Harboring an Enemy through Hazle Green, Kentucky

HARBORING AN ENEMY. Punishable with death or otherwise, according to sentence of a court-martial; (ART. 56.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 331).


HARDEE, William J., soldier, born in Savannah, Georgia, about 1817; died in Wytheville, Virginia, 6 November, 1873. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1838, and after serving in the Florida War, in the 2d Dragoons, he was promoted to a 1st lieutenancy, 3 December 1839, and sent by the Secretary of War to the celebrated Military school of St. Maur, France. While there he was attached to the cavalry department of the French Army, he was stationed for a time on the western frontier, appointed captain of dragoons, 18 September, 1844, and accompanied General Taylor in 1846 across the Rio Grande. His company was the first to engage the enemy at Curricitos, where he was overwhelmed by superior numbers and made prisoner. He was exchanged in time to take part in the siege of Monterey, and was promoted to major for gallantry on 25 March, 1847. At the end of the war he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and a little later was appointed major in the 2d U.S. Cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was colonel and Robert E. Lee lieutenant-colonel. About this time he received instructions from the War Department to prepare a system of tactics for the use of infantry. On the completion of this work, in 1856, he was ordered to West Point as commandant of cadets, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel; and there he remained, with the exception of one year, during which he was absent in Europe, until the end of January, 1861. He then joined the Confederate Army with the rank of colonel, and was assigned to duty at Fort Morgan, Mobile. In June, 1861, he was made brigadier-general, and sent to Arkansas under General Polk. He was soon afterward transferred to Kentucky, where he gained a victory over a small National force at Mumfordsville, 17 December, 1861. Events were now shaping for more vigorous work in the southwest. At Shiloh, Hardee's Corps, the 3d, formed the first Confederate line, and made the first attack. He was promoted to major-general, and Beauregard, in his report, praised Hardee's skill and general ability. He commanded the left wing at Perryville, 8 October, 1862, and took a conspicuous part in all the movements at Murfreesboro. For his conduct at Perryville and throughout the campaign he was appointed lieutenant-general, ranking after Longstreet. After the fall of Vicksburg, Hardee had charge of a camp of paroled prisoners in Alabama. Later in the year he was put in command of the 2d Corps under Bragg, and, after the battle of Chattanooga, was temporarily appointed his successor. In May, General Joseph E. Johnston assumed the command, and Hardee resumed his subordinate position. Hardee was relieved at his own request in September, 1864, and appointed to the command of the Department of South Carolina. He finally surrendered at Durham Station, North Carolina, 26 April, 1865. At the close of the war General Hardee retired to his plantation in Alabama. Hardee's Tactics, or the "U. S. Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics," the work already referred to (New York, 1856), is eclectic rather than original, and is drawn mainly from French sources.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 77.


HARDEEVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA, January 4, 1865. 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 20th Army Corps. In the beginning of the campaign of the Carolinas the brigade, commanded by Colonel Henry Case of the 129th Ill . infantry, crossed the Savannah river and after several skirmishes with parties of the enemy carried the Confederate works on the Hardee plantation, near Hardeeville, on the 4th and held them until the 7th, when the command moved toward Robertsville. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 486.


HARDIE, James Allen, soldier, born in New York City, 5 May, 1823; died in Washington, D. C, 5 May, 1876. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1843, and entered the artillery service. He was an assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics at West Point in 1844-'6, and served as company officer in garrison, frontier, and Indian service till 1861. During the Mexican War he commanded a New York regiment of volunteers, with the rank of major, and in 1857 he was appointed captain in the 3d U.S. Artillery. He was transferred to the 5th U.S. Artillery in 1861, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp, and served on General McClellan's staff during the Peninsular and Maryland Campaigns, and on that of General Burnside in the battles around Fredericksburg. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862, assistant adjutant-general in 1863, assigned to special duty in the War Department, and was assistant secretary to Secretary Edwin M. Stanton while he held office. General Hardie was appointed inspector-general in 1864, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier and major-general, U. S. Army, for his services during the war. In 1866 he was senior member of the commission to inspect ordnance and ordnance stores in forts and arsenals, and commissioner to audit the military claims of Kansas, Montana, Dakota, California, and Oregon. He edited numerous military reports.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 78.


HARDIN, Charles Henry, governor of Missouri, born in Trimble County, Kentucky, 15 July, 1820. His father moved to Missouri in the autumn of 1820, and in 1821 settled in Columbia, Boone County. The son was graduated at Miami University, Ohio, in 1841, and began the practice of law in Fulton, Missouri, in 1843. He was attorney of the 3d Judicial District in 1848-'52, and has been several times a member of each branch of the legislature. In 1855 he was one of a commission to revise and codify the statute laws of the state. He voted against the secession of the state, and in 1862 retired to his farm near Mexico, Missouri, where, after the war, he resumed the practice of law. In 1874 he was elected governor of Missouri. Governor Hardin endowed Hardin Female College, near Mexico, Missouri, in 1873, with property valued at over $60,000. He has since been president of its board of directors, and has given much of his attention, as a public man, to the cause of education.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 78.


HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier, born in East Hampton, Middlesex County, Connecticut, 10 February, 1807; died in Monmouth, Warren County. Illinois, 19 July, 1874. He was educated chiefly at Hamilton, N. Y., Academy, and after practising law in Oneida County for some time moved to Illinois. In that state he continued to practise law for fifteen years, and to manage farms for twenty-five years. In 1848 he was a member of the convention that framed the constitution under which Illinois was governed from 1848 till 1870. He also served in the legislature in 1848-'9 and 1850. During the ten years preceding the Civil War he was engaged in railway enterprises. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the 83d Illinois Infantry, and rose to the rank of colonel. For bravery at Fort Donelson he was promoted to brigadier-general, and in 1863 had command at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. In 1864 he was elected a representative in Congress, and was reelected in 1866, serving from 4 December, 1865, till 3 March, 1869. General Harding early entered with zeal into the construction of railroads in central Illinois, and was one of the projectors and builders of the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy. He left a fortune of about $2,000,000, no small part of which he had amassed in railroad enterprises. Several years before his death he endowed a professorship in Monmouth College.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 79.


