoner at Fort Donelson, but shortly afterward escaped, and was wounded at Alleghany Camp, and again at Shiloh. He commanded a division at the battle of Chattanooga, served in subsequent engagements in the Army of Tennessee, was promoted major-general in 1864, and in command of a division at the surrender. After the war he became superintendent of the   military college in the University of Nashville, and chancellor of that institution. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 440-441.


JOHNSON, Edward, soldier, born in Chesterfield County, Virginia, 16 April, 1816; died in Richmond, Virginia, 22 February, 1873. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1838, was brevetted captain in 1847 for meritorious service during the Florida Wars, and major in 1848 for gallantry at Chapultepec and the city of Mexico, being presented on his return with swords of honor by his native state and county. He was commissioned 1st lieutenant in 1839, and captain in 1851. In 1861 he resigned, and, joining the Confederate Army, was appointed colonel of the 12th Georgia Volunteers, brigadier-general in 1862, and major-general in 1863. He commanded a division at Gettysburg, was taken prisoner, with his entire force, at Spottsylvania Court-House, 12 May, 1864, and subsequently was recaptured at Nashville in December of that year. At the close of the war he retired to his farm in Chesterfield County, Virginia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 442.


JOHNSON, Herschel Vespasian, statesman, born in Burke County, Georgia, 18 September, 1812; died in Jefferson County, Georgia, 16 August, 1880. He was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1834, studied law, and practised in Augusta, Georgia, till 1839, when he moved to Jefferson County. In 1840 he entered politics as a Democrat, and in 1844 he moved to Milledgeville, serving also in that year as a presidential elector. He was subsequently appointed U. S. Senator in place of Walter T. Colquitt, resigned, serving from 3 March, 1849. In November of the latter year he was elected, by the legislature of Georgia, judge of the superior court for the Ocmulgee District, which he occupied until his nomination as governor in 1853, when he resigned. He had in the meantime been a member of the Southern Rights Party, but when Georgia resolved to acquiesce in the compromise measures of 1850 he was one of the first to declare that the causes that had led to the organization of that movement had ceased to exist. He was elected governor in 1853, and re-elected in 1855. In 1860 he was nominated for the vice£ on the ticket with Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed the secession of Georgia to the last; but when the fact was accomplished he cast his lot with his state, and was chosen to the Confederate Senate. In 1864 he began the “peace movement.” on the basis of state sovereignty. In September of the same year he held a conference with Andrew Johnson regarding reconstruction, and the following month presided over the Georgia Constitutional Convention. In January, 1866, on the restoration of his state to the Union, he was chosen as one of the two U.S. Senators to which Georgia was entitled, but was unable to serve under the Reconstruction Acts of Congress. He then resumed the practice of the law, and when his disabilities were finally moved he was, in 1873, placed on the circuit bench for the term of eight years, which office he filled until his death. As an orator, a constitutional lawyer, and a jurist, Judge Johnson took high rank.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 443.


JOHNSON, John Milton, physician, born in Smithland, Livingston County, Kentucky, 15 January, 1812; died in Atlanta, Georgia, 18 May, 1886. His ancestor, Thomas, came to this country in 1700. After receiving an education from his father and from a physician of Madisonville, Kentucky, he began the practice of medicine in 1833. His success in treating an epidemic in western Kentucky that was known as the "milk sickness," between 1840 and 1845, brought him into notice, and his notes upon this disease and its causes were republished in the London "Lancet" and other medical journals. In 1861 he entered the Confederate Army, and in 1862 was surgeon of the post at Atlanta, Georgia. Afterward he was medical director for General Hardee's division, and served in all of General Bragg's engagements. After the close of the Civil War he settled in Atlanta, where he practised his profession until his death. He was president of the Atlanta Academy of Medicine in 1875, and from 1868 till 1872 taught physiology and pathological anatomy in Atlanta Medical College. He has published numerous medical papers.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 445.


JOHNSON, Nathan, 1797-1880, African American, former slave, abolitionist leader, community leader.  American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), Manager, 1839-1840, 1841-1842.  (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 6, p. 479)


JOHNSON, Richard W., soldier, born near Smithland, Livingston County, Kentucky, 7 February, 1827, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1849, and assigned to the 6th U.S. Infantry. He soon joined the 1st U.S. Infantry, and in March, 1855, was transferred to the cavalry, in which he was quartermaster until December, 1856, when he was made captain and served against the Indians on the Texan frontier. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Kentucky Cavalry (National) on 28 August, 1861, and on 11 October, 1861, was made brigadier-general of volunteers and assigned to a brigade in General Buell's army, engaging in the movement to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee., and also serving in Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky. He was present at the siege of Corinth on 28 May, 1862, and routed a Confederate force in his front. In July, 1862, he commanded a division of the Army of the Ohio, in the Tennessee Campaign. He was taken prisoner at Gallatin, Tennessee, on 21 August, by a greatly superior force under Morgan, and after his exchange in December was placed in command of the 12th Division of the Army of the Cumberland. He was at Stone River, Chickamauga, and Missionary Ridge, and in the Atlanta Campaign, being engaged in all the battles in the line of march from Nashville to New Hope Church, near Atlanta, where he was severely wounded, 28 May, 1864. He subsequently commanded a division of cavalry at the battle of Nashville, was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. Army, for gallant and meritorious services, 13 March, 1865, and also major-general for his services in the field during the war. He remained on the staff of General George H. Thomas, as provost-marshal and judge-advocate of the Military Division of the Tennessee, serving till 1866, when he was mustered out of volunteer service. He was retired with the rank of brigadier-general on 12 October, 1867. He was military professor in the University of Missouri in 1868-9, and in the University of Minnesota in 1869'70. In 1881 he was the Democratic nominee for governor of Minnesota. He is the author of a "Life of General George H. Thomas" (Philadelphia, 1881), and "A Soldier's Reminiscences" (1886).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 445.


JOHNSON, Joseph, governor of Virginia, born in Orange County, New York, 19 December, 1785; died in Bridgeport, West. Virginia, 27 February, 1877. In 1800 he moved to Bridgeport, West Virginia, where he worked on a farm and educated himself. He served in the war of 1812 as captain of a volunteer company of riflemen, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving from 1823 till 1827, again in 1833 for the unexpired term of Philip Doddridge, and also in 1835-'41 and 1845-7. In 1844 he was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention. From 1852 till 1856 he was governor of Virginia. He was a supporter of the Confederacy in 1861-'5.—His nephew, Waldo Porter, senator, born in Harrison County, Virginia, 16 September, 1817; died in Osceola, Saint Clair County, Missouri, 14 August, 1885, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Osceola in 1843. In 1846 he enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, and while on the plains was honorably discharged to serve in the Missouri Legislature to which he had been elected. He became prosecuting attorney and judge of his judicial district, and was elected to the U. S. Senate as a Democrat, serving from 4 July, 1861 till 10 January, 1862, when he was expelled, because he had joined the Confederate Army. During the special session of July, 1861, he offered the resolution for a peace convention to meet in Louisville, Kentucky. He was wounded at Pea Ridge, and became lieutenant-colonel, taking part in the first Corinth engagement. Afterward, while he was on special service, he was appointed by Governor Reynolds to the Confederate Senate to fill a vacancy. After the close of the Civil War he went to Hamilton, Canada, where he remained until his return to Osceola. In 1875 he was president of the state constitutional convention.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 445.


JOHNSON, Oliver, 1809-1889, anti-slavery leader, newspaper editor, printer, reformer.  An early supporter of William Lloyd Garrison.  American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), Member Executive Committee, 1841-1843, Manager, 1852-1853.  Occasionally helped Garrison in the editing of The Liberator.  In 1832, co-founded and was Counselor for the New England Anti-Slavery Society.  Lectured extensively against slavery.  Johnson edited various anti-slavery newspapers, including the National Anti-Slavery Standard, the Pennsylvania Freeman, and the Anti-Slavery Bugle. 

(Mabee, 1970, pp. 86, 87, 214, 215, 226, 261, 262, 297, 335, 368; Rodriguez, 2007, p. 367; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 446; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, p. 412; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 12, p. 107)

JOHNSON, Oliver, editor, born in Peacham, Vermont, 27 December, 1809. He served a printer's apprenticeship in the office of the " Watchman," at Montpelier, Vermont, and in 1831 became the editor of the newly established "Christian Soldier." From 1865 till 1870 he was managing editor of the "Independent," after which he became the editor of the "Weekly Tribune," which post he resigned in 1872 to become editor of the "Christian Union." He was active in the cause of anti-slavery as lecturer and editor, and was one of the twelve that organized the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832. He has published "William Lloyd Garrison and his Times, or Sketches of the Anti-Slavery Movement in America" (Boston, 1880). — His wife, Mary Ann, born in Westmoreland, New Hampshire, 24 August, 1808; died in New York, 8 June, 1872, was assistant matron in the female state-prison at Sing Sing, New York, and promoted the reforms introduced at that period. Subsequently she lectured on anatomy and physiology to women.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 446.


JOHNSON, Philip Carrigain, naval officer, born in Maine, 21 November, 1828; died in Portsmouth. New Hampshire. 28 January, 1887. He entered the navy in 1846, and was present at the bombardment of Vera Cruz and Tuspan during the Mexican War. In 1847-'8 he served in the frigate " Ohio," of the Pacific Squadron, and spent the next four years at the naval school and with the Brazil Squadron. In 1854-'9 he was attached to the U.S. Coast Survey. He became a lieutenant in 1855, from 1859 till 1861 was attached to the " San Jacinto." then cruising on the coast of Africa, and from 1861 till 1863 commanded the "Tennessee" of the Western Gulf Squadron, being present at the bombardment and passage of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. He became a lieutenant-commander in 1862, and in 1864 was attached to the "Katahdin," of the Western Gulf Squadron. In 1865-'6 he was stationed in the Naval Academy, and two years afterward he served on the "Sacramento." He became a commander in 1867, and from 1868 till 1870 was fleet-captain of the South Pacific Squadron. He was made captain in 1874, and served until 1876 on the South Pacific Station, commanding the "Omaha" and the "Richmond." In 1877-81 he was stationed at the Mare Island U.S. Navy-yard, and was then ordered to the command of the training-ship "New Hampshire." He subsequently served as chief signal officer of the navy, and in 1884 was promoted to the rank of commodore and placed in command of Portsmouth U.S. Navy-yard He was promoted to rear-admiral 26 January, 1887.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 446.


JOHNSON, Reverdy, 1796-1876, lawyer, diplomat, statesman, U.S. Senator, opposed annexing territories acquired in the war with Mexico.  Strongly opposed the extension of slavery into the new territories.  Ardent supporter of the Union.  Believed that African Americans should be recruited into the Union Army and as a result should gain their emancipation. (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 446-447; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, p. 112; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 12, p. 116)

JOHNSON, Reverdy, statesman, born in Annapolis, Maryland, 21 May. 1796; died there, 10 February, 1876. He was educated at St. John's College, studied law with his father, John Johnson, chancellor of the state, and was admitted to the bar in 1815. He began to practise in Upper Marlboro', Prince George County, was appointed deputy attorney-general for that judicial district, and in 1817 moved to Baltimore, where he practised with success. In 1821 he was elected to the state senate for a term of five years, and soon distinguished himself for his intelligent, bold, and comprehensive discussion of the question of state and Federal policy that was agitating the country. He was re-elected for the succeeding term, but resigned at the end of the second year to become Attorney-General in President Taylor's cabinet. In 1845 he was sent to the U. S. Senate as a Whig, serving till 1849. One of the most striking characteristics of Mr. Johnson's public life was his occasional disregard of party dictation. A memorable instance of this independent action was his hearty support of the Mexican War measures of Polk's administration, in spite of the violent opposition of the Whigs. On the accession of President Fillmore, Mr. Johnson resigned, and for more than twenty years afterward he was exclusively engaged in his professional duties, appearing during that time in the trial of celebrated cases in almost every part of the country, from New England to California. In 1854 he was employed by some English claimants to argue a case in London before an Anglo-American commission. During his residence of several months in England he was received with marked attention by the barristers and judges of that country, and left a reputation behind him which had not been forgotten when, fourteen years afterward, he went as minister to the Court of St. James. Whether in or out of office, Mr. Johnson was invariably outspoken in his opinions of all public matters. His decided opposition to the proscriptive doctrines of the " Know-Nothing" Party led him, together with many of the Whig leaders in Maryland, to unite with the Democrats in 1856 and in the subsequent support of Buchanan's administration. In the presidential contest of 1860 Mr. Johnson joined the Douglas wing of the party, and was active in his efforts to secure its success. He was a member of the Peace Congress in Washington in 1861 and in 1862. Throughout the Civil War he supported the National cause, and sustained the measures of the administration. When peace was restored he urged the readmission of the southern states without delay. He voted for the first reconstruction bill, supported that measure when it was vetoed by President Johnson, and opposed the second bill. During his term he was engaged by the government as an umpire in adjusting questions that had arisen in New Orleans during the Civil War. In 1868 he resigned his seat in the senate, having been appointed by President Johnson to succeed Charles Francis Adams as minister to England, where he negotiated the "Johnson-Clarendon" Treaty for the settlement of the Alabama claims, which was rejected by the senate. In his negotiations with Lord Clarendon he procured a perfect recognition of everything that our government claimed in the international controversies growing out of the Civil War. The failure of the senate to ratify the Johnson-Clarendon Treaty was due to party jealousy, and nothing more than was embraced in the terms of Mr. Johnson's protocol was afterward obtained from Great Britain. Mr. Johnson's popularity among Englishmen was proverbial, and his recall by President Grant, in 1869, and the nomination of his Republican successor became a party necessity. Although seventy-three years of age when he returned from England, he resumed his law practice with his early eagerness. In 1872 he supported Horace Greeley for president. He was constantly employed in court and office practice until his death, which was caused by apoplexy, and which took place at the executive mansion in Annapolis, where he had been the guest of the governor, and was awaiting the call of a case in the court of appeals. In conjunction with Mr. Thomas Harris he reported the decisions of the Maryland Court of appeals, known as "Harris's and Johnson's Reports " (7 vols., 1820-'7).
Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 446-447.


