Head through Horwitz

HEAD, Natt, Governor of New Hampshire, born in Hookset, New Hampshire, 20 May, 1828; died there, 12 November, 1883. His great-grandfather was a lieutenant-colonel in the war of the Revolution, losing his life at the battle of Bennington, and his grandfather served also in that war. Natt engaged in the manufacture of bricks and lumber in Hookset, and later became a railroad and general building contractor. He early connected himself with military organizations, held various offices, and sat in the legislatures of 1861 and 1862. From 1864 till 1870 he was adjutant-general of the state. When he was called to this office New Hampshire had furnished 26,000 men to the national service, but had not a complete set of the muster-rolls of a single organization, nor was there a record of the deeds of New Hampshire men on the battle-fields. General Head obtained the records of the career of every officer and enlisted man, and published them in four volumes (1865-'6), with biographical sketches of field-officers killed or who died in the service, besides sketches of the regiments and battalions. General Head also compiled the military records of the state from 1823 to 1861. When the Soldiers' Asylum at Augusta, Maine, was burned he was placed in charge of the institution during the illness of the deputy-governor, and subsequently rebuilt it. General Head was president of the New Hampshire Agricultural Society, and was prominent in furthering the agricultural interests of the state, and of the patrons of husbandry. He was chosen to the state senate in 1876 and 1877, and was president of the senate the last year. Under the new constitutional amendment of the state providing for biennial elections, he was chosen governor, to serve for two years, 1879-'80. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 152.


HEAP, Gwynn Harris, diplomatist, born in Chester, Pennsylvania, 23 March, 1817; died in Constantinople, Turkey, 6 March, 1887. His great-grandfather, George, was sent by the British government to Pennsylvania as surveyor-general. One of the earliest maps of Philadelphia was made by him, and is preserved in the Pennsylvania library in that city. In 1839-'40 Gwynn served as vice and acting consul in Tunis, where his father had been appointed consul in 1825. He was appointed a government clerk in Washington, D. C, in 1846,and in 1855-'7 was employed by the war department in Turkey in the purchase of camels. In 1861, being then a clerk in the Navy department, he volunteered for secret service at Pensacola, Florida, and in 1863-'4 had charge of the pilots of Admiral Porter's Squadron on the Mississippi. He was appointed consul at Belfast, Ireland, in 1866, and the following year sent to Tunis as consul, where he remained until 1878. In that year he was made secretary of legation and consul-general at Constantinople, occasionally serving as charge d'affaires. During his official residence in Tunis he organized the department devoted to that country in the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. Mr. Heap compiled "A Synoptical Index to the Statutes at Large" (184950), and is the author of "Exploration of the Central Route to the Pacific" (Philadelphia, 1853) and "Itinerary of the Central Route to the Pacific" (1854).—His son, David Porter, engineer, born in San Stefano, Turkey, 24 March, 1848, was educated at Georgetown College, D. C, and at the U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1864. He was assigned to the Engineer Corps, served in the Civil War in the Army of the Potomac, and was brevetted captain, 2 April, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious services." He was promoted captain, 7 March, 1867, and major of engineers, 23 June, 1882. Since the war he has been engaged in the construction of fortifications, the improvement of harbors, and other duties. In 1871 he was engaged in the exploration of the region afterward known as the Yellowstone park, and in 1876 had charge of the engineering section of the war department exhibit at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. In 1881 he was ordered on detached service as military representative of the United States at the Paris Congress of electricians, and honorary commissioner to the Paris Electrical Exhibition. Major Heap has travelled extensively in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. He is the author of a "History of the Application of the Electric Light to Lighting the Coasts of France" (Washington, D. C, 1883); "Report of Engineer Department of the Philadelphia Exhibition" (1884); "Electrical Appliances of the Present Day" (New York, 1884); and "Ancient and Modern Lights" (Boston. 1887).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 153.


HEARST, George, senator, born in Franklin County, Missouri, 3 September, 1820. He was graduated at the Franklin County Mining-School in 1838, worked on his father's farm in his youth, and in 1850 went to California overland, and engaged in mining. He became chief partner in the firm of Hearst, Haggin, Tevis and Company, which gained large profits by speculating in mining claims, and grew to be the largest private firm of mine-owners in the United States. He acquired the reputation of being the most expert prospector and judge of mining property on the Pacific Coast, and contributed to the development of the modern processes of quartz and other kinds of mining. He also engaged largely in stock-raising and farming, and became the proprietor of the San Francisco "Examiner." He was a member of the California legislature in 1865, received the vote of the Democratic minority in the legislature for U. S. Senator in 1885, and on 23 March, 1886, was appointed by Governor Stoneman to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John F. Miller, took his seat in the U. S. Senate on 9 April, 1886, and served the remainder of the term expiring in March, 1887. When the legislature met in January, 1887, he was elected senator for the succeeding term. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 154.


HEBERT, Paul Octave, soldier, born in Bayou Goula, Herville Parish, Louisiana, 12 November, 1818; died in New Orleans, 29 August, 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1840, in the class with William T. Sherman, George H. Thomas, and other officers who afterward became distinguished. In 1841-'2 he was assistant professor of engineering at the Military Academy, and in 18435 employed at the western passes of the mouth of the Mississippi River. He resigned from the army in 1841, was appointed chief engineer of the state of Louisiana, and in an official report opposed the "Raccourci cut-off." He held this office until the Mexican War, when he was reappointed in the army as lieutenant-colonel of the 14th Volunteer Infantry, and participated in the battles of Contreras and Chapultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico, receiving the brevet of colonel for bravery at the battle of Molino del Reverend When the army disbanded, in 1848, he returned to his plantation at Bayou Goula, Louisiana. In 1851 he was sent as U. S. commissioner to the World's fair at Paris. He was a member of the convention that framed a new state constitution in 1852, and in 1853-'6 was governor of the state. One of the notable appointments of his term was that of General William T. Sherman as president of the Louisiana Military Academy. In 1861 he was appointed a brigadier-general of the provisional Confederate Army, and was afterward confirmed in that rank by the Confederate Congress. He was first in command of Louisiana, then of the Trans-Mississippi Department, afterward of Texas, and the Galveston defences. In 1873 he became state engineer and commissioner on the Mississippi levee.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 155.


HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German revolutionist, born in Eichtersheim, Baden, 28 September, 1811; died in St. Louis, Missouri, 24 March, 1881. He went to school in Mannheim, and studied law at Heidelberg. He began practice as an advocate at Mannheim in 1838, entered politics, and was elected to the Baden assembly in 1842. His expulsion from the Prussian dominions, while upon a visit to Berlin with Itzstein in 1845, made his name known in all German lands. In 1846-'7 he was the leader of the extreme left in the Baden diet. His energy and eloquence made him popular, and he was carried by the drift of the age toward Republicanism, until he took ground with Struve as a Republican and Socialist-Democrat when the arrangements for a German parliament were under discussion. His political plans having been rejected by the majority of the constituent assembly, he appealed to the masses. Appearing at the head of columns of working-men, he unfolded the banner of the social republic, and advanced into the highlands of Baden from Constance. He was beaten by the Baden soldiery at Kaudern, 20 May, 1848, and retreated into Switzerland. There he learned that the national assembly, which had met meanwhile at Frankfort, had denounced him as a traitor. His hopes of a revolution having been dashed, with the prospect of a felon's death before him if he remained, he fled to the United States in September. The following year, at the news of the May revolution, he returned to Germany, but arrived after the rising had been suppressed. Hecker recrossed the Atlantic, became a citizen of the United States, and settled as a fanner in Belleville, Illinois. Like others of the German revolutionists, he took part in American politics, but did not make a new career for himself. He refused brilliant diplomatic positions, feeling an honorable reluctance to accept a personal gain in requital for the services he performed for the party to which he attached himself. The anti-slavery cause awakened the enthusiasm of his nature, and to the end of his life he was a powerful speaker on the Republican side. He joined the Republican Party on its formation, and in the Civil War led a regiment of volunteers in Fremont's division of the National Army. He resigned his colonelcy in 1864, and devoted himself thenceforth to agricultural occupations. During the Franco-German War he uttered words of hope and sympathy for the German cause, but, after visiting Germany in 1873, he expressed disappointment at the actual political condition. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 156.


HECKMAN, Charles Adam, soldier, born in Easton, Pennsylvania, 3 December, 1822. He was graduated at Minerva seminary, in his native town, in 1837. In the war with Mexico he served as sergeant in the 1st U. S. Voltigeurs. He was commissioned captain in the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment, 20 April, 1861, became major of the 9th New Jersey on 3 October, lieutenant-colonel on 3 December, and colonel on 10 February, 1862. On 29 November, 1862, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, and afterward in the Army of the James, being wounded at Newbern and Young's Cross Roads. North Carolina, and Port Walthall, Virginia. He commanded the defences of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Virginia, in the winter of 1863-4, and at Drewry's Bluff, Virginia, on 16 May, 1864, he was captured, after his brigade had five times repelled a superior force of Confederates. He was taken to Libby Prison, and afterward to Macon, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, where he was one of the fifty-one officers that were placed under fire of the National guns. He was exchanged on 25 August, commanded the 18th Corps at the capture of Fort Harrison, Chapin's Bluff, and the 25th Corps in January and February, 1865. He resigned when the war was over, 25 May, 1865, and now (1887) resides in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, where he has served as a member of the board of education. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 157.


HEDGEVILLE, VIRGINIA, October 22, 1862. 4th Pennsylvania Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.


HEDGESVILLE, WEST VIRGINIA, October 15, 1863. Detachment of 3d Michigan Infantry. On the morning of October 15, a portion of Colonel B. R. Pierce's Michigan regiment met a squad of 37 men of Gilmor's battalion, who were moving to burn Back Creek bridge, and captured the whole party without the loss of a man.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.


HEFLIN, Robert Stell, lawyer, born in Morgan County, Georgia, 15 April, 1815. He was educated at Fayetteville. Georgia, where his parents settled in 1832, was clerk of the county court in 1836-'7, admitted to the bar in 1840, and practised in Fayetteville and Wedowee. He was a member of the Georgia Senate in 1840-'l, of the House of Representatives in 1846 and 1849, and of the Senate in 1857 and 1860. As an uncompromising Union man he was compelled to pass through the lines to Sherman's army in August, 1864. He was appointed judge of probate in 1865, and elected to that office in 1866, was a presidential elector in 1868, and was then elected to Congress as a Republican, serving from 7 December, 1869, to 3 March, 1871.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 158.


HELENA, ARKANSAS, September 19-20, 1862. Detachments of 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Southwest. On the evening of the 19th, a picket patrol of 4 men of the 1st Wisconsin cavalry was fired upon by the enemy, and 3 of the party were wounded. The attack was made about a mile and a half south of the Federal camp. At 7 a. m. next morning a picket of 7 men, stationed nearly 3 miles from the camp, was attacked by a party of 50 Confederates, 1 of the picket was killed and 2 captured. The attacking party were thought to have been residents of the vicinity.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.


HELENA, ARKANSAS, August 11-14, 1862. 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.


HELENA, ARKANSAS, October 11, 1862. Cavalry Detachment of the Army of the Southwest. Brigadier-General E. A. Carr, reporting from Helena under date of October 12, says: "Yesterday p. m. our cavalry had a skirmish near the forks of the road, 8 or 9 miles from here, which resulted in the loss of several men killed and Major Rector, with about 30 missing, the killing of several of the enemy, and the capture of a lieutenant-colonel and 12 other Texans."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.


HELENA, ARKANSAS, December 5, 1862. 30th Iowa and 29th Wisconsin Volunteers. Helena, Arkansas, December 14. 1862. Detachment of 6th Missouri Cavalry. A lieutenant and 23 men, comprising a picket guard on the Saint Francis road leading out of Helena, were surprised and captured by a band of guerrillas at daylight on the 14th. No casualties were reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.


HELENA, ARKANSAS, July 4, 1863. 13th Division, 13th Army Corps, and the Gunboat Tyler. Ten days prior to the attack on Helena Major-General B. M. Prentiss, commanding the post there, learned that the Confederates under Holmes, Price, Marmaduke, Fagan and Parsons were contemplating an attack on the garrison. He made his preparations accordingly, causing rifle pits and breastworks to be thrown up and four outlying batteries to be stationed on the bluffs west of the city, to be designated by the letters A, B, C and D. At 3 a. m. of the 4th the Federal pickets were attacked by the enemy's skirmishers and after an hour were obliged to fall back to the intrenchments. The Confederate attack was massed against batteries C and D, the former especially being the objective point. Twice it was charged by the enemy, and twice the assaulting party was thrown back, but on the third attempt the gunners were driven from their pieces. Another charge of the same nature was made on Battery D, but the Confederates wavered and started to fall back, when the Federal troops in the battery sallied out, surrounded and captured three times their number. The men who had been driven from battery C, together with a dismounted detachment of the ist Indiana cavalry, charged that battery and recaptured it, taking a large number of prisoners. About 10.30 a. m. the enemy withdrew. Skirmishing was kept up until 2 p. m. to cover his retreat, when all firing ceased. The Confederates had been under a galling fire from the four batteries, Fort Curtis and the gunboat Tyler for four hours and their losses were consequently heavy; Holmes reported his casualties as 173 killed, 687 wounded and 776 missing, but Prentiss states that his troops buried 400 of the enemy's dead and captured some 1,200. The Federal casualties were 57 killed, 146 wounded and 36 captured or missing. The garrison consisted of 4,129 men and the attacking force of 7,646. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.


HEG, Hans C., soldier, born in Norway in 1829; killed in the battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, 19 September, 1863. He was brought by his father to the United States when eleven years of age, and settled in Wisconsin. He went to California during the gold excitement in 1849, returned in 1851, established himself as a farmer and merchant near Milwaukee, and was elected commissioner of state-prisons in 1859. In 1861 he entered the volunteer army as a major, and was commissioned colonel of the 15th Wisconsin Infantry, a Scandinavian regiment, on 30 September, 1861. His regiment took part in the reduction of Island No. 10, and afterward in the surprise and capture of Union City, Tennessee; also in the battle of Chaplin Hills, in the pursuit of General Bragg's forces, and the contests at Stone River and Murfreesboro. On 29 April he was placed in command of a brigade, and took part in the movements of the 20 Corps, resulting in the evacuation of Shelbyville, Tullahoma, and Chattanooga, and at Chickamauga, where he fell at the head of his forces on the second day of the fight.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 158.


HEIGHT. Elevation, as to occupy or to crown a height; the height of a soldier, &c. (See DISTANCES; SURVEYING.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 332).


HEINTZELMAN, Samuel Peter, soldier, born in Manheim, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 30 September, 1805; died in Washington, D. C, 1 May, 1880. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1826, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant of infantry. He spent several years in border service. and had his first experience of war in Florida, against the Indians. He served during the Mexican War with the rank of captain. At Huamantla he won distinction for bravery, and on 9 October, 1847, he was brevetted major. He organized a battalion of recruits and convalescent soldiers at Vera Cruz, and marched them to the city of Mexico. From 1849 till 1855 he served in California, where he had some rough experience with the Coyote and Yuma Indians, and established Fort Yuma on the Colorado River. In 1859-60 he was in command of the troops on the Rio Grande against Mexican marauders. In May, 1861, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services against the Indians in California, and ordered to Washington to take the office of inspector-general of the forces. In May of the same year he was commissioned colonel of the 17th regular Infantry. On 17 May he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and ordered to the command of a brigade at Alexandria. He commanded a division of McDowell's army at Bull Run, and was wounded. During the organization of the army under General McClellan, in the winter of 1861-2, he retained command of his division. When the Army of the Potomac began to move, in March, 1862, Heintzelman was in command of the 3d Army Corps, was in the battle of Williamsburg on 5 May, was made major-general of volunteers on the same day, took an active part in the battle of Fair Oaks, where he commanded the 3d and 4th Corps, and for his gallantry in both the first and second day's fighting was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army. At the head of his command he took part in the seven days' fighting around Richmond, afterward joined Pope in his Virginia Campaign, and at the second battle of Bull Run his corps formed the right wing of Pope's army. During the Maryland Campaign he was in command of the defences at Washington, and later he was appointed to the command of the Department of Washington, and of the 22d Army Corps, which appointment he held during the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He was relieved in October, 1863, and in January of the following year was put in command of the Northern Department, embracing Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. For some time before August, 1865, he was on court-martial duty. In March of that year he was brevetted major-general in the regular army, and in September resumed command of the 17th U.S. Infantry, in New York Harbor and in Texas. On 22 February, 1869, he was retired with the rank of colonel, and on 29 April, by special act of Congress, was placed on the retired list, with the rank of major-general, to date from 22 February His public career ended with his retirement from the army.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 159-160.


HELENA ROAD, MISSISSIPPI, June 21, 1863.  Detachment of 3d Michigan Cavalry. During the operations of the left wing of the 16th army corps in northwestern Mississippi Company E of the 3d Michigan was sent across the Coldwater river and came upon a considerable force of the enemy on the Helena road. The Confederates took refuge in a log house and for a time held the Federals in check, but upon discovering a force moving to their rear they fled precipitately, leaving 1 man dead on the field. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 497.


HELMET. Defensive armor or covering for the head used by heavy cavalry. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 333).


HELPER, Hinton Rowan, 1829-1909, North Carolina, abolitionist leader, diplomat, writer.  Wrote anti-slavery book, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It, 1857.  It argued that slavery was bad for the South and its economy.  The book was banned from distribution in the South. 

(Dumond, 1961, p. 353; Mabee, 1970, pp. 196, 197, 219, 240, 327; Pease, 1965, pp. 163-172; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 60, 63, 114, 225-226, 333-334, 426, 682-684; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 161-162; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 517; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 420-422; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 10, p. 542)

HELPER, Hinton Rowan, author, born near Mocskville, Davie County. North Carolina, 27 December, 1829. He was graduated at Mocksville academy in 1848. In 1851 he went to California by way of Cape Horn, and spent nearly three years on the Pacific Coast. He was appointed U. S. consul at Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, in 1861, and held this office until 1867. In 1867 he returned to Asheville, North Carolina, where he resided until he settled in New York. He has travelled extensively through North, South, and Central America, in Europe, and also in Africa. He is the projector of the " Three Americas Railway," which he proposes shall eventually form one connected line from Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan. He was the originator and efficient promoter of the commercial commission from the United States to Central and South America. Mr. Helper was brought into notice just before the Civil War by his " Impending Crisis of the South" (New York, 1857). In this book he earnestly opposed slavery on economic grounds, although he was not friendly to the colored race. The work was used by the Republican Party as a campaign document in 1860, and 140,000 copies were sold between 1857 and 1861. His other works are "The Land of Gold" (Baltimore, 1855); "Nojoque, a Question for a Continent" (New York and London, 1867); "The Negroes in Negroland, the Negroes in America, and the Negroes Generally" (New York, 1868); and "The Three Americas Railway " (St. Louis, 1881).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 161-162.


HEMPHILL, John, senator, born in Chester District, South Carolina, in 1803; died in Richmond, Virginia, 4 January, 1862. He was graduated at Jefferson College in 1825, settled at Sumter, and edited a nullification paper in 1832-'3. He then moved to Texas, and for many years was chief justice of the supreme court of that state. In 1858 he was elected U. S. Senator, serving from 1859 till his resignation and subsequent expulsion on 6 July, 1861. Judge Hemphill was one of the fourteen senators who on 6 January, 1861, met in caucus and adopted the resolutions recommending to their states immediate secession, "a general convention to be holden in Montgomery, Alabama" In February, 1861, he was deputy to the Confederate Provisional Congress.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 162.


HENDERSON, John Brooks, 1826-1913, lawyer.  U.S. Senator from Missouri.  Appointed senator in 1863.  Member of the Democrat, Unionist, and Republican Party.  Co-authored and voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery in the United States.

(Appletons’, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 163-164; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 527; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 10, p. 569; Congressional Globe)

HENDERSON, John Brooks, senator, born near Danville, Virginia, 16 November, 1826. He moved with his parents to Missouri in 1836, spent his early years on a farm, and taught while receiving his education. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1848, and in that year and 1856 was elected to the legislature, originating the state railroad and banking laws in 1857. He was a presidential elector in 1856 and 1860, and opposed Pierce's administration after the president’s message on the Kansas question. Mr. Henderson was a delegate to the Charleston Democratic Convention of 1860, and to the State Convention of 1861 to determine whether Missouri should secede. In June. 1861, he equipped a regiment of state militia, which he commanded for a time. On the expulsion of Trusten Polk from the U. S. Senate, in 1862, he was appointed to fill the vacancy, and in 1863 was elected for the full term ending in 1869, serving as chairman on the committee on Indian affairs. He was one of the seven Republican senators whose votes defeated the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. He was a commissioner to treat with hostile tribes of Indians in 1867, and in 1875 was appointed assistant U. S. District attorney to prosecute men that were accused of evading the revenue laws, but reflected on President Grant in one of his arguments and was HH Gen, from this office.— His wife, Mary Foote, author, born in New York about 1835, is a daughter of Judge Elisha Foote (q. v.). She was married to Mr. Henderson in Washington, D. C, moved with him to St. Louis, Missouri, and has taken a wide interest in woman's suffrage, serving as president of the State suffrage Association in 1876. In that year she organized in St. Louis the School of Design, or Industrial Art-School, and in 1879 the Woman's Exchange. From 1881 till 1885 she studied art in the Washington University, St. Louis. She has published "Practical Cooking and Dinner-Giving" (New York, 1876), and "Diet for the Sick " (1885).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 163-164.