HARDING, Benjamin F., senator, born in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, 4 January, 1823. He was educated at the public schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. He began practice in Illinois in 1848, and in 1849 moved to Oregon, where he was clerk of the territorial legislature in 1850-'l, and a member of that body and its speaker in 1852. He was U. S. District attorney for Oregon in 1853, and secretary of the territory in 1854-'9. After its admission to the Union he was a member of the state house of representatives in 1859-'62, being speaker during the last two years. He was then elected a U. S. Senator as a Republican, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Edward D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's Bluff, and served from 1 Dee., 1862, till 3 March, 1865.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 79.


HARDY COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA, January 5, 1863. Troops not specified.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 485.


HARGIS, Thomas F., jurist, born in Breathitt County, Kentucky, 24 June, 1842. He moved with his parents to Rowan County in 1856, and received a scanty education. In 1861 he entered the Confederate service as a private in the 5th Kentucky Infantry. He was promoted captain in 1863, and in November, 1864, was captured in Luray valley and held a prisoner until the termination of the war. Returning home penniless at the age of twenty-three, he devoted himself to the study and mastery of the English branches, and to the law. He was licensed to practise in 1866, and in 1868 moved to Carlisle, Kentucky The year following he was elected judge of Nicholas County, and he was re-elected in 1870. He was chosen to the state senate in 1871, elected judge of the criminal court in 1878, and raised to the appellate bench of Kentucky in 1879. After serving as chief justice during the vacancy caused by the death of an associate judge, he served two years longer by his own succession. Declining a re-election, he retired from the supreme bench in 1884, and moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where he is now (1887) engaged in practice. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 83.


HARKER, Charles G.. soldier, born in Swedesborough, New Jersey, 2 December 1837: killed at the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, 27 June, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1858, entered the 2d U.S. Infantry, and became 1st lieutenant of the 15th U.S. Infantry, 14 May, 1861. He was promoted captain, 24 October, 1861, became lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Ohio Volunteers, and colonel on 11 November, 1861. He was engaged in the battle of Shiloh and the siege of Corinth and the battle of Stone River, and was recommended for promotion, but did not receive it until he had still further distinguished himself at Chickamauga and Chattanooga. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, to date from 20 September. 1863, commanded a brigade under General Howard in the campaign in Georgia, and held the peak of Rocky Face Ridge, 7 May, 1864, against determined efforts of the enemy to dislodge him.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 82.


HARKNESS, William, astronomer, born in Ecclefechan, Scotland, 17 December, 1837, studied at Lafayette College, and was graduated in 1858 at Rochester University, where he also received the degree of LL. D. in 1874. He was graduated in medicine in 1862, was appointed aide at the U. S. Naval Observatory in August of that year, and also served as surgeon in the U. S. Army at the second battle of Bull Run, and during the attack on Washington in July, 1864. He was commissioned professor of mathematics in the U. S. Navy, with the relative rank of lieutenant-commander, in August, 1863, and stationed at the Naval Observatory in Washington, D. C. In 1865-'6, during a cruise on the " Monadnock." he made an extensive series of observations on terrestrial magnetism at the principal ports in South America. His results were published by the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, 1872). On his return he was attached to the U. S. Hydrographic Office during 1867, and from 1868 till 1874 to the Naval Observatory.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 83.


HARLAN, John Marshall, lawyer, born in Boyle County, Kentucky, 1 June, 1833, was graduated at Centre College in 1850, and at the law department of Transylvania University in 1853. In 1851 he was adjutant-general of Kentucky, and in 1858 became judge of Franklin County, Kentucky. He was afterward an unsuccessful Whig candidate for Congress, and at the beginning of the Civil War entered the Union Army as colonel of the 10th Kentucky Infantry. He was Attorney-General of Kentucky in 1863-'7, and was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for governor of the state in 1871 and 1875. He was a member of the Louisiana Commission that was appointed by President Hayes, I and on 29 November, 1877, became associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, as successor of David Davis. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 83.


HARLAN, James, 1820-1899, statesman.  Whig U.S. Senator, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery.  Elected senator in 1855 representing Iowa.  Re-elected, served until 1865, when appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Lincoln.  Re-elected to Senate in 1866, served until 1873.  (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 83-84; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 269; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 10, p. 94; Congressional Globe)

HARLAN, James, statesman, born in Clarke County, Illinois., 25 August, 1820. He was graduated at the Indiana Asbury University in 1845. held the office of superintendent of public instruction in Iowa in 1847, and was president of Iowa Wesleyan University in 1853. He was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1855 as a Whig, and served as chairman of the committee on public lands, but his seat was declared vacant on a technicality on 12 January, 1857. On the 17th of the same month he was re-elected for the term ending in 1861, and in the latter year was a delegate to the Peace Convention. He was re-elected to the Senate for the term ending in 1867, but resigned in 1865, having been appointed by President Lincoln Secretary of the Interior. He was again elected to the Senate in 1866, and was a delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalists' Convention of that year. He was chairman of the committee on the District of Columbia and Indian affairs, and also served on those on foreign relations, agriculture, and the Pacific Railroad. In 1869 he was appointed president of the Iowa University. After leaving the Senate in 1873 he became editor of the " Washington Chronicle." From 1882 till 1885 he was presiding judge of the court of commissioners of Alabama claims.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 83-84.