JOHNSON, Robert Ward, senator, born in Kentucky in 1814; died in Arkansas about 1879. He received an English education, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and moved to Pine Bluffs, Arkansas, where he practised his profession. He was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and served from 1847 till 1853, when he was chosen U. S. Senator. He was chairman of the committee on printing, and a member of those on military affairs and on public lands. He withdrew in 1861 when Arkansas passed an ordinance of secession, was elected to the Provisional Confederate Congress, and in 1862 elected to the Confederate Senate, in which he was an active member until the close of the Civil War, after which he practised law in Washington.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 447.


JOHNSON, Rossiter, author, born in Rochester, New York, 27 January, 1840. His father, Reuben Johnson (1791-1876), was one of the small company that, with three old guns, drove off the British fleet that bombarded Stonington, Connecticut, in 1814. He was educated at Williams, and was for many years a teacher in Rochester. The son was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1863, delivering the poem on class-day. In 1864-'8 he was connected with Robert Carter (q. v.) in editing the Rochester "Democrat," a Republican newspaper, and in 1869-'72 was editor of the Concord, New Hampshire, " Statesman." In 1873-'7 he was associated with Messrs. Ripley and Dana in editing the "American Cyclopaedia," and in 1879-'80 with Sydney Howard Gay in the preparation of the last two volumes of his "History of the United States." In 1883 he became editor of the "Annual Cyclopaedia." He devised and edited the series of " Little Classics " (16 vols., Boston, 1874-'5; two additional vols., 1880; 25th ed., 1887), and has also edited "Works of the British Poets, with Biographical Sketches " (3 vols., New York, 1876); "Famous Single and Fugitive Poems" (1877): "Play-Day Poems" (1878); and. with Charles A. Dana, "Fifty Perfect Poems" (1882). In 1876 he tried the experiment of making an abbreviated edition of some of the greater novels of the English language (4 vols., 16 mo., New York). Mr. Johnson has written, besides numerous contributions to periodicals, " Phaeton Rogers, a Novel of Boy Life, first published as a serial in "St. Nicholas" (New York, 1881); "A History of the War between the United States and Great Britain in 1812-'15" (1882); "A History of the French War, ending in the Conquest of Canada" (1882); "Idler and Poet," a small volume of verses, of which the most popular is the hot-weather poem "Ninety-nine in the Shade" (Boston, 1883); and "A Short History of the War of Secession," first published serially in the New York " Examiner" in 1885-'7.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 447-448.


JOHNSON, Rowland, 1816-1886, New York, NY, reformer, abolitionist leader.  Vice president, American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), 1858-1864.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 448)

JOHNSON, Rowland, reformer, born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, 24 Mav, 1816; died in West Orange, New Jersey, 25 September, 1886. His parents were members of the Society of Friends, and in early life he was a preacher of that denomination. In 1850 he moved to New York, and became a broker and commission-merchant in that city. He was among the earliest supporters of the abolition movement, and at one time was the leader of the Anti-Slavery Party in New York. He was also one of the first members of the Union League Club, and was active in charitable organizations.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 448.


JOHNSON, Samuel, 1822-1882, Unitarian clergyman, abolitionist, reformer, writer (The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II. New York: James T. White, 1892, p. 312; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, p. 119)

JOHNSON, Samuel, clergyman, born in Salem, Massachusetts. 10 October, 1822: died in North Andover, Massachusetts, 19 February, 1882. He was graduated at Harvard in 1842, and at the divinity-school in Cambridge in 1846. He entered the ministry without ordination, and his first charge was the Unitarian Church in Harrison Square, Dorchester, where he remained one year. His political preaching and anti-slavery sentiments gave offence, and his engagement was not renewed. About 1851-'2 he became pastor of a free Church in Lynn, Massachusetts, where he remained until 1870, lecturing often upon anti-slavery topics. About 1852-'3 he delivered a course of lectures in Salem, which was the germ of his subsequent works. He compiled with Reverend Samuel Longfellow "Hymns for Public and Private Devotion" (Boston, 1846); and was the author of " Oriental Religions," comprising "India" (Boston, 1872), "China" (1877), and "Persia" (1885). See a memoir of him by Samuel Longfellow (Boston, 1883).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 449.


JOHNSON, William Henry, 1833-1918, African American, abolitionist, journalist, lecturer, soldier. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 6, p. 504)


JOHNSON COUNTY, MISSOURI, April 28, 1864. Detachments of 1st Cavalry, Missouri State Militia. A party under Lieutenant James E. Couch was surprised by a band of guerrillas on the 28th, with the result that Couch and 2 of his men were killed and another wounded. Later in the day another portion of the same regiment ran upon the guerrillas and after a sharp skirmish dispersed and pursued them, but without any signal success. Johnson Depot, Tennessee, September 22, 1863. 8th Tennessee Volunteers. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 524.


JOHNSON'S CROOK, GEORGIA, February 10, 1865. 68th New York Infantry. Colonel Felix Prince Salm with his regiment surprised Witherspoon's company of Confederates in Johnson's crook at 2 a. m., killed 3 of the enemy, wounded 5, and captured 16, besides 30 stands of arms and 23 horses. The Federals suffered no loss.


JOHNSON'S FARM, VIRGINIA, October 7, 1864. (See Darbytown Road, same date.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 524.


JOHNSON'S FARM, VIRGINIA, October 29, 1864. 3d Brigade, 1st Division, 10th Army Corps, and West's Cavalry. Johnson's farm was on the Darbytown road, about 5 miles southeast of Richmond. The Federal cavalry had been driven from a line of intrenchments on this farm and General Ames, commanding the 1st division of the 10th corps, ordered Colonel H. M. Plaisted to move out with his brigade and recapture the works. Plaisted formed his line of battle with the 10th Conn. on the right, the 100th New York in the center and the 11th Maine on the left. A heavy skirmish line was thrown forward to the edge of a piece of woods, diagonal to the line of works, the left being about 100 and the right 500 yards distant. Under cover of the sharp-shooters the left advanced and the skirmishers carried the works in their immediate front, when the entire line swung in on the double-quick, Colonel West with his cavalry at the same time dashing across the farm on the right of the infantry. In his report of the affair Plaisted says: "The rebels turned their backs and fled, giving the boys an opportunity of firing into them, which they improved with evident satisfaction. Skirmishing was kept up along the line of works and to the right along the Darbytown road, the cavalry taking the right until dark. The cavalry pickets having been reestablished in the1r old position, the infantry was withdrawn after dark and returned to camp." The casualties were slight. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 524.


JOHNSON'S MILLS, TENNESSEE, February 22, 1864. Detachment of the 5th Tennessee Cavalry; prisoners killed by Champ Ferguson's Guerrillas. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 525.


JOHNSON'S STATION, SOUTH CAROLINA, February 10-11, 1865. 1st Brigade, Kilpatrick's Cavalry. Johnson's station was occupied on the 10th by the brigade, under the command of Bvt. Brigadier-General T. J. Jordan, who found himself confronted by Anderson's and Young's divisions of Wheeler's cavalry. The 1st battalion of the 8th Indiana, commanded by Captain Crowell, being the advance guard, engaged the enemy and drove him from several barricades back to the ma1n body, when it was recalled by order of Jordan, because of the superior strength of the enemy. The next day, when the 2nd brigade was compelled to fall back from Aiken the brigade held its position until the defeated troops could form behind the defenses, when the 8th Indiana, 2nd Kentucky and 9th Pennsylvania met a determined charge of the Confederates, hurling them back with a heavy loss in killed and wounded. As the enemy retreated he was followed by a hail of grape and canister that greatly added to his loss and discomfiture. No report of Federal casualties. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 525.


JOHNSONVILLE, TENNESSEE, September 25, 1864. 13th U. S. Colored troops. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 525.


JOHNSONVILLE, TENNESSEE, November 2-5, 1864. Detached Troops of Department of the Cumberland and Gunboats. On the afternoon of November 2 Lieutenant-Com. King proceeded down the Tennessee river from Johnsonville with the gunboats Key West and Tawah. At Davidson's ferry, 5 miles below, the gunboat Undine and the transport Venus, both of which had been captured by the Confederates a few days before, were discovered moving up the river and loaded with troops. The Venus was captured after she had been disabled by a shot from the Key West and the Undine returned down stream. On the Venus were two 20-pounder Parrott guns, 200 rounds of ammunition for the same, 100 boxes of shoes, 2 bales of blankets, 576 boxes of hard bread and other materials. On the 3d the Undine steamed up to within a mile of Johnsonville, but when the gunboats went out to engage her she withdrew to the protection of the Confederate batteries along the shore. On the morning of the 4th she was discovered lying at the head of the island a mile below the town. The 3 Federal gunboats, Key West, Elfin and Tawah, engaged her and finally compelled the crew to abandon her after she had been set on fire. About 2 p. m. of the same day the Confederates were discovered planting batteries opposite the town and the three gunboats in attempting to dislodge them were so badly disabled that they were fired and abandoned. Fearing that the Confederates would cross the river Colonel C. R. Thompson ordered the transports and barges burned, and these drifting against the wharf set fire to that building and the stores piled on the levees. Next morning Confederates shelled the warehouse for a few hours and then withdrew. The affair was an incident of a raid by Forrest's cavalry into West Tennessee. The total money value of the property destroyed was $2,200,000. The Federal loss in men during the attack on Johnsonville was 8 killed and wounded; Forrest reported his loss during the whole raid as 2 killed and 9 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 525.