HENDERSON, James Pickney, statesman, born in Lincoln County, North Carolina, 31 March, 1808; died in Washington, D. C., 4 June, 1858, was educated in Lincolnton, North Carolina, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. He moved to Mississippi in 1835, remained there till the Texas difficulties began, and, volunteering in the Texan Army, was appointed brigadier-general in 1836. On the disbanding of the troops he was appointed by President Samuel Houston Attorney-General, was subsequently Secretary of State in 1837-9, and in the latter part of this year visited England and France to procure the recognition of Texan independence. Resuming his practice in 1840, he entered into partnership with General Thomas J. Rusk, at San Antonio. He was special minister to the United States in 1844, to negotiate the annexation of the republic, and was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1845. He was elected governor of Texas in 1846, and, in response to the call for volunteers, took command of the Texas Corps, was distinguished at Monterey, and received the thanks of Congress and a sword for bravery in action. In 1857 he was appointed U. S. Senator as a state-rights Democrat, to fill the unexpired term of his partner, Thomas J. Rusk, who had just died. Henderson took his seat in March, 1858, but died before the conclusion of the session.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 165.


HENDERSON, Robert Miller, lawyer, born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 11 March, 1827. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, in 1845. was admitted to the bar in Carlisle in 1847, and served in the legislature in 1851-'3. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered the Union Army as captain in the 36th Pennsylvania Reserves, was appointed lieutenant-colonel of volunteers in 1862, was Provost-Marshal of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in 1863, and in 1865 was brevetted colonel and brigadier-general of volunteers for services during the war. In 1872 he became law judge of the 12th judicial District of Pennsylvania, served ten years, and was elected president judge of the same district in 1882. He has since resigned, and returned to practice.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 165.


HENDERSON, Thomas Jefferson, Congressman, born in Brownsville, Tennessee, 29 November, 1824 he was educated in the common schools of his native town, moved to Illinois, and spent one term at the University of Iowa. He was clerk of the Starr County, Illinois., commissioner's court in 1847-'9, and from 1849 till 1853 clerk of the Starr County Court. In 1855-'60 he was in the legislature, and, joining the National Army in 1862, as colonel of the 112th Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, served till the close of the war. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for services during the rebellion. In 1871 he became collector of internal revenue for the 5th District of Illinois. He was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1874, and has since served by successive re-elections.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 165.


HENDERSON, KENTUCKY, July 18, 1862. A detachment of Morgan's raiders, commanded by Adam R. Johnson, made a descent on Henderson, plundered some of the stores, etc. There was no force at Henderson to resist the operations of the guerrillas, and General Strong, commanding the District of Cairo, called on General Quinby to send a gunboat up the river, but before the preparations could be completed Johnson left the town. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 497.


HENDERSON'S HILL, LOUISIANA, March 21, 1864. Expedition under Brigadier-General Mower. As an incident of the Red River campaign, Brigadier-General Joseph A. Mower with the 1st division, a regiment of infantry and a battery from the 3d division, 16th corps, and the 1st brigade, of the cavalry division, moved out from Alexandria to engage the Confederate force at Henderson's hill on Bayou Rapides. Leaving three regiments of infantry, a section of the artillery and the cavalry to engage the enemy in the front, he took two regiments of infantry, another section of the battery and the 16th Ind. mounted infantry and made a detour to the left to get in the enemy's rear. He captured a courier from General Taylor to the commander of the force and obtained the countersign, thus enabling him to capture the whole command by detail without a shot being fired. The prisoners, numbering 262, were members of the 2nd Louisiana cavalry and Edgar's battery of light artillery. The 4 guns of the latter were also taken. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 497.


MILL, TENNESSEE, October 11, 1863. Cavalry of the Department of the Ohio. As an incident of the East Tennessee campaign, while an infantry division was attacking the Confederate forces under General Williams, Colonel John W. Foster was sent to the rear of the enemy to cut off his retreat. Owing to the condition of the roads Foster did not reach his position at Henderson's mill near Rheatown in time to fully carry out the plan, and the Confederates passed with but slight resistance. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 497.


HENDERSONVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA, April 23, 1865. Cavalry Division, Stoneman's Expedition. At daylight Gillem's cavalry entered Hendersonville only to find that a Confederate force of 300 which had been there the day before had evacuated. Major Slater with the 11th Kentucky was ordered in pursuit and at noon he reported that he had captured 4 pieces of the enemy's artillery and 70 infantry. Some 40o stands of arms were taken in Hendersonville. Henryville, Tennessee, November 23, 1864. Capron's Cavalry Brigade. As the Federal forces were concentrating at Columbia, Tennessee, Colonel Capron was sent by General Schofield to watch the enemy's movements on the Waynesboro road until Hatch and Croxton could get their commands over Shoal creek. Near Henryville Capron was attacked by Chalmers' division of Confederate cavalry and lost 25 men, who were captured. Capron fell back to Fouche springs, where he made another stand, but was struck in rear by Forrest and lost 20 more of his men, most of whom were taken prisoners. By skillful management Capron managed to extricate his command and fell back toward Mount Pleasant and Columbia. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 498.


HENDRICKS, William, statesman, born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in 1783; died in Madison, Indiana, 16 May, 1850. His father was a pioneer settler of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, and a member of the legislature of that state. The son received a common-school education, and moved to Indiana in 1814, being one of the first settlers of the town of Madison. He was chosen secretary of the first State Constitutional Convention, was elected to Congress as a Democrat on the admission of the state, and was three times re-elected, sitting as the sole representative from Wisconsin from 12 December, 1816, till 1822, when he resigned, having been elected governor of Indiana. He was elected a senator in Congress for the term beginning 5 December, 1825, and was re-elected for the succeeding term, serving till 3 March, 1837. In the Senate he served as chairman of the committee on roads and canals.—His nephew, Thomas Andrews, vice-president of the United States, born near Zanesville, Ohio, 7 September, 1819;d. in Indianapolis, Indiana, 25 November, 1885, was the son of John Hendricks, who, six months after the birth of his son, moved to Madison, Indiana, then the residence of his brother William. John Hendricks was appointed by President Jackson a deputy surveyor of public lands, and long served in that capacity. In 1832 he located a homestead on the site of the present town of Shelbyville. Here Thomas A. Hendricks passed his boyhood till he entered South Hanover College, Indiana, where he was graduated in 1841. He then went to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, studied law in the office of his uncle, Judge Thomson, was admitted to the bar in 1843, and returned to Shelbyville to practise. He attained an immediate success in his profession. In 1845 he married Eliza C. Morgan. In the same year he was sent to the legislature, where he served one term, but would not accept a re-election. In 1851 he was elected, without opposition, a member of the convention to revise and amend the Constitution of Indiana. In 1850, and again in 1852, he was elected a member of Congress as a Democrat. At the close of his second term he intended to return to his law practice, but President Pierce appointed him commissioner of the general land office, and he served in that capacity for four years. In 1860 he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the governorship of Indiana, but was defeated by Henry S. Lane. In the same year Mr. Hendricks moved from Shelbyville to Indianapolis. From 1863 till 1869 Mr. Hendricks was a member of the U. S. Senate from Indiana, and was one of the leaders on the Democratic side, serving on the committees on Claims, the Judiciary, Public lands, and Naval Affairs. He strongly combated the Republican plan of reconstruction, and opposed the amendments to the constitution as being hasty. In 1864 he advocated and voted for large appropriations to bring the war to a close, and spoke eloquently in favor of increasing the pay of the soldiers fifty per cent., because of the depreciation of the currency. In the Democratic National Convention of 1868, in New York, on the twenty-first ballot, he received 132 votes as candidate for the presidency, standing next to General Hancock, who received 135; but on the final ballot Horatio Seymour was nominated. In the autumn of that year he was again a candidate for the governorship of Indiana, but was defeated by the Republican candidate, Conrad Baker, who afterward became his law partner. At the close of his senatorial term he returned to Indianapolis, and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1872 he was elected governor of Indiana, defeating Thomas M. Brown. In July, 1874, he was permanent chairman of the State Democratic Convention at Indianapolis. In the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis in June, 1876, he received 133 votes for the presidential nomination, and, when Samuel J. Tilden was nominated, he received 730 out of 738 votes as candidate for the vice-presidency. He was a member of the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in July, 1884, and in behalf of the Indiana delegation nominated Joseph E. McDonald, of that state, for the presidency. After the nomination of Grover Cleveland, William A. Wallace, of Pennsylvania, nominated Thomas A. Hendricks for the vice-presidency, and his nomination was unanimously approved by the convention.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 166.


HENNINGSEN, Charles Frederick, soldier, born in England in 1815; died in Washington, D. C, 14 June, 1877. His parents were Swedes. He joined the Carlist Army in Spain in 1834, and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After the Peace Convention he returned to England, but on the renewal of the war resumed his post, and after the battle of Vielas de los Navarros was promoted colonel and given the command of the cavalry. He was afterward taken prisoner and released on parole. After serving in the Russian Army in Circassia, he joined Kossuth in the Hungarian revolution, becoming military and civil commander of the fortress of Comorn. Afterward he came to the United States as a representative of Hungarian interests, and in October, 1856, joined William Walker in Nicaragua. He was immediately made a brigadier-general, given command of the artillery, and rendered efficient service, distinguishing himself by his defence of Granada, and in the victory at Queresma. He took part in Walker's negotiations with Commodore Davis in 1857, and after the surrender to that officer returned to the United States. At the beginning of the Civil War he entered the Confederate Army as colonel of the 3d Regiment of Wise's brigade, and was afterward made brigadier-general, and served in Virginia. General Henningsen was an able artillerist, and also gave much attention to improvements in small arms, superintending the construction of the first Minié rifles ever made in the United States. He published "Revelations of Russia" (Paris, 1845); "Twelve Months' Campaign with Zumalivcarregui"; "The White Slave," a novel; "Eastern Europe "; "Sixty Years Hence," a novel of Russian life; "Past and Future of Hungary "; "Analogies and Contrasts ";" Personal Recollections of Nicaragua"; and various other works, most of which were published in London.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp.


HENRY, Alexander, mayor of Philadelphia, born in Philadelphia, 14 April, 1823; died there, 6 December, 1883, was the son of John Henry. He was graduated at Princeton in 1840, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1844 In 1856-7 he served in the councils, and in 1858 was elected to the mayoralty on the ticket of the People's Party, composed of Whigs and Republicans. By successive elections he served in the office until 1866, when he declined a renomination. He managed the affairs of Philadelphia during the Civil War with great ability. On the arrival of Mr. Lincoln in Philadelphia, 21 February, 1861, on his way to Washington to be inaugurated, Mayor Henry gave him welcome, and tendered him the hospitality of the city. On 16 April he issued a proclamation declaring that treason against the state or against the United States would not be suffered within the city. First as a member, and afterward as president, of the state board of centennial supervisors, Mr. Henry labored with great efficiency for the success of the International Exhibition of 1876. In addition to many other important offices, he was for many years a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, a member of the park commission, and an inspector of the Eastern Penitentiary, which post he had hold at the time of his decease twenty-eight consecutive years.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 170


HENRY, Morris Henry, physician, born in London, England, 26 July, 1835. He was educated in London and in Belgium, came to the United States, and was graduated in medicine at the University of Vermont in 1860. He was assistant surgeon in the U.S. Navy during the Civil War, and then settled in New York City, and was surgeon-in-chief of the Emigrant Hospital, Ward's Island, in 1872-'80. He is a member of many medical societies, and has invented various surgical methods and appliances, including the application of plano-convex lenses in examining the throat and upper air-passages (1864); cutting-forceps for the removal of plaster dressings (1868); depilating-forceps (1874); and cartilage-scissors to facilitate the removal of dense tissues (1881). He is the originator and editor of the "American Journal of Dermatology," and has published numerous monographs, including " Treatment of Venereal Diseases in Vienna Hospital" (1872), and "Anomalous Localities of Chancres" (1874). He delivered an address on "Specialists and Specialties in Medicine " before the alumni of the University of Vermont in 1876.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 173.


HENRY, Gustavus Adolphus, orator, born in Cherry Spring, Scott County, Kentucky, 8 October, 1804; died in Clarksville, Tennessee, 10 September, 1880, was graduated at Transylvania University in 1825, and became a lawyer. He was a member of the Kentucky legislature in 1831-'3, and shortly afterward moved to Tennessee, where he was one of the leaders of the Whig minority. He achieved great reputation as a public speaker, and was known throughout the south as the "eagle orator of Tennessee." He was in the Tennessee legislature in 1851, was four times on the Whig electoral ticket, and in 1860 was a delegate to the convention at Baltimore that nominated Bell and Everett, afterward speaking in their behalf in the northern states. He was a member of the Confederate Senate from 1861 till the close of the Civil War, and after the fall of Vicksburg, at the request of Jefferson Davis, made public speeches to encourage the people. He was twice a candidate for governor of Tennessee, but was each time defeated by Andrew Johnson.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p.176.


HENRY, Guy Vernon, soldier, born in Fort Smith, Indian territory, 9 March, 1839, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1861, and assigned to the 1st Artillery. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on 14 May, was on General McDowell's staff at the battle of Bull Run, and was brevetted captain, 22 October, 1862, for gallantry in an action near Pocotaligo River, South Carolina He commanded a battalion in Hunter's advance on Charleston in 1863, was acting chief of artillery of the Department of the South in June of that year, and was made colonel of the 40th Massachusetts Regiment on 9 November He commanded a brigade in the Army of the James in 1864-'5, and received the brevets of lieutenant-colonel, 29 September, 1864, and brigadier-general of volunteers, 30 June, 1864, for his services before Petersburg. After the war he became captain in the 1st Artillery, 1 December, 1865, and has since served chiefly on the frontier against hostile Indians. He suffered severely from frostbites in the Black Hills Expedition, and was wounded in the battle of Rose Bud Creek, Montana, with Sitting Bull, 17 June, 1876, losing the use of one eye. On 26 June, 1881, he was promoted to major in the 9th U.S. Cavalry, and is now (1887) stationed at Omaha, Nebraska. He has published " Military Record of Civilian Appointments in the U. S. Army" (2 vols., New York, 1865-71); "Army Catechism for Non-commissioned Officers and Soldiers" (Salt Lake City, 1881); and "Manual on Target Practice" (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1884). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 177


HENSON, Josiah, 1789-1883, born a slave in Maryland, led one hundred slaves to freedom, founded Community of Former Slaves in Ontario, Canada; said to be the basis for Uncle Tom in Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Founded British American Manual Labor Institute in Canada. 

(Dumond, 1961, p. 337; Lobb, 1971; Mabee, 1970, p. 173; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 26, 38, 335-336, 486; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 178; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 544; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 10, p. 621)

HENSON, Josiah, clergyman, born in Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland, 15 June, 1787; died in Dresden, Ontario, in 1881. He was a pure-blooded Negro, and was born and bred as a slave. The story of his life served as the foundation for Mrs. Harriet B. Stowe's novel of “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” When a young man and a preacher, he took all his master's slaves to a relative in Kentucky, to prevent their passing into the hands of creditors. There they were hired out to neighboring planters. He worked most of the time for a good-natured master named St. Clair, whose young daughter read to him. His arms were crippled, like those of Uncle Tom in the novel, the result of a blow from the Maryland overseer. He paid $500 toward purchasing his freedom, but was taken to New Orleans by his master's son to be sold, when the latter was attacked with yellow fever, and the slave accompanied him back to Kentucky and nursed him through his sickness. He finally escaped with his wife, carrying his two children on his back through the swamps to Cincinnati, where he had friends among the colored people, and then across the wilderness to Sandusky, whence they were conveyed to Canada by the benevolent captain of a schooner. “Uncle Si,” as he was called, settled with his family at Colchester, Ontario. He was the captain of a company of colored men during the Canadian rebellion. Subsequently he took up a tract of land on Sydenham River, where the town of Dresden was afterward situated. There he prospered as a farmer, and was the pastor of a church. At the age of fifty-five he began to learn to read and write. He met Mrs. Stowe, and described to her the events of his life. He also wrote an “Autobiography,” which was afterward published, with an introduction by Mrs. Stowe (Boston, 1858). In 1850 he went to England, and lectured in London. He visited England again in 1852, and a third time in 1876, on which occasion he lectured and preached in various cities, and was entertained at Windsor Castle by Queen Victoria. [Appleton’s 1892]


HERNANDO, MISSISSIPPI, March 15-16, 1863. Brigadier-General James R. Chalmers of the Confederate army, reporting from Panola under date of March 18, says: "A part of my command, under Major (G. L.) Blythe, skirmished with the enemy near Hernando on Sunday; killed 1 man. Again on Monday. Enemy's loss reported 8 killed. Our loss, 1 killed." Federal reports make no mention of the affair. Hernando, Mississippi, April 18, 1863. 12th and 33d Wisconsin and 43d Illinois Infantry, 15th Ohio Battery, and detachment of 5th Ohio Cavalry. As an incident of the expedition to Coldwater, Mississippi, Colonel George E. Bryant, with the troops mentioned, reached Hernando at 6 p. m. of the 18th. At 6:30 a Confederate force of between 600 and 700 men under Colonel W. C. Falkner attacked the Federal pickets. The cavalry was sent out to engage the enemy and the rest of the command was formed in line of battle. After half an hour's sharp fighting the Confederates withdrew, having suffered a loss of 30 in killed and wounded. The Federal loss was 4 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 498.


HERNANDO, MISSISSIPPI, June 19, 1863. Detachments of 1st Missouri, 2nd Illinois and 5th Ohio Cavalry. During the raids of the Federal troops from Tennessee into Mississippi, a party of cavalry, commanded by Major John Henry, was attacked at Dr. Atkins' plantation 3 miles from Coldwater, by a Confederate force under Brigadier-General James R. Chalmers. The 7th Tennessee cavalry led the charge, driving the 1st Missouri, and in the general attack which followed the whole Union command was routed and fled. The Confederates pursued some 15 miles, capturing Major Henry and 87 of his men. The Confederate casualties were 1 man killed and 10 wounded. The Union loss in killed and wounded was never officially given, but Chalmers estimated it at between 20 and 30. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 498.


HERRICK, Anson, 1812-1868, journalist.  Democratic Member of the U.S. House of Representatives.  Served in Congress December 1863-March 1865.  Voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. III, p. 187; Congressional Globe)

HERRICK, Anson, journalist, born in Lewiston, Maine, 21 January, 1812; died in New York City, 5 February, 1868. His father was a representative in Congress from Maine. The son received a common-school education, and at the age of fifteen was apprenticed to a printer. In 1833 he established “The Citizen" at Wiscassett, Maine, and in 1836 moved to New York City and worked as a journeyman printer till 1838, when he began the publication of the New York "Atlas," a weekly journal. In 1857 he was appointed naval store-keeper of the Port of New York, and in 1862 was elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving from 3 December, 1863, to March, 1865. He was a delegate in 1866 to the National Union Convention at Philadelphia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p.187.


HERRICK, Stephen Solon, physician and surgeon, born in West Randolph, Vermont, 11 December, 1833. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1854, and taught in Kentucky and Mississippi till 1859. He then studied medicine, and was graduated M. D. at the University of Louisiana in 1861. He served as assistant surgeon in the Confederate Army in 1862-'3, and afterward in the navy of the Confederacy till the end of the war, and then returned to New Orleans to practise. He was one of the editors of the New Orleans "Medical and Surgical Journal "in 1866-7, visiting surgeon in the New Orleans Charity Hospital in 1865-'9, a member of the Louisiana board of health, and professor of chemistry in the New Orleans school of medicine in 1869-70.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 187-188.


HERRING CREEK, VIRGINIA, July 17, 1864. Sailors and Marines from the U. S. Gunboat Parke. Captain A. L. Fitch, commanding the gunboat, landed at the Herring creek wharf at 12:30 a. m. and sent ashore 50 sailors and 30 marines to capture a detachment of Confederate cavalry known to be in the vicinity. A small skirmishing party of 10 sailors moved in advance and when about 800 yards from the river was fired upon by the enemy's pickets. The fire was promptly returned and Fitch ordered the marines to the right at the double-quick, while with the remainder of his little command he charged on the run in front. Meantime the enemy was gradually forcing back the skirmish line, but when Fitch came up the Confederates retreated down the road. Being well mounted they could not be overtaken, and after a short chase the pursuit was discontinued. Fitch had 1 man slightly wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 498.


HERRON, Francis Jay, soldier, born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 17 February, 1837. He was graduated at the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1853, and about 1856 moved to Dubuque, Iowa, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1861 he organized and commanded the Governor's Grays, with which he served in the 1st Iowa Regiment, and was engaged in the battles of Dug Springs, Ozark, and Wilson's Creek. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 9th Iowa Regiment in September, 1861, commanding it through the campaigns in Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. He was wounded and captured in the battle of Pea Ridge during the second day's engagement, but was soon exchanged. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 July, 1862, and had command of the Army of the Frontier during the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, for which he was made major-general of volunteers. 29 November, 1862. Subsequently he captured Van Buren, Arkansas. After commanding the left wing of the investing forces at Vicksburg, and of the army and navy expedition that captured Yazoo City, he was in charge of the 13th Army Corps on the Texas Coast till he was assigned to command the Northern Division of Louisiana during General Banks's operations. In May, 1865, he negotiated, and in June received, the formal surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Army and all Confederate forces west of the Mississippi, and in July, 1865, was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate treaties with the Indian tribes. He resigned his commission as major-general and also that of Indian Commissioner in August, 1865. He then practised law in New Orleans, was U. S. Marshal of the District of Louisiana from 1867 till 1869, Secretary of State of Louisiana in 1872-'3, and has since practised his profession in New York City.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 189.


HETH, William (heath), soldier, born in Virginia in 1735; died in Richmond, Virginia, 15 April, 1808. He was an officer in General Richard Montgomery's regiment during the French war, and was wounded at the battle of Quebec. At the beginning of the Revolution he joined the Continental Army; in 1777 was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Virginia Regiment, and was in command till the end of the war, serving with General Benjamin Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. After the war he received a lucrative government office under General Washington.—Heath, His grandson, Henry, soldier, born in Virginia in 1825, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1847, and, entering the 6th U.S. Infantry, became 1st lieutenant in 1853, adjutant in 1854, and captain in 1855. In 1861 he resigned, and entered the Confederate Army as brigadier-general. In May, 1863, he was commissioned major-general. He commanded a division of General Ambrose P. Hill's corps in Virginia, and was engaged at the battle of Gettysburg and in the campaigns of 1864-'5. Since the war he has been engaged in business in South Carolina.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 190.