HARLAN, George Cuvier, physician, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 28 January, 1835, was educated at Delaware College and in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in 1858. He was appointed resident physician of Wills eye Hospital in 1857, of St. Joseph's Hospital in 1858, and of the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1859. For some time during the Civil War he served as medical officer on the gun-boat "Union," and for three years was surgeon of the 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry. He is now (1887) professor of diseases of the eye in the Philadelphia polyclinic, and has published numerous papers on his specialty. He is the author of "Diseases of the Orbit" in Wood's "Reference Hand-Book," and has revised parts of the American edition of Holmes's "System of Surgery."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 84.


HARMONY, David B., naval officer. born in Easton, Pennsylvania, 3 September, 1832. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman on 7 April, 1847, passed that grade in 1853, became lieutenant in 1855, lieutenant-commander in 1862, commander in 1866, captain in 1875, and commodore in 1885. He served on the "Iroquois" at the passage of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, and at the capture of New Orleans, and took part in many severe engagements with the batteries at Vicksburg and Grand Gulf. He was executive officer of the iron-clad "Nahant" in the first attack on Fort Sumter, 7 April, 1863, and in the engagement with the ram " Atlanta" on 17 June, and in all the attacks on defences at Charleston, from 4 July till 7 September. He held a command in the Eastern Gulf Squadron in 1863, and commanded the "Saratoga in the Western Gulf Squadron in 1864-'5, taking part in the capture of Mobile and its defences. He commanded a division of eight vessels in an expedition to Montgomery, Alabama, in April, 1865, and in 1867 commanded the "Frolic" in Europe, one of the vessels of Admiral Farragut's Squadron. He was honorably mentioned in the reports of Commodore De Camp, Commodore Palmer, and Commodore Downes. He made his last cruise in 1881, was a member of the examining and retiring boards in 1883-'5, and is now (1887) serving as chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks, having held this office since 1885.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 84.


HARNEY, John Hopkins, journalist, born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, 20 February, 1800; died in Jefferson County, Kentucky, 27 January, 1867. Being left by the death of his parents in straitened circumstances, he was compelled to educate himself, and developed a talent for mathematics. At the age of seventeen he successfully solved a problem in surveying that had been referred to him by two rivals, which attracted so much attention that he was soon made principal of the Paris, Kentucky, academy. The money thus earned he devoted to the purchase of a scholarship in the University of Oxford, Ohio, where he was graduated in 1827 in belles-lettres and theology. He was appointed professor of mathematics in the University of Indiana in 1828, and in 1833 accepted the corresponding chair at Hanover College, Indiana, and began the preparation of his " Algebra." In 1839 he was made president of Louisville College. This office he retained until 1843, when the college was closed. The year following, Mr. Harney began the publication of the Louisville "Democrat, which he continued to edit until his death. He was elected trustee of the Louisville school-board in 1850, and afterward president, and established many reforms. In 1861-'2 he was elected to the legislature, and as chairman of the committee on Federal Relations, when Kentucky was invaded by the Confederate Army, he drafted the famous resolution, "Resolved, That Kentucky expects the Confederate, or Tennessee, troops to be withdrawn from the soil unconditionally. Mr. Harney declined a re-election and devoted himself to protesting in the "Democrat" against the arbitrary arrest and deportation of citizens, opposing the grant of " another man or another dollar" until the liberties of the citizen were assured. This led to his arrest, but General Burnside, after looking into the matter, disapproved the action of his subordinates, and the journalist was released. At the close of the war Mr. Harney urged the repeal of the severe laws against self-expatriated Confederates, and succeeded in carrying a measure of full restoration; but in 1868 he opposed the nomination of such rehabilitated citizens for high office, on the ground that it would provoke further arbitrary arrests. His "Algebra" (Louisville, 1840) ranks high as a text-book for advanced pupils. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 85.


HARNEY, William Selby, soldier, born near Haysboro, Davidson County, Tennessee, 27 August, 1800, was appointed from Louisiana 2d lieutenant in the 19th U. S. Infantry, 13 February, 1818, and promoted to be 1st lieutenant, 7 January, 1819. He was commissioned captain, 14 May, 1825; major and paymaster, 1 May, 1833; lieutenant-colonel, 2d Dragoons, 15 August, 1836; colonel, 30 June, 1846; and brigadier-general, 14 June, 1858. He took part in the Black Hawk War in 1833, and also in the Florida War, distinguishing himself in action at Fort Mellon and in the defence of a trading-house at Carloosahatchie, 23 July, 1839. He commanded several expeditions into the Everglades, and in December, 1840, was brevetted colonel "for gallant and meritorious conduct." He was also mentioned for his bravery at Medellin, Mexico, 25 March, 1847, and was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry at Cerro Gordo. On 3 September, 1855, he completely defeated the Sioux Indians at Sand Hills, on the north fork of the Platte River. In June, 1858, he was placed in command of the Department of Oregon, and on 9 July, 1859, took possession of the island of San Juan, near Vancouver, which was claimed by the English government to be included within the boundaries of British Columbia. A dispute with Great Britain and the recall of Harney followed. He was subsequently assigned to the command of the Department of the West, and in April, 1861, while on his way from St. Louis to Washington, was arrested by the Confederates at Harper's Ferry and taken to Richmond, Virginia. Here he met with many old acquaintances, who urged him to join the south. On meeting General Lee, Harney said to him: "I am sorry to meet you in this way." Lee replied : " General Harney, I had no idea of taking any part in this matter; I wanted to stay at Arlington and raise potatoes for my family; but my friends forced me into it." General Harney also met General Joseph E. Johnston, who told him that he was opposed to the war, but that he would be execrated by his relatives, all of whom lived in Virginia, if he did not side with the south. Harney was speedily released, and departed for Washington. On his return to St. Louis he issued several proclamations warning the people of Missouri of the danger of secession, and the evil effects that would follow from a dissolution of the Union. On 21 May he entered into an agreement with General Sterling Price, commanding the Missouri militia, to make no military movement so long as peace was maintained by the state authorities. He was soon afterward relieved of his command, and was placed on the retired list, 1 August, 1863. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general "for long and faithful service." General Harney now (1887) resides in St. Louis. See "The Life and Military Services of General William Selby Harney, by L. U. Reavis " (St, Louis, 1887).  into exile, where he died. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 86.