JOHNSTON, Albert Sidney, soldier, born in Washington, Mason County, Kentucky, 3 February, 1803; died near Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, 6 April, 1862. He was the youngest son of Dr. John Johnston, a country physician, a native of Salisbury, Connecticut. Albert Sidney was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy, eighth in his class, in 1826, and was assigned to the 2d U.S. Infantry, in which he served as adjutant until his resignation, 24 April, 1834. In 1829 he married Henrietta Preston, who died in August, 1835. During the Black Hawk war in 1832 Lieutenant Johnston was chief of staff to General Henry Atkinson. His journals furnish an original and accurate account of that campaign. After his wife's death he was a farmer for a short time near St. Louis, Missouri, but in August, 1836, joined the Texas patriots, devoted himself to the service of that state, and by his personal qualities, physical and mental, soon attained notice. He was specially admired for his fine horsemanship, and his feats of daring, one of which was the killing of a puma with his clubbed rifle. He had entered the ranks as a private, but rapidly rose through all the grades to the command of the army. He was not allowed to assume this, however, until he had encountered his competitor. General Felix Huston, in a duel, in which he received a dangerous wound. In 1838 President Mirabeau B. Lamar made him Secretary of War, in which office he provided for the defence of the border against Mexican invasion, and in 1839 conducted a campaign against the intruding U. S. Indians in northern Texas, and in two battles, at the Salines of the Neches, expelled them from the country. In 1843 he married Miss Eliza Griffin, and engaged in planting in Brazoria County, Texas: but when the Mexican War began he joined the army, under General Zachary Taylor, on the Rio Grande. His regiment, the 1st Texas rifles, was soon disbanded, but he continued in service, and was inspector-general of Butler's division at the battle of Monterey. All his superiors recommended him as a brigadier-general, but he was set aside by the president for political reasons, and retired to his farm. General Taylor said he was " the best soldier he ever commanded." General Johnston remained on his plantation in poverty and neglect until, without solicitation, he was appointed a paymaster in the U.S. Army by President Taylor in 1849. He served as paymaster for more than five years, making six tours, and travelling more than 4,000 miles annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. In 1855 President Pierce appointed him colonel of the 2d (now 5th) U.S. Cavalry, a new regiment, which he organized. Robert E. Lee was lieutenant-colonel, and George H. Thomas and William J. Hardee were the majors. General Scott called General Johnston's appointment “a god-send to the army and the country.” He remained in command of his regiment and the Department of Texas until ordered, in 1857, to the command of the expedition to restore order among the Mormons in Utah, who were in '' revolt against the National government. In his conduct of affairs there he won the reputation for energy and wisdom. By a forced march of 920 miles in twenty-seven days, over bad roads, he reached his little army of 1,100 men, to find it lost in the defiles of the Rocky mountains, with the snow a foot deep and the thermometer 16° below zero, their supplies cut off by the hostile Mormons, their starving teams their sole food, and sage-brush their only fuel. By an extraordinary display of vigor and prudence he got the army safely into winter-quarters, and before spring had virtually put an end to the rebellion without actual collision, solely by the exercise of moral force. Colonel Johnston was brevetted brigadier-general, and was retained in command in Utah until 29 February, 1860. He spent 1860 in Kentucky until 21 December, when he sailed for California, to take command of the Department of the Pacific. General Johnston witnessed the culmination of “the irrepressible conflict” in secession, and the prospect of war, with unalloyed grief. He was a Union man from both principle and interest, and the highest posts in the United States Army were within easy reach of his ambition. He believed the south had a grievance, but did not believe secession was the remedy. Still, his heart was with his state, and he resigned his commission, 9 April, 1861, as soon as he heard of the secession of Texas. Regarding his command as a sacred trust, he coned his resignation until he could be relieved. He remained in California until June. After a rapid march through the deserts of Arizona and Texas, he reached Richmond about 1 September, and was appointed at once to the command of all the country west of the Atlantic states and north of the Gulf states. When he arrived at Nashville, 14 September, 1861, he found only 21,000 available troops east of the Mississippi. General Leonidas Polk had 11,000 at Columbus, Kentucky, General Felix K. Zollicoffer had about 4,000 raw levies at Cumberland gap, and there were 4,000 armed men in camps of instruction in middle Tennessee. Tennessee was open to an advance by the National forces, and, for both military and political reasons, General Johnston resolved on a bold course, and occupied Bowling Green, Kentucky, with his 4,000 available troops, under General Simon B. Buckner. This place he strongly fortified, and vainly appealed to the Confederate government and state governments for troops and arms. He was enabled to hold the National Army in check until January, 1862, during which time a single engagement of note occurred, the battle of Belmont, in which General Grant suffered a reverse by the Confederates under Generals Polk and Pillow. On 19 January, General Crittenden, commanding the small army defending east Tennessee, contrary to his instructions, attacked the National forces, under General George H. Thomas, at Fishing Creek. His repulse was converted into a route, and Johnston's right flank was thus turned. General Johnston wrote to his government: “To suppose, with the facilities of movement by water which the well-filled rivers of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee give for active operations, that they [the National forces] will suspend them in Tennessee and Kentucky during the winter months, is a delusion. All the resources of the Confederacy are now needed for the defence of Tennessee.” As he had to take the risk somewhere, and these were less immediately vital than Bowling Green and Columbus, he took it there. On 6 February, 1862, General Grant and Flag-Officer Andrew H. Foote moved upon Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and, after a few hours' fighting, the fort was surrendered. The Confederate troops, about 4,000, retired to Fort Donelson. The Tennessee River was now open for the National Navy and armies to General Johnston's left flank and rear, and he began a retreat, intending to cover Nashville and the line of the Cumberland if possible, and if not, then to fall back behind the line of the Tennessee. He determined to defend Nashville at Donelson, and laced 17,000 troops there under Generals Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner, to meet Grant's impending attack. For himself he reserved the more difficult task of covering Nashville. He was cheered on the arrival of the rear of his army at Nashville on 15 February by a telegram from his generals at Donelson announcing a brilliant victory, but before daylight next morning he was informed that the fort would be surrendered. (See GRANT, Ulysses S.) Amid the utmost popular demoralization and rage, a blind fury directed against himself, General Johnston preserved his equanimity and fell back to Murfreesboro, where he reorganized his troops. He had given General Beauregard the command of west Tennessee when Fort Henry fell, with large discretionary power, and had advised him of his plan to unite their forces when possible. He now sent his stores and munitions by the railroad, and marched to Decatur, Alabama, and thence moved by rail to Corinth, Mississippi. This was the key of the defence of the railroad system in the Mississippi Valley, and the Confederate government re-enforced him with Bragg's army from Pensacola, 10,000 strong, and 5,000 men from Louisiana, so that on 24 March he had concentrated 50,000 men at Corinth, 40,000 of whom were effectives. It was General Johnston's purpose to attack Grant's forces in detail. He was delayed some time reorganizing Beauregard's forces, but held himself ready to attack as soon as he should hear of Buell's approach. This intelligence reached him late at night on 2 April, and he began his march next day, hoping to assail Grant unprepared. Heavy rains delayed the march of his troops over twenty miles of bad roads, through a wooded and unknown country, so that, instead of being in position to attack on Friday afternoon, a full day was lost, and his troops were not up until the afternoon of the 5th. Then, in an informal council of war, his second in command, General Beauregard, strenuously protested against an attack, and urged a retreat to Corinth. General Johnston listened, and replied: “Gentlemen, we will attack at daylight.” Turning to his staff officer, he said: “I would fight them if they were a million.” General Beauregard twice renewed his protests, but General Johnston, on Sunday morning, as he was mounting his horse to ride forward, gave this final reply: “The battle has opened. It is now too late to change our dispositions.” General Johnston said to a soldier friend early in the battle: “We must this day conquer or perish "; and to all about him: “To-night we will water our horses in the Tennessee River." His plan was to mass his force against the National left, turn it, and crowd it into the angle of Snake Creek and the Tennessee River, where it must surrender, and as long as he lived the battle was fought exactly as he planned. The struggle began before dawn on Sunday, 6 April. The Confederates attacked in three lines of battle under Generals Hardee, Bragg, Polk, and Breckinridge. The National Army was surprised, and Prentiss’s division was broken and driven back. It rallied on its supports, and a tremendous conflict ensued. The struggle lasted all day, and at half-past two o'clock, in leading the final charge, which crushed the left wing of the National Army. General Johnston received a mortal wound. His death was concealed, and his body borne from the field. (For the subsequent conduct of this battle, see articles Beauregard and Grant.) General Johnston's body was first carried to New Orleans, and was finally buried at Austin, Texas. See his life, by his son (New York, 1878).—His son, William Preston, educator, born in Louisville, Kentucky, 5 January, 1831, was graduated at Yale in 1852. He became a colonel in the Confederate Army at the beginning of the Civil War, and served on the staff of Jefferson Davis. After the war he was a professor in Washington and Lee University till November, 1880, when he became president of the Louisiana state University. On the foundation of Tulane University in New Orleans in 1884, he became its first president. Besides fugitive pieces and addresses, he has published a "Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston" (New York, 1878).— Albert Sidney's half-brother, Josiah Stoddard, born in Salisbury, Connecticut, 24 November, 1784; died on Red River, Louisiana, 19 May, 1833. He was taken by his father to Washington, Mason County, Kentucky, in 1788, and when he was twelve years old was sent to New Haven, Connecticut, to school. He was graduated at Transylvania University in 1805, studied law in the office of George Nicholas, and he emigrated to the territory of Louisiana, then lately acquired from the French, settling at Alexandria, Rapides Parish, a frontier village. He won rapid success at the bar, was elected to the territorial legislature, and remained a member until Louisiana became a state in 1852. He held the post of district judge from 1812 till 1821, and also raised a regiment of volunteers late in the war with Great Britain, but it saw no active service. In 1820 he was elected to Congress as a Clay Democrat, and in 1823 to the U. S. Senate, to fill a vacancy. He was re-elected in 1825. and in 1831 was again chosen by a legislature that was politically opposed to him. He was killed by the explosion of the steamboat "Lion" on Red River. In the senate he was chairman of the committee on commerce, and a member of the committee on finance. He gave an independent support to the administration of John Quincy Adams, and was on terms of intimacy with General Winfield Scott, but his closest personal and political association was with Henry Clay, for whom he acted as second in the duel with John Randolph. He opposed nullification, and favored a closely guarded protective tariff. His study of constitutional and international law was close, and he strenuously advocated a mitigation of the laws of maritime war, and that the neutral flag should protect the goods on board, without regard to ownership, and that contraband of war should be limited to the fewest articles possible. He was the author of an able report on the British colonial trade question, and of several pamphlets, including one on the effect of the repeal of the duty on sugar.— Albert Sidney's nephew, Josiah Stoddard, journalist, son of John Harris Johnston, born in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, 10 February, 1833, became an orphan early, and was brought up in Kentucky. He was graduated at Yale in 1853, and was a planter in Louisiana before the Civil War. During the war he served on the staffs of General Braxton Bragg and General Simon B. Buckner, and as chief of staff to General John C. Breckinridge, and shared in over twenty battles. He was with the party that escorted Jefferson Davis in his flight from Richmond, Virginia, to Charlotte, North Carolina. After the war he was editor of the "Kentucky Yeoman," at Frankfort. Kentucky, for nearly twenty years. During the most of this time he has also been secretary or chairman of the Democratic state central committee, and has been noted for the moderation and tact of his party rulings. He was adjutant-general of Kentucky in 1870-'l, and held the office of Secretary of State for the commonwealth for nearly ten years. In 1870 he became president of the Kentucky Press Association.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 454-456.


JOHNSTON, Amos Randall, jurist, born in Maury County, Tennessee., 28 September, 1810: died in Cincinnati. Ohio, 25 June, 1879. He began life in the town of Henry, Tennessee., as a printer, afterward established a newspaper with General Felix R. Zollicoffer, and at an early age became known as a political writer. Moving to Mississippi in 1830, he settled in Clinton, represented Hinds County in the legislature as a Whig in 1836, and was county-clerk from 1837 till his election as probate judge in 1845. In 1851 he was Union delegate to the state constitutional convention, to determine the course of Mississippi regarding the compromise measures of 1850. He opposed secession, and canvassed the state in favor of the preservation of the Union in 1859-'60, and declined the nomination of his party to Congress and to the governorship. He took no active part in the Civil War, but was engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1865 he was a member of the convention that repealed the Ordinance of Secession, and in 1875 served in the state senate as a conservative Democrat.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 456.


JOHNSTON, Harriet Lane, born in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1833. She is the daughter of Elliott T. Lane and his wife, June Buchanan, who, dying, left her to the care of her maternal uncle, James Buchanan. She was educated at the Roman Catholic convent in Georgetown, D. C, and, on the appointment of Mr. Buchanan to the English mission in 1853, accompanied him to London, where she dispensed the hospitalities of the embassy. During his term as president she was mistress of the White house, over which she presided with grace and dignity, receiving, among other distinguished guests, the Prince of Wales and his party. In 1866 she married Henry Elliott Johnston, of Maryland, and since that event has resided in Baltimore and at Wheatland, surviving her husband and their two sons.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 457.