HEWIT, Henry Stewart, surgeon, born in Fairfield, Connecticut, 26 December, 1825; died in New York City, 19 August, 1873, was educated at Yale, and graduated in medicine from the University of New York in 1848, entering the army as acting assistant-surgeon in the autumn of this year. He was stationed at Vera Cruz during the latter part of the Mexican War, in 1849 was commissioned assistant surgeon, was stationed at Fort Yuma, California, and accompanied Captain William H. Warner on the surveying expedition in which that officer was killed by the Sierra Nevada Indians. In the spring of 1852 he resigned from the army, and, removing to San Francisco, practised medicine there three years. He then returned to New York, and established himself in his profession. In August, 1861, he re-entered the army as brigade-surgeon of volunteers, served under General Charles F. Smith, and afterward as medical director on General Grant's staff at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg. He afterward served on the staff of General John M. Scofield, and was brevetted colonel in March, 1865, for gallant conduct during the war. Dr. Hewit became a Roman Catholic in 1855, and was devoted to the benevolent enterprises of his church. Settling in New York after the war, he had charge of the House of the Good Shepherd, was a director of St. Stephen's Orphan Asylum, and president of the Medical Board of the Charity Hospital.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 191-192.


HEWITT, Abrum Stevens, statesman, born in Haverstraw. New York, 31 July, 1822. He was educated first at a public school in New York City, where by a special examination he gained a scholarship at Columbia, and was graduated in 1842 at the head of his class. During his college course he supported himself by teaching, and after his graduation he remained as an assistant, being in 1843 acting professor of mathematics. In 1844 he visited Europe with his classmate, Edward Cooper, whose partner he afterward became, and whose sister he married in 1855. Meanwhile he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, after an examination in which twenty-four out of fifty-seven applicants were rejected. He soon gave up the practice of his profession on account of impaired eyesight, and became associated with Peter Cooper in the iron business. The firm of Cooper and Hewitt now own and control the Trenton, Ringwood, Pequest, and the Durham Ironworks. The development and management of these vast enterprises have been principally the result of Mr. Hewitt's efforts. In 1862 he went to England to learn the process of making gun-barrel iron, and at a heavy loss to his firm furnished the U. S. government with material during the Civil War. The introduction of the Martins-Siemens or open-hearth process for the manufacture of steel in this country is due to his judgment. No serious labor troubles have ever affected their works, and in times of commercial depression the furnaces have been carried on at a loss, rather than add by suspension to the distress of the community. The plan of the Cooper Union was devised by its own trustees, with Mr. Hewitt as their active head, and as secretary of this board he has directed its financial and educational details, bestowing upon it for more than a quarter of a century an amount of labor exceeding the duties of some college presidents. He left the Tammany, joined the Irving Hall Society, and was one of the organizers of the County Democracy in 1879. He was elected to Congress in 1874, and served continuously, with the exception of one term, until 1886. Mr. Hewitt was an advocate of honest financial legislation, of a moderate and discriminating tariff reform, and has been a frequent speaker on subjects connected with finance, labor, and the development of national resources. The U. S. Geological Survey owes its existence principally to an address delivered in its favor by Mr. Hewitt, and his speeches generally have commanded the attention of both parties. In October. 1886, he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for mayor of New York City, and at the subsequent election received 90,552 votes against 68,110 for Henry George and 60,435 for Theodore Roosevelt. His management of the municipal government has been marked by a rigid enforcement of the laws, and holding the heads of the various departments to a strict accountability. Mr. Hewitt was chairman of the Democratic national committee in 1876. He has taken an interest in all matters pertaining to the development of New York City, and in 1883 was chosen to be the orator at the opening of the East River Bridge. Columbia gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1887, and he was the president of its alumni association in 1883. In 1876 he was elected president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and his retiring address on "A Century of Mining and Metallurgy in the United States attracted favorable criticism at home and abroad. His report on "Iron and Steel" at the World's Fair held in Paris in 1867 was received with approval, and was republished at home and abroad.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 192.


HEWITT, Charles Nathaniel, physician, born in Vergennes, Vermont, 3 June, 1836. He was educated at Hobart College, and was graduated at the Albany Medical College in 1857. He practised his profession in Geneva, New York, until 1861, when he entered the U. S. Army as assistant surgeon of the 50th New York Regiment, and rose to the rank of brigade surgeon. After the war he moved to Red Wing, Minnesota, where he is professor of public health in the University of Minnesota. Dr. Hewitt devotes himself especially to surgery, and has invented a modification of the starch bandage. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 192.


HEYWOOD, Charles, officer of marines, born in Waterville, Maine, 3 October, 1839. He was appointed a 2d lieutenant in the Marine Corps from New York on 5 April, 1858, commissioned 1st lieutenant in May, 1861, and captain on 23 November, 1861. He was in active service during the Civil War, and was attached to the North Atlantic, and subsequently to the Gulf, Squadron as fleet marine-officer. He was engaged at the battle of Hatteras Inlet on 28 August, 1861, and continued to serve on the sloop " Cumberland" till that vessel was sunk on 8 March, 1862, by the Confederate ram " Merrimac." For his conduct during this engagement he was brevetted major. He was attached to the frigate " Sabine" on special service in 1863, and to the steam sloop "Hartford," the flagship of Farragut's squadron, in 1864-'5. He took part in the battle of Mobile Bay, and was brevetted for gallantry in that action. He was promoted major on 1 November, 1876. In 1886 he was on duty at the U.S. Navy-yard in Brooklyn, New York.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 194.


HEYWOOD, Ezra Hervey, 1829-1893, abolitionist, temperance activist, women’s rights advocate.  Member of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.  Follower of William Lloyd Garrison.  (American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 10, p. 727; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 428-429; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 609)


HICKENLOOPER, Andrew, engineer, born in Hudson, Ohio, 31 August, 1837. He was educated at Woodward College, Cincinnati, but was not graduated, and in 1855 became city surveyor of that city, afterward conducting the government survey of Indian lands at Little Travers Bay. He was made captain of the 5th Ohio Independent Battery on 31 August, 1861, and was afterward chief of artillery and chief engineer of the 17th Corps, Army of the Tennessee, till after the capture of Vicksburg. He was then judge-advocate-general and afterward chief of artillery of that army, and was finally given command of a brigade in the 17th Corps. He was engaged in the principal battles of the Army of the Tennessee from Shiloh to Sherman's campaign through the Carolinas, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. After the war he was U. S. Marshal for the Southern District of Ohio in 1866-'70, elected city civil engineer of Cincinnati in 1871, and in 1877 became president of the Cincinnati Gas-light and Coke Company, of which he had been vice-president since 1872. In 1880 he was chosen lieutenant-governor of Ohio. He has published "Competition in the Manufacture and Delivery of Gas (1881), and "Incandescent Electric Lights for Street Illumination" (1886). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 195.


HICKMAN, KENTUCKY, September 4, 1861. Gunboats Tyler and Lexington. During the operations of the Federal army in southeastern Missouri and western Kentucky the two gunboats acting in conjunction were sent down the river on a reconnaissance. Near Hickman was discovered a Confederate gunboat which immediately opened fire, and one of the enemy's batteries also joined. The Federal gunboats fired several shots in return, and then retired up the river. While passing Columbus and the chalk banks the Confederates again opened fire with artillery and musketry. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 498.


HICKORY GROVE, MISSOURI, September 19, 1862. 6th Kansas Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 498.


HICKORY HILL, SOUTH CAROLINA, February 1, 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 15th Army Corps. The corps broke camp at McPhersonville at 7 a. m. and moved toward Hickory Hill, the 1st division in advance. The road was found to be obstructed by fallen timber, and at every swamp a detachment of the enemy had to be dislodged from behind rail barricades. At 3 p. m. the advance reached the bridge over the Coosawhatchie river opposite Hickory Hill. Here a strong force of the enemy was found posted on the opposite side of the stream, with outposts thrown forward to guard the causeway and approaches to the bridge. General W. B. Woods, commanding the 1st brigade, deployed the 27th, 31st and 32nd Missouri, and the 26th la., and pushed them forward in line of battle to drive off the enemy and save the bridge. The river could not be crossed except by means of the bridge, so the skirmishers were ordered to advance along the causeway and if possible carry the bridge. Although the skirmish line was pushed forward in the face of a sharp fire, not a man was injured, and in a very short time the Confederates were driven from their positions on both sides of the river. The skirmishers were then supported and the bridge, which had been somewhat injured by the enemy in an effort to destroy it, was repaired so that the entire corps could cross in safety. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 498-499.


Hickory Station, Arkansas, April 2, 1865. Detachment of 112th U. S. Colored Infantry. Captain Richard C. Custard, in charge of a train guard of 19 men, reports that a band of 25 Confederates tore up the rails for some distance and then attacked his command but were repulsed with the loss of 1 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 499.


HICKS, Thomas Holliday, statesman, born in Dorchester County, Maryland, 2 September, 1798; died in Washington, D. C, 13 February, 1865. He worked on his father's farm in boyhood, received a plain education, and was constable and sheriff of his county until he engaged in mercantile pursuits in 1831. In 1836 he was elected to the state house of representatives. He became register of wills in 1838, in 1849 was a member of the Constitutional Convention, and from 1858 till 1862 was governor of Maryland, strongly opposing secession. His firmness and adroit management were among the efficient means of saving Maryland to the Union. He refused, in a published address, to call a special meeting of the legislature to consider an ordinance of secession, although he was formally requested to do so by a majority of the state senate, who were sympathizers with the seceding states, and, when the attack on the Massachusetts 6th Regiment was made in Baltimore, he issued a proclamation declaring that all his authority would be exercised in favor of the government. He was appointed to the U. S. Senate as a Republican on the death of James A. Pearce, was subsequently elected by the legislature, serving from 1863 till his death. His term would have ended in 1867. In the Senate he was a member of the committees on Naval Affairs.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 196-197.


HIERARCHY, (MILITARY.) The essential element for the government and service of an army is a military hierarchy, or the creation of different grades of rank, to which different functions and powers are assigned, the lower in regular subordination to the next higher in the ascending scale. It should be founded on the principle that every one acts in an army under the orders of a superior, who exercises his authority only within limits established by law. This authority of the superior should be greater or less according to rank and position, and be proportioned to his responsibilities. Orders should be executed without hesitation; but responsibilities should be confined to him who gives orders in virtue of the superior authority with which he is invested; to him who takes the initiative in an order; to him who does not execute an order that he has received; and to him who usurps a command or continues illegally to exercise its functions.

The grades of the military hierarchy are: 1. The President of the United States; 2. The Lieut.-general; 3. Major-generals; 4. Brigadier-generals; 5. Colonels; 6. Lieutenant-colonels; 7. Majors; 8 Captains; 9. Lieutenants; 10. Cadets; 11. Sergeants; 12. Corporals; 13. Privates. The military hierarchy is determined and consecrated within its sphere of action by: 1. Grades of rank created by military laws; 2. By other laws regulating the exercise of rank; 3. By military insignia; 4. By military honors; and 5. By the military oath. (See PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AND OTHER GRADES OF THE HIERARCHY; BREVET; COMMISSION; COMMAND; GOVERNMENT; LINE; OATH; OBEDIENCE; OFFICER; ORDERS; RANK; REGULATION.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 333).


HIGBY, William, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


HIGGINSON, Thomas Wentworth Storrow, 1823-1911, author, editor, Unitarian clergyman, radical abolitionist, women’s rights advocate, secretly supported radical abolitionist John Brown, and his raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, (West) Virginia, on October 16, 1859.  Served as a Colonel in the 1st South Carolina Volunteers, the first African American regiment formed under the Federal Government. 

(Edelstein, 1968; Mabee, 1970, pp. 309, 312, 318, 319, 321, 336, 345, 377; Renehan, 1995; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 138, 207, 327, 337-338, 478-479; Rossbach, 1982; Sernett, 2002, pp. 205, 208, 211, 213, 325-326n3; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 199; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 16; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 431-434; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 10, p. 757; Wells, Anna Mary. Dear Preceptor… 1963.  Higginson, Thomas, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 1870)

HIGGINSON, Thomas Wentworth, author, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 22 December, 1823, was graduated at Harvard in 1841 and at the divinity-school in 1847, and in the same year was ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational Church in Newburyport, Massachusetts. He left this church on account of anti-slavery preaching in 1850, and in the same year was an unsuccessful Free-Soil candidate for Congress. He was then pastor of a free Church in Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1852 till 1858. when he left the ministry, and devoted himself to literature. He had been active in the anti-slavery agitation of this period, and for his part in the attempted rescue of a fugitive slave (see Burns, Anthony) was indicted for murder with Theodore Parker, Wendell Phillips, and others, but was discharged through a flaw in the indictment. He also aided in the organization of parties of free-state emigrants to Kansas in 1856, was personally acquainted with John Brown, and served as brigadier-general on James H. Lane's staff in the free-state forces. He became captain in the 51st Massachusetts Regiment, 25 September, 1862, and on 10 November was made colonel of the 1st South Carolina Volunteers (afterward called the 33d U. S. Colored Troops), the first regiment of freed slaves mustered into the national service, he took and held Jacksonville, Florida, but was wounded at Wiltown Bluff, South Carolina, in August. 1863, and in October, 1864, resigned on account of disability. He then engaged in literature at Newport, Rhode Island, till 1878, and afterward at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he has since resided. He is an earnest advocate of woman suffrage, and of the higher education for both sexes. He was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1880 and 1881, serving as chief of staff to the governor during the same time, and in 1881-'3 was a member of the state board of education. He has contributed largely to current literature, and several of his books consist of essays that first appeared in "The Atlantic Monthly." His first publication was a compilation with Samuel Longfellow of poetry for the sea-side, entitled "Thalatta " (Boston, 1853). He is the author of "Out-door Papers" (Boston, 1863); "Malbone, an Oldport Romance "(1869); "Army Life in a Black Regiment" (1870; French translation by Madame de Gasparin. 1884): "Atlantic Essays" (1871); "The Sympathy of Religions" (1871); "Oldport Days" (1873): "Young Folks' History of the United States " (1875; French translation, 1875; German translation, Stuttgart, 1876); "History of Education in Rhode Island " (1876): " Young Folks' Book of American Explorers" (1877); "Short Studies of American Authors" (1879); "Common-Sense about Women" (1881); "Life of Margaret Fuller Ossoli" (" American Men of Letters " series, 1884); "Larger History of the United States" to the close of Jackson's administration (New York, 1885); "The Monarch of Dreams " (1880); and " Hints on Writing and Speech-making" (1887). He has also translated the "Complete Works of Epictetus" (Boston, 1865), and edited "Harvard Memorial Biographies" (2 vols.. 1866), and "Brief Biographies of European Statesmen " (4 vols., New York, 1875-'7). Several of his works have been reprinted in England.—Thomas Wentworth's nephew, Francis John, naval officer, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 19 July, 1843, was graduated at the Naval Academy in 1861, and ordered into active service. He participated in the boat expedition from the "Colorado" that destroyed the Confederate privateer "Judith" in Pensacola U.S. Navy-yard, and was present at the passage of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, acting as signal midshipman to Captain Theodoras Bailey. He took part in the blockade of Charleston. South Carolina, and the bombardment of Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie, was on board the " Housatonic" when she was blown up by a torpedo off Charleston, and commanded a detachment of launches operating by night on the communications between Morris Island and Charleston. He became lieutenant in 1862, lieutenant-commander in 1866, and commander in 1876, and is now (1887) in charge of the torpedo station at Newport, Rhode Island.—The first Stephen's great-grandson, Henry Lee, banker, born in New York City, 18 November, 1834, entered Harvard in 1851, but left before the end of his second year. He served in the Civil War, attaining the rank of major and brevet lieutenant-colonel in the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry, and was severely wounded at Aldie, Virginia. in 1863. Since the war he has engaged in banking in Boston. He has devoted much of his income to the promotion of music there, and especially to the organization of „the symphony orchestra.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 199.


HIGH BRIDGE, VIRGINIA, April 6, 1865. 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, 54th Pennsylvania and 123d Ohio Infantry. At 4 a. m. of this date this detachment, under command of General Theodore Read, left Burkeville to destroy High bridge over the Appomattox river about 5 miles from Farmville. The cavalry advance met the enemy when within about 2 miles of the bridge and immediately engaged and drove him almost to Farmville. Here the Confederate artillery opened on the advance, compelling it to fall back to near Rice's Station, where the infantry was hotly engaged. Read ordered the cavalry to charge into the woods on the left, which it did with great success, but on its return it was surrounded and after a severe fight captured by a superior force of the enemy. Some 15 members of the cavalry were killed or wounded. The enemy's loss was not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 499.


HIGH BRIDGE, VIRGINIA, April 7, 1865. (See Farmville.)


HILL, Ambrose Powell, soldier, born in Culpeper County, Virginia, 9 November. 1825; died near Petersburg, Virginia, 2 April, 1865. His father, Major Thomas Hill, was a politician and merchant for many years. The son was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1847, and. entering the 1st U.S. Artillery, was made a 2d lieutenant, 22 August, 1847. He served in Mexico during the war, and was engaged in Florida against the Seminoles in 1849-'50. On 4 September, 1851, he was promoted to 1st lieutenant of the 1st Artillery, and afterward to a captaincy. In November, 1855, he was made an assistant on the Coast Survey, and was stationed in Washington until 1 March. 1861, when he resigned. When Virginia seceded he was appointed colonel of the 13th Regiment of Virginia Volunteers, and was ordered to Harper's Ferry. At the first battle of Bull Run he arrived with his regiment among those of General Johnston's command, in time to share in the last of the fight. He was promoted to brigadier-general, and fought at the battle of Williamsburg in May, 1862. with such spirit and determination that he was made a major-general. On 25 June. 1862, he was one of the council of war held in Richmond, at which were present Generals Lee, Jackson, Longstreet, D. H. Hill, and others. In the seven days' battles around Richmond he opened the series of engagements by driving McClellan's forces from Meadow Bridge, thus clearing a way for Longstreet and A. H. Hill to advance. He occupied the centre of Lee's army in the attacks against McClellan, and gained a reputation for bravery and skill in the handling of his troops. He was active in the succeeding campaign against General Pope, and at the second battle of Bull Run, 29 and 30 July, 1862. He received the surrender of the National troops at Harper's Ferry on 17 September, 1862, and, making a forced march, arrived at Antietam in time to enable General Lee to maintain his ground. At the battle of Fredericksburg. 13 December 1862, his division formed the right of Jackson's Corps; at Chancellorsville. 5 and 6 May, 1863, it formed the centre, and participated in the flank movement that crushed Hooker's right. In the assault he was severely wounded, and had to retire from the field. For his gallantry in this battle he was promoted, 20 May, 1863, to lieutenant-general, and given command of one of the three grand corps into which the army was divided. He led his corps at Gettysburg, and in the affair at Bristow Station, October, 1863, while in command of two brigades, was repelled with severe loss. On 22 June, 1864. his corps, with Longstreet's, repelled the attack on the Weldon Railroad. A few weeks before the final attack on the Southside Railroad and the defences of Petersburg, General Hill was taken ill and granted leave of absence, but he returned before his leave expired, 31 March. On Sunday morning, 2 April, 1865, in the struggle for the possession of the works in front of Petersburg, he attempted, contrary to the wishes of General Lee, to reach Heth's division, and was shot from his horse by stragglers from the National Army. By General Lee's orders a charge was made, and his body recovered and buried in Chesterfield County. Afterward it was moved to Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia General Hill married a sister of General John Morgan, the Confederate cavalry leader, and left two daughters.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 202-203.


HILL, Benjamin Harvey, statesman, born in Jasper County, Georgia, 14 September. 1823; died in Atlanta, Georgia, 19 August, 1882. He was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1844 with the first honors, studied law, and within a twelvemonth was admitted to the bar, beginning to practise at La Grange, Georgia. He advanced rapidly in his profession, and early took an active part in politics. In 1851 he was elected to the legislature, and from that time was a recognized leader of the Whig Party. In 1856 he was nominated an elector for the state at large on the American or Know-Nothing ticket, and in his support of Millard Fillmore his reputation as an orator was greatly enhanced. In 1859 Mr. Hill was elected to the state senate as a Unionist. In 1860 his name was on the Bell and Everett electoral ticket. He was a Unionist member of the State Secession Convention, which met at Milledgeville, 10 January, 1861, and made a speech of great power against the secession ordinance, but afterward, with many other friends of the Union, thinking it best to avoid a division at home, voted for it. He was a member of the Confederate Provisional Congress of 1861, and shortly afterward was elected to the Confederate Senate, in which he continued to serve until the close of the Civil War. He was arrested in May, 1865, and confined in Fort Lafayette, New York Harbor, but was released on parole in July, and returned to his home. For some years afterward he held no office, but took an active part in politics, denouncing the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, especially in a speech that he delivered at a mass meeting in Atlanta, and that became famous in the state. His ' Notes on the Situation," opposing the reconstruction measures, attracted wide attention. Mr. Hill supported Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872, and was a member of the convention that was held at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York, by the friends of that gentleman. In 1875 he was elected to fill a vacancy in Congress as a Democrat, and by his speech in the debate on the Amnesty Bill made a great impression. Mr. Hill was re-elected in 1876, and made a speech on 17 January, 1877, in support of the Electoral Commission Bill, insisting that it was wholly constitutional, wise in its provisions, and patriotic in its purpose. Before the close of his term in the house he was elected by the legislature of Georgia to a seat in the U. S. Senate, where he served till his death. In the Senate he made some of his finest speeches, among them that in denunciation of Mr. Mahone's coalition with the Republican Party. In the midst of his career Mr. Hill's health gave way. In 1878-'9 a slight pimple on the left side of his tongue developed into a cancer, and he was operated upon three times from 21 July, 1881, till 20 March, 1882. For a month before his death his power of articulation was almost gone, and he used a writing-pad to make known his wishes. His funeral in Atlanta was attended by an immense concourse of people, by the state officials, a delegation from both houses of Congress, and by the chancellor and faculty of the University of Georgia. Since Mr. Hill's death, a monument has been erected to him in Atlanta; it is a life-size statue of white marble, representing him as looking down from the pedestal on which he stands, and is placed at the junction of two of the finest streets of the city, in full view of his former residence.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 203.