HARNEY VALLEY, OREGON, April 7, 1864. 1st Oregon Cavalry. After having followed the trail of a band of Indians for some time, Lieut . James A. Waymire, with 25 men of Company D and a party of citizens, came up with about 130 red men who had fortified themselves in the mountains at the head of Harney lake. Waymire attacked the position with the soldiers alone, but was repulsed. A second attack of the combined forces of citizens and troops met with the same result, and the whole party was forced to retire. Two soldiers and one citizen were cut off from the command and were supposed to have been captured by the Indians.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 485-486.


HARPER, Frances Ellen Watkins, 1825-1911, African American, poet, writer, abolitionist, political activist. Wrote antislavery poetry. (Hughes, Meltzer, & Lincoln, 1968, p. 105; Yellin, 1994, pp. 97, 148, 153, 155-157, 295; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 5, p. 372)


HARPER, James, founder of a firm of printers and publishers, originally consisting of James, born 13 April, 1795, died in New York, 27 March, 1869; John, born 22 January, 1797, died 22 April, 1875; Joseph Wesley, born 25 December, 1801, died 14 February, 1870; and Fletcher, born 31 January, 1806. died 29 May, 1877. They were the sons of Joseph Harper, a farmer at Newtown, Long Island. James and John came to New York, and James was apprenticed to Paul and Thomas, while John served Jonathan Seymour, printers. Having concluded their apprenticeship, they established themselves in business, at first only printing for booksellers, but soon began to publish on their own account. The first book that the firm printed was "Seneca's Morals," in 1817, and by a strange coincidence a new edition of this work appeared on the day of the death of the last of the four brothers. The first book that they published on their own account was " Locke on the Human Understanding," in 1818. The old firm of J. and J. Harper issued about 200 works. Wesley and Fletcher Harper were apprenticed to their elder brothers, and as they became of age were admitted as partners; and the style of the firm was about 1833 changed to "Harper and Brothers," In 1853 their establishment occupied nine contiguous buildings in Cliff and Pearl streets, filled with costly machinery and books. On 10 December of that year the whole was burned to the ground, in consequence of a workman engaged in repairs having thrown a burning paper into a tank of benzine, which he mistook for water. Most of their stereotype plates were stored in vaults, and were saved; but the loss in buildings, machinery, and books amounted to $1,000,000, upon which there was only $250,000 insurance. The next day they hired temporary premises, and employed the principal printers and binders in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia in reproducing their books. Before the ruins of the fire could be cleared away the plans for their new edifice were prepared. It covers about half an acre of ground, extending from Cliff Street to Franklin square in Pearl street, and, including cellars, the structure is seven stories high. It is absolutely fire-proof, and constitutes probably the most complete publishing establishment in the world, all the operations in the preparation and publication of a book being carried on under a single roof, and the regular number of employes in the premises of both sexes being about 1,000. Besides the books published, they issue four illustrated periodicals: "Harper's Magazine," established in 1850, a monthly, devoted to literature and the arts; "Harper's Weekly," established in 1857, devoted to literature and topics of the day; "Harper's Bazar," established in 1867, devoted to the fashions, literature, and social life; and " Harper's Young People," a children's magazine, established in 1881. James Harper was in 1844 elected mayor of the city of New York for the succeeding year, and he was subsequently put forward for the governorship of the state; but he preferred to conduct the business of the firm rather than enter public life. In March, 1869, while driving in Fifth Avenue, his horses took fright, and he was thrown from his carriage; when aid reached him he was insensible, and died two days afterward. Wesley Harper, who for many years had charge of the literary department, died after a long illness, After the death of his two brothers, John Harper withdrew from active business; and the firm was reorganized by the admission of several of the sons of the original partners. These, after receiving a careful education, several of them at Columbia College, entered the house, each serving a regular apprenticeship in some branch of the business. The firm now (1887) consists of Philip J. A. Harper, son of James, born 21 October, 1824; Fletcher, Jr., born 7 October, 1828: Joseph Wesley, Jr., born 16 March, 1830; the two sons of John—John Wesley, born 6 May. 1831, and Joseph Abner, born 31 March, 1833; and Joseph Henry, grandson of Fletcher Harper. Fletcher, Jr.'s, wife established in 1878 a summer resort at north Long Branch, New Jersey, for the working-girls of New York, providing accommodations at actual cost, and since her death this charity has been continued by her daughter, Mrs. Hiram W. Sibley.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 87.


HARPER'S FARM, VIRGINIA, April 6, 1865. (See Sailor's Creek.) Harper's Ferry, Virginia, April 18, 1861. Detachment of Recruits under Lieutenant R. Jones. Upon the approach of the Confederate forces on the night of April 18, Lieutenant R. Jones, in charge of the ordnance depot, fired the arsenal containing 15,000 stands of arms, and withdrew under cover of darkness. Less than half an hour after his retirement some 2,000 Confederates entered the town and managed to save the blacksmith shop and some of the smaller stores.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 486.


HARPER'S FERRY, VIRGINIA, May 28, 1862. (See Charlestown.)