JOHNSTON, Joseph Eggleston, soldier, born in Cherry Grove, near Farmville, Virginia, 3 February. 1807, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1829 in the same class with Robert E. Lee, and was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 4th Artillery. He served in garrison at Fort Columbus, New York, in 1830-'l, at Fort Monroe, Virginia, in 1831-2, was in the Black Hawk Expedition in 1832, in garrison at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1832-'3, at Fort Monroe in 18334, at Fort Madison, North Carolina, in 1834, and on topographical duty in 1834-'5. He was made 1st lieutenant, 4th U.S. Artillery, 31 July, 1836, aide-de-camp to General Winfield Scott in the Seminole War in 1836-'8,and resigned on 31 May, 1837. He was a civil engineer in 1837-'8, and was appointed 1st lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers, 7 July, 1838, and brevetted captain for gallantry in the war with the Florida Indians. On one occasion, having been sent under the escort of a party of infantry and sailors to make a survey or reconnaissance of a region around a lake, and having crossed the lake in boats, the party fell into an ambuscade, and nearly all its officers were killed or disabled at the first fire. The men were thrown into confusion, but Lieutenant Johnston took command, subdued what was fast becoming a panic, and conducted the retreat for seven miles. A ball struck him above the forehead, and ranged backward, grazing the skull the whole distance. The troops repelled the enemy, and carried off their wounded in safety to the boats. The uniform worn by Lieutenant Johnston on this occasion was long preserved by a friend as a curiosity, being perforated by thirty bullets. He was in charge of the Black River improvement, New York, in 1838-'9, of the Sault Ste. Marie in 1840, the boundary between Texas and the United States in 1841, the harbors on Lake Erie in 1841, and the Topographical Bureau at Washington in 1841-'2. He served in the Florida War of 1842-'3, and as acting assistant adjutant-general in 1842-'3, on the survey of the boundary between the United States and the British provinces in 1843-4, on the U.S. Coast Survey in 1844-'6, and became captain in the Corps of Topographical Engineers, 21 September, 1846. In the war with Mexico he participated in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras ,Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the assault on the city of Mexico, and was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel, 12 April, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct on reconnoitering duty at Cerro Gordo. He was severely wounded at Cerro Gordo, and again at Chapultepec, 13 September, 1847, where he led a detachment of the storming party, and General Scott reported that he was the first to plant a regimental color on the ramparts of the fortress. He was mustered out as lieutenant-colonel of volunteers, 28 August, 1848, but was reinstated by act of Congress with his original rank as captain of Topographical Engineers, to date from 21 September, 1846. He served as chief of Topographical Engineers of the Department of Texas in 1852—'3, was in charge of Western River Improvements in 1853-'5, and was acting inspector-general on the Utah Expedition of 1858. On 28 June, 1860, he was commissioned quartermaster-general of the U. S. Army, which post he resigned on 22 April, 1861, to enter the Confederate service. He was commissioned major-general of volunteers in the Army of Virginia, and with General Robert E. Lee organized the volunteers of that state, who were pouring into Richmond. On being summoned to Montgomery, the capital of the Confederate States, he was appointed one of the four brigadier-generals then commissioned, and was assigned to the command of Harper's Ferry. General Robert Patterson, at the head of a National force, was then approaching from the north of the Potomac, and General Johnston withdrew from the cul-de-sac at Harper's Ferry and took position at Winchester with his army, which was called the Army of the Shenandoah. When General Beauregard was attacked at Manassas by the National Army under General McDowell, 18 July, 1861, Johnston, covering his movement with Stuart's cavalry, left Patterson in the valley and rapidly marched to the assistance of Beauregard. On reaching the field he left Beauregard, whom he ranked, in tactical command of the field, and assumed responsibility and charge of the battle then about to be fought. (See Beauregard.) General Johnston remained in command of the consolidated forces (then designated as the Army of the Potomac) and held the position at Manassas Junction until the spring of 1862, when, finding McClellan about to advance, he withdrew to the defensive line of the Rappahannock, whence he moved to meet McClellan. He was wounded at the battle of Seven Pines, 31 May, 1862, and incapacitated for duty until the following autumn. On 31 August, 1861, he was appointed one of the five full generals authorized by an act of the Confederate Congress, who were commissioned in the following order: Samuel Cooper, Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and G. T. Beauregard. This assignment of rank was directly contrary to the act of the Confederate Congress, which required that when officers resigned from the U. S. Army the rank of such officers, when commissioned in the Army of the Confederate states, should be determined by their former commissions in the U. S. Army. The order of rank thus established by law was Joseph E. Johnston, brigadier-general; Samuel Cooper, colonel; Albert S. Johnston, colonel; Robert E. Lee, lieutenant-colonel; Pierre G. T. Beauregard, captain. General Johnston protested against this illegal action, and his protest is believed to have been the beginning and cause of Mr. Davis's hostility, which was exhibited throughout the war. When General Johnston was ordered to the peninsula to oppose McClellan, he asked to be re-enforced with the troops from the sea-coast, to enable him to crush McClellan; but this was not done. On 24 March, 1863, he was assigned to the command of the southwest, including the troops of Generals Bragg, Kirby Smith, and Pemberton. He at once addressed a letter to the Secretary of War, Mr. Randolph, and urged that General Holmes's army, 55,000 strong, then at Little Rock, should be ordered to him, to enable him to defeat Grant. Secretary Randolph had actually issued such an order before Johnston's communication was received, but Mr. Davis countermanded it. and Randolph resigned. In May, 1863, General Grant crossed the Mississippi to attack Vicksburg in the rear, and General Johnston was ordered to take command of all the Confederate forces in Mississippi. Going there at once, he endeavored to withdraw Pemberton from Vicksburg and re-enforce him from Bragg's army, but failed by reason of Pemberton's disobedience of orders, and Vicksburg was taken by Grant. On 18 December, 1863, he was transferred to the command of the Army of Tennessee, with headquarters at Dalton, Georgia. During the winter of 1863-'4 he was occupied in restoring and reorganizing this force, which had been broken by the defeat of Missionary Ridge. By May, 1864, he had collected 43,000 men of all arms (exclusive of officers, musicians, teamsters, etc.), and a week later he was re-enforced by General Polk's corps. (For an account of the campaign that followed, Johnston's army slowly retreating toward Atlanta, followed closely by Sherman's, see Sherman, William Tecumseh.) On 17 July, 1864, the Richmond authorities, dissatisfied with Johnston's movements, relieved him of the command, and directed him to turn it over to General John B. Hood. On 23 February, 1865, General Johnston was ordered by General Lee, then commander-in-chief of all the armies of the Confederate states, to assume command of the Army of Tennessee, and all troops in South Carolina. Georgia, and Florida, "to concentrate all available forces and drive back Sherman." The available forces were 5,000 men of the Army of Tennessee, near Charlotte, North Carolina, and 11,000 scattered from Charleston through South Carolina. Sherman had 60,000 men. An inspection of the railroad depots in North Carolina showed that there were then collected in them four and one half months' provisions for 60,000 men; but these Johnston was ordered not to touch, as they were for the use of Lee's army, so that the difficulty of collecting provisions was added to the other difficulties of his position. General Johnston urged General Lee to withdraw from Richmond, unite with him, and beat Sherman before Grant could join him; but Lee replied that it was impossible for him to leave Virginia. Collecting such troops as could be got together, Johnston threw himself before Sherman, and on 19-21 March attacked the head of his column at Bentonville, south of Goldsboro, and captured four pieces of artillery and 900 prisoners. Then Johnston retired before Sherman to Raleigh, and thence toward Greensboro. In the meantime Richmond had been evacuated, and on 9 April, Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant. Johnston thereupon assumed the responsibility of advising Mr. Davis, whom he found at Greensboro, that, the war having been decided against them, it was their duty to end it, arguing that further continuation of war would be murder. Mr. Davis agreed that he should make terms with Sherman, and, on 18 April, 1865, Johnston and Sherman entered into a military convention, by which it was stipulated that the Confederate Armies should be disbanded and conducted to their state capitals, to deposit their arms and public property in the state arsenals; the soldiers to execute an agreement to abstain from acts of war, and to abide the action of the state and National authorities; that the several state governments should be recognized by the executive of the United States upon their officers and legislatures taking the oath prescribed by the constitution of the United States; the people and inhabitants of the states to be guaranteed all their rights under the Federal and state constitutions; general amnesty for all acts in the late war; war to cease and peace to be restored. This agreement was rejected by the National government, and, on 26 April, Generals Johnston and Sherman signed another, surrendering the Confederate Army on  the terms of the agreement between Grant and Lee. After the war General Johnston was president of a railroad in Arkansas, president of the National Express Company in Virginia, agent for the London, Liverpool, and Globe Insurance Company, and for the New York life Insurance Company in Savannah, Georgia. In 1877 he was elected to represent the Richmond District of Virginia in Congress. He is now (1887) commissioner of railroads of the United States, appointed by President Cleveland. The difference of opinion as to the strategy and policy of the war between Mr. Davis and General Johnston exhibited itself at an early date, and from it may be deduced many of the disasters that befell the Confederate arms and the final fall of the Confederate states. Mr. Davis was convinced that the whole territory of the seceded states ought to be protected from invasion by the National forces. Hence the sea-coast was fortified and garrisoned as far as possible, and lines along the frontier were held. General Johnston, on the other hand, was fixed in the opinion, and persistent in urging it, that there should be no defence of positions or of lines; that if any part of the country was given up to invasion by withdrawal of troops provided for its defence, so as to re-enforce armies in the field, the destruction or repulse of the invading army would recover the territory so abandoned. Early in the war General Johnston advised the concentration of his Army of the Shenandoah with Beauregard's Army of the Potomac, for the purpose of fighting McDowell. This was attempted when it was too late, and only part of Johnston's army was engaged in the first battle of Bull Run. When McClellan transferred his operations to the Peninsula, Johnston insisted on abandoning Yorktown so as to draw McClellan further into the interior, re-enforcing the Confederates with the troops from the sea-coast of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, thus giving him an equality, if not a preponderance, of force over McClellan; but Mr. Davis refused to do this, although it was partly done after Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines. When Grant's army was scattered from Mississippi to Memphis, Johnston argued that General Bragg should be re-enforced from South Carolina, Georgia, and Mobile, and fall upon Grant and beat him in detachments. And he opposed Bragg's march into Kentucky as leading to no decisive result. General Johnston was wounded in the Indian War in Florida, in the Mexican War, and in the Civil War—ten times in all. Early in life he married Louisa McLane. daughter of Louis McLane (q. v.). She died in 1886 without issue. He has published a "Narrative of Military Operations directed during the Late War between the States" (New York, 1874).—Peter's grandson. John Warfield, senator, born in Abingdon, Virginia, 9 September. 1818, was educated at the College of South Carolina, studied law at the University of Virginia, and practised until 1839, when he became judge of the 10th judicial District of Virginia. He was state senator in 1847-'8, and president of the Northwestern Bank at Jeffersonville in 1850-'9. He was elected in 1870 to the U. S. Senate as a Conservative, and by re-elections served till 1883.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 458-460.


JOHNSTON, William Freamie, governor of Pennsylvania, born in Greensburg. Westmoreland County Pennsylvania, 29 November, 1808; died in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 25 October, 1872. He was admitted to the bar in 1829, and, removing to Armstrong County, became district attorney. He also represented his county several terms in the legislature, and originated the bill to issue relief-notes. In 1847 he was elected state senator and president of that body. On the resignation of Francis R. Shunk in July following, he became governor of Pennsylvania, and in October, 1849, was elected for the full term. As an anti-slavery Whig, he took strong grounds against the Fugitive-Slave Law. On retiring from office in 1852, he became president of the Alleghany Valley Railroad. During the Civil War he took an active part in organizing troops, as chairman of the executive committee of public safety, superintended the construction of the defences at Pittsburg, and, in connection with John Harper, became financially responsible for a large amount of ammunition that was sent to West Virginia. He was appointed collector of the port of Philadelphia by President Johnson, but was not confirmed.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 450.


Johnstown, Missouri, November 24, 1861. Missouri Home Guard. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 525.


JOHNSTOWN, MISSOURI, October 16, 1863. Colonel Joseph O. Shelby, (Confederate) in his report of the raid in Arkansas and Missouri mentions that when the command arrived at Johnstown it was met by a body of militia opposing an entrance into the town. Shelby soon dispersed this command and proceeded on his way. No casualties were mentioned. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 525.


JOISTS. The timbers of a floor, where to boards or lathing for ceiling are nailed. They either rest on the wall or on girders, or sometimes on both. (See CARPENTRY.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 372).