HILL, Daniel Harvey, soldier, born at Hill's Iron-Works, York District, South Carolina, 12 July, 1821. His great-grandfather came from Ireland and settled in York, Pennsylvania, whence his grandfather, William Hill, moved to South Carolina, and established "Hill's Iron-Works" in connection with his friend, Colonel Isaac Hayne. Solomon Hill, General Hill's father, joined with Edmund Hayne, son of Colonel Isaac Hayne, in reviving the iron-works (destroyed during the Revolutionary War), which they conducted for some years, until Mr. Hill's death. The son was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1842, and went immediately to Maine to serve on the frontier during the troubles with England in reference to the boundary-line. He was in nearly every important battle in the Mexican War, and was a member of the storming party at Chapultepec, where he and Lieutenant James Stewart had a foot-race for the honor of being the first to enter a strongly occupied Mexican fort. For service in this battle, Captain Hill was brevetted major, as he had been previously brevetted captain for "gallant and meritorious conduct" at Contreras and Churubusco. Just after the Mexican War he resigned his commission, and was elected professor of mathematics in Washington College, Lexington, Virginia He held this place for six years, and for five years filled the same chair in Davidson College, North Carolina, and went thence to be superintendent of the North Carolina Military Institute at Charlotte. At the beginning of the Civil War he was made colonel of the 1st North Carolina Regiment, in command of which he fought and won the battle of Big Bethel, 10 June, 1861, soon after which he was made brigadier-general and sent to command the extreme left of General Joseph E. Johnston's army at Leesburg, Virginia He was promoted to major-general, 20 March, 1802, and distinguished himself in the Seven Days Battles on the Peninsula. During the first Maryland Campaign General Hill made a stubborn fight at Boonesboro. He also participated in the battle of Fredericksburg. During the Chancellorsville Campaign he was in command in North Carolina, and during the Gettysburg Campaign he commanded the defences of Richmond and Petersburg. On 11 July, 1863, he was commissioned lieutenant-general and placed at the head of a corps in Bragg's army. He was at Chickamauga, and shared the fortunes of the Army of Tennessee, until he surrendered with General Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina in April, 1865. For some years after the war he edited "The Land We Love," a monthly magazine, which he founded at Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1877 he was elected president of the University of Arkansas, and he is now (1887) president of the Military and Agricultural College of Georgia at Milledgeville. General Hill is a contributor to current literature, and has published an algebra, "A Consideration of the Sermon on the Mount" (Philadelphia, 1858), and "The Crucifixion of Christ" (1860).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 203-204.


HILL, John, Congressman, born in Catskill, New York, 10 June, 1821; died in Boonton, New Jersey, 24 July, 1884. He was educated at private schools, and at an early age was clerk in the bank of which his father was cashier. In 1845 he became paymaster of the New Jersey Iron Company at Boonton, New Jersey, and afterward engaged in business there. He was postmaster of the town in 1849-'53, justice of the peace in 1856-'61, and was elected to the New Jersey Assembly in 1861, 1862, and 1866, serving as speaker during his last term. He was active in raising troops during the Civil War, and at its close was elected to Congress as a Republican, serving from 1867 till 1873, and again from 1881 till 1883. Mr. Hill was an active member of the house committee on Post-offices and Post-roads, and was earnest in promoting postal reform. When he first entered Congress he introduced a bill to abolish the franking privilege, and he was also the author of the bill providing for the issue of postal-cards. In December, 1881, he introduced a bill reducing letter postage to two cents a half an ounce, which was finally passed on 2 March, 1883, owing largely to his persistent efforts. Mr. Hill received many resolutions of thanks from various public bodies for his interest in the matter. He was an elder of the Presbyterian Church at Boonton, and was active in religious affairs. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 205.


HILL, Joshua, statesman, born in Abbeville District, South Carolina, 10 January, 1812. He moved to Georgia early in life, and was admitted to the bar of that state, beginning to practise at Madison. He was afterward chosen to Congress as an American, and served from 1857 till 23 January, 1861, when he resigned his seat, in obedience to the wishes of the Georgia Convention, though he was strongly opposed to secession. He had a few days previously made a conciliatory speech, which had been well received. During the Civil War he remained quietly on his plantation, and took no part in public affairs, save that he was a candidate for governor of his state in 1863, and was defeated by Joseph E. Brown, he took part in the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention called in pursuance of President Johnson's proclamation in 1866, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the U. S. Senate in the same year. He then moved to Washington, but in 1868, after the organization of a state government in Georgia, under the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, he was elected U. S. Senator from that state, and served till 1873. In 1872 he took an active part in the discussion with Charles Sumner on the civil rights bill.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 205.


HILLIARD, Henry Washington, lawyer, born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, 4 August, 1808. He moved with his parents to Columbia, South Carolina, at an early age, and was graduated at South Carolina College in 1826. He studied law and moved to Athens, Georgia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1829, and practised two years. In 1831 he was elected to a professorship in Alabama University, Tuscaloosa, but resigned in 1834 and practised law successfully in Montgomery. Meanwhile he was also a lay preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1838 he was elected to the Alabama Legislature, and in 1840 he was a member of the Harrisburg Whig Convention. In answer to a series of articles upon the question of the sub-treasury, by Dixon H. Lewis, under the signature of " A Nullifier," Mr. Hilliard wrote six papers signed "Junius Brutus," which were published in a Whig journal of Montgomery County. From 1842 till 1844 he was charge d'affaires in Belgium. On his return he was elected to Congress from Alabama, and served from 1845 till 1851. In 1846 he was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In Congress he opposed the Wilmot Proviso, and advocated the compromise measures of 1850. He was a candidate for elector on the Fillmore ticket in 1856, and in 1860 on the Bell-and-Everett ticket, visiting Mr. Everett in Boston, where he delivered an address in Faneuil Hall, he opposed secession in 1861, but after the convention of Alabama had passed the ordinance he espoused the cause of the Confederacy. He was appointed by Jefferson Davis Commissioner to Tennessee, and also accepted the commission of brigadier-general in the provisional Confederate Army, for which he raised 3,000 men. After the Civil War he resumed his law practice in Augusta, and subsequently moved to Atlanta, where he now (1887) resides. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress, and he took an active part in the presidential canvass of 1872, advocating the election of Horace Greeley. In 1877 he was appointed U. S. minister to Brazil, where he remained till 1881. He has given much of his attention to literature, and has published "Roman Nights," translated from the Italian (Philadelphia, 1848); "Speeches and Addresses " (New York, 1855); and "De Vane, a Story of Plebeians and Patricians" (New York, 1865; 2d ed., Nashville, 1886).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 209.


HILLIS, David B., was colonel of the 17th Iowa Regiment in the Civil War, and received the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 209.


HILLSBORO, ALABAMA, December 29, 1864. Detachment of Steedman's Cavalry. Colonel W. J. Palmer, of the 15th Pennsylvania cavalry, with his own regiment, and parts of the 10th, 12th and 13th Ind. and 2nd Tennessee, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Prosser, were sent out from Decatur by General Steedman to find and overcome Roddey's cavalry. Prosser moved by the Courtland road and Palmer by the Brown's Ferry road, the object of the latter being to get in Roddey's rear, and at the same time be in a position to intercept any force coming up from Bainbridge, where Hood's army was crossing the Tennessee river on its retreat from Nashville. Prosser encountered the enemy at Hillsboro, and after a running skirmish of 5 miles found Roddey's main force drawn up in line of battle at Pond springs. Without hesitation he charged the Confederates, drove them back through Courtland and pursued them to Town creek. In making his attack on Roddey, and in the pursuit which followed, Prosser moved so rapidly that Palmer did not reach the rear of the Confederate position in time to take part in the action. Prosser captured 45 prisoners, killed 1 and wounded 2 of the enemy, and reported a loss of 1 man wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 499.


HILLSBORO, GEORGIA, July 30-31, 1864. (See Stoneman's Raid to Macon.) Hillsboro, Kentucky, October 8, 1861. Flemingsburg Home Guards. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 499.


HILLSBORO, MISSISSIPPI, February 10, 1864. Cavalry of 17th Army Corps. The report of Colonel E. F. Winslow, chief of cavalry of the 17th corps, contains the only mention of this affair. The following extract is from Winslow's report: "Marched on 10th instant 16 miles, passing through Hillsboro, where we had a short skirmish." The engagement occurred during the Meridian campaign.


HILLSBORO, TENNESSEE, June 29, 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 14th Army Corps. This brigade under Brigadier-General John Beatty was just leaving Hillsboro on the Manchester and Winchester road when the head of the column was attacked by a detachment of Confederate cavalry. The result was the killing of 1, the wounding of 1 and the capture of another of the.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 499-500.


HILL'S GAP, TENNESSEE, October 3, 1863. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 500.


HILL'S PLANTATION, ARKANSAS, July 7, 1862. Detachments, Army of the Southwest . Pursuant to orders from Brigadier-General Steele, commanding 1st division Army of the Southwest, Colonel Hovey, commanding 2nd brigade, directed Colonel Harris of the 11th Wisconsin infantry to take four companies of his own regiment and four of the 33d Illinois with a small steel gun of the 1st Ind. cavalry, and reconnoiter in advance of the Federal lines. At Hill's plantation near Round hill, Harris fell in with Confederate pickets, fired on them and passed on toward Bayou de View. He was soon overtaken by Hovey and instructed to proceed down the Des Arc road to undertake the rescue of a prisoner just taken. At the end of half a mile's rapid marching, he fell into an ambush, more than 2,000 Texas troops being in line of battle. Two companies were deployed as skirmishers and led the fight. The little cannon opened fire from a station near the road and the enemy's advance fell back on his main line, which was hidden behind underbrush. Harris pushed forward his advance until it came within range, when it staggered under a murderous fire and fell back under orders, but in some confusion. In resisting a charge which the Texans now made, Harris was severely wounded, but kept his saddle. A desperate onslaught was now made on the little steel gun in charge of Lieutenant Denneman and 1 man, but it was rescued by Captain Potter and his company. As Captain Partridge and others took the gun up the road, the infantry reformed in a cornfield by the roadside. The Confederates charged in great force in pursuit, but were met by a steady and well directed fire and the ground was strewn with their dead and wounded. The Texans wavered and another volley routed them, but they again rallied and tried to gain the Federal rear, where they were repelled by a force that Hovey had ordered back after the first onset. Then they were baffled by Captain Elliott's company in an attempt to turn the Federal left. They formed on their original line of battle, when the Federals bore down upon them and again they gave way. At this juncture Colonel Wood of the 1st Indiana cavalry, with a battalion of his regiment and 2 steel guns, came to Hovey's assistance and made the retreat a rout. The fight was ended by a cavalry charge led by Major Clendenning. Other reinforcements came, and late in the day General Benton followed the fleeing foe 5 or 6 miles toward Des Arc, killing several and taking some prisoners. All along the route he found the houses crowded with dead and wounded. Benton's force consisted of the 8th Indiana infantry; a section of Manter's battery, 1st Missouri light artillery; part of the 33d Illinois infantry; a howitzer from Bowen's battalion; the 13th Illinois cavalry; a battalion of the 5th Illinois cavalry. Federal loss, 6 killed, 57 wounded. After the fight Confederates estimated the number of their dead at 200; the Federals found 123 on the field. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 500.
HILL'S PLANTATION, MISSISSIPPI, June 22, 1863. Portions of three companies of the 4th Iowa Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 500.


Hill's Point, Virginia, April 19, 1863. (See Battery Huger.) Hillsville, Virginia, April 3, 1865. 3d Cavalry Brigade of Stoneman's Expedition. After the cavalry division had captured a wagon train of 17 wagons and a forge near Hillsville, Colonel John K. Miller moved out at sunset from Hillsville in the direction of Jacksonville. Shortly after dark he came upon a force of Confederates and drove them for several miles. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 500.


HILLYER, WILLIAM SILLIMAN, soldier, born in Henderson, Kentucky, 2 April, 1831; died in Washington, D. C, 12 July, 1874. He was graduated at Anderson College, Indiana, in 1847, studied law, and began practice at New Albany, Indiana, afterward attaining note at the bar. In 1855 he moved to St. Louis, where he became acquainted with Ulysses S. Grant, and recommended him for the office of county engineer of St. Louis County. In 1861 he served for some time in the National Army as a private, and then moved to New York, where he practised law. Soon after General Grant was commissioned as brigadier-general he offered Mr. Hillyer a place on his staff, and he served during the Tennessee and Vicksburg Campaigns. On 15 May, 1863, he resigned, owing to failing health, and returned to New York. He was brevetted brigadier-general in 1865, and after the close of the war was appointed a revenue-agent by President Grant. In 1874 he was nominated as general appraiser in the custom-house, but after much opposition his name was withdrawn. General Hillyer was the last surviving member of Grant's original staff.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 210.


HILTON, John Telemachus, 1801-1864, African American, abolitionist, civil rights activist (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 5, p. 615)


HINCKS, Edward Winslow, soldier, born in Bucksport, Hancock County, Maine, 30 May, 1830. He is descended from Chief-Justice John Hincks, of New Hampshire, who was the first of the name to arrive in this country. Edward was educated in the common schools of his native town, moved to Bangor in 1845, and from then till 1849 was a printer in the Bangor "Whig and Courier" office. In the latter year he moved to Boston, and was a member of the state legislature in 1855. On 18 December, 1860, he wrote to Major Robert Anderson, tendering a volunteer force to aid in the defence of Fort Moultrie. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Massachusetts Regiment on 17 April, 1861, and while on the march to Washington commanded a party, on 21 April, 1860, that saved the frigate " Constitution " at Annapolis, and repaired the bridge and railway at Annapolis junction. He was commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 2d regular Cavalry on 26 April, promoted colonel of Volunteers, 16 May, 1861, and commanded the 19th Massachusetts Regiment and a brigade in Sedgwick's division of the Army of the Potomac from September, 1861, till September, 1862, when he was disabled for six months by wounds. He became brigadier-general of volunteers on 29 November, 1862, was on court-martial and recruiting duty in 1863-'4, commanded the camp of prisoners-of-war at Point Lookout, Maryland, in March and April, 1864, and a division of the Army of the James during the field operations of that year. He commanded the draft rendezvous on Hart's Island, New York, from October, 1864, till January, 1865. and from that time till the close of the war was chief mustering-officer for the United States in New York City. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, made lieutenant-colonel of the 40th U. S. Infantry on 28 July, 1866. and in 1866-'7 was governor of the National Soldiers' Home. He was retired with the rank of colonel on 15 December, 1870, on account of wounds. From 1872 till 1880 he was deputy governor and treasurer of the National soldiers' homes at Hampton, Virginia. and Milwaukee, Wis.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 211.


HINDMAN, Thomas Carmichael, soldier, born in Tennessee in November, 1818; died in Helena, Arkansas, 28 September, 1808. After receiving a common school education, he studied law, and moved to Mississippi, where he practised his profession. He served throughout the Mexican War as lieutenant in a Mississippi regiment, and in 1858 was elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving till 1861. He had been re-elected as a Secessionist, but entered the Confederate Army with the appointment of brigadier-general, tie first served under General Simon Buckner in Kentucky, was in command at Memphis, lost the battle of Newtonia, and having collected his forces at Van Buren, Arkansas, crossed Arkansas River with 2,500 men and was defeated at Prairie Grove by General James G. Blunt and General Francis J. Herron. After the battle of Shiloh, where he was promoted major-general, he was transferred to Arkansas, and commanded a brigade under General Leonidas Polk. After the war he moved to the city of Mexico, but returned to the United States in 1867, and settled in Helena, Arkansas General Hindman's military career had been criticised for its severity in enforcing conscription and maintaining discipline, and he was assassinated by one of his former soldiers in revenge for some act of discipline during the war.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 212-213.


HINESVILLE, GEORGIA, December 16, 1864. Detachment of the 7th Illinois Mounted Infantry. During the investment of Savannah a foraging party was sent out from this regiment and when near Hinesville it fell in with a party of Confederate cavalry. In the skirmish which ensued 1 Confederate was killed, the Union troops escaping without casualty. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 500.


HINKLEY, Holmes, inventor, born in Hallowell, Maine, 24 June, 1793; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 7 February, 1866. His parents were poor, and at fourteen years of age he was apprenticed to a carpenter. He went to Boston in 1815. Hinkley became a maker of patterns for machinery in 1823, and in 1826 established a machine-shop on Boston Neck, where, without instruction, he began to build steam-engines. He built the third stationary engine that was produced in Massachusetts, and in 1840 began to construct locomotives on a new and ingenious plan, that soon made his name favorably known. He established in 1848 the Boston locomotive works, which failed after his retirement from active control of them in 1857, but during the Civil War he retrieved his fortune by making shot and shell for the government, and in 1864 was made president of a new company, the "Hinkley and Williams Works." Among Mr. Hinkley's inventions is a locomotive boiler, which is favorably mentioned for its economy of fuel. He was probably the first man in New England to build a locomotive.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 213.


HIRING OF DUTY. Punishable at the discretion of a regimental court-martial; (ART. 47.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 333).


HITCHCOCK, Alfred, surgeon, born in Westminster, Vermont, 17 October, 1813; died in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, 30 March, 1874. He was educated at Phillips Andover academy, was graduated in the medical department at Dartmouth in 1838, and at that of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1845, settling first in Ashley and afterward in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, in the practice of his profession. He was frequently a member of the legislature between 1847 and 1855, was one of the executive council of Massachusetts in 1862-'4, special agent of the state to superintend the care of the wounded during the Civil War, and in 1862 superintendent of the transportation of the wounded. Dr. Hitchcock was the second surgeon on record to perform the operation of cesophagotomy, and was one of the first to operate for strangulated hernia. He designed a stretcher, a surgical chair, and a splint, made two important changes in surgical instruments, and discovered two medical preparations. Dartmouth gave him the degree of  A. M. in 1844. Besides several monographs and addresses, he published "Christianity and Medical Science" (Boston, 1867). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 315-216.


HITCHCOCK, Ethan Allen, soldier, born in Vergennes, Vermont, 18 May, 1798; died in Hancock, Georgia, 5 August, 1870. His father was a circuit judge during Washington's administration, and his mother was a daughter of General Ethan Allen. The son was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1817, commissioned 1st lieutenant in 1818. adjutant in 1819, and captain in 1824. In 1824-'7 he was assistant instructor of military tactics, and in 1829-'33 commandant of cadets at West Point. For the next ten years he was on frontier duty, served in the Seminole War, was acting inspector-general in General Edmund P. Gaines's campaign of 1836, was transferred to recruiting service, and afterward to Indian duty, where his administration as disbursing agent was of great value in protecting the Indians against swindlers. He was promoted major of the 8th U.S. Infantry in 1838, became lieutenant-colonel in 1842. and during the Mexican War was engaged in all the important battles, serving a part of the time as inspector-general on General Winfield Scott's staff, and receiving the brevet of colonel for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and that of brigadier-general for Molino del Rey. In 1851 he was promoted colonel of the 2d U.S. Infantry, and in 1851-'4 commanded the Pacific Military Division. In October, 1855, he resigned his commission in consequence of the refusal of Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, to confirm a leave of absence that had been granted him by General Scott, and resided in St. Louis until 1861, devoting himself to literary pursuits. At the beginning of the Civil War he re-entered the army, was made major-general of volunteers, and stationed in Washington, serving on the commission for exchange of prisoners and that for revising the military code. He was the warm personal friend and the military adviser of President Lincoln. General Hitchcock was a disciple of Emanuel Swedenborg, and attempted to prove in his works that a subtle and elevated theology is taught in the hermetical system of philosophy. He published "Remarks on Alchemy and the Alchemists" (Boston, 1857); "Swedenborg a Hermetic Philosopher" (New York, 1858); "Christ the Spirit," in which he attempted to show that the gospels were symbolic books, written by members of a Jewish secret Society (1860); "The Sonnets of Shakespeare" (1865); " Spenser's' Colin Clout' Explained " (1865); and "Notes on the Vita Nuova of Dante " (1866).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 217-218.


HITCHCOCK, Phineas Warrener, senator, born in New Lebanon, New York, 30 November, 1831; died in Omaha, Nebraska, 10 July, 1881. He was graduated at Williams in 1855, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and settled in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1857. He was a member of the National Republican Convention that nominated Lincoln for president in 1860. In 1861 he was appointed marshal of the territory, holding office until his election as delegate to Congress, as a Republican, in 1864. He was a member of the national committee appointed to accompany the remains of President Lincoln to Illinois. On the organization of Nebraska as a state in March, 1867, he was appointed surveyor-general, held office two years, and in 1870 was elected to the United States Senate, serving till 1877, and, failing of re-election, retired to private life. Mr. Hitchcock was the author of the timber-culture laws, which have done so much to put forest-trees on western prairies.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 218.


HITCHCOCK, Robert Bradley, naval officer, born in Connecticut, 25 September, 1803. He was appointed midshipman in the U. S. Navy in 1825, promoted lieutenant in 1835, commander in 1855, captain in 1861, commodore in 1862, and retired in 1865. He commanded the steam sloop " Susquehanna," of the Western Gulf Squadron, in 1862-'3, and was senior officer of the blockading fleet off Mobile. He was on ordnance duty in 1864-'5, was commandant of the Boston U.S. Navy-yard in 1866, and was then retired from the service. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 218.