HARPER'S FERRY, VIRGINIA, September 12-15, 1862. Detached Troops, Army of the Potomac. The siege, surrender and subsequent evacuation of Harper's Ferry were incidents of Lee's Maryland campaign. Harper's Ferry is located on the point of land between the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, at the point where the latter flows through the Blue ridge. On the Maryland side of the Potomac are the Maryland heights; back of the town is another elevation called Bolivar heights, and across the Shenandoah are the Loudoun heights, all overlooking the town. As Lee's ultimate object was the invasion of Pennsylvania, the possession of Harper's Ferry was deemed necessary to protect and keep open his line of communications. At that time the garrison there numbered about 10,000 men, under the command of Colonel Dixon S. Miles. The infantry force consisted of the 12th New York militia; the 39th, mth and 126th New York; the 32nd, 60th and 87th Ohio; the 1st and 3d Maryland Home Brigade; the 9th Vermont and the 15th Indiana The artillery, numbering 73 guns, included Graham's, Potts', Rigby's and the 5th New York batteries, and the cavalry force consisted of the 8th New York and 1st Maryland At Martinsburg, about 15 miles northwest, were the 65th Illinois and 125th New York infantry, the 12th Illinois cavalry and Phillips' 2nd Illinois battery, numbering about 2,500 men, under command of Brigadier-General Julius White, a number of Confederate prisoners being held there. To capture or disperse these forces Stonewall Jackson marched from Frederick on the 10th, crossed the Potomac at Williamsport, 25 miles above Harper's Ferry, and on the 12th entered Martinsburg. Upon the approach of this force White sent the prisoners under guard to Camp Chase, Ohio, and withdrew his men to Harper's Ferry. The next day Jackson came within sight of the Union batteries on Bolivar heights, the troops there falling back on his approach and joining Miles in the town below. Confederate General McLaws also moved from Frederick with eight brigades, overcame the small Union force on Maryland heights on the afternoon of the 12th, and the next morning had 4 pieces of artillery ready to shell the town. Another Confederate detachment under General Walker occupied Loudoun heights without opposition on the 13th and the following morning had 5 long-range rifled Parrott guns trained on the town from the crest of the ridge. Most of the 14th was spent by Jackson in signaling to the other commanders, so that all might act in concert, and early on the morning of the 15th the Confederate batteries opened a vigorous fire on the beleaguered town. This was promptly answered by the Federal guns, though but little damage was done on either side. Miles called a council of war and announced his determination to surrender. Some of his officers wanted to cut their way out, but it was argued that many of the troops were raw recruits, that they might not behave properly under fire, and that a sortie would involve a needless loss of life. The white flag was therefore displayed, but before it was seen by the enemy Miles fell -mortally wounded and the terms of the surrender were negotiated by White. The prisoners, numbering about 11,000, were paroled, all were allowed to retain their personal property and the officers permitted to keep their side arms. A small store of ammunition, 73 cannon and 13,000 stands of small arms fell into the hands of the Confederates. During the preceding night the cavalry, about 1,500 strong, under the leadership of Colonel B. F. Davis of the 8th New York, crossed the Potomac on a pontoon bridge, passed up the Potomac without hindrance and made their escape. Not only did they escape, but on their way to join McClellan this force encountered a Confederate ammunition train and captured 97 wagons and about 600 prisoners. The loss at Harper's Ferry was slight, being less than 50 on each side in killed and wounded. The Confederates evacuated the place on the 20th, the battle of Antietam having driven Lee back into Virginia, making the possession of Harper's Ferry no longer desirable.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 486-487.


HARPER'S FERRY, VIRGINIA, October 5. 1863. Troops not stated. Harper's Ferry Bridge, Virginia, July 7, 1863. Potomac Home Brigade and 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 487.


HARPETH RIVER, TENNESSEE, March 2, 1863. Harpeth River, Tennessee, March 8, 1863. Detachment of 3d Division, 14th Army Corps. On Sunday morning Brigadier-General J. B. Steedman's scouts learned of the approach of a large cavalry force toward Triune. Steedman with 400 cavalry, a regiment of infantry and a section of artillery moved out to the Harpeth river, 3 miles distant, and discovered the enemy posted in the woods on the south bank of the stream. The Confederates made several efforts to draw Steedman across the river, but not succeeding in that attempted to cross at the ford on the pike. The 1st East Tennessee, cavalry repulsed them with a loss to them of 5 or 6 wounded. Two of the Federals were wounded. During the affair the Union artillery fired about 30 rounds. Harpeth River, Tennessee, April 10, 1863. (See Franklin.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 487.


HARRIMAN, Walter, governor of New Hampshire, born in Warner, New Hampshire, 8 April, 1817; died in Concord, New Hampshire, 25 July, 1884. He received an academical education and began teaching, but became a Universalist clergyman, and in 1841 took charge of a Society at Harvard, Massachusetts After a few years he became pastor of a new Universalist Church in his native town. In 1851, having meantime engaged in trade, he decided, against the earnest solicitation of friends, to abandon the ministry. In 1849, and again in 1850, he had already been chosen representative of his town to the general court, and in 1853 and 1854 was elected state treasurer. In August, 1855, he was appointed to a clerkship in the Pension-Office at Washington, but resigned the following January to take part in the political canvass of that winter, which resulted in "no choice" by the people. In the spring of 1856 he was appointed by President Pierce on a commission to classify and appraise the Indian lands of Kansas, he was again in the legislature in 1858, and in 1859 and 1860 was elected to the state senate, his Republican opponent being on each occasion his own brother. He made speeches to sustain the Know-Nothing movement in 1855-'6, canvassed Michigan for Buchanan in company with General Lewis Cass, and was an earnest supporter of Stephen A. Douglas in 1860. In May, 1861, Mr. Harriman became editor of the " Union Democrat," published at Manchester, New Hampshire, in which he advocated forcible and immediate action against the seceding states. He became colonel of the 11th New Hampshire Regiment, was taken prisoner at the battle of the Wilderness, 6 May, 1864, sent to Macon, Georgia, and moved thence to Charleston, where he was placed, with forty-nine other northern officers, under the fire of the National batteries on Morris Island. There he was for fifty-two days, until General Foster, in retaliation, placed fifty Confederate officers of the same rank under fire of the guns on Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie. This led to an exchange on 4 August, 1864. After returning home and engaging actively in the campaign of that year in favor of Lincoln and Johnson, Colonel Harriman rejoined his regiment, and commanded a brigade at Petersburg. In March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general. He was elected Secretary of State of New Hampshire in 1865 and 1860, and governor in 1867 and 1868. In the last year he made a tour in the middle and western states, advocating the election of General Grant. As a political speaker he had few superiors. He was naval officer at the Port of Boston throughout Grant's entire administration, moved to Concord, New Hampshire, in 1872, and in 1881 was again chosen to the legislature. Governor Harriman published a " History of Warner, New Hampshire" (1879), and "In the Orient," a record of a tour through Europe and the east in 1882 (Boston, 1883).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 89.