JONAS, Benjamin Franklin, senator, born in Williamstown, Grant County, Kentucky, 19 July, 1834. He moved with his father to Adams County, Illinois, at an early age, and was educated there. He went to reside in New Orleans in 1853, and was graduated at the law department of the University of Louisiana in 1855. He served in the Confederate Army, first as a private and afterward as acting adjutant of artillery in Hood's corps of the Army of Tennessee. He was a representative in the legislature in 1865, a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1868, and was elected a state senator in 1872. He was elected city attorney of New Orleans in 1874. and 1876; was again in the legislature in 1876-'7, and was elected U. S. Senator from Louisiana from 4 March, 1879.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 461.


JONES, Alexander H., member of Congress, born in Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina, 21 July, 1822. He was well educated, was a farmer during the early part of his life, subsequently a merchant at Asheville, and was for a time an editor. He adhered to the National government in the Civil War, early in the summer of 1863 fled into the Union lines, and was commissioned by General Burnside to raise a regiment of loyal North Carolinians. While so employed he was captured in East Tennessee by Confederate troops, imprisoned at Asheville, at Camp Vance, Camp Holmes, and in Libby Prison, and was drafted into the Confederate Army, but made his escape in November, 1864, without performing any service. After the surrender of General Lee he returned, was elected to the state constitutional convention in 1865, and afterward to Congress as a Republican; but there being no established civil government in the state, he was not received. He was elected to the two ensuing Congresses, and served from 20 July, 1868, till 3 March, 1871. He was a candidate for the 42d Congress, but was defeated. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 462.


JONES, David Rump, soldier, born in South Carolina in 1825; died in Richmond, Virginia, 8 March, 1863. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1846, brevetted 1st lieutenant for bravery at Contreras and Churubusco, and captain for gallantry at Chapultepec during the Mexican War. He was commissioned 1st lieutenant in 1849, was assistant instructor in military tactics at West Point in 1851-'3, assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of captain, in 1853, and resigned in 1861 to enter the Confederate Army, where he was appointed brigadier-general. He led a brigade at the battle of Bull Run, and in 1862 commanded a division tinder General Joseph E. Johnston.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 465.


JONES, Elizabeth H., co-founder and editor, with B. S. Jones, of the abolitionist newspaper, the Anti-Slavery Bugle, in New Lisbon, Ohio, in 1845.  They edited the paper until 1849.  It was the official newspaper of the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society. (Dumond, 1961, p. 265)


JONES, George Wallace, senator, born in Vincennes, Indiana, 12 April, 1804. He was graduated at Transylvania University, Kentucky, in 1825, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but was prevented by delicate health from practising. Moving to Missouri, he was clerk of the U. S. District Court in 1826, served as aide-de-camp to General Henry Dodge in the Black Hawk War, moved to Wisconsin  and settled at Sinsinawa Mound, where he was judge of the county court, and colonel, and subsequently general, of militia. He was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1834, served till 1837, and in July, 1836, procured a division of Michigan Territory and the establishment of the territory of Wisconsin. In 1839 he was appointed by President Van Buren surveyor-general of the Northwest Territory. He was removed by President Harrison, but reappointed by President Polk. He was U. S. Senator from Iowa from January, 1848, till March, 1859, and was chairman of the Committee on Pensions and on Enrolled Bills. At the conclusion of his last term he was appointed by President Buchanan minister to New Grenada. In 1861, on his return to the United States, he was charged with disloyalty and imprisoned at Fort Warren. Since 1862 he has resided at Dubuque, Iowa.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 465.


JONES, John, 1816-1879, African American, abolitionist, civil rights activist and leader, conductor on the Underground Railroad.  (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 6, p. 555)


JONES, John Richter, lawyer, born in Salem, New Jersey, 2 October, 1803; died near New Berne, North Carolina, 23 May, 1863, was graduated in 1821 at the University of Pennsylvania, and admitted to the bar in 1827. In 1836 he was appointed one of the judges of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia County, which post he held until 1847. On retiring from the bench he settled in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania In 1861 he raised the 58th Pennsylvania Regiment, of which he was commissioned colonel. He met his death while at the head of a reconnoitering force at New Berne, North Carolina, just after a long march in which he had captured a considerable force of the enemy at Gum Swamp. In this expedition he was in command as acting brigadier-general of several regiments. He was a classical scholar, and carried with him to the camp his Septuagint version of the Old Testament, which he was accustomed to read daily. He was author of " The Quaker Soldier" (Philadelphia, 1858). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 454.


JONES, James Chamberlain, senator, born in Davidson County, Tennessee, 20 April, 1809; died in Memphis, Tennessee., 29 October, 1859. He lost his father in infancy, and spent much of his boyhood in working on the plantation of his guardian, from whose library he obtained the elements of an English education, also attending a country school at intervals. After reaching his majority he married, and settled on a farm in Wilson County, Tennessee. He was in the legislature in 1837 and 1839, a candidate for elector on the Harrison and Tyler ticket 1840, and in 1841 and 1843 was elected governor of  the state by the Whigs, over James K. Polk, after animated personal canvasses by the two candidates. In 1848 he was a delegate to the National Whig Convention, where he earnestly advocated the nomination of Henry Clay, but he subsequently spoke in several states in support of General Zachary Taylor. He moved to Memphis in 1850, and in 1851-'7 served in the U. S. Senate, afterward retiring to private life. He was a supporter of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854, and was afterward identified with the Democratic Party. He was often called "Lean Jimmy Jones" or "Bean-Pole."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp.


JONES, James Kimbrough, senator, born in Marshall County, Mississippi, 29 September, 1839. His parents were residents of Tennessee, but in 1848 moved to a plantation in Dallas County, Arkansas James served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, and then engaged in planting till 1873, when he began to practise law in Dalton County. Arkansas He was a member of the state senate in 1873-'7, and its president in the last-named year. In 1881-'5 he was a member of Congress, having been elected as a Democrat, and in the latter year was chosen to the U. S. Senate.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 466.


JONES, John B., author, born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1810. He was for many years engaged in journalism, and in 1857 established a weekly paper in Philadelphia entitled the " Southern Monitor," devoted to the advocacy of southern interests. He is the author of "Books of Visions" (Philadelphia, 1847); "Rural Sports, a Poem" (1848); "The Western Merchant" (1848); "Wild Western Scenes" (1849); "The Rival Belles" (1852); "Adventures of Colonel Vanderbomb" (1852); "The Monarchist" (1853); "Life and Adventures of a Country Merchant" (1854): "Freaks of Fortune" (1854); and a "Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital" (1866).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 567.


JONES, John Marshall, soldier, born in Charlottesville, Virginia, 26 July, 1820; died in Spottsylvania, Virginia, 10 May, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1841, and after serving on frontier duty was assistant instructor of infantry tactics at the academy from 1845 till 1852. In 1854-'5 he was a member of the board to revise rifle and light artillery tactics, and on 3 March, 1855, he was promoted captain. He was then in garrison at various forts, and in the Utah Expedition of 1858-'60, and on 27 May, 1861, resigned and entered the Confederate Army. He was appointed colonel of a Virginia regiment, and in 1863 promoted brigadier-general and given a command in General Longstreet's corps. He was severely wounded at Gettysburg, and took part in the siege of Knoxville, Tennessee., and in the operations from the Wilderness to Spottsylvania, where he was killed.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 467.


JONES, John Sills, soldier, born in Champaign County, Ohio, 12 February, 1836. He was graduated at Ohio Wesleyan University in 1855, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He was elected prosecuting attorney for Delaware County in 1860, but resigned in 1861, and enlisted as a private in the National Army. He served with distinction throughout the war, rising to the colonelcy of the 174th Ohio Regiment, and on 27 June, 1855, he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers. In 1866 he was elected mayor of Delaware, Ohio, and was prosecuting attorney of Delaware County, 1866-71, when he declined renomination. He was a member of the board of managers of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home from 1870 till 1874, and was a trustee of Wesleyan Female College at Delaware from 1865 till 1875. He was a presidential elector in 1872, and was afterward elected to Congress as a Republican, serving from 15 October, 1877, till 4 March, 1879. He was elected a member of the legislature of Ohio in 1879, re-elected in 1881, and was chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the house. He became a trustee of the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan Home in 1887.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 469.


JONES, Samuel, soldier, born in Virginia in 1820; died in Bedford Springs, Virginia. 31 July, 1887. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in July, 1841, and assigned to the 1st U.S. Artillery. After serving on garrison duty, he was appointed professor of mathematics and instructor of tactics, holding these offices from 1846 till 1851. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1847, and captain in 1853, when he served on frontier duty in Texas. He was assistant to the judge-advocate of the army in Washington, D. C, from 1858 till 1861, when he resigned his commission to enter the Confederate Army with the rank of colonel. Soon afterward he became brigadier-general, and in 1863 he was appointed to command a division with the rank of major-general. He commanded the Confederate forces in West Virginia till 1864, when he brought his troops to re-enforce General Lee's army on Rapidan River. After the war he engaged in farming in Mattoax, Virginia, but moved to Washington in 1880, and obtained a clerkship in the War Department, which he retained until his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp.


JONES, Walter, 1776-1861, Washington, DC, general, soldier, noted constitutional lawyer.  American Colonization Society founding officer and Board of Managers, 1816, Vice-President, 1833-1841, Manager, 1834-1839, Director, 1839-1840.  Worked with Henry Clay and other notables.  (Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, pp. 203-204; Staudenraus, P. J. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961, pp. 27, 51, 208)


JONES, William Edmondson, soldier, born near Glade Spring, Washington County, Virginia, in May, 1824; died near New Hope, Augusta County, Virginia, 5 June, 1864. He was educated at Emory and Henry College, and at the U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1848. He was assigned to the mounted rifles, and served in various frontier posts till 26 January, 1857, when he resigned, and, after travelling abroad, became a farmer near Glade Spring, Virginia. He entered the Confederate Army as captain, and on 28 September, 1861, became colonel of the 1st Virginia Cavalry. He was promoted to brigadier-general on 19 September, 1862, and in the winter of 1862-3 commanded the Department of the Valley of Virginia. He was made major-general in 1863, and then had charge of southwestern Virginia and eastern Tennessee till he was ordered back to the valley of Virginia to meet General Hunter. He was killed in an action with the forces of that general.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 472.


JONES, William Palmer, physician, born in Adair County, Kentucky, 17 October, 1819. He attended the Louisville Medical Institute in 1839-'40, and subsequently received diplomas from the Medical College of Ohio, and Memphis Medical College. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1848, and has since been a resident of that city. He established the "Parlor Visitor" in 1852, was an editor of the "Southern Journal of Medicine" for several years after 1853, and in 1874 was associate editor of the "Tennessee School Journal." He aided in founding Shelby Medical College in 1858, and filled its chair of materia medica, and in 1876 became president of Nashville Medical College, and professor of psychological medicine and mental hygiene. He was in charge of the first military hospital in Nashville on the arrival of the National forces in the state, and in 1862 became superintendent of the Tennessee Hospital for the insane, one of the first institutions of the kind for colored people on the continent. As a member of the state senate he introduced the public-school law. which provides equal educational advantages for children of all races. In 1877 he became postmaster of Nashville. He has contributed to current medical literature, chiefly on the treatment of the insane.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 473


JONESBORO, ARKANSAS, August 3. 1862. 1st Wisconsin Cavalry. At daylight Sunday morning, August 3, a detachment of this regiment, consisting of about 130 men under Major Henry S. Eggleston, was attacked by some 600 Confederate cavalry led by Colonel W. H. Parsons, and after a fight of 30 minutes was obliged to take to the woods with a loss of 14 killed, 40 wounded and 25 missing. The enemy did not report a loss, but Eggleston's report estimates his dead at 25. Some 7 wagons were taken and the property of value destroyed. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 526.


JONESBORO, GEORGIA, August 19, 1864. (See Lovejoy's Station, Kilpatrick's Raid.)