HOADLEY, George, jurist, born in New Haven, Connecticut, 31 July, 1826. His father was at one time mayor of New Haven, and at another of Cleveland, Ohio; and his grandfather, who was a captain in the Revolutionary War, was afterward elected twenty-six times to the Connecticut legislature. He was educated in Cleveland, whither the family had moved in 1830, and at Western Reserve College, where he was graduated in 1844. He studied at Harvard law-school, and in August. 1847, was admitted to the bar. In 1849 he became a partner in the law-firm of Chase and Ball, and in 1851 was elected a judge of the superior court of Cincinnati, and was city solicitor in 1855. In 1858 he succeeded Judge Gholson on the bench of the new superior court. His friend and partner, Governor Salmon P. Chase, offered him a seat upon the supreme court bench, which he declined, as he did also in 1862 a similar offer made by Governor Todd. In 1866 he resigned his place in the superior court, and established the law-firm of which he was the head. He was an active member of the Constitutional Convention of 1873-'4, and in October, 1883, was elected governor of Ohio, defeating Joseph B. Foraker, by whom he was in turn defeated in 1885. During the Civil War he became a Republican, but in 1876 his opposition to a protective tariff led him to affiliate again with the Democratic Party, he was one of the counsel that successfully opposed the project of a compulsory reading of the Bible in the public schools, and was leading counsel for the assignee and creditors in the case of Archbishop Purcell. He was a professor in the Cincinnati Law-School in 1864-'87, and was for many years a trustee in the university. In March, 1887, he moved to New York City and became the head of a law-firm.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 219.


HOAR, Samuel, statesman, born in Lincoln, Massachusetts, 18 May, 1788; died in Concord, Massachusetts, 2 November, 1856. His father, Captain Samuel Hoar, was a Revolutionary officer, and served for many years in the legislature. The son was graduated at Harvard in 1802, and was for two years a private tutor in Virginia. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1805, began practice at Concord, and was for forty years one of the most successful lawyers in the state. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1820, a member of the state senate in 1825 and 1833, and was then elected a representative in Congress as a Whig, serving from 7 December, 1835, till 3 March, 1837. In 1844 he was sent by the legislature to South Carolina to test the constitutionality of acts of that state authorizing the imprisonment of free colored persons who should enter it. His appearance in Charleston caused great excitement, and on 5 December, 1844, he was expelled from that city. On that day the legislature of South Carolina passed resolutions authorizing his expulsion. Mr. Hoar received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1838, and was a member of the American academy of arts and sciences, the American Bible Society, and the Massachusetts Historical Society. He married a daughter of Roger Sherman. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 220.


HOBART, Augustus Charles (Hobart Pasha), Turkish naval officer, born in Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, England, 1 April, 1822; died in Milan, 19 June, 1886. He was the third son of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. He entered the British Navy in 1836, during the Crimean war commanded the "Driver" in the Baltic, and was commended for his gallantry at the capture of Bomarsund and the attack on Abo. After the war he retired on half-pay, and during the Civil War in the United States was in command of a blockade-runner, the "Don," which cruised along the coast of North Carolina, and endeavored to keep up maritime communication with the southern states. He was, perhaps, the most daring and successful of the English blockade-runners. In 1867 he offered his services to the sultan, who gave him command of the fleet operating against Crete. For this his name was stricken from the British naval list, but, at the instance of Lord Derby, he was, in 1874, restored to his former rank of captain on the retired list.  When the war between Russia and Turkey began, in 1877, Admiral Hobart was placed in command of the Turkish fleet in the Black sea, and formally withdrew from the British service. On 8 J an., 1881, the sultan raised him to the rank of "Mushir," and Marshal of the Empire, an honor never before conferred on a Christian. He wrote "Sketches from My Life" (New York, 1887).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 220=221.


HOBSON. Edward Henry, soldier, born in Greensburg, Kentucky, 11 July, 1825. He was educated in common schools in Greensburg and Danville, Kentucky. In 1846 he enlisted in the 2d Regiment of Kentucky Volunteers, and was soon promoted to 1st lieutenant, serving in the battle of Buena Vista, 22 and 23 February, 1847. He was mustered out of service in June, 1847, returned to Greensburg, and resumed mercantile business. He was a director of the Branch Bank of Kentucky in 1853, and served as president from 1857 till 1861. He then organized and became colonel of the 13th Kentucky Volunteers, serving at Camp Hobson till he moved southward with General Buell's army in February, 1862. He commanded his regiment at the battle of Shiloh with such success that he was nominated by President Lincoln for brigadier-general. Before receiving this commission, he took part in the siege of Corinth, Mississippi. He commanded a brigade at Perrysville. Owing to the condition of his regiment, he was relieved from active service and ordered to Mumfordsville, Kentucky, to protect the lines of communication and to discipline about 10,000 new troops. Receiving his commission as brigadier-general, he was placed in charge of the Southern Division of Kentucky troops, was ordered to Marrowbone, Kentucky, with cavalry and infantry, to watch the movements of General John Morgan, and after a slight engagement pursued him through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. At Lebanon, Kentucky, he was given two brigades in connection with his own in the pursuit of General Morgan, whom he attacked near the Ohio. He was appointed to the command of General Burnside's cavalry corps, but owing to impaired health was unable to serve, and again commanded troops in repelling raids at Lexington, Kentucky. He was mustered out of service in September, 1865, since which time he has been engaged in business. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880, serving as a vice-president, and was a supporter of General Grant. He is now (1887) president of the Southern Division of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad company.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 222-223.


HODGE, Hugh Lenox, physician, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 30 July, 1836; died there, 10 June, 1881, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1855 and in medicine there in 1858. In 1861 he was appointed demonstrator of surgery and chief of the surgical dispensary of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1870 was made demonstrator of anatomy. He was attached to the U. S. Satterlee Hospital at Philadelphia during the Civil War. and was also a surgeon in the Pennsylvania reserve Corps, serving in McClellan's Campaign, before Richmond, in the Gettysburg Campaign, and at Fredericksburg in Grant's advance on Richmond. He was consulting surgeon to many charitable institutions, served as president of the Pathological Society, and was a member of various medical associations. He contributed freely to medical literature on his original investigations on the subjects of metallic sutures, the treatment of fractures of the thigh by improved apparatus, the drainage of wounds by a solid metal probe, deformities after hip disease, tracheotomy in cases of pseudo-membranous croup, ovariotomy, and excision of the hip-joint. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 223-224.


HODGE, George B., soldier, born in Fleming County, Kentucky, 8 April, 1828. He was educated at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, became a midshipman, 16 December, 1845, and afterward acting lieutenant, but resigned in 1851. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1852, was subsequently admitted to the bar at Newport, Kentucky, and was elected to the legislature in 1859. In 1860 he was an elector on the Breckinridge ticket. He entered the Confederate service as a private in 1861, and was soon afterward chosen to represent Kentucky in the Confederate Congress. While not at Richmond, he was in the field, and was made captain and assistant adjutant-general in Breckinridge's division. He was promoted major for gallantry at Shiloh, and colonel in 1864, serving as inspector-general. He became a brigadier-general, and participated in the battle of Chickamauga, subsequently commanding the districts of east Louisiana and Mississippi until the close of the war. He then resumed practice at Newport, Kentucky, and was an elector on the Greeley ticket in 1872. He was state senator in 1873-'7.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 224.


HODGEVILLE, KENTUCKY, October 23, 1861. Detachment of 6th Indiana Volunteers. Hog Island, Missouri, May 18, 1863. Detachment of 9th Kansas Cavalry. Two companies of cavalry under Captain C. F. Coleman made a descent upon Hog island in Bates county, and discovered some 300 Confederates intrenched behind light breastworks. Coleman charged and routed the enemy, who left 3 dead and 5 wounded. The Federals lost 1 man killed in the attack. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOFF, Henry Kuhn, naval officer, born in Pennsylvania in 1809; died in Washington, D. C, 25 December, 1878. He was appointed a midshipman from South Carolina on 28 October, 1823, commissioned lieutenant on 3 March, 1831, and commander on 6 February, 1854. In 1861-'2 he commanded the steam sloop "Lancaster" of the Pacific Squadron. He was promoted commodore on 16 July, 1862, was on special duty in 1863, and afterward on ordnance duty in Philadelphia till 1867. He was made a rear-admiral on 13 April, 1867, and in 1868-'9 commanded the North Atlantic Squadron. During the Cuban Insurrection, which began in October, 1868, he promptly and energetically interfered to protect resident American citizens, who suffered injustice from Spanish officials. He was placed on the retired list on 19 September, 1868, returned to the United States in August, 1869, was a member of the retiring board, and in 1870 President of the Board of Visitors at Annapolis.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 226.


HOFFMAN, David Bancroft, physician, born in Bainbridge, Chenango County, New York, 25 July, 1827. He studied medicine in his father's office, and attended lectures at Rush and Jefferson Medical Colleges. He crossed the plains in 1849, and spent two years in California. In 1851-'3 he was a surgeon on mail steamers from New York to Aspinwall and from Panama to San Francisco. He then settled in San Diego, California, was coroner and afterward postmaster there, and represented the county in the legislature in 1861-2. He received the degree of M. D. from Toland Medical College in San Francisco in 1864. During the Civil War he served as a field-surgeon in the U. S. Army, and afterward as a contract-surgeon till 1880. In 1868 he was a presidential elector, in 1869-'73 collector of customs at San Diego, and in 1870-'5 U. S. commissioner in bankruptcy. He engaged in railroad enterprises, and was chosen president of the San Diego and San Bernardino Railroad Company. He published a "Medical History of San Diego County " (San Francisco, 1864).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 227.


HOFFMAN, John Thompson, governor of New York, born in Sing Sing, New York, 10 January, 1828. He was graduated at Union College in 1846, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1849. He acquired an extensive practice in New York City, and interested himself in polities, joining the Tammany organization in 1854. He was elected recorder in 1860, re-elected in 1863, and in July of the latter year delivered severe sentences against persons that had been engaged in the draft riots. He was elected by the Democrats mayor of New York City in 1865, and re-elected in 1867. He was first nominated a candidate for governor in 1866, and defeated by Reuben E. Fenton, but in 1868 was re-nominated and elected, and in 1870 was reelected. The "Public Papers of Governor Hoffman" were published (Albany, 1872).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 227.


HOFFMAN, William, soldier, born in New York City, 2 December, 1807; died in Rock Island, Illinois., 12 August, 1884. His father, of the same name, was a lieutenant-colonel in the U. S. Army. The son was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1829, entered the army as a lieutenant of infantry, served in Kansas and in the Black Hawk War in 1832, and was promoted 1st lieutenant on 16 November, 1836, and captain on 1 February, 1838. In the war with Mexico he was engaged in the march through Chihuahua, the siege of Vera Cruz, and the battle of Cerro Gordo, was brevetted for services at Contreras and Churubusco, and again for bravery in the battle of Molino del Rey, and was present at the storming of Chapultepec and at the capture of the city of Mexico. He was promoted major on 15 April, 1851, served in the Sioux Expedition of 1855, and in 1858 in the Utah Expedition and the march to California He became a lieutenant-colonel on 17 October, 1860, and was engaged in frontier duty at San Antonio, Texas, when he was made a prisoner of war by the Confederates, and not exchanged till 27 August, 1862. He was made a colonel on 25 April, 1862, served during the war as commissary-general of prisoners at Washington, and was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general. At the close of the war he took command of his regiment in Kansas, and in 1870 was retired at his own request.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 228.


HOG JAW VALLEY, ALABAMA, February 3-4, 1865. (See Ladd's House, same date.)


HOG MOUNTAIN, ALABAMA, April 30, 1863. (See Streight's Raid.)


HOGE, Moses Drury, clergyman, born near Hampden Sidney College, Virginia, 17 September, 1819, was graduated at Hampden Sidney in 1839, and, after taking the course at Union theological seminary, was licensed to preach in 1844, and immediately called to Richmond as assistant pastor of the 1st Presbyterian Church. Under Dr. Hoge's charge, a colony soon went out from that church, which, in January, 1845, was organized as the 2d Presbyterian Church. This has been his only charge during a ministry of forty years. During the Civil War he ran the blockade to England, in order to procure Bibles and other religious books for the Confederate Army. Among those who cordially favored his application to the British and Foreign Bible Society was the Earl of Shaftesbury, who was largely instrumental in obtaining for him a grant of £4,000 worth of Bibles and testaments.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 230.


HOGE, Solomon La Fayette, member of Congress, born in Logan County, Ohio, about 1837. He was graduated at the Cincinnati Law College in 1859, and practised at Bellefontaine. He entered the army in 1861 as 1st lieutenant of Ohio volunteers, was promoted captain, and was severely wounded at the second battle of Bull Run. He was twice brevetted for gallantry in battle, and on 23 February. 1866, received the commission of 2d lieutenant in the 6th regular Infantry. He was promoted 1st lieutenant on 28 July, 1866, but resigned in 1868 and moved to South Carolina, where he took an active part in the reconstruction movement. He was elected an associate judge of the state supreme court, and afterward to Congress, serving from December, 1869, till March, 1871, and again from 6 December, 1875, till 3 March, 1877. He was comptroller-general of South Carolina in 1874-'5.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 230.


HOKE'S RUN, WEST VIRGINIA, July 2, 1861. (See Falling Waters.)


HOLABIRD, Samuel Beckley, soldier, born in Canaan, Litchfield County, Connecticut,16 June, 1826. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1849, assigned to the 1st U.S. Infantry, promoted 1st lieutenant in May, 1855, and was in service at the academy as adjutant from 2 September, 1859, till 13 May, 1861. He served during the Civil War in the Northern Virginia Campaign in August and September, 1862, with the Army of the Potomac in the Maryland Campaign, and was chief quartermaster of the Department of the Gulf from 16 December, 1862, till July, 1865. He was present at the siege of Port Hudson in 1863, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, for meritorious services during the war. He was depot quartermaster at New Orleans from 1 October till 16 December, 1865, and was chief quartermaster of the Department of Louisiana from 1 October, 1865, till 7 March, 1866. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel and deputy quartermaster-general 29 July, 1866; colonel and quartermaster-general, 22 January, 1881, and brigadier-general and quartermaster-general, 1 July, 1883. General Holabird has translated General Jomini's "Treatise on Grand Military Operations" (1865).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 230-231.


HOLDEN, William Woods, journalist, born in Orange County, North Carolina, 24 November, 1818. He attended a common school until he was sixteen years old, was in a printing-office in Hillsborough, North Carolina, for the next two years, and in 1841 was admitted to the bar in Raleigh, N.C. In 1843 he bought "The Raleigh Standard," and was its editor twenty-five years. He served in the legislature in 1846, was a member of the state convention in 1861, and signed the Ordinance of Secession. He was appointed by President Johnson provisional governor of North Carolina in 1865, declined the mission to San Salvador in 1866, and in 1868 he was elected governor, as a Republican, by popular vote. Reports of " Ku-klux " outrages in the latter part of 1869, and early in 1870, caused the governor, by virtue of authority that had been conferred on him by the legislature, to issue a proclamation on 7 March, declaring the county of Alamance to be in a state of insurrection, and a similar one on 8 July regarding Caswell County, and several arrests were made with the aid of the militia. This action caused much excitement, and the Democrats, in addresses that were issued in March and July, asserted that the accounts of outrages were exaggerated, that the local authorities were fully able to preserve order, and that the governor's course was intended to influence the coming election. Governor Holden applied to President Grant for troops, and at first refused to deliver the prisoners to the civil authorities on writ of habeas corpus, but afterward did so by advice of the U. S. Attorney-General. The accused persons were held for trial in their respective counties, and on 10 November the governor proclaimed the restoration of civil authority. The opposition to Governor Holden on account of his course in this matter culminated in the presentation by the state house of representatives to the senate on 20 December, 1870, of eight articles of impeachment against him " for high crimes and misdemeanors." The senate declared him guilty of six of the eight indictments, and ordered that he " be moved from the office of governor, and disqualified to hold any office of trust, honor, or profit under the state of North Carolina." He moved to Washington and edited the "National Republican," but afterward returned to Raleigh and was postmaster.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 233.


HOLLAND HOUSE, VIRGINIA, May 15, 1863. (See Carrsville.)


HOLLEY, Alexander Lyman, metallurgist, born in Lakeville, Connecticut, 20 July, 1832; died in Brooklyn, New York, 29 January, 1882. He was the son of Alexander H. Holley, who was afterward governor of Connecticut. The son was graduated in the scientific course at Brown in 1853. He then entered the shops of Corliss and Nightingale, where for eighteen months he served as a draughtsman and machinist, and afterward secured employment at the locomotive works in Jersey City. In 1856 he took the management of "The Railroad Advocate," to which he had previously contributed when it was edited by Zerah Colburn. Its name was soon changed to "Holley's Railroad Advocate," and it was published until July, 1857, when it gave place to " The American Engineer," of Holley and Colburn, which suspended with its third issue. He then went abroad with Colburn to study foreign railway practice, and to report on those features of it which would be of greatest importance at home. On the return of the two engineers they published "The Permanent Way and Coal-burning Locomotives of European Railways, with a Comparison of the Working Economy of European and American Lines, and the Principles upon which Improvement must Proceed " (New York, 1858), in which it was shown that the annual operating expenses of an American Railroad was one third more for the same mileage than in England. Their statements were taken up by the daily journals, and many of the leading editorials which appeared at this time were by Mr. Holley. He then became connected with the "New York Times," and between 1858 and 1863 contributed to it upward of 200 articles. In 1859 he was sent to Europe by the "Times," and wrote letters on engineering topics, including a series on the "Great Eastern”, which was then in course of construction. A year later he went to Europe again for the "Times," returning on the first trans-Atlantic trip of the "Great Eastern." and meanwhile contributing to the " American Railway Review," of which he was editor of the mechanical department. During these years he had in preparation his " American and European Railway Practice" (New York and London, 1860; 2d ed., 1867). At the beginning of the Civil War, when he had a professional standing of the highest rank, he offered his services to the U. S. government, but no notice was taken of his letter. In 1862 he was sent abroad by Edwin A. Stevens to study the subject of ordnance and armor. This led to his subsequent publication of "A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor" (New York and London, 1865). A year later he again visited England, at the request of Corning, Winslow, and Company, of Troy, to obtain information concerning the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel. He returned after purchasing the American rights of the Bessemer patents, which were subsequently combined with the conflicting American patents of William Kelly. The first Bessemer plant was established at Troy in 1865 under his supervision, and enlarged in 1867. He also built the works at Harrisburg in 1867, and later planned those at North Chicago and Joliet, the Edgar Thompson works at Pittsburg, and the Vulcan works at St. Louis, besides acting as consulting engineer in the designing of the Cambria, Bethlehem, Scranton. and other works. The history of his career after 1865 is substantially that of the Bessemer manufacture in the United States. After the formation of the Bessemer Association he issued confidential reports to it on the various branches of steel manufacture. During his lifetime the capacity of the American Bessemer Plant was raised from that of about 900 tons a month to more than 10,000 tons for the same period. In 1875 he was appointed a member of the U. S. board for testing iron, steel, and other metals, and was one of the most laborious of its members. Four years later he became lecturer on the manufacture of iron and steel at the Columbia school of mines, and continued this work until his death. Mr. Holley obtained about sixteen patents, of which several were for improvements in the Bessemer process, and of these his last, that of the detached converter-shell, is perhaps the most important. In 1878 he received the degree of LL. D. from Brown, and he was a trustee of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from 1865 till 1867 and from 1870 till 1882. He was president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1875, vice-president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880, and vice-president of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1876. In addition to the books already mentioned, Mr. Holley was the author of numerous technical papers. From 1877 till 1880 he prepared, with Lenox Smith, a series of forty-one articles on "American Iron and Steel," which were published in the London "Engineering." A statue to his memory is to be erected in Central Park by the societies of mining, civil, and mechanical engineers, from a design furnished by John Q. A. Ward. See "Memorial of Alexander Lyman Holley" (New York, 1884).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 235-236.


HOLLEY, Myron, 1779-1841, Rochester, New York, abolitionist leader, political leader, reformer. Founder of the Liberty Party. Published the anti-slavery newspaper, Rochester Freeman.

(Blue, 2005, pp. 20, 23, 25, 26; Chadwick, 1899; Dumond, 1961, pp. 295-296, 404n16; Goodell, 1852, pp. 470, 474, 556; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 16-17, 21; Sernett, 2002, pp. 107-109, 112, 180, 305-306n17; Sorin, 1971; Wright, 1882; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 236; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 150; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 11, p. 62)

HOLLEY, Myron, reformer, born in Salisbury, Connecticut, 29 April, 1779; died in Rochester, New York, 4 March, 1841. He was graduated at Williams in 1799, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1802. He began practice in Salisbury, but in 1803 settled in Canandaigua, New York. Finding the law uncongenial, he purchased the stock of a local bookseller and became the literary purveyor of the town. In 1810-'14 he was county-clerk, and in 1816 was sent to Albany as an assemblyman. The project of the Erie Canal was at that time the great subject of interest, and through the efforts of Mr. Holley a board of commissioners was appointed, of whom he was one. His work thenceforth, until its completion, was on the Erie Canal. For eight years his practical wisdom, energy, and self-sacrifice made him the executive power, without which this great enterprise would probably have been a failure. On the expiration of his term of office, in 1824, as canal-commissioner and treasurer of the board, he retired to Lyons, where with his family he had previously moved. The anti-Masonic excitement of western New York, arising from the abduction of William Morgan, soon drove Mr. Holley into prominence again. This movement culminated in a national convention being held in Philadelphia in 1830, where Henry D. Ward, Francis Granger, William H. Seward, and Myron Holley were the representatives from New York. An "Address to the People of the United States," written by Holley, was adopted and signed by 112 delegates. The anti-Masonic adherents presented a candidate in the next gubernatorial canvass of New York, and continued to do so for several years, until the Whigs, appreciating the advantages of their support, nominated candidates that were not Masons. This action resulted, in 1838, in the election of William H. Seward. Meanwhile, in 1831, Mr. Holley became editor of the Lyons "Countryman," a journal devoted to the opposition and suppression of Masonry; but after three years, this enterprise not having been successful, he went to Hartford, and there conducted the "Free Elector" for one year. He then returned to Lyons, but soon disposed of his property and settled near Rochester, where for a time he lived in quiet, devoting his attention to horticulture. When the anti-slavery feeling began to manifest itself Mr. Holley became one of its adherents. At this time he was offered a nomination to Congress by the Whig Party, provided he would not agitate this question; but this proposition he declined. He participated in the meeting of the Anti-Slavery Convention held in Cleveland in 1839, and was prominent in the call for a national convention to meet in Albany, to take into consideration the formation of a Liberty Party. At this gathering the nomination of James G. Birney was made, and during the subsequent canvass Mr. Holley was active in support of the candidate, both by continual speaking and by his incessant labors as editor of the Rochester "Freeman." Mr. Holley's remains rest in Mount Hope cemetery, at Rochester, and the grave is marked by an obelisk, with a fine medallion portrait in white marble, the whole having been paid for in one-cent contributions by members of the Liberty Party, at the suggestion of Gerrit Smith. See "Myron Holley; and What he did for Liberty and True Religion," by Elizur Wright (Boston," 1882).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 236.