HARRINGTON, Theophilis, 1762-1813, jurist, political leader, abolitionist.  Ruled in court case against a slaveholder in June 1804.


HARRIS, David Bullock, soldier, born at Frederick's Hall, Louisa County, Virginia, 28 September, 1814; died near Petersburg, Virginia, 10 October, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1833, entered the 1st U.S. Artillery, and, after serving a year, became assistant professor of engineering at West Point. He resigned from the army in 1835, and during several years thereafter was employed as a civil engineer on the James River and Kanawha Canal and other important works, but subsequently was a large exporter of tobacco and flour. When Virginia seceded from the Union in April, 1861, he became a captain of engineers in the state forces. He was the first to reconnoiter the line of Bull Run, and when the position at Manassas Junction was occupied in force toward the end of May, 1861, he planned and constructed the works for its defence. He was attached to the staff of General Philip St. George Cooke at the battle of Bull Run, accompanied Beauregard to the west early in 1862, and there planned and constructed the works at Island No. 10 and Fort Pillow, and the river-defences at Vicksburg. In October, 1862, he was transferred to Charleston, and took charge of the defensive engineering operations at that place. In 1864, as colonel of engineers, he went with General Beauregard to Virginia, and was employed on the defences of Petersburg. A short time before his death he was commissioned a brigadier-general.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 90-91.


HARRIS, Elisha, physician, born in Westminster, Vermont, 4 March, 1824: died in Albany, New York, 31 January, 1884. He was graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in 1849, and entered on the practice of his profession in that city. In 1855 he was appointed superintendent and physician-in-chief of the quarantine hospital on Staten Island, and at that time constructed a floating hospital for the lower quarantine station. During the Civil War he was instrumental in the organization of the U. S. Sanitary Commission in New York City, and was actively concerned in its work. On the organization of the Metropolitan Board of Health in 1866 he was made registrar of vital statistics, and also corresponding secretary, and in 1868 he was appointed sanitary superintendent of New York City. While holding this office he made a systematic inspection of tenement-houses, and so vigorously enforced the law providing for their ventilation and lighting that he secured, among other reforms, the putting in of nearly 40,000 windows and about 2,000 roof-ventilators during the year 1869. He also organized the first free public vaccination service, and the system of house-to-house visitation. In 1873 he was again made registrar of vital statistics, and held that office until the reorganization of this bureau in 1876. When the New York state board of health was created in 1880, Dr. Harris was appointed one of its members, and then became its secretary, which place he continued to hold until his death. The railway ambulance that has been adopted and used by the Prussian Army was invented by him. Dr. Harris was connected with many medical and sanitary associations in the United States, was a delegate in 1876 to the International Medical Congress of the American Public Health Association, and in 1878 was elected president of that association. He was the author of numerous articles on sanitary topics, and edited several valuable reports on these subjects.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p.91


HARRIS, Ira, 1802-1875, jurist.  Republican U.S. Senator from New York.  Served as U.S. Senator from 1861-1867.  Voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery.  (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. III, p. 91; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 310; Congressional Globe)

HARRIS, Ira, jurist, born in Charleston, Montgomery County, New York, 31 May, 1802; died in Albany, New York, 2 December, 1875. He was brought up on a farm, was graduated at Union College in 1824, studied law in Albany, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. During the succeeding seventeen years he attained a high rank in his profession. He was a member of the assembly in 1844 and 1845, having been chosen as a Whig, and in 1846 was state senator and a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. In 1848 he became judge of the U.S. Supreme Court, and held that office for twelve years. In February, 1861, Judge Harris was elected U. S. Senator from New York, as a Republican, serving from 4 July, 1861, to 3 March, 1867. In the Senate Mr. Harris served on the committee on Foreign Relations and Judiciary, and the select Joint Committee on the Southern States. Although he supported the administration in the main, he did not fear to express his opposition to all measures, however popular at the time, that did not appear to him either wise or just. Judge Harris was for more than twenty years professor of equity, jurisprudence, and practice in the Albany Law School, and during his senatorial term delivered a course of lectures at the law-school of Columbian University, Washington, D. C. He was for many years president of the board of trustees of Union College, was one of the founders of Rochester University, of which he was the chancellor, and was president of the American Baptist Missionary Union and other religious bodies. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 91