JONESBORO, GEORGIA, August 31-September 1, 1864. Armies of the Tennessee, Cumberland and Ohio. The movement of Sherman's armies to the south of Atlanta began on August 25. On the morning of the 31st the Army of the Tennessee, commanded by Major-General O. O. Howard, was in position near Jonesboro; the 4th and 14th corps of the Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Major-General George H. Thomas, and the Army of the Ohio, under Major-General John M. Schofield, were along the line of the Macon & Western railroad between Jonesboro and Rough and Ready Station. Hood had learned the position of the Federal forces on the 30th, and that night he sent Hardee's and S. D. Lee's corps to Jonesboro, with orders to attack Sherman's flank the next morning. Hardee was in command of the expedition, his corps being temporarily commanded by General Cleburne. Owing to the fact that Howard occupied the road on which Hardee wanted to move, it was 2 p. m. before the Confederates were in a position to attack. Shortly after that hour a heavy artillery fire was opened along the entire line and a little later Cleburne advanced to the assault. Hardee had formed his line with Cleburne on the left and Lee on the right. The former was to turn the Union right and Lee was to attack vigorously as soon as he heard the sound of Cleburne's guns. Lee mistook the firing of the skirmishers on his left for the main attack and advanced his line before Cleburne became fairly engaged. Hazen's division, which formed the left of Logan's line, received the brunt of the attack, the enemy trying to turn the left flank and get between the Union line and the Flint river. Bryant's brigade of Blair's corps was first sent to Hazen's assistance and later all of Woods' division was moved to that part of the line with instructions to charge the Confederates if they attempted to turn the flank. At the same time Howard called on Thomas for reinforcements and Carlin's division of the 14th corps was hurried to the scene of action, but before its arrival the enemy had been repulsed. While the main engagement was in progress Kilpatrick, with his cavalry division, was at Anthony's bridge, a mile and a half below Howard. Seeing that Howard's right was in danger of being turned, Kilpatrick dismounted five regiments, posted them behind barricades on the flank of Cleburne's column. placed his batteries in good positions and directed them to open fire, while the rest of his command was ordered to attack. This diversion forced Cleburne to forego his attempt to turn Howard's flank and turn his attention to Kilpatrick. Twice he attacked the latter, but each time he was repulsed. A third effort was more successful and Kilpatrick was forced to retire across the river. This was done in good order, but with the loss of 2 of his cannon. Some of the enemy followed over the bridge, but they were met by the 92nd Illinois mounted infantry, now dismounted, and held in check. To protect his trains and assist Kilpatrick Howard ordered Blair to send Giles A. Smith's division to the bridge. The arrival of this division turned the tide of battle, the enemy was repulsed with heavy loss and the 2 guns were recaptured. The fight lasted about an hour and resulted in complete defeat for the Confederates at every point. The defeats at Peachtree creek, Bald Hill, Ezra church and Utoy creek seemed to have dampened the ardor of the Confederate soldiers, as Lee says in his report: "The attack was not made by the troops with that spirit and inflexible determination that would insure success. Several brigades behaved with great gallantry, and in each brigade many instances of gallant conduct were exhibited by regiments and individuals; but generally the troops halted in the charge when they were much exposed, and within easy range of the enemy's musketry, and when they could do but little damage to the enemy behind his works, instead of moving directly and promptly against the temporary and in formidable works in their front. The attack was a feeble one and a failure, with a loss to my corps of about 1,300 men in killed and wounded." As soon as Sherman was informed of the result of the action he knew that he was in possession of Hood's line of communications, and issued orders for a complete destruction of the railroad, in the expectation of forcing Hood to evacuate Atlanta and concentrate his forces somewhere near Jonesboro. Lee's corps was recalled during the night, leaving Hardee alone at Jonesboro, and upon learning this Sherman ordered Thomas and Schofield to unite with Howard to surround and capture Hardee before Hood could reinforce him. Stanley's corps, which was engaged in destroying the railroad near Rough and Ready, was hurried forward to Jonesboro; Davis was sent to Howard's left; two divisions of Blair's corps, with Kilpatrick's cavalry, were ordered to gain a position on the railroad south of town, and Schofield was to continue the work of destroying the track, but at the same time follow up Stanley to support him in an emergency. Hardee had formed his line to meet an attack from Howard on the west, with Cleburne's division on the right, sharply refused, Govan holding the angle, Granbury on the left of Govan, and Lewis to the right and rear. Davis reached the position assigned him about noon on September 1, and pushed forward Edie's brigade of Carlin's division to reconnoiter the ground to the railroad. Edie soon became engaged in a sharp skirmish, but succeeded in gaining a ridge that commanded the angle in Hardee's line. Prescott's battery was placed on this ridge, in a position where it could enfilade a portion of the enemy's line, and in a short time disabled a number of Hardee's guns. Davis now ordered an assault. Edie struck the salient and carried it, but owing to the uneven surface of the ground his supports did not come up in time and he was repulsed with considerable loss. About 5 p. m. a second advance was made, when Este's brigade of Baird's division carried the salient. This time the supports were at hand. Morgan's division swept in from the right and Carlin's from the left, completely surrounding the Confederates and capturing General Govan, with nearly all his command. Lewis and Granbury were forced to fall back and form a new line, though the Confederate left and center held on to their trenches. Stanley, who had reached the field about the time Davis made his second assault, now deployed on the left of Davis, but before any decisive movement could be made darkness put an end to the conflict. During the night Hardee abandoned his position and joined the main body of Hoocrs army at Lovejoy Station. The Union loss at Jonesboro was about 1,150 men. The enemy acknowledged a loss of 5,000. Jonesboro, Georgia, November 15, 1864. 1st Brigade, Kilpatrick's Cavalry. In the concentration of General Sherman's army for the march to the sea this brigade, commanded by Colonel Eli H. Murray, left camp 4 miles southwest of Atlanta and moved toward Jonesboro. Shortly after crossing the Flint river the 5th Kentucky came upon a small force of the enemy on the McDonough road. Lieutenant Baker at the head of Company E, made a dashing charge, killed 1 man, wounded 1 and scattered the rest. Later in the day this regiment effected a junction with the 8th Indiana and advanced on Jonesboro, where the enemy was found in considerable force, occupying the works recently evacuated by General Hood. After some sharp skirmishing the two regiments charged and drove the Confederates out of town, capturing 3 caissons filled with ammunition. The Union casualties were 2 men wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 526-28.


JONESBORO, MISSOURI, August 21, 1861. Missouri Home Guards. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 528.


JONESBORO, MISSOURI, October 12-13, 1863. (See Dug Ford.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 528.


JONESBORO, TENNESSEE, October 10, 1863. 4th Cavalry Division, 23d Army Corps. Brigadier-General J. M. Shackelford, commanding the division, reported at 4 p. m. from a point 8 miles from Jonesboro, as follows: "After a brisk fight of one hour we drove the enemy from his position. He is retreating rapidly, and we are pursuing as rapidly as possible. Captured 1 caisson, 2 wagons, 6 horses, etc., and some rebels." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 528.


JONESBORO, TENNESSEE, September 29, 1864. (See Carter's Station, September 30.)


JONES' BRIDGE, VIRGINIA, June 23, 1864. 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac. As the army was moving toward the James river after the battle of Cold Harbor, Torbert's cavalry division was sent on the 22nd to secure Jones' bridge over the Chickahominy river. The bridge was secured without opposition and Devin's brigade was thrown forward to picket the Long Bridge and Charles City roads. Early on the morning of the 23d the pickets on the Long Bridge road were attacked by Chambliss' brigade of Confederate cavalry and driven in. General Getty, who had succeeded General Abercrombie in command of the force at White House, sent six companies of colored troops to reinforce the pickets and these checked the enemy's advance until Devin could bring up the remainder of his brigade, when Chambliss was driven back to a strong position behind some barricades. Devin attacked his works and again forced him back with some loss in killed and wounded. The Union loss was 6 killed. 9 wounded and 1 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 528.


JONES' FERRY, MISSISSIPPI, July 6-7, 1863. 4th Brigade, 1st Division, Detachment of the 16th Army Corps. On the evening of the 6th the brigade, Colonel W. W. Sanford commanding, was ordered to Jones' ferry on the Big Black river, to effect a crossing in conjunction with the other troops of the division, who were to cross higher up. Sanford reached the ferry about 9 p. m., but waited for the 6th la., under Colonel Corse, which did not come up until some two hours later. Owing to the depth of the water and the swiftness of the current it was found impossible to wade or swim the stream. Two canoes were finally found and lashed together, with which a few men started across, but were driven back by the fire of the enemy on the opposite bank. Corse was then ordered to picket the river for 2 miles up and down and the remainder of the brigade went into bivouac. During the night Corse succeeded in getting a few men across, but the movement was discovered by the Confederates and again they opened fire. Corse managed to recross his men without loss and on the 7th the brigade kept up a continual skirmish with the enemy, thus enabling the troops above to cross and drive the Confederates from Sanford's front, after which the brigade crossed the river and joined the main body. The 6th la. suffered some slight casualties during the maneuvers. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 528.


JONES' HAY STATION, ARKANSAS, August 24, 1864. (See Devall's Bluff, same date.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 528.


JONES' PLANTATION, GEORGIA, November 27-29, 1864. (See Waynesboro.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 529.


JONES' PLANTATION, MISSISSIPPI, June 22, 1863. Detachment of 4th Iowa Cavalry. Major A. B. Parkell with a detachment of 130 men was sent out to blockade the road leading westward from Birdsong ferry on the Big Black river. The nearest available point for the work was at Jones' plantation, a mile west of the ferry. Pickets were sent out to guard against surprise while the rest of the command set to work to effect the blockade. After two hours the pickets on the north road were driven in, when the whole command formed in line of battle and proceeded to the scene of action. The Confederates were in such superior numbers that it was impossible for Parkell's men to fall back in order and they separated and retreated. The Federal loss in this engagement was 8 killed, 16 wounded and 33 captured or missing, while the enemy lost 5 killed, 16 wounded and 1 missing. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 529.


JONESVILLE, VIRGINIA, January 3-5, 1864. Detachment of the 16th Illinois Cavalry and 22nd Ohio Battery. After having driven the Confederates from Jonesville, Major Charles H. Beeres camped in that place on Friday and Saturday nights. Early Sunday morning (the 5th) his command was surprised by the enemy, under Brigadier-General William E. Jones, and driven in confusion for some distance. Beeres finally rallied his men and fought until 3 p. m., when, having had 31 men killed, he surrendered the remainder of his command, which originally consisted of about 250 men, a rifled gun and 2 mountain howitzers. The enemy lost 5 killed and 11 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 529.


JONESVILLE, VIRGINIA, August 4, 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, 23d Army Corps. While scouting in the vicinity of Cumberland gap the detachment under Colonel William Y. Dillard entered Jonesville half an hour after two companies of Morgan's men had left. Dillard pursued and overtook them a short distance from the town. A few shots were exchanged, when the Confederates retired, leaving 5 of their number as prisoners in Federal hands. No other casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 529.


JONESVILLE ROAD, VIRGINIA, February 12, 1864. 11th Tennessee Cavalry. A foraging train of 23 wagons under escort of a detachment of the 11th Tennessee cavalry proceeded up the Mulberry road while the remainder of the Tennessee regiment moved on the Jonesville road, from which it was surmised an attack on the train might be made. The train was attacked and compelled to retreat and at the same time the command on the Jonesville road met with a superior force and was compelled to fall back below the fork of the Mulberry road, thus throwing the Confederates in the rear of the train, which was captured with 25 men. No other losses were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 529.


JORDAN, Cornelia Jane Matthews, poet, born in Lynchburg, Virginia, 11 January, 1830. She is the daughter of Edwin Matthews, who was at one time mayor of Lynchburg. Miss Matthews received her education at the Academy of the Visitation in Georgetown, D. C. and in 1851 she married Francis H. Jordan, of Page County, Virginia. In 1863 she visited Corinth, Mississippi, where her husband held a staff appointment under General Beauregard, and where she wrote her poem "Corinth." This was seized on its publication in 1865 as  “objectionable and incendiary," and was burned in the court-house yard in Lynchburg, by order of General Alfred H. Terry. Her publications include "Flowers of Hope and Memory" (Richmond, 1861); "Corinth and Other Poems of the War" (1855): "A Christmas Poem for Children" (Lynchburg, 1865); "Richmond: Her Glory and Her Graves" (Richmond, 1867); and " Useful Maxims for a Noble Life" (1884).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 473-474.