HOLLINS, George Nichols, naval officer, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 20 September, 1799; died there, 18 January, 1878. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman in 1814, and served on the sloop-of-war "Brie" in her unsuccessful attempt to break the British blockade of Chesapeake Bay. He was assigned to the frigate "President" under Stephen Decatur, was captured by the British, and kept a prisoner of war at Bermuda until peace was established, he also served under Decatur in the Algerian war in 1815, and received from him a Turkish sabre for his bravery in the capture of an Algerian frigate. After serving on the "Guerriere," the "Columbus," the "Franklin," and the "Washington," he took command of an East Indian merchantman. In 1825 he was promoted lieutenant, and in 1844 commander. In 1855, while lying off the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, the American residents of Greytown appealed to him for protection from the local authorities, by whom they alleged they had been injured. Hollins accordingly bombarded the city as a punishment to the authorities, and the property and lives of the English residents being imperilled, they declared he had encroached on British domain, as Nicaragua was under the protection of that government. In consequence of his precipitate conduct, serious difficulties were apprehended between England and the United States. In 1861 he resigned his commission to join the Confederate Navy, but the war department refused to accept it, struck his name from the rolls, and ordered his arrest. He eluded the authorities, went to the south, and was commissioned commodore in the Confederate Navy. In October, 1861, he attacked the National Blockading Squadron at the passes of the Mississippi, and was appointed flag-captain of the New Orleans Station for what was claimed as an important victory. In 1862 he was superseded by Commodore William C. Whipple. After the war he became a crier in the city court of Baltimore.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 237.


HOLLOW TREE GAP, TENNESSEE, December 17, 1864. 1st and 7th Cavalry Divisions, Army of the Cumberland. In the pursuit of Hood from Nashville, Hammond's brigade of the 7th division and Croxton's of the 1st came up with the enemy just south of Brentwood and drove him back to Hollow Tree gap, 4 miles north of Franklin, where he made a stand. While part of the Federal force engaged the enemy in front the remainder turned his position and struck him in the flank. About 250 prisoners and 5 battle flags were captured, and near the Harpeth river Hammond captured a piece of artillery. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLLOWAY, James Montgomery, physician, born in Lexington, Kentucky, 14 July, 1834. He was educated at Oakland College. Mississippi, and Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, and in 1857 was graduated in medicine at the University of Louisiana. He practised at Vernon, Madison County, Mississippi, and in 1861-'5 served as a surgeon in the Confederate Army. In 1863 he was senior medical officer, and appointed president of the medical examining board of all the hospitals in Richmond. He was professor of anatomy in Louisville College, Kentucky, in 1865-'6, of physiology in 1866-'7, in 186770 'held the chair of physiology and medical jurisprudence in the Kentucky school of medicine, from 1870 till 1874 was professor of physiology and clinical surgery in Louisville Medical College, and from 1874 till 1877 professor of surgery in the hospital College of the medical department of Central University, Kentucky. He has written much for medical periodicals.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 328.


HOLLY RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA, April 17, 1862. 10th West Virginia Volunteers. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI, November 13, 1862. Cavalry Corps, Army of the Tennessee. During General Grant's expedition against the Mississippi Central railroad, the cavalry under Colonel Albert L. Lee charged the Confederate pickets 2 miles north of Holly Springs and drove them through the town, capturing 4 and killing 1. Skirmishing was kept up all day, the enemy bringing up five regiments of cavalry in an unsuccessful attempt to drive Lee from the town. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI, December 20, 1862. Detachment of the Army of the Tennessee. Early on the morning of December 20, the Confederates under Van Dorn surprised the town of Holly Springs. Little resistance was made by the garrison under Colonel R. C. Murphy, of the 8th Wisconsin infantry, the larger portion of the command being in bed when the town was attacked. The enemy captured and paroled some 1,500 men and destroyed $400,000 worth of property. Colonel Murphy was later dismissed from the service of his country for neglecting to take the necessary precautions to guard the place. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI, June 16-17, 1863Detachments of 2nd Iowa and 3d Michigan Cavalry. During the operations in northwestern Mississippi a patrol of the 2nd la. came upon a company of Confederates after dark on the 16th. In the skirmish 2 Union men were wounded. Company F of the 3d Michigan was sent out from camp near Holly Springs on the same day and on its return on the 17th encountered a company of 20 Confederates, but repulsed them with a few shots. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI, February 12, 1864. 3d Brigade, Cavalry Division, 16th Army Corps. Colonel Lafayette McCrillis, commanding the brigade, reports that his command marched at daylight and later passed through Holly Springs. In the course of the day considerable skirmishing was done, resulting in the killing of 3, the wounding of 2 and the capture of 1. The movement was a part of the Meridian expedition. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI, May 24, 1864. 4th Missouri Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLLY SPRINGS, MISSISSIPPI, August 27-28, 1864. 14th Iowa and 11th U. S. Colored Infantry, and 10th Missouri Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501.


HOLMAN'S BRIDGE, SOUTH CAROLINA, February 9, 1865. 2nd Division, 15th Army Corps. As the division, commanded by Major-General W. B. Hazen, was moving toward Columbia the 55th Illinois and 57th Ohio, belonging to Theodore Jones' brigade, skirmished all the afternoon with the enemy, driving him back to Holman's bridge over the Edisto river. The bridge was found to have been burned and the enemy stationed in some force on the opposite bank, but troops were crossed on fallen trees late in the evening and the enemy evacuated his position during the night. The only casualties reported were 1 man killed and 1 wounded, both of the 57th Ohio.


HOLMES, Oliver Wendell, jurist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 8 March, 1841, was educated at Harvard. He entered the National service as lieutenant in the 20th Regiment of Massachusetts Infantry in 1861, was wounded severely at Ball's Bluff, at Antietam, and at the second battle of Fredericksburg, and was mustered out with the rank of captain in June, 1864. He had been offered a commission as lieutenant-colonel in 1863, but declined promotion. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1866, and practised in Boston. In 1882 he was professor in the law school of Harvard, and in the same year was appointed a justice of the supreme court of the state. He has edited Kent's "Commentaries" (Boston, 1873), and is the author of "The Common Law" (1881) and of numerous articles and addresses.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 241.


HOLMES, Theophilus Hunter, soldier, born in Sampson County, North Carolina, in 1804; died near Fayetteville, North Carolina, 21 June, 1880, was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1829, served on the western frontier, and as lieutenant and captain of infantry in the Florida War, the occupation of Texas, and the war with Mexico, receiving the brevet of major for gallantry in the engagements before Monterey. He was commissioned major on 3 March, 1855, took part in the Navajo Expedition of 1858-'9, and was superintendent of the general recruiting service when the Civil War began. He went on leave of absence to North Carolina, where he owned large estates, resigned his commission on 22 April, 1861, and was at once made a brigadier-general in the service of the state. He organized many of the North Carolina regiments, and selected their commanding officers. When North Carolina joined the Confederacy he was commissioned a brigadier-general by the Confederate government. He commanded at Aquia Creek, and was engaged in the various campaigns of northern Virginia, rising to be major-general in the Confederate Army. In September, 1862, he was transferred to the command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, with headquarters at Little Rock, Arkansas. He was tendered a commission as lieutenant-general while there, and at first declined, but accepted when Jefferson Davis pressed it upon him a second time. In March, 1863, he was at his own request relieved in the command of the department by General E. Kirby Smith. He attacked Helena, Arkansas, on 3 July, 1863, and was driven back with heavy losses.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 241-242.


HOLMES, Isaac Edward, statesman, born in Charleston, South Carolina, 6 April, 1796; died there, 24 February, 1867. He was prepared for college by his cousin, Christopher E. Gadsden, and graduated at Yale in 1815, was admitted to the bar in Charleston in 1818, and became a successful lawyer. He entered the legislature in 1826, and during the nullification crisis of 1832-'3 was a leader of the extreme state-rights party, and one of the founders of the South Carolina Association. The proposition that the state should nullify the tariff first emanated from him. He engaged in planting for a time. In 1838 he was sent to Congress, and was an active member of the house till 1850, serving as chairman of the Committee on Commerce, and afterward of that on Naval Affairs. He then moved to California, and practised law from 1851 till January, 1861, when, on learning of the passage of the Ordinance of Secession, he returned to South Carolina. He passed through Washington, and, in several interviews with William H. Seward and General Winfield Scott, endeavored to avert the Civil War. After the close of hostilities he was appointed a commissioner of the state to confer with the Federal government. He was the author of the " Recreations of George Taletell," consisting of stories, essays, and descriptive sketches (Charleston, 1822), and, in conjunction with Robert J. Turnbull, published a volume of political essays in favor of state rights, under the signature of " Caroliniensis" (1826).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 242.


HOLSTERS. Cases attached to the pommel of the saddle, to hold a horseman's pistols. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 333).


HOLSTON RIVER, TENNESSEE, February 20, 1864. 4th Tennessee Volunteers. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 501-502.


HOLT, John Saunders, author, born in Mobile, Alabama, 5 December, 1820; died in Natchez, Mississippi, 27 February, 1886. He moved with his father, when an infant, to Woodville, Mississippi, and was educated in New Orleans and Centre College, Danville, Kentucky. In 1846 he joined a Mississippi regiment of volunteers under Colonel Jefferson Davis, and served as a private in the Mexican War, receiving honorable mention for bravery at Buena Vista. After studying law, he was licensed to practise in Woodville, Mississippi, in 1848, and resided there until his removal to New Orleans in 1851. He returned to Woodville in 1857, and throughout the Civil War served as lieutenant in the Confederate Army. At its close he resumed the practice of law. His novels, which are intended to portray various phases of southern character, are written under the pen-name of "Abraham Page," and are entitled "The Life of Abraham Page, Esq."(Philadelphia, 1868); "What I know about Ben Eccles, by Abraham Page" (1869); and " The Quines" (1870).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 244.


HOLT, Joseph, jurist, born in Breckenridge County, Kentucky, 6 January, 1807. He was educated at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, and at Centre College, Danville, and in 1828 began to practice law at Elizabethtown, Kentucky. He moved to Louisville in 1832, was attorney for the Jefferson circuit in 1833, and in 1855 went to Port Gibson, Mississippi, where he attained eminence in his profession. He became an adherent of . Richard M. Johnson,  and a speech that he made in Johnson's favor in the National Democratic Convention of 1836 made him widely known as an orator. At this time he was counsel for the city of Vicksburg in a celebrated suit involving the claim of the heirs
of Newit Vick, founder of the city, to a strip of land along the river-front that Vick had devoted to the public use. He was a frequent opponent of Sergeant S. Prentiss. Holt returned to Louisville in 1842, and after a trip to Europe was appointed commissioner of patents by President Buchanan in 1857. He became Postmaster-General in 1859, and when John B. Floyd withdrew from the cabinet in 1860 he assumed charge of the War Department. He actively co-operated with General Scott in providing against hostile demonstrations at the inauguration of President Lincoln in 1861, and in a report, which was afterward published, described the plot that had been made to seize the capital. Although he had been a Douglas Democrat, Mr. Holt now gave his earnest support to the administration, denounced the policy of " neutrality " in his native state, and advocated the Union cause there and elsewhere. In the latter part of 1861 he was one of the commission that was appointed to investigate the military claims against the Department of the West. President Lincoln made him judge-advocate-general of the army on 3 September, 1862, with the rank of colonel, and on the establishment of the Bureau of Military Justice in 1864 he was put at its head with the same title, but with the rank of brigadier-general. He expressed his strong approval of the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862, and on 26 August, 1863, addressed an opinion to Secretary of War Stanton in which he approved the enlistment and subsequent emancipation of those Negroes who, living in states to which the proclamation did not refer, were still in slavery. Judge Holt bore a conspicuous part in various courts-martial and military commissions, especially in that which tried the assassins of President Lincoln. He was brevetted major-general, U. S. Army, on 13 March, 1865, for " faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services in the Bureau of Military Justice during the war," and on 1 December, 1875, was retired at his own request, being over sixty-two years of age. Since that time he has resided in Washington, D. C.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 244.


HOMER Winslow, artist, born in Boston. Massachusetts, 24 February, 1836. In 1854 he was placed by his father with a lithographer to learn the business, and remained two years, producing among other works a design that embraced the portraits of the entire senate of Massachusetts. He then engaged in drawing on the block for wood-engravers, and, his work attracting favorable comment, he was invited to remove to New York by a publishing house, for whom he made many drawings. In 1860-'l he studied in the night-school of the Academy of design, and had a month's instruction in landscape painting. In 1863 he exhibited for the first time, at the Academy, two pictures on war subjects— 'Home, Sweet Home." and "The Last Goose at Yuletown." These pictures made a strong impression on the public. In 1805 he exhibited " Prisoners at the Front." The characters in this scene are all portraits, and at the Paris salon of 1867 was one of the few American pictures that received favorable comment. He spent the year 1867 in Paris, studying without a master from life models, but received a great impulse from the paintings of John La Farge. He was elected an associate of the National academy in 1804, and an academician the following year. Mr. Homer's pictures have the merit of genuine motive and aim. He paints life as he sees it, and is rigidly faithful to his own perceptions. Since 1867 he has resided in New York. He exhibited "Snap the Whip" and "The American Type" at the Philadelphia exposition of 1876, and "Snap the Whip" and the "Country School Room " at the Paris salon of the next year. Among his most noted pictures are the Negro studies " Eating Watermelon" and the "Cotton-Pickers," and the "Song of the Lark," " The Pour-Leaved Clover," " Dad's Coming," " In the Fields," " The Trysting-Place," and "Flowers for the Teacher." He has recently exhibited at the National academy "The Life-Line " (1884) and " Under-tow " (1887).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 246.


HOMOCBITTO RIVER, MISSISSIPPI, September 20, 1864. (See Buck's Ferry.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 502.


HONEY CREEK, MISSOURI, October 19, 1863. Detachment of 5th Missouri Militia. Lieutenant John A. Devinney while scouting with 9 men in the Honey creek neighborhood came upon a party of 4 guerrillas just finishing a meal. An attack on the outlaws resulted in the killing of all 4, and the capture of 3 horses, equipments, etc. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 502.


HONEY CREEK, MISSOURI, May 30-31, 1864. (See Mill Creek, same date.)


HONEY HILL, SOUTH CAROLINA, November 30, 1864. Two Brigades of the Coast Division, Department of the South, one Naval Brigade and portions of Three Batteries of light artillery. On the night of the 28th Brigadier-General John P. Hatch with 5,500 men left Hilton Head for Boyd's neck. Owing to a heavy fog the troops were not disembarked from the transports until late the following afternoon, and Hatch immediately started forward to cut the railroad near Grahamville. The maps and guides proved worthless, however, and not until the morning of the 30th was he able to proceed on the right road. At Honey Hill a few miles from Grahamville, he encountered the enemy with a battery of 7 guns across the road. An attack was immediately made but the position of the Federal force was such that only one section of artillery could be used at a time, and the Confederates were too well intrenched to be dislodged. Fighting was kept up until dark, when Hatch, realizing the impossibility of successfully attacking or turning the flank of the enemy, withdrew his command, having lost 89 in killed, 629 wounded and 28 missing. The Confederate casualties amounted to 8 killed and 42 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 502.


HONEY SPRINGS, INDIAN TERRITORY, July 17, 1863. Detachment of the Army of the Frontier. At midnight of the 15th Major-General James G. Blunt with some 250 cavalry and 4 pieces of artillery marched 13 miles up the Arkansas river, where he drove the enemy from the farther shore with his artillery and forded the stream. The picket at the Grand River crossing fled at his approach and at this point he was able to bring over his whole force. About 10 p. m. of the 16th he started south with about 3,000 men, consisting of detachments of the 2nd Colonel, 1st, 2nd and 3d Indian Home Guards, 1st Kansas (colored) infantry, 2nd Kansas battery, Hopkins' Kansas battery, 6th Kansas and 3d Wisconsin cavalry. At daylight he came upon the enemy's advance about 5 miles from Elk creek, and with his cavalry drove them rapidly back upon their main force, which was formed in a line a mile and a half long on the south side of the creek. After a halt for rest the Federal force pushed forward in line of battle. After two hours of determined fighting the Confederate center gave way and entire force commenced a retreat, in which Blunt pushed them hard. They made several determined stands, but each time were obliged to fall back. Rather than have their commissary stores fall into the hands of the Federal troops they were burned. Blunt pursued about 3 miles before he was forced to abandon the chase because of the exhausted condition of his animals. About 4:30 p. m. 3,000 men came to reinforce the Confederates and during the night Blunt withdrew. The Confederate loss, by Blunt's estimate, was 150 killed, 40o wounded and 77 captured, besides 1 piece of artillery, a stand of colors, 200 stands of arms and 15 wagons. The Federal casualties were 17 killed and 60 wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 502.


HONORS, (MILITARY) have been prescribed by the orders of the President, and are paid by troops to the President and other public functionaries, to military officers according to grade, to the colors of a regiment and when two regiments meet. (Consult Army Regulations.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 333).


HONORS OF WAR. This expression is used in capitulations; and the chief of a post, when compelled to surrender, always demands the honors of war in testimony of the vigor of his defence. As these terms depend on the disposition of the victorious general, their limits vary; but in some instances garrisons have been allowed to march out, with colors flying, drums beating, some field-pieces, caissons loaded, Page 334 and baggage. In other cases the garrison marches out to a certain distance, and piles its arms, and is either released as prisoners upon parole, or then becomes prisoners in fact. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 332-334).


HOOD, John Bell, soldier, born in Owenville, Bath County, Kentucky, 1 June, 1831; died in New Orleans, Louisiana, 30 August, 1879. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1853, and, after serving two years in California, was transferred in 1855 to the 2d U.S. Cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was colonel and Robert E. Lee lieutenant-colonel. In the fight at Devil's Run with the Comanche and Lipian Indians, in July, 1857, he was severely wounded in a hand-to-hand encounter with a savage. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1858, and was cavalry instructor at the Military Academy in 1859-60. At the beginning of the Civil War he resigned his commission, and, entering the Confederate Army, rose to the rank of colonel, and, after a short service in the peninsula, was appointed brigadier-general of the Texas Brigade. He was then ordered back to the peninsula, was engaged at West Point, and, while leading his men on foot at Gaines's Mill, was shot in the body. In this battle his brigade lost more than half its number, and Hood was brevetted major-general on the field. He served in both Maryland Campaigns, was engaged in the second battle of Bull Run and those of Boonesborough, Fredericksburg, and Antietam, and was a second time severely wounded at Gettysburg, losing the use of his arm. Two months later he re-joined his command, and was ordered to Tennessee to re-enforce General Braxton Bragg. During the second day's fight at Chickamauga, seeing the line of his brigade waver, he rode to the front, and demanded the colors. The Texans rallied and charged, and Hood, at the head of the column, was again shot down. This wound necessitated the loss of his right leg, and while in hospital he was offered a civil appointment, which he refused, saying: "No bomb-proof place for me; I propose to see this fight out in the field." Six months later he returned to duty, and in the spring of 1864 commanded a corps in General Joseph E. Johnston's army, fighting through the retreat from Dalton to Atlanta. In obedience to an order of Jefferson Davis he succeeded Johnston in the command on 8 July, 1864, and, after several days of stubborn fighting, was completely outflanked by General William T. Sherman, and compelled to evacuate Atlanta, leaving Sherman in the rear, and enabling him to make his march to the sea. Hood then began a counter-movement into Tennessee. He compelled the evacuation of Decatur in November, crossed the Tennessee, and on the 30th of this month was defeated by General George H. Thomas at Franklin. On 16 December he was again disastrously defeated at Nashville by the same general, and after this battle, at his own request, was relieved of command and succeeded by General Richard Taylor. On the termination of the war he engaged in business as a commission-merchant in New Orleans, and was also president of the Louisiana branch of the Life Association of America, acquiring a competency, which was afterward lost in trade. During the yellow-fever epidemic of 1879 his wife and eldest child died within a few hours of each other, and Hood also succumbed to the disease. He is the author of "Advance and Retreat, Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate Armies" (New Orleans, 1880).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 247.


HOOF. (See HORSE.)


HOOKER, Charles Edward, lawyer, born in Union District, South Carolina, in 1825. He was graduated at Harvard Law-School in 1846, and afterward practised at Jackson, Mississippi. He was elected district attorney of the River District in 1850, and in 1859 a member of the Mississippi legislature, but resigned his seat on entering the Confederate Army. He was wounded during the siege of Vicksburg, and, having been promoted to the rank of colonel of cavalry, was assigned to duty on the military court that was attached to General Leonidas Polk's command. He was elected Attorney-General of Mississippi in 1865, re-elected in 1868, and. together with the other civil officers of the state, was moved by the military authorities. He was afterward elected to Congress as a Democrat, served from 6 December, 1875, till 3 March, 1883, and was again chosen in 1886.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 248.


HOOKER, Edward, naval officer, born in Farmington, Hartford County, Connecticut, 25 December, 1822. He is descended from Reverend Thomas Hooker. Edward was educated at Farmington academy, and at the age of fourteen entered the merchant marine, where he remained until he entered the U.S. Navy as acting master. 19 July, 1861, on the gun-boat "Louisiana," of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and was severely wounded, 5 October, 1861. He was on service on that gun-boat in the Burnside expedition, and commanded it, in the absence of the chief officer, at Washington, North Carolina, 5 September. 1862. For his gallant conduct in this action he was promoted to acting-volunteer lieutenant, 20 September, 1862. He was in command of the steamer "Victoria" in 1863, and captured the brig " Minna"' and the steamer "Nicholai I." off Wilmington, North Carolina. He had command of the boats on the Rappahannock during the advance of General Grant, and cleared the river of torpedoes, opening it to transports. He was promoted to acting volunteer lieutenant-commander in January, 1865, was naval store-keeper in the Brooklyn U.S. Navy-yard from October, 1865, till October. "1867, commanded the store-ship "Idaho" in 1867-'9, and was commissioned lieutenant-commander in the regular navy. 18 December, 1868. He was inspector of yards and docks at the U.S. Navy-yard. New York, in 1870, and in 1884 was retired with the rank of commander.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 248.