HARRIS, Isham Green, senator, born near Tullahoma, Tennessee, 10 February, 1818. His father, of the same name, was the owner of a sterile farm and ten or twelve Negroes, and his family grew up without discipline. At fourteen years of age Isham went to Paris, Tennessee, and took employment as a shop-boy. In the following year he went to school, and before he was nineteen years old moved to Tippah County. Mississippi, where he became a successful merchant. He studied law for two years at night, attending to his business during the day, and had accumulated about $7,000 and also established a home for his father near Paris, Tennessee, when, through the failure of a bank, he was left penniless. He resumed his business at Paris with a rich partner, and in two years had repaired his losses. His nights meanwhile had been given to the study of the law, and he was admitted to the bar in 1841. His legislative district had a small Democratic majority. Two obstinate Democrats insisted on running, and the leaders in caucus nominated Harris as a ruse to effect the withdrawal of one or the other. Neither would yield. He defeated them, and his Whig competitor also. Harris was elected to Congress in 1848, and served two terms. He refused a renomination in 1853, and settled in Memphis as a lawyer. In 1856 he canvassed the state as presidential elector, and the success of his ticket was largely attributed to him. He was elected governor of Tennessee in 1857, re-elected in 1859, and again in 1861, after the Civil War had actually begun. Until he was driven from the state by the success of the National arms, Governor Harris exhibited ability and resource. He acted as volunteer aide on the staff of General Albert Sidney Johnston, and was with him when mortally wounded at Shiloh. He continued at the headquarters of the Army of the West during the remainder of the war, shared its hardships, and took part in all its important battles except Perryville. When the war began he was worth $150,000; when it closed he had nothing. He evaded capture on parole, went into exile in Mexico, where he lived eighteen months, and thence to England, where he remained a year. In 1867 he returned, and resumed the practice of law in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1870 he announced himself as a candidate for the U. S. Senate, and canvassed the state, challenging all comers to meet him in public discussion. He was successful, took his seat, 5 March, 1877, and was re-elected for the term ending in 1889. In the Senate he has been an advocate of an honest and economical administration of the government, and an opponent of all class legislation. He was a member of the Committee on Claims, of the select committee on the Levees of the Mississippi River, and chairman of the committee on the District of Columbia, while his party was in power in the Senate.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 92.


HARRIS, Joel Chandler, author, born in Eatonton, Georgia, 8 December, 1848. He served an apprenticeship at the printing trade, subsequently studied law, and practised at Forsyth, Georgia. He is now (1887) one of the editors of the Atlanta, Georgia, " Constitution." He has contributed, in both prose and verse, to current literature, and is the author of "Uncle Remus, His Songs and his Savings: the Folk-Lore of the Old Plantation" (New York, 1880): "Nights with Uncle Remus " (Boston, 1883); and " Mingo and Other Sketches" (1883).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 92.


HARRIS, Thomas Cadwalader, naval officer, born in Philadelphia, 18 November, 1825; died there, 24 January, 1875. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman in 1841, became lieutenant in 1855, lieutenant-commander in 1862, commander in 1860, and captain in 1872. During the Civil War he commanded the "Chippewa" and the "Yantic." With the "Chippewa he participated in several attacks on Fort Wagner, Morris Island, in July, 1863, and in December, 1864, and January, 1865, attacked Fort Fisher. In 1865 he was recommended for promotion by Admiral Porter "in consideration of his cool performance of duty in these actions."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 94.


HARRIS, Thomas Mealey, soldier, born in Wood County, Virginia, 17 June, 1817. He studied medicine, and practised at Harrisville and Glenville, Virginia In May, 1862, he was appointed colonel of the 10th West Virginia Infantry. He was promoted brigadier-general on 29 March, 1865, sent out the detachment that silenced the last Confederate guns at Appomattox, and was mustered out on 30 April, 1866. He applied himself after the war to scientific farming, served a term in the legislature of West Virginia in 1867, was adjutant-general of the state in 1809-'70, and was pension-agent at Wheeling in 1871—'7. He is the author of medical essays and of a tract entitled "Calvinism Vindicated." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 94


HARRIS, Townsend, merchant, born in Sandy Hill, Washington County, New York. in 1803; died in New York City, 25 February, 1878. At the age of fourteen he came to New York, entered a drug-store as clerk, and by perseverance and industry rose to be partner in a large importing and jobbing house. With slight opportunities of early education, he became a man of culture, with a warm interest in popular education. He was made school-trustee of the 9th ward, and later a member and then president of the board of education. Despite long opposition, he succeeded in establishing the Free academy, now the College of the city of New York. He was also one of the founders of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals and of the Central park museum of natural history. In 1848 he planned and carried out a voyage in the South Pacific, meeting with many strange experiences among the islanders and cannibals. He was U. S. consul at Ningpo in 1854, in 1856 made a new treaty for the United States with Siam, and, on the opening of Japan by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, was selected as a fit person to follow up the work that had been begun by American diplomacy. He lived nearly two years at Kakisaki, near Shimoda, and went to Yedo to press his claims. His interpreter, Mr. Heusken, was assassinated in the street in daylight, but, with imperturbable faith in the Japanese, Mr. Harris remained in Yedo when the other diplomatists had moved, and secured in 1858 the first treaty of trade and commerce, and on 1 January, 1859, the opening of three ports to foreign residents. He resigned his post on the change of administration, and resided in New York until his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 94-95.


HARRISON, William Henry, ninth president of the United States, born in Berkeley, Charles City County, Virginia, 9 February, 1773; died in Washington, D. C., 4 April, 1841, was educated at Hampden Sidney College, Virginia, and began the study of medicine, but before he had finished it accounts of the Indian outrages that had been committed on the western frontier raised in him a desire to enter the army for its defence. Robert Morris, who had been appointed his guardian on the death of his father in 1791, endeavored to dissuade him, but his purpose was approved by Washington, who had been his father's friend, and he was commissioned ensign in the 1st U.S. Infantry on 16 August, 1791. He joined his regiment at Fort Washington, Ohio, was appointed lieutenant of the 1st sub-legion, to rank from June, 1792, and afterward joined the new army under General Anthony Wayne. He was made aide-de-camp to the commanding officer, took part, in December, 1793, in the expedition that erected Fort Recovery on the battlefield where St. Clair had been defeated two years before, and, with others, was thanked by name in general orders for his services. He participated in the engagements with the Indians that began on 30 June, 1794, and on 19 August, at a council of war, submitted a plan of march, which was adopted and led to the victory on the Miami on the following day. Lieutenant Harrison was specially complimented by General Wayne, in his despatch to the Secretary of War, for gallantry in this fight, and in May, 1797, was made captain, and given command of Fort Washington. Here he was intrusted with the duty of receiving and forwarding troops, arms, and provisions to the forts in the northwest that had been evacuated by the British in obedience to the Jay treaty of 1794, and was also instructed to report to the commanding general on all movements in the south, and to prevent the passage of French agents with military stores intended for an invasion of Louisiana. While in command of this fort he formed an attachment for Anna, daughter of John Cleves Symmes. Her father refused his consent to the match, but the young couple were married in his house during his temporary absence, and Symmes soon became reconciled to his son-in-law. Peace having been made with the Indians, Captain Harrison resigned his commission on 1 June, 1798, and was immediately appointed by President John Adams secretary of the northwest territory, under General Arthur St. Clair as governor, but in October, 1799, resigned to take his seat as territorial delegate in Congress. In his one year of service, though he was opposed by speculators, he secured the subdivision of the public lands into small tracts, and the passage of other measures for the welfare of the settlers. During the session, part of the northwest territory was formed into the territory of Indiana, including the present states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Harrison was made its governor and superintendent of Indian affairs. Resigning his seat in Congress, he entered on the duties of his office, which included the confirmation of land-grants, the defining of townships, and others that were equally important. Governor Harrison was reappointed successively by President Jefferson and President Madison. He organized the legislature at Vincennes in 1805, and applied himself especially to improving the condition of the Indians, trying to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors among them, and to introduce inoculation for the small-pox. He frequently held councils with them, and, although his life was sometimes endangered, succeeded by his calmness and courage in averting many outbreaks. On 30 September, 1809, he concluded a treaty with several tribes by which they sold to the United States about 3,000,000 acres of land on Wabash and White Rivers. This, and the former treaties of cession that had been made, were condemned by Tecumseh (q. v.) and other chiefs on the ground that the consent of all the tribes was necessary to a legal sale. The discontent was increased by the action of speculators in ejecting Indians from the lands, by agents of the British government, and by the preaching of Tecumseh's brother, the “prophet” (see Ellskwatawa), and it was evident that an outbreak was at hand. The governor pursued a conciliatory course, gave to needy Indians provisions from the public stores, and in July, 1810, invited Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet, to a council at Vincennes, requesting them to bring with them not more than thirty men. In response, the chief, accompanied by 400 fully armed warriors, arrived at Vincennes on 12 August The council, which was held under the trees in front of the governor's house, was nearly terminated by bloodshed on the first day, but Harrison, who foresaw the importance of conciliating Tecumseh, prevented, by his coolness, a conflict that almost had been precipitated by the latter. The discussion was resumed on the next day, but with no result, the Indians insisting on the return of all the lands that had recently been acquired by treaty. On the day after the council Harrison visited Tecumseh at his camp, accompanied only by an interpreter, but without success. In the following spring depredations by the savages were frequent, and the governor sent word to Tecumseh that, unless they should cease, the Indians would be punished. The chief promised another interview, and appeared at Vincennes on 27 July, 1811, with 300 followers, but, awed probably by the presence of 750 militia, professed to be friendly. Soon afterward. Harrison, convinced of the chief's insincerity, but not approving the plan of the government to seize him as a hostage, proposed, instead, the establishment of a military post near Tippecanoe, a town that had been established by the prophet on the upper Wabash. The news that the government had given assent to this scheme was received with joy, and volunteers flocked to Vincennes. Harrison marched from that town on 26 September, with about 900 men, including 850 regular infantry, completed Fort Harrison, near the site of Terre Haute, Indiana, on 28 October, and, leaving a garrison there, pressed forward toward Tippecanoe. On 6 November, when the army had reached a point a mile and a half distant from the town, it was met by messengers demanding a parley. A council was proposed for the next day, and Harrison at once went into camp, taking, however, every precaution against a surprise. At four o'clock on the following morning a fierce attack was made on the camp by the savages, and the fighting continued till daylight, when the Indians were driven from the field by a cavalry charge. During the battle, in which the American loss was 108 killed and wounded, the governor directed the movements of the troops. He was highly complimented by President Madison in his message of 18 December, 1811, and was also thanked by the legislatures of Kentucky and Indiana.

On 18 June, 1812, war was declared between Great Britain and the United States. On 25 August, Governor Harrison, although not a citizen of Kentucky, was commissioned major-general of the militia of that state, and given command of a detachment that was sent to re-enforce General Hull, the news of whose surrender had not yet reached Kentucky. On 2 September, while on the march, he received a brigadier-general's commission in the regular army, but withheld his acceptance till he could learn whether or not he was to be subordinate to General James Winchester, who had been appointed to the command of the northwestern army. After relieving Fort Wayne, which had been invested by the Indians, he turned over his force to General Winchester, and was returning to his home in Indiana when he met an express with a letter from the Secretary of War, appointing him to the chief command in the northwest. “You will exercise,” said the letter, “your own discretion, and act in all cases according to your own judgment.” No latitude as great as this had been given to any commander since Washington. Harrison now prepared to concentrate his force on the rapids of the Maumee, and thence to move on Malden and Detroit. Various difficulties, however, prevented him from carrying out his design immediately. Forts were erected and supplies forwarded, but, with the exception of a few minor engagements with Indians, the remainder of the year was occupied merely in preparation for the coming campaign. Winchester had been ordered by Harrison to advance to the Rapids, but the order was countermanded on receipt of information that Tecumseh, with a large force, was at the head-waters of the Wabash. Through a misunderstanding, however, Winchester continued, and on 18 January captured Frenchtown (