JORDAN, Thomas, soldier, born in Luray valley, Virginia, 30 September, 1819. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1840, and served as 2d lieutenant of the 3d U.S. Infantry in the war against the Seminole Indians. He was then on garrison duty in the west and south, and took part in the war with Mexico. He became 1st lieutenant, 18 June, 1846, and captain and quartermaster, 3 March, 1847, serving on the Pacific Coast. He resigned, 21 May, 1861, entered the Confederate army as lieutenant-colonel, and was immediately made adjutant-general of the forces at Manassas Junction. He accompanied General Beauregard to Tennessee as chief of staff, and became brigadier-general after the battle of Shiloh. He served temporarily on the staff of General Bragg, but returned to his former post with General Beauregard during the defence of Charleston in 1862-'4. After the war he was made chief of the general staff of the Cuban insurgent army, and in May, 1869, landed at Mayari with 300 men, and arms, ammunition, and supplies for 6,000. On marching into the interior to join the insurgents he was attacked by the Spanish forces and lost 80 men. In December he succeeded to the chief command of the revolutionists, and in January, 1870, gained a victory over a superior force at Guaimaro. But as the supply of arms and ammunition was exhausted, and as there was small chance of reorganizing an effective force, he resigned in February, 1870, and returned to the United States. He has since resided in New York City and is now (1887) editor of the "Mining Record." Immediately after the Civil War he published a critical review of the Confederate operations and administration in "Harper's Magazine," and was the editor of the "Memphis Appeal" in 1866. He has contributed to periodical literature and published, in connection with J. B. Pryor, " The Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Forrest" (New York. 1808).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 474.


JORDAN'S STORE, TENNESSEE, May 30, 1863. Detachment of 1st East Tennessee Cavalry. A scouting party of this regiment encountered about 50 Confederate cavalry at Jordan's store on the Chapel Hill pike and drove them beyond Riggs' cross-roads. A small Federal detachment, while endeavoring to cut off a portion of the retreating enemy, came upon three of them who refused to surrender and were killed. There were no casualties on the Union side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 529.


JORNANDO DEL MUERTO, NEW MEXICO, June 16, 1863. One company of the 1st New Mexico Cavalry. Jug Tavern, Georgia, August 3. 1864. (See Stoneman's Raid to Macon.)


JULESBURG, COLORADO TERRITORY, January 7, 1865. One company of the 7th Iowa Cavalry. On this date the garrison of Julesburg Station repulsed an attack by a large body of Indians which had surrounded the place. The troops lost 15 killed and the Indians about 35. Julesburg was a station on the Overland route and the garrison was commanded by Captain Nicholas J. O'Brien. The Indians went south after their repulse.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 529-30.


JOUETT, George Payne, soldier, born near Lexington, Kentucky, 14 April. 1813; killed at the battle of Perrysville, Kentucky, 8 October, 1862; was educated at Transylvania, where he studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin VV. Dudley. Subsequently he read law with his brother-in-law Richard H. Menefee and finally engaged in commerce until the Civil War, and was the owner of steamboats on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. He raised with Colonel Curran Pope and Major Campbell the 15th Kentucky Federal Regiment. His amateur efforts in sculpture proved rare artistic talent.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 476.


JOUETT, James Edward, naval officer, born in Lexington, Kentucky, 27 February, 1828, was educated at the high-school in Lexington, and entered the U. S. Navy as a midshipman on 10 September, 1841. He served in the Mexican War, was made a lieutenant on 15 September, 1855, and took an active part in the Civil War. In command of the first and second launches of the U. S. frigate "Santee," on the night of 7 November, 1861, he captured by boarding the armed schooner "Royal Yacht," in the harbor of Galveston, Texas, after an obstinate encounter, during which he was twice severely wounded. He was appointed lieutenant-commander in 1862, and ordered by Admiral Farragut to the steamer "R. R. Cuyler," off Mobile. He was afterward sent to command the "Metacomet," which was selected by Farragut to accompany the flag-ship " Hartford " through the engagement in Mobile Bay, the two vessels being lashed together according to his plan of the battle. During the engagement the "Metacomet" cast off to chase Confederate gun-boats, and crippled the ' Gaines, so that she ran ashore and was destroyed bv her captain. The "Morgan" had retreated, and in one hour's running fight up the bay the "Selma" was captured, Captain Jouett having attacked four times the number of his guns in this encounter. In his official report of the battle Farragut says: "Lieutenant-Commodore Jouett's conduct during the whole affair commands my warmest commendations." A board, composed of Admirals Farragut, Dupont. Goldsborough, Davis, and Porter, recommended that Commander Jouett should "receive an advancement of thirty numbers for heroic conduct in battle." He was subsequently engaged with the "Metacomet" on blockade duty off the coast of Texas. He became a commander, 25 July, 1866, and a captain and member of the board of inspection on 6 January, 1874. He was made commodore, 11 January, 1883, and while in command of the North Atlantic Squadron conducted the operations on the Isthmus of Panama in 1885 for the protection of American interests during an insurrection, securing a free transit across the isthmus, restoring order, and receiving the thanks of the citizens, both native and foreign. He became a rear-admiral, 19 February, 1886, and is now (1887) president of the board of inspection and survey.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 476.


JOURNAL, OR ITINERARY. Directions for keeping the journal of a march west of the Mississippi. The journal should be kept in a pocket note-book; or, if one cannot be obtained, in a book made of sheets of paper folded to half the letter size. The record is to run from the bottom to the top of each page. The horizontal divisions in the column headed “Route” represent portions of a day's march. The distance, in miles, between each of the horizontal divisions, will be noted in the column headed “Distance” which will be summed up at the top of each column, and the sum carried to the bottom of the next column. The notes within each horizontal division are to show the general directions of the march, and every object of interest observed in passing over the distance represented thereby; and all remarkable features, such as hills, streams with their names, fords, springs, houses, villages, forests, marshes, &c., and the places of encampment, will be sketched in their relative positions. The “Remarks” corresponding to each division will be upon the soil, productions, quantity and quality of timber, grass, water, fords, nature of the roads, &c., and important incidents. They should show where provisions, forage, fuel, and water can be obtained; whether the streams to be crossed are ford able, miry, have quick-sands or steep banks, 'and whether they overflow their banks in wet seasons; also the quality of the water; and, in brief, every thing of practical importance. When a detachment leaves the main column, the point on the “Route” will be noted, and the reason given in the Remarks. The commander of the detachment will be furnished with a copy of the journal up to that point, and will continue it over his new line of march. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 373-374).

JOURNAL of the march of [here insert the names of the regiments or companies composing the column,] commanded by, from [here insert the point of departure] to [the stopping place,] pursuant to [here give the No. and date of order for the march.]

Date. Hour. Weather. Distance. Route. REMARKS. 1860. Total, 19 mm Road rocky; but little grass; good water. Plenty of timber on summit of July 8. 0. A. M. hills, extending 3 miles; road to right of hills. 1 P.M. timbered Peak  A Camp No. 1. Good shelter for camp at foot of peak; fuel plenty. Springs of sweet wag F3 Springs. ter, with good grass near. Road to this point rather T more sandy. 10. w 3 . Road runs through a d canon i mile long, to right h of a small stream; marsh o on left of stream; water S sweet; grass excellent. S Halted to graze two hours. ,&: No Indian signs. i 2 . 6.30. o 1 HP Companies F, G, and I, 3d , detached at Mt. T3 X Det. P , under command of s v , (see par. 3,General Orders, No. ,) to 5  A small creek, easily forded. 6.  Road turns short to right at top of hill after crossing river; crossing good, but CQ a little boggy on right bank. This bottom shows signs of recent overflow, when it must have been impassable; banks low; water sweet; no wood July 7. 4.30. x near crossing; road hard and good up to river. Date. Hour. Weather. Distance. Route REMARKS. 1860. Total, 47 d 3 5 _v At the point where the road forks, turn to the right. The left-hand road July 9. 4.30 A. M. leads to a deep ravine, which cannot be crossed. 4.30 P. M. 3 A  No. 2. After the road strikes the ravine, it runs  mile along its bank before coming to the crossing  place. The camping ground is at springs, halt a mile beyond the ravine. 5 Old Indian signs at the  springs. 3 P.M. 15 Road less rocky; last B x Grave. three miles rather sandy; 1 ML T no water. Passed at the point marked + an Indian grave. Road still rocky; good springs, where casks should be filled. No more  water for twenty miles 00 Springs after leaving springs.  Occasional hills to left of ' road; no wood or grass.  05 July 8. 6.30 A. M.


JOYCE, Charles Herbert, lawyer, born in Wherwell, Hants, England, 30 January, 1830. He emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1836, and settled in Washington County, Vermont. He afterward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1852, and began practice at Northfield. He was state librarian in 1855-'6, and county attorney in 1856-'7. Mr. Joyce served in the National Army during the Civil War as major and lieutenant-colonel, and after resuming practice in Rutland, Vermont, was a member of the state legislature in 1869-71, and its speaker in 1870-'l. He was afterward elected to Congress from Vermont as a Republican, and served from 1875 till 1883.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 477-478.


JUDAH, Henry Moses, soldier, born in Snow Hill, Maryland, 12 June, 1821; died in Plattsburg, New York, 14 January, 1866. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in July, 1843, and, entering the 8th U.S. Infantry, served in the Mexican War. He commanded his company at the storming of Monterey, and for bravery at Molino del Rey, and at the capture of the city of Mexico, was brevetted 1st lieutenant and captain. On 29 September, 1853, he became captain in the 4th U.S. Infantry, and served actively against the Indians of California and Washington and Oregon Territories till the Civil War. He was made colonel of a regiment of volunteers in 1861, brigadier-general of volunteers, 21 March, 1862, and acting inspector-general of the Army of the Tennessee. Resigning his staff appointment, he was ordered to command the 1st Division of the Army of the Reserve, which he relinquished after the evacuation of Corinth by the Confederate troops. He was reappointed acting inspector-general of the Army of the Ohio, 10 Oct, 1862, and held various other commands until he was mustered out of volunteer service, 24 August, 1865. He was active in his pursuit of Morgan at the time of the latter's raid into Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, in 1863. At his death he was commandant of the post at Plattsburg, New York.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 482.


JUDD, Norman Buel, lawyer, born in Rome, New York, 10 January, 1815; died in Chicago, 10 November. 1878. He received a common-school education, studied law, and in 1836 was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in Chicago. He was city attorney there in 1837-'9, state senator in 1844-,60, a member of the Bloomington Convention which organized the Republican Party in 1856, and chairman of the state central committee of that party in 1856-'61. He was chairman of the Illinois Delegation in the Chicago Convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency, and was U. S. minister to Prussia from 1861 till 1865. He was then elected to Congress, serving from 4 March, 1867 till 8 March, 1871, and was afterward appointed collector of the port of Chicago by President Grant. He was president of the Peoria and Bureau Valley Railroad and of the Rock Island Railroad Bridge Company. A sketch of his life was published bv Arthur Edwards (Chicago, 1878).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 482.


JUDD, Orange, editor, born near Niagara Falls, New York, 26 July, 1822. He was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1847, and, after teaching until 1850, spent three years in studying analytical and agricultural chemistry at Yale. He became editor of the " American Agriculturist" in 1853, and in 1856 its owner and publisher, continuing as such until 1881, and also holding the place of agricultural editor of the "New York Times " in 1855--63. He was the principal member of the firm of Orange Judd and Company, which made a specialty of publishing agricultural and scientific books, and also published "Hearth and Home." During 1863 he served with the U. S. Sanitary Commission at Gettysburg, and then with the Army of the Potomac from the Rapidan to Petersburg. In 1868-'9 he was president of the New York, Flushing, and North Side Railroad, and also president of the New York and Flushing Railroad. He has taken an active interest in the affairs of Wesleyan University and edited the first edition of the "Alumni Record." The Orange Judd Hall of Natural Science, dedicated in 1871, is the result of his munificence, and he held the office of trustee in 1871-81. Mr. Judd has written for the press, notably in his own journals, and originated in 1862 a series of Sunday school lessons for every Sunday in the year, upon which the later Berean and International lessons have been modelled.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 482.


JUDD, David Wright, editor, born in Lockport. New York, 1 September, 1838. He was graduated at Williams in 1860, was connected with the "New York Times," and subsequently became editor and one of the proprietors of the "Hearth and Home," and in 1883 president of the O. Judd publishing company. During the Civil War he enlisted as a private, but received a captain's commission before he resigned. He was elected as a Republican to the New York legislature in 1871. and introduced the Judd jury bill and also the bill establishing the National rifle association. In 1873 he was appointed one of the three commissioners of quarantine, and he has been regularly reappointed to that office. He is the author of "Two Years' Campaigning in Virginia and Maryland " (Rochester, New York, 1864). and has edited "The Educational Cyclopaedia" (New York, 1874), and "The Life and Writings of Frank Forester," in ten volumes (vols. i. and ii., 1882).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 482.