HOOKER, Joseph, soldier, born in Hadley. Massachusetts, 13 November, 1814; died in Garden City. New York, 31 October, 1879. After a good elementary education he was appointed a cadet in the U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1837 with Braxton Bragg, Jubal Early, John Sedgwick, and Edward D. Townsend. He was appointed a 2d lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery, and after serving in the Florida War was sent with his regiment to the Maine frontier, on account of the disputed boundary controversy. On 1 November, 1838, he was promoted to a 1st lieutenancy. After continued service with his regiment, he was appointed adjutant of the Military Academy, 1 July, 1842, but soon afterward, having been offered the adjutancy of his own regiment, accepted it, and retained it until 11 May, 1846. He served with distinction in the Mexican War from 1846 till 1848, and in the former year was appointed a captain in the adjutant-general's department. He was attached successively to the staffs of Generals Persifer F. Smith. Thomas L. Hamer, William O. Butler, and Gideon I. Pillow. He was particularly distinguished in the siege and assault of Monterey, under General Zachary Taylor, and received the brevet of captain. He took part in the movements from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, and for his gallantry in a spirited affair at the National Bridge on 11 August, 1847, was brevetted major. He was favorably mentioned in the despatches announcing the series of actions and victories in the valley of Mexico—Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the capture of the city. For the decisive action of Chapultepec he received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, being thus among the very few to whom were given three brevets during the war. After a year's sojourn at the east he was sent, on 9 July, 1849, as assistant adjutant-general to the Division of the Pacific, where he served until 24 November, 1851. By regular lineal promotion he had become a captain in his regiment on 29 October, 1848; but this post he declined and vacated, since he could not hold both, in order to retain his captaincy in the adjutant-general's department. From 1851 till 1853 he was on leave of absence. Being, like many others, smitten with the "California fever," he resigned from the army on 21 February, 1853, and from that time until 1861 lived a precarious and not very successful life. At first he was a farmer in Sonora County, California In 1858 he was appointed superintendent of military roads in Oregon, and had other government surveying. From 1859 till 1861 he was colonel of California militia, expecting the cloud of war soon to burst. Thus by his needs, his training, and his forecast he was ready to avail himself of the opportunity that soon presented itself to his uncommon military talents. Still young, tall, handsome, cool, brave, and dashing, he was at once a soldier and a general, the beau-ideal of a leader of men. The government made haste to accept his services, which he had promptly offered, and he was appointed on 17 May, 1861, a brigadier-general of volunteers. The actual time of issuing his commission was in August, but it was dated back to give him a claim to higher command. He saw the battle of Bull Run, without participating in it. He was employed in the defences of Washington, 12 August, 1861, and then on the eastern shore of the lower Potomac, and was appointed in April, 1862, to the command of the 2d Division in the 3d Corps, Army of the Potomac, under Heintzelman, and fought in that capacity during the Peninsular Campaign. He was distinguished at the siege of Yorktown, 5 April to 4 May, and was appointed a major-general of volunteers on the day after the evacuation, 5 May. In the battle of Williamsburg his single division held the whole Confederate Army in check, and lost 2,228 men, killed or wounded, while 30,000 National troops looked on and gave no assistance until, when all his men had been engaged, and he was obliged to retire, Kearny and Hancock came to his relief. He was also distinguished at the battles of Fair Oaks, Frazier's Farm. Glendale. and Malvern, where so much depended upon defeating the enemy while the change of base was being executed. At the close of the campaign, Hooker was employed, still as a division commander, in the new movement under General John Pope, against General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, and fought with skill and valor at Bristoe Station, 27 August, Manassas, 20 and 30 August, and Chantilly, where he held the enemy in check with the gallant Kearny, who was killed there. From the soldiers who had admired his cool and dashing courage under fire he received the nickname of "Fighting Joe," and when he appeared on the field the men were strengthened and inspired. Especially had his rapid defeat of Ewell, 27 August, at Manassas compelled Jackson to evacuate Manassas, and relieved the army from a very critical situation. When Pope had failed and was hurled back under the defences of Washington, the Army of the Potomac was restored to McClellan, and Hooker was promoted to the command of the 1st Corps. He took a prominent part in the Maryland Campaign, and was engaged in the battle of South Mountain, 14 September, 1862. where he carried the mountain-sides on the right of the gap, as Reno carried those on the left, the enemy precipitately retreating. At the battle of Antietam, 17 September, he again did more than his share of the fighting. His corps lay on the right, resting on Antietam Creek, with Mansfield in rear and Sumner on his left. At dawn he crossed the creek and attacked the Confederate left flank; but that unbalanced field caused him to be confronted with overpowering numbers, and his losses were extremely heavy. He was shot through the foot and carried from the field. Had the movements of the left wing been as vigorous, had others obeyed orders as promptly and fought as bravely as he, the victory would have been much more decisive. For his conduct in this action he was appointed a brigadier-general in the regular army, to date from 20 September, 1862. His wound only kept him out of the field until 10 November, when he rejoined the army for the campaign on the Rappahannock, with Fredericksburg as the objective point. The slow and cautious movement of McClellan in pursuit of Lee after Antietam had caused him to be relieved of the command, which was conferred upon General Ambrose E. Burnside. In the new organization for the advance on Fredericksburg the army was formed into three grand divisions, the command of the centre, 40,000 men, being given to Hooker. The principal attack was made on 13 December, Burnside had expected to surprise Lee, but failed in this, and the assault resulted in the discomfiture of the National Army. In the criminations and controversies of generals, Hooker's conduct in the field had impressed Mr. Lincoln with a favorable estimate of his abilities, and when, at his own request, Burnside was relieved of the command, Hooker was appointed, by an order of 25 January, to succeed him. The letter that was addressed to General Hooker by President Lincoln, when he appointed him to the command, is so remarkable for its keen insight into character and careful study of the situation that it seems proper to insert it here: "I have placed you at the head of the Army of the Potomac. Of course I have done this upon what appear to me sufficient reasons, and yet I think it best for you to know that there are some things in regard to which I am not quite satisfied with you. I believe you to be a brave and skilful soldier, which of course I like. I also believe you do not mix politics with your profession, in which you are right. You have confidence in yourself, which is a valuable if not indispensable quality. You are ambitious, which, within reasonable bounds, does good rather than harm; but, I think that during General Burnside's command of the army you have taken counsel of your ambition, and thwarted him as much as you could, in which you did a great wrong to the country and to a most meritorious and honorable brother officer. I have heard, in such a way as to believe it, of your recently saying that both the army and the government needed a dictator. Of course it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. Only those generals who gain successes can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictatorship. The government will support you to the utmost of its ability, which is neither more nor less than it has done and will do for all commanders. I much fear that the spirit which you have aided to infuse into the army, of criticising their commander and withholding confidence from him, will now turn upon you. I shall assist you as far as I can to put it down. Neither you nor Napoleon, were he alive again, could get any good out of an army while such a spirit prevails in it. And now, beware of rashness! Beware of rashness! But with energy and sleepless vigilance go forward and give us victories." The hopes of the country were high that the Army of the Potomac now had a general that would lead it to glorious victory. Hooker reorganized it, abandoned the cumbrous machinery of grand divisions, returned to the corps system, and formed a new plan, of the success of which he was very sanguine. He said he had "the finest army on the planet," and that no power, earthly or heavenly, could save Lee from destruction. After some unimportant movements he sent Stoneman's cavalry to the enemy's rear, and then, crossing the Rappahannock at several fords, with the ultimate intention of turning Lee's left, while Sedgwick should make a demonstration on Fredericksburg, instead of attacking Lee, he took post at Chancellorsville, where he awaited Lee's attack. This came with unexpected force and unexampled rapidity. Sedgwick's attack upon the Fredericksburg Heights had been successful, but Jackson, by a vigorous flanking movement, turned the National right, and threw it back in great confusion upon the centre; there was want of concert of action, and thus the battle, although well planned, was lost. In the very heat of the conflict occurred an accident that entailed serious results. General Hooker was leaning against a pillar on the piazza of the Chancellor House, which was struck by a cannon-ball. He was stunned, and for some time senseless, and could not recover his judgment so as to continue the command or to transfer it to a subordinate. Jackson was mortally wounded, and for two days the Army of the Potomac held its ground. The command devolved upon General Couch, of the 2d Corps, who withdrew the forces to the north side of the river. While the Confederate general, elated by this unexpected victory, was moving northward with bold schemes of invasion, the Army of the Potomac took up a line extending from Washington to Baltimore, hoping and expecting that Lee would again give battle in Maryland. In this they were disappointed. It soon became evident that Lee was going to invade Pennsylvania by way of Chambersburg. The Army of the Potomac marched northward, parallel with Lee's route, and looking for the best place to thwart him. Perceiving the inferiority of his army, Hooker demanded that the 11,000 troops under French at Harper's Ferry should be added to his force. This was refused, and for this reason ostensibly Hooker sent in his resignation of the command. In this condition of affairs, without assigning any reason, the president issued an order, under date of 27 June, 1863, relieving Hooker from the command and conferring it upon General George G. Meade, the commander of the 5th Corps, who conducted it to Gettysburg, fought Lee there, and drove him back across the Potomac. In his farewell order to the troops, General Hooker acquiesced cheerfully in the action of the government, like a soldier and a patriot, and gave the true significance of the order: "Impressed," he says. "with the belief that my usefulness as the commander of the Army of the Potomac is impaired, I part from it, yet not without the deepest emotion." He went to Baltimore, where he remained about two months. But so accomplished a general could not be spared, and on 24 September he was assigned to the command of the 11th and 12th Army Corps, which were consolidated later, and constituted the 20th Corps. With these troops he was sent to the south for the relief of Chattanooga, first under Rosecrans and afterward under Grant. From Wauhatchie he marched into Lookout valley on 27 and 28 October, and thus aided in opening communications for supplies, so that the army was thoroughly provisioned by two steamers, with only eight miles of wagoning. When Grant's plans were in order for the final movement, so that his line was complete from the northern end of Lookout Mountain to the northern end of Missionary Ridge, Hooker made a bold attack on the former, and carried it on 24 November, fighting what has been picturesquely called "the battle above the clouds." He then marched across to strengthen the National right, and shared in the grand attack on Missionary Ridge, by which Bragg was defeated and driven away in confusion. In pursuit of the enemy, he fought him at Ringgold on the 27th, where he met with stubborn resistance. When General William T. Sherman organized his army for the invasion of Georgia, Hooker was retained in command of the 20th Corps, and gained new laurels at Mill Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, and Pine Mountain, he took part in the attack on Atlanta, and in the capitulation in the latter days of August. General James B. McPherson, who commanded the Army of the Tennessee, was killed in one of the movements around Atlanta, 22 July, 1864. Hooker had expected to succeed him, but was disappointed. The president, at the suggestion of General Sherman, appointed General Oliver O. Howard to that post. Sherman regarded Hooker as one that interfered in the actions of others and questioned the orders of his superiors. Hooker considered himself ill-treated, and by his own request was relieved of his command, 30 July, and was placed upon waiting orders until 28 September. But his services were not forgotten. For the part he took in the movements under Grant and Sherman he was brevetted a major-general in the regular army, under date of 13 March, 1865. After the close of the war in 1865, Hooker was put in charge of the Department of the East, with his headquarters in New York City. In August. 1866, he was transferred to the Department of the Lakes, with headquarters at Detroit. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, 1 September, 1866, and was for some time on a board for the retirement of officers. Having been struck with paralysis and incapacitated for further active duty, he was, at his own request, placed on the retired list, 15 October, 1868, with the full rank of a major-general. He lived subsequently in New York and in Garden City, Long Island, where he was buried. Hooker was a brave soldier, a skilful military organizer, with an overplus of self-esteem, which led him to follow the dictates of his ambition, sometimes without regard to the just claims of others; but his military achievements and unwavering patriotism so overshadowed his few faults that he is entitled to great praise.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 249-251.


HOOKERTON, NORTH CAROLINA, March 31, 1865. 8th Minnesota Infantry, Company L, 12th New York Cavalry. In a scout from Wheat swamp toward Hookerton the regiment, commanded by Colonel G. A. Camp and accompanied by Captain Hubbard's company of the 12th New York cavalry, met the enemy's pickets about half a mile from Hookerton. Hubbard charged, drove the pickets through the town, scattering them in all directions and capturing 4 men, 2 of whom were commissioned officers, without the loss of a man. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 502-503.


HOOPER, Johnson J., lawyer, born in North Carolina about 1815; died in Alabama in 1863. At an early age he moved to Alabama, where he became solicitor of the 9th circuit, holding that office from 1849 till 1863. In 1861 he was Secretary of the Provisional Confederate Congress. He also edited at one time a Whig journal, and published "Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs " (Philadelphia, 1845), and "Widow Rugby's Husband, and other Tales of Alabama" (1851)."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 252.


HOOPER, Samuel, 1808-1875, merchant.  Republican Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts.  Elected in 1860, served until his death in 1875.  Voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery.  (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. III, p. 252; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 203; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 11, p. 144; Congressional Globe)

HOOPER, Samuel, merchant, born in Marblehead. Massachusetts. 3 February, 1808; died in Washington, D. C, 13 February, 1875. After receiving a common-school education he entered at an early age the counting house of his father, who was engaged in European and West Indian trade. As agent of this enterprise the son visited Russia, Spain, and the West Indies. About 1832 he became junior partner in the mercantile house of Bryant, Sturgis, and Company, in Boston, where he remained for ten years, and then was a member of the firm of William Appleton and Company, who were engaged in the China trade. He was much interested in the iron business and its relation to questions of political economy, and possessed shares in the mines and furnaces near Port Henry, Lake Champlain, and in the Bay-State Rolling-Mills, South Boston. In 1851 he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he served three years, declining a re-election, and in 1857 became state senator, but refused a renomination on account of his business enterprises. In 1860 he was elected to Congress, as a Republican, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Appleton, and was re-elected at each successive biennial election until his death. He served on the committees on Ways and Means, on Banking and Currency, and on the war debts of the loyal states. The success of the national loan of April, 1861, was greatly due to his efforts. In 1869 Chief-Justice Chase wrote a letter attributing the success of the bill that provided for the national banking system to the "good judgment, persevering exertions, and disinterested patriotism of Mr. Hooper." In 1866 he was a delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalists' Convention. He presented $50,000 to Harvard, in 1866, to found a school of mining and practical geology in close connection with the Lawrence scientific school, and in that year received the degree of M. A. from the university. He wrote two pamphlets on currency, which became well known for their broad and comprehensive treatment of this subject. His house in Washington, which was noted for its hospitality, was the headquarters of General George B. McClellan in 1861-2.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 252.


HOOPER, William Henry, merchant, born in Cambridge, Dorchester County, Maryland, 25 December, 1813. He received a common-school education, and for several years was a merchant on the eastern shore of Maryland. He emigrated to Illinois in 1835, and until 1849 he engaged in mercantile pursuits on the Mississippi. In 1850 he moved to Utah, where he was a member of the legislature, and acting Secretary of the Territory. He was a delegate to Congress from 1859 till 1861, and was elected U. S. Senator from Utah under the proposed state organization of " Deseret" in 1862. He again was a delegate to Congress in 1865. and served until 1873, after which he engaged in mercantile pursuits in Salt Lake City.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 253.


HOOVER'S GAP, TENNESSEE, June 24-25, 1863. 4th Division, 14th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland. At 4 a. m. of the 24th this division left Murfreesboro on the Manchester pike. Two miles out it engaged the enemy's picket and drove them back through Hoover's gap on their reserve. The 1st brigade, Colonel J. T. Wilder, discovering the enemy in force at Fairfield, concentrated at the southern terminus of the gap, the other two brigades meanwhile moving into and occupying it. Before the division had fairly finished taking position, Wilder was attacked and the other two brigades were ordered to his support. Attempts on the part of the Confederate commander to turn the Union flanks proved of no avail, though heavy skirmishing was continued until dark. During the night reinforcements came to the Federal aid, and on the 25th an artillery duel was kept up from dawn to dark. That night the enemy withdrew, having lost 19 killed, 126 wounded and 40 captured. The Union casualties in the two days were 15 killed and 41 wounded.


HOPEWELL, MISSOURI, August 26, 1863. 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Colonel B. F. Lazear, in reporting the operations of his command during the pursuit of Quantrill in the latter's raid into Kansas, states that on the 26th his forces and the enemy's had a picket skirmish in the morning and a long chase after a party of 30 of the enemy who disappeared in the underbrush. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 503.


HOPE, James Barron, poet, born in Norfolk, Virginia, 23 March, 1827. He was educated at William and Mary College, Virginia, and previous to 1861 was a practising lawyer and commonwealth attorney in Elizabeth City County, Virginia. He had won some literary distinction from a series of poems that he published in a Baltimore periodical under the pen-name of "the late Henry Ellen, Esq." After serving throughout the Civil War as quartermaster and captain in the Confederate Army, he settled in Norfolk, Virginia , was superintendent of public schools, and edited the Norfolk " Landmark," a daily newspaper. On the one hundredth anniversary of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, 19 October, 1881, Mr. Hope, on the invitation of a joint committee of the U. S. Senate and House of Representatives, delivered an address entitled "Arms and the Man," afterward published with other poems (Norfolk, 1882). His writings include "Leoni di Monota" (Philadelphia, 1857); "Elegiac Ode. and Other Poems" (Norfolk, 1875); and ' Under the Empire" (1878).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 253.


HOPKINS, Johns, 1795-1873, abolitionist, entrepreneur, philanthropist.  His family were Quakers and freed their slaves in 1807.  Worked with prominent abolitionists Myrtilla Miner and Henry Ward Beecher.  Strong supporter of Lincoln and the Union during the Civil War.  Supported African American institutions.  After the war, founder of Johns Hopkins Institutes in Baltimore, Maryland.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 256; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 5, Pt. 1, p. 213)

HOPKINS, Johns, philanthropist, born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, 19 May, 1795; died in Baltimore, 24 December, 1873. His parents were Quakers, and their son was trained to a farming life, but received a fair education. At seventeen years of age he went to Baltimore, became a clerk in his uncle's wholesale grocery-store, and in a few years accumulated sufficient capital to establish himself in the grocery trade with a partner. Three years later, in 1822, he founded, with his two brothers, the house of Hopkins and Brothers. He rapidly added to his fortune until he had amassed large wealth. Retiring from business as a grocer in 1847, he engaged in banking and railroad enterprises, became a director in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and, in 1855, chairman of its finance committee. Two years afterward, when the company was seriously embarrassed, he volunteered to endorse its notes, and risked his private fortune in its extrication. He was one of the projectors of a line of iron steamships between Baltimore and Bremen, and built many warehouses in the city. In March, 1873, he gave property valued at $4,500,000 to found a hospital which, by its charter, is free to all, regardless of race or color, presented the city of Baltimore with a public park, and gave $3,500,000 to found the Johns Hopkins University, which was first proposed by him in 1867, and was opened in 1876. It embraces schools of law, medicine, science, and agriculture, and publishes the results of researches of professors and students. At his death he left a fortune of $10,000,000, including the sums set apart for the endowment of the university and hospital, which were devised to the trustees in his will.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp.


HOPKINSVILLE, KENTUCKY, December 16, 1864. 1st Cavalry Division, Division of the Mississippi. As an incident of Lyon's raid from Paris, Tennessee, Brigadier-General Edward M. McCook sent Bvt. Brigadier-General L. D. Watkins to the right with instructions to make a detour and get in the enemy's rear while the 2nd brigade under Colonel Oscar H. LaGrange attacked the front. Had the plan been carried out, Lyon's entire force of 500 men would have been captured, but for some unaccountable reason Watkins had failed to cut off the Confederate retreat by the Greenville road. When LaGrange advanced the enemy fled, abandoning their artillery. The Federal troops captured 61 men and killed and wounded a number. No casualties were reported on the Union side. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 503.


HOPPER, Anna, daughter of Lucretia Mott, abolitionist, Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society (PFASS), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Yellin, 1994, pp. 71, 75)


HORN WORK is a work composed of two half bastions and a curtain or a front of fortification, with two long sides called branches or wings, directed upon the faces of the bastions or ravelins, so as to be defended by them. This work is placed before a bastion or ravelin, and serves to inclose any space of ground or building, which could not be brought within the enceinte. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 334).


HORNERSVILLE, MISSOURI, May 19, 1862. Detachment of the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry. While stationed near Chalk bluff, Arkansas, Colonel Edward Daniels, commanding the regiment, received information that the steamer Daniel E. Miller was taking on supplies at Hornersville, 20 miles below. With 82 picked men and a 6-pounder cannon Daniels hurried to Hornersville, surprised the enemy's pickets and reached the landing before the boat could get out of rifle range. His advance fired a few shots, which called forth a volley from the boat, when the cannon was brought up and two shots fired, one ball passing through the wheel-house and the other striking below the water line. The Miller then hove to and surrendered. In the affair 2 Confederates were killed, 3 wounded and 30 surrendered. The Union troops met with no casualties. Daniels then pressed into service all the teams in the vicinity and moved the stores on the boat to Chalk bluff. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 503.


HORN LAKE CREEK, TENNESSEE, May 18, 1863. Detachment of the 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry. This affair was a skirmish between a scouting party under Captain Albert M. Sherman and a Confederate picket. The enemy showed fight at first but was driven back to his reserves, which were in turn driven. The casualties, if any, were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 503.


HORNSBORO, SOUTH CAROLINA, March 3, 1865. 4th Brigade, Kilpatrick's Cavalry. The brigade, commanded by Colonel Will1am B. Way, had just one into camp 3 miles north of Hornsboro, when the pickets were secretly attacked by some of Wheeler's cavalry, but the attack was repulsed with a loss of 1 man slightly wounded. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, pp. 503-504.


HORSE. In selecting a horse choose one from 5 to 7 years old, (the latter age preferable,) and from 15 to 16 hands high.

The saddle horse should be free in his movements; have good sight; a full, firm chest; be surefooted; have a good disposition, with boldness and courage; more bottom than spirit, and not be too showy.

The draft horse should stand erect on his legs, be strongly built, but free in his movements; his shoulders should be large enough to give support to the collar, but not too heavy; his body full, but not too long; the sides well rounded; the limbs solid, with rather strong shanks, and feet in good condition.

To these qualities he should unite, as much as possible, the qualities of the saddle horse; should trot and gallop easily; have even gaits, and not be skittish. The most suitable horse for the pack-saddle is the one most nearly approaching the mule in his formation. He should be very strong-backed, and from 14 to 15 hands high.

Horses with very long legs, or long pasterns, should be rejected, as well as those which are poor, lank, stubborn, or vicious.

The mule is preferable to the horse in a very rough country, where its surefootedness is an important quality. There are two kinds: the mule proper, or product of the jackass and mare, which is preferable to the product of the horse and ass. The former brays; the latter neighs.

The mule may be usefully employed from its fourth year to beyond its twenty-fifth. It is usually from 131 to 15 hands high; is hardy, seldom sick, fears heat but little; is easy to keep; is very surefooted, and especially adapted for draught or packing.

Before choosing horses, their attitudes and habits should be examined in the stable. Leaving the stable, they should be stopped at the door in order to examine their eyes, the pupils of which should contract when struck by the light. Out of the stable, they should neither be allowed to remain quiet, nor to be worried. Care should be taken against being deceived by the effects of the whip, cries, &c. The positions of a horse, his limbs, age, and height, should bo examined at different times. He should be walked about with a long rein, observing the action of his rear extremities when he moves off, of his fore ones when approaching, and of both when moving with his flank towards you. The examination should be repeated at a trot, observing in what manner the horse gathers himself; whether he interferes, rocks in his motions, or traverses his shoulders or haunches. Rein him backwards, make one of the men get on him, and see if he is difficult to mount, and whether or not he bears too hard on the bit. Make him gallop a little, to judge of his wind, and see whether his flanks heave. Have his feet washed and examined carefully. Strike upon the shoe to determine whether he is easily shod or not.

AGE. The age of a horse is determined by the appearance of his teeth. When he is 5 years old, his mouth is nearly perfect with a full set (40) of teeth, 20 in each jaw; six of these are in front, and called nippers, or cutting teeth; a tush on each side of these, and on each side of the back part of the jaws six molars, or grinding teeth.

At the birth of the colt, the 1st and 2d grinders have appeared, and in the course of seven or eight days after, the two central nippers force their way through the gums. In the course of the first month, the 3d grinder appears above and below, and shortly after another of the incisors on each side of the first two.

At the end of two months, the central nippers reach their full height, and before another month the second pair will overtake them. They then begin to wear away a little, and the outer edge, which was at first somewhat raised and sharp, is brought to a level with the inner one. So the mouth continues until some time between the 6th and 9th month, when two other nippers begin to appear, making 12 in all, and completing the colt's mouth. After this, the only observable difference, until between the 2d and 3d year, is the wear of these teeth.

These teeth are covered with a polished and very hard enamel, which spreads over that portion above the gum. From the constant habit of nipping grass, and gathering up the animal's food, a portion of the enamel is worn away, while in the centre of the upper surface of the teeth, it sinks into the body of the tooth, forming a little pit. The inside and bottom of this pit, being blackened by the food, constitute the mark of the teeth, by the gradual disappearance of which, from the wearing down of the edge, we are enabled, for several years, to judge of the age of the animal.

The teeth, at first presenting a cutting surface, with the outer edge rising in a slanting direction above the inner, soon begin to wear down, until both surfaces are level; and the mark, originally long and narrow, becomes shorter, wider, and fainter. Fig. 140 represents the appearance of the animal's mouth at 12 months. The four middle teeth are almost level, and the corner ones becoming so. The mark in the two middle teeth is wide and faint; in the two next, darker, longer, and narrower; and if the extreme ones it is darkest, longest, and narrowest.' This appearance of the nippers, together with the coming of four new grinders, enables the age of the colt to be pretty nearly calculated.

Six months after, the mark in the central nippers will be much shorter and fainter; that in the two other pairs will have undergone an evident change, and all the nippers will be flat.

At two years old, this change will be still more manifest, and the lower jaw of the colt will present the appearance represented in Fig. 141. About this period, too, a new grinder appears, making 20 in all, FIG. 140. FIG. 141. and a still more important change takes place. This consists in the formation of the permanent teeth which gradually come up from beneath, absorb, and take the place of the temporary, or milk teeth, as they we called, and finally push the top parts of these latter out of their places. These permanent teeth are much larger and stronger than the first ones.


The teeth are replaced in the same order that they originally appeared, and consequently, at the end of the second year, the first grinders are replaced by permanent and larger ones; then the central nippers, and so on. At the end of the third year, the colt's mouth will present the appearance shown in Fig. 142. The central teeth are larger than the others, with two grooves in the outer convex surface, and the mark is long, narrow, deep, and black. Not having yet attained their full growth, they are rather lower than the others. The mark in the two next nippers is nearly worn out, and it is wearing away in the extreme ones.

A horse at three years old ought to have the central permanent nippers growing; the other two pairs wasting; six grinders in each jaw, above and below the first and fifth level with the other, and the sixth protruding. The sharp edge of the new incisors will be very evident when compared with the neighboring teeth.

As the permanent nippers wear, and continue to grow, a narrower portion of the cone-shaped tooth is exposed to attrition, and they look as if they had been compressed. The mark, of course, gradually disappears as the pit is worn away.

At three years and a half, or between that and four, the next pair of nippers will be changed. The central nippers will have attained nearly their full growth. A vacuity will be left where the second stood, or they will begin to peep above the gum, and the corner ones will be diminished in breadth, worn down, and the mark becoming small and faint. At this period, too, the second pair of grinders will be shed.

At four years, the central nippers will be fully developed; the FIG. 142. FIG. 143 sharp edge somewhat worn off, and the mark shorter, wider, and fainter. The next pair will be up, but they will be small, with the mark deep, and extending quite across them. The corner nippers will be larger than the inside ones, yet smaller than they were, flat, and the mark nearly effaced. The sixth grinder will have risen to a level with the others, and the tushes will begin to appear. See Fig. 143. The small size of the corner nippers, the want of wear in the others, the little growth of the tush, the smallness of the second grinder, the low forehand, the legginess of the colt, and the thickness and little depth of the mouth, will prevent the horse from being passed off as over four years old.


The tushes are much nearer the nippers than the grinders, but this distance increases with the age of the animal. The time of their appearance is uncertain, and it may vary from the fourth year to foul years and six months.

At four years and a half the last important change takes place in the mouth. The corner nippers are shed, and the permanent ones begin to appear. The central nippers are considerably worn, and the next pair are commencing to show signs of usage. The tush has now protruded, and is generally a full half-inch in height. After the rising of the corner nippers the animal changes its name the colt becomes a horse, and the filly a mare.

At five years the corner nippers are quite up, with the long deep mark irregular on the inside, and the other nippers bearing evidence of increased wear. The tush is much grown, the grooves have nearly disappeared, and the outer surface is regularly convex, though the inner is still concave, with the edge nearly as sharp as it was six months before. The sixth molar is quite up, and the third wanting, which last circumstance will be of great assistance in preventing deception. The three last grinders and the tushes are never shed. Fig. 144 represents the mouth of a 5-year old horse.

At six years the mark on the central nippers is worn out, though a difference of color still remains in the centre of the tooth, and although a slight depression may exist, the deep hole with the blackened surface and elevated edge of enamel will have disappeared. In the next incisors the mark is shorter, broader, and fainter; and in the corner teeth the edges of the enamel are more regular, and the surface is evidently worn. The tush has attained its full growth of nearly an inch in length; convex outwards, concave within, tending to a point, and the extremity somewhat curved. The third grinder is fairly up, and all the grinders are level.

At seven years, the mark is worn out in the four central nippers, FIG. 144. FIG. 145. and fast wearing away in the corner ones. The tush is becoming rounded at the point and edges; still round outside, and beginning to get so inside. (Fig. 145.)

At eight years old, the tush is rounded in every way; the mark is gone from all the bottom nippers, and nothing remains in them that can afterwards clearly show the age of the horse.

An operation is sometimes performed on the teeth of horses, to deceive purchasers in regard to age. This, called bishoping, after the inventor, consists in throwing a horse, 8 or 9 years old, and with an engraver's tool digging a hole in the almost plane surface of the corner teeth, of the same shape and depth of those seen in a 7-year old horse. The holes are then burned with a heated iron, leaving a permanent black stain. The next pair of nippers are also sometimes lightly touched. An inexperienced person might be deceived by the process; but a careful examination will disclose the irregular appearance of the cavity the diffusion of the black stain around the tushes, the sharpened edges and concave inner surface of which can never be given again and the marks on the upper nippers. After the horse is 8 years old, horsemen are accustomed to judge of his age from the nippers in the upper jaw, where the mark remains longer than in the lower jaw teeth; so that at 9 years of age it disappears from the central nippers; at 10 from the next pair, and from all the upper nippers at 11. During this time, too, the tushes are changing, becoming blunter, shorter, and rounder; but the means for determining accurately the age of a horse, after he has passed 8 years, are very uncertain.

The general indications of old age, independent of the teeth, are deepening of the hollows over the eyes, and about the muzzle; thinness and hanging down of the lips; sharpness of the withers; sinking of the back; lengthening of the quarters; and the disappearance of windgalls, spavins, and tumors of every kind.

The perpendicularity with which a horse habitually stands, determines his good qualities and endurance. Viewed in profile, his front legs should be comprised between two verticals: the one, A, (Fig. 146.) let fall from the point of his shoulder, and terminating at his toe; the other, B, from the top of the withers, and passing through the elbow. A line, C, passing through the fetlock -joint, should divide the limb into two equal parts. The hind legs should be comprised between two verticals, A' falling from the hip, and B' falling from the point of the buttock; the foot at very nearly equal distances from these two lines. A line, C', let fall from the hip-joint, should be equally distant from these two lines A', B'.

Viewed in front, a vertical let fall from the point of the shoulder, should divide the leg along its central line. In rear, a vertical from the point of the buttock, should divide the leg equally throughout its entire length. FIG. 146.

The height of the horse, measured from the top of the withers to the ground, should be equal to his length from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock. His chest, looking at him from the front, should be broad; and viewed from the rear, he should be broad, with good muscle, and strongly built.

“The thoroughbred horse enters into every other breed, and adds or often gives to it its only value. For a superior charger, hunter, or saddle horse, three parts or one-half should be of pure blood; but for the horse of all work, less will answer. The road horse, according to the work required of him should, like the hunter, possess different degrees of blood. The best kind of coach horse is foaled by mares of some blood, if the sire is a three-fourth or thoroughbred stallion of sufficient size and substance. Even the dray horse, and every other class of horse, is improved by a partial mixture of the thoroughbred.

“The first point of a good hunter is that he should be light in hand. For this purpose, his head must be small; his neck thin, especially beneath; his crest firm and arched, and his jaws wide. The head will then be well set on. It will form a pleasant angle with the neck, which gives a light and pleasant mouth.”

The road horse or hackney should be a hunter in miniature, with these exceptions: his height should rarely exceed fifteen hands and an inch. He will be sufficiently strong and more pleasant for general work below that standard. He should be of more compact form than the hunter, of more bulk according to his height. It is of essential consequence that the bones beneath the knee should be deep and flat, and the tendon not tied in. The pastern should be short, and less oblique or slanting than that of the hunter or race-horse. The foot should be of a size corresponding with the bulk of the animal, neither too hollow nor too flat, and open at the heels. The forelegs should be perfectly straight; for a horse with his knees bent will, from a slight cause and especially if overweighted, come down. The back should be straight and short, yet sufficiently long to leave comfortable room for the saddle between the shoulders and the huck, without pressing on either. Some persons prefer a hollow-backed horse. It is generally an easy one to go. It will canter well with a lady; but it will not carry a heavy weight, or stand much hard work. The road horse should be high in the forehead, round in the barrel, and deep in the chest.”

A horse travels the distance of 400 yards at a walk, in 4-1/2 minutes; at a trot, in 2 minutes; at a gallop, in 1 minute. He occupies in the ranks a front of 40 inches, a depth of 10 feet; in a stall from 3-1/2 - to 4 feet front; at a picket, 3 feet by 9. Average weight of horses 1,000 lbs. each. A horse carrying a soldier and his equipments, (say 225 lbs.,) travels 25 miles in a day, (8 hours.) A. pack horse can carry 250 to 300 lbs. 20 miles a day. A draught horse can draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles a day, weight of carriage included. Artillery horses should not be made to draw more than 700 lbs. each, the weight of the carriage included. The ordinary work of a horse for 8 hours a day may be stated at 22,500 lbs. raised one foot in a minute. In a horse mill, the horse moves at the rate of 31 feet in a second. The diameter of the path should not be less than 25 or 30 feet. Daily allowance of water for a horse is four gallons. A horse-power in steam engines is estimated at 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute; but as a horse can exert that power but 6 hours a day, one steam horse-power is equivalent to that of four horses.

The actual mode of taking wild horses is by throwing the lasso, whilst pursuing them at full speed, and dropping a noose over their necks; by which their speed is soon checked, and they are choked down. Mr. Rarey's sixpenny book tells all that can be told on the subject of horse-breaking; but far more lies in the skill and horse knowledge of the operator, than in the mere theory. His way of mastering a vicious horse, is by taking up one fore-foot, and bending his knee, and slipping a loop over the knee until it comes to the pastern- joint, and then fixing it tight. The loop must be caused to embrace the part between the hoof and the pastern-joint firmly, by the help of a strap of some kind, lest it should slip. The horse is now on three legs, and he feels conquered. If he gets very mad, wait leisurely till he becomes quiet; then caress him, and let the leg clown, and allow him to rest. Then repeat the process. If the horse kicks in harness, drive him slowly on three legs. In breaking-in a stubborn beast, it is convenient to physic him until he is sick and out of spirits, or to starve him into submission. Salt keeps horses from straying, if they are accustomed to come up to the camp and get it. But it is a bad plan, as they are apt to hang about, instead of getting off to feed. They are so fond of it, that they have been known to stray back to a place where they had been licking it, in front of the doors. (Consult GIBBON; SKINNER'S Youatt; BRANDE'S Encyclopedia; Memorial des Officiers d’Infanterie et de Cavalerie. See PAY; VETERINARY.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 334-342).


HORSEMANSHIP consists in perfect mastery of the horse. The principles laid down by Eaucher in his method of horsemanship, published in Philadelphia in 1851, profess to give any horse in less than three months:

1. General suppling; 2. Perfect lightness; 3. Graceful position; 4. A steady walk; 5. Trot, steady, measured, extended; 6. Backing as easily and as freely as going forward; 7. Gallop easy with either foot, and change of foot by the touch; 8. Easy and regular movement of the haunches, comprising ordinary and reversed pirouettes; 9. Leaping the ditch and the bar; 10. Making the horse raise his legs diagonally as in a trot, but without advancing or receding; 11. Halt from the gallop by the aid of, first, the pressure of the legs, and then a light support of the hand. “The education of the men's horses, being less complicated than that of those intended for the officers, would be more rapid. The principal things will be the supplings and the backing, followed by the walk, the trot, and the gallop, while keeping the horse perfectly in hand.”

Horsemanship in war consists in address in the exercise of arms while skilfully using the proper paces of the horse in different accidents of ground, with ability in the rider to obtain immediate obedience in all movements that may be rationally demanded. To accomplish this, constant exercise is required of both horse and cavalier, and the individual instruction now prescribed in the French army gives this skillfulness, and habituates horses to separations from each other, and to instant yielding to the will of the rider. (Consult BAUCHER; Cavalry Tactics; Travail Individuely) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 342).

HORSE EQUIPMENTS.

STATEMENT OF THE COST OF HORSE EQUIPMENTS, PATTEEN 1859, FURNISHED BY THE ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.

The regulations require that requisitions for Horse Equipments shall follow the form prescribed for ordnance requisitions. Stirrups, saddle-bags, girths, and surcingles, to be entered separately instead of under the head SADDLE in the following list. CURB BRIDLES to embrace the various kinds of curb bits, scutcheons, curb chains, and leather fittings complete. WATERING BRIDLES to include every thing else instead of using separate heads for halters, blankets, &c., &c. Price per piece. Price per set.

Amount SADDLE. Saddle tree covered with raw hide with metal mountings attached. Saddle flaps with brass screws, each $ cts. 413 1 10 $ cts. 4 13 2 20 Back straps with screws rivets and D's each .. 58 1 16 50 50 “ " short 80 30 25 1 50 Stirrup leathers, each 70 1 40 Sweat leathers, each 70 1 40 60 1 20 Carbine socket and strap .".... 72 72 Saddle-bags 3 75 3 75 1 75 1 75 Girth 80 80 Surcingle 1 17 1 17 Total cost $21 98 BRIDLE. Bit, No 1, $5 I average per 100 sets. . . 4 20 4 20 ' Nos. 2, 3, and 4, $4 j Brass scutcheon, with company letter, each. 5 10 Reins . . . . 80 80 Headpiece 85 85 Front 10 10 Curb chain with hooks 20 20 Curb chain safe 8 8 Total cost 6 33 HALTER. Headstall complete 2 00 2 00 Hitching strap 50 50 Total cost 2 50 WATERING BRIDLE. Snaffle bit, chains and toggles . 90 90 80 80 Total cost 1 70 45 90 10 20 Total cost 1 10 Curry comb. 20 20 Horse brush, wooden back 94 94 Picket pin , 20 20 Lariat rope v. 1 15 1 15 Total cost 2 49 Total cost of equipment 36 10 Blanket for cavalry service, dark, with orange border, 8 lbs., at 70 cents per lb. 2 10 2 10 Blanket for artillery, scarlet, with dark blue border, 3 lbs., 70 cents per lb. 2 10 2 10 Nose-bag ' 75 75 20 20 * No. 1 is Spanish; Nos. 2, 3, and 4, are American.


HORSE LANDING, FLORIDA, May 23, 1864. U. S. S. Columbine. As the steamer was returning down the St. John's river from a trip to Volusia, with 2 officers and 25 men of the 35th U. S. colored infantry on board, in addition to her regular crew, she was fired upon at Horse landing by the sharpshooters of the 2nd Florida cavalry and a section of artillery. After an engagement of 45 minutes her rudder was shot away and she became unmanageable. The white flag was then run up, the crew and troops surrendered as prisoners of war and the vessel was burned. The Confederate casualties were not reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 504.


HORSESHOE BOTTOM, KENTUCKY, May 10, 1863. U. S. Troops under Colonel R. T. Jacob. At 8 a. m. Major-General John H. Morgan with some 5,000 or 6,000 men attacked the Federal force under Jacob at Horseshoe bottom on Greasy creek. For more than 7 hours heavy skirmishing was continued, when Jacob charged, driving the enemy at the point of the bayonet for more than half a mile, at which point reinforcements came to Morgan's aid. Jacob then slowly withdrew his forces to the Cumberland river and crossed without difficulty. The Federal killed, wounded and missing in this engagement and that of the day before amounted to 42; the Confederate losses, though not reported, were undoubtedly much heavier. The Union command consisted of Indiana, Michigan and Kentucky troops. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 504.


HORTON, George Firman, 1806-1886, physician, temperance activist, abolitionist.  Active member of the American Anti-Slavery Society.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 266)

HORTON, George Firman, physician, born in Terrytown, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2 Jan., 1806; died there, 20 Dec., 1886. He was educated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, and in the medical department of Rutgers College, and began practice in his; native town in 1829. He became an advocate of the temperance cause in 1830, and was a member of the American Anti-Slavery Society almost from the time of its foundation till the extinction of slavery. He was for twelve years treasurer and town-clerk of his township, from 1830 till 1856 postmaster at Terrytown, and in 1872 was elected a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania for revising the state constitution. He was a skilful botanist and entomologist. He published reports of his cases in the “Transactions of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society”; “Reports on the Geology of Bradford County” (1858); and “The Horton Genealogy” (1876). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 266.


HORTON, George Moses, North Carolina slave, published book of poetry, The Hope of Liberty, 1824 (Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 20-21, 278; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 11, p. 232)


HORTON, Jonathon, anti-slavery activist, Methodist (Dumond, 1961, p. 187)


HORTON, Jotham, anti-slavery advocate.  Helped found the Wesleyan Methodist Church in 1843 with abolitionists Orange Scott and Le Roy Sunderland in 1843.  (Dumond, 1961, p. 187; Matlack, 1849, p. 162)


HORTON'S MILLS, NORTH CAROLINA, April 27, 1862. 103d New York Volunteers. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 6, p. 504.


HORWITZ, Phineas Jonathan, surgeon, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 3 March, 1822. He was educated at the University of Maryland and at Jefferson Medical College. In 1847 he entered the U. S. Navy as assistant surgeon, and during the Mexican War was in charge of the naval hospital at Tobasco. From 1859 till 1865 he was assistant to the Bureau of Medicine, and chief of that bureau in 1865-'9. He was promoted surgeon 19 April, 1861, commissioned medical inspector 3 March, 1871, medical director 30 June, 1873, and was retired with the relative rank of captain in 1885. His office as assistant to the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery during the war involved the adjustment of all the pensions that accrued to the wounded and to the widows and orphans of the killed in the navy; the tabulation of medical and surgical statistics; and the general management of all financial matters pertaining to the office. Dr. Horwitz projected and constructed the Naval Hospital in Philadelphia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 267.