JUDGE-ADVOCATE. There is one judge-advocate selected from the captains of the army with the brevet rank and pay of a major of cavalry. The judge-advocate, or some person deputed by him, or by the general, or officer commanding the army, detachment, or garrison, shall prosecute in the name of the United States, but shall so far consider himself as counsel for the prisoner, after the said prisoner shall have made his plea, as to object to any leading question to any of the witnesses, or any question to the prisoner, the answer to which might tend to criminate himself. The judge-advocate administers the prescribed oaths to the court and witnesses; (ART. 69.) The appropriate functions of the judge-advocate, as an essential officer in all general courts-martial, are various in their nature; and as the Articles of War do not describe them with much precision, it is proper to resort to the less positive, though equally binding authority, of established usage and practice.

The Articles of War are silent on the subject of the judge-advocate's assisting the court with his counsels and advice as to any matters of form or law; it nevertheless is his duty, by custom, to explain any doubts which may arise in the course of its deliberations, and to prevent any irregularities or deviations from the regular form of proceedings. The duty assigned the judge-advocate by ART. 69, is more especially incumbent on him in cases where the prisoner has not the aid of professional counsel to direct him, which generally happens in the trials of private soldiers, who, having had few advantages of education, or opportunities for mental improvement, stand greatly in need of advice under circumstances often sufficient to overwhelm the acutest intellect, and embarrass or suspend the powers of the most cultivated understanding. It is certainly not to be understood that, in discharging this office, which is prescribed solely by humanity, the judge-advocate should, in the strictest sense, consider himself as bound to the duty of counsel, by exerting his ingenuity to defend the prisoner, at all hazards, against those charges which, in his capacity of prosecutor, he is, on the other hand, bound to urge, and sustain by proof; for, understood to this extent, the one duty is utterly inconsistent with the other. All that is required is, that in the same manner as in civil courts of criminal jurisdiction, the judges are understood to be counsel for the person accused, the judge-advocate, in courts martial, shall do justice to the cause of the prisoner, by giving full weight to every circumstance or argument in his favor; shall bring the same fairly and completely into the view of the court; shall suggest the supplying of all omissions in exculpatory evidence; shall engross in the written proceedings all matters which, either directly or by presumption, tend to the prisoner's defence; and finally, shall not avail himself of any advantage which superior knowledge or ability, or his influence with the court may give him, in enforcing the conviction, rather than the acquittal, of the person accused.

When a court-martial is summoned by the proper authority, for the trial of any military offender, the judge-advocate, being required to attend to his duty, and furnished with articles of charge or accusation, on which he is to prosecute, must, from the information of the accuser, instruct himself in all the circumstances of the case, and by what evidence the whole particulars are to “he proved against the prisoner. Of these, it is proper that he should prepare, in writing, a short analysis, or plan, for his own regulation in the conduct of the trial, and examination of the witnesses. He ought then, if it has not been done by some other functionary, to give information to the prisoner of the time and place appointed for his trial, and furnish him, at the same time, with a copy of the charges that are to be exhibited against him, and likewise a correct detail of the members of the court. The judge-advocate ought then to hand in to the adjutant-general, or staff-officer charged with the details, a list of witnesses for the prosecution, in order that they may be summoned to give their attendance at the time and place appointed.

It is proper, likewise, that he should desire the prisoner to make a similar application, to insure the attendance of the witnesses necessary for his defence. These measures ought to be taken as early as possible, that there may be sufficient time for the arrival of witnesses who may be at a distance. When the court is met for trial, and the members are regularly sworn, the judge-advocate, after opening the prosecution by a recital of the charges, together with such detail of circumstances as he may deem necessary, proceeds to examine his witnesses in support of the charges, while at the same time he acts as the recorder or clerk of the court, in taking down the evidence in writing at full length, and as nearly as possible in the words of the witnesses. At the close of the business of each day, and in the interval before the next meeting of the court, it is the duty of the judge-advocate to make a fair copy of the proceedings; which he continues thus regularly to engross till the conclusion of the trial, when the whole is read over by him to the court, before the members proceed to deliberate and form their opinions. The sentence of the court must be fairly engrossed and subjoined to the record copy of the proceedings; and the whole must be authenticated by the signature of the president of the court, and that of the judge-advocate.

It is required by the Articles of War, (ART. 90) that “ every judge- advocate, or person officiating as such, at any general court-martial, shall transmit, with as much expedition as the opportunity of time and distance of place can admit, the original proceedings and sentence of such court-martial, to the Secretary of War; which said original proceedings and sentence shall be carefully kept and preserved in the office of the said secretary, to the end that the persons entitled thereto, may be enabled, upon application to the said office, to obtain copies thereof.” The judge-advocate sends the proceedings to the Secretary of War through the adjutant-general. The judge-advocate cannot be challenged. He may be relieved al any time. He should, in complicated cases, arrange and methodize the evidence, applying it distinctly to the facts of the charge. Besides applying the evidence fairly to each side of the question, he should inform the court as to the legal bearing of the evidence, for there may have been admitted evidence which ought to be rejected from their minds as illegal; (HOUGH'S Military Law Authorities.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 374-377).


JULIAN, George Washington, 1817-1899, Society of Friends, Quaker, statesman, lawyer, radical abolitionist leader from Indiana, vice president of the Free Soil Party, 1852.  Member of U.S. Congress from Indiana, 1850-1851.  Was against the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act.  Fought in court to prevent fugitive slaves from being returned to their owners.  Joined and supported early Republican Party.  Re-elected to Congress, 1861-1871.  Supported emancipation of slaves.  Husband of Ann Elizabeth Finch, who was likewise opposed to slavery.  After her death in 1860, he married Laura Giddings, daughter of radical abolitionist Joshua Giddings. 

(Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 486; Blue, 2005, pp. ix, 9, 10, 11, 13, 161-183, 210, 225-229, 259-260, 265-270; Riddleberger, 1966; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 54, 354-355; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, p. 245; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 486-487; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 12, p. 315)

JULIAN, George Washington, statesman, born near Centreville, Indiana, 5 May, 1817. He received a common-school education, taught for three years, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1840. He was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1845 as a member of the Whig Party; but becoming warmly interested in the slavery question through his Quaker training, severed his party relations in 1848, became one of the founders and leaders of the Free-Soil Party, was a delegate to the Buffalo Convention, and was then elected to Congress, serving from 3 December, 1849, to 3 March, 1851. In 1852 he was a candidate for the vice-presidency on the Free-Soil ticket. He was a delegate to the Pittsburg Convention of 1856, the first National Convention of the Republican Party, and was its vice-president, and chairman of the committee on organization. In 1860 he was elected as a Republican to Congress, and served on the joint committee on the conduct of the war. He was four times re-elected, and served on the Committee on Reconstruction, and for eight years as chairman of the Committee on Public Lands. He espoused the cause of woman suffrage as early as 1847, and in 1868 proposed in Congress a constitutional amendment conferring the right to vote on women. During the discussions on reconstruction he was zealous in demanding the electoral franchise for the Negro. In 1872 he joined the Liberal Republicans, and supported Horace Greeley for president. His most strenuous efforts in Congress were directed to the championship of the homestead policy and the preservation of the public lands for the people. In May, 1885, he was appointed surveyor-general of New Mexico. He has published "Speeches on Political Questions," containing a sketch of his life by Lydia Maria Child (Boston, 1872), and "Political Recollections" (Chicago, 1884), and has contributed to magazines and reviews articles dealing with political reforms.—His brother, Isaac Hooper, journalist, born in Wayne County, Indiana, 19 June, 1823, moved to Iowa in 1846, resided there till 1850, and returning to Indiana settled in Centreville and edited the "Indiana True Republican," which he afterward published in Richmond, Indiana, under the title of "The Indiana Radical." He occupied several local offices in that town, moved to San Marco, Texas, in 1873, and since that date has edited the "San Marco Free Press." He has published, besides numerous poems, pamphlets, and essays, a "Memoir of David Hoover" (Richmond, Indiana, 1857).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 486.


JURISDICTION. All officers, conductors, gunners, matrasses, drivers, or other persons whatsoever, receiving pay, or hire, in the service of the artillery, or corps of engineers of the United States, shall be governed by the aforesaid rules and articles, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial, in like manner with the officers and soldiers of the other troops in the service of the United States; (ART. 96.) The officers and soldiers of any troops, whether militia or others, being mustered and in pay of the United States, shall at all times and in all places, when joined or acting in conjunction with the regular forces of the United States, be governed by these Rules and Articles of War, and shall be subject to be tried by courts-martial, in like manner with the officers and soldiers in the regular forces, save only that such courts- martial shall be composed entirely of militia officers; (ART. 97.) No person shall be liable to be tried and punished by a general court-martial for any offence which shall appear to have been com- mitted more than two years before the issuing of the order for such trial, unless the person, by reason of having absented himself, or some other manifest impediment, shall not have been amenable to justice within that period; (ART. 88.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 377).


JURISDICTION, (CONCURRENT.) Can courts-martial and civil courts have concurrent jurisdiction over offences committed by soldiers? Or, in other words, if a soldier is guilty of an offence which renders him amenable for trial before the civil courts of the land, can he also be tried for that offence (if its specification should establish a violation of the Rules and Articles of War) by a court-martial.

By the Constitution of the United States Congress is authorized “to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; “and Congress, pursuant to this authority, has established rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United States. These rules are an additional code, to which every citizen who becomes a soldier subjects himself for the preservation of good order and military discipline. The soldier, however, is still a citizen of the United States. He has not, by assuming the military character, become, as in many European countries, a member of a privileged body who may claim trial for all offences by courts martial. It is still amenable to the ordinary common law courts for any offences against the persons or property of any citizen of any of the United States, such as is punishable by the known laws of the land; (ART. 33.) An examination of the Rules and Articles of War will show that the offences therein described, and against which punishment is denounced, are purely military. They are crimes which impair the efficiency of the military body, and even in cases, in which they would be recognized as offences by the Ordinary common law courts, they could not be considered the same offences.

Take, for instance, Article 9, which inflicts the punishment of death or other punishment, according to the nature of his offence, upon any officer or soldier who shall strike his superior officer. Here is an offence punishable under the known laws of the land as an assault and battery, and, as such, it could be tried by the common law courts. But such trial would not prevent a court-martial from afterwards taking cognizance of it under Article 9; for the offence before the common law court would be striking an equal, while before the military court it would have essentially changed its character.

Again, suppose an officer had been guilty of stealing, he might be prosecuted before the common law court for the felony, and afterwards charged with conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman, and dismissed the service. It can hardly be contended that the offences in either of the cases cited would be the same before the different courts; and if not, Article 87, which forbids a trial a second time for the same offence, could not be pleaded in bar of trial. Recognizing, then, the principle that the soldier, as citizen, is subject to the common law courts for offences committed against the well-being of the State, it must also be recollected that ho is subject to trial by a court-martial for any violation of the Rules and Articles of War.

In the case of “Eels, plaintiff in error, v. the People of the State of Illinois,” it was urged that the act of the State of Illinois under which Eels was tried was void, as it would subject the delinquent to a double punishment for the same offence, the crime with which he was charged being actionable under a law of the United States. The Supreme Court decided that, admitting the plaintiff in error to be liable to an action under the act of Congress, it did not follow he would be twice punished for the same offence, and gave the following definition of that term:

“An offence in its legal signification means the transgression of a law. A man may be compelled to make reparation in damages to the injured party, and be liable also to punishment for a breach of the public peace in consequence of the same act, and may be said, in common parlance, to be twice punished for the same offence. Every citizen of the United States is also a citizen of a State or Territory. He may be said to owe allegiance to two sovereigns and may be liable to punishment for an infraction of the laws of either. The same act may be an offence or transgression of the laws of both. Thus an assault upon the marshal of the United States and hindering him in the execution of legal process is a high offence against the United States, for which the perpetrator is liable to punishment; and the same act may also be a gross breach of the peace of the State, a riot, assault, or a murder, and subject the same person to a punishment under the State laws for a misdemeanor or felony. That either or both may, if they see fit, punish such an offender cannot be doubted. Yet it cannot be truly averred that the offender has been twice punished for the same offence, but only that by one act he has committed two offences, for each of which he is justly punishable. He could not plead the punishment by one in bar to a conviction by the other; consequently, this court has decided, in the case of Fox v. the State of Ohio, (5 Howard, 432,) that a State may punish the offence of altering or passing false coin as a cheat or fraud practised on its citizens; and, in the case of the United States v. Marigold, (9 Howard, 560,) that Congress, in the proper exercise of its authority, may punish the same act as an offence against the United States. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 377-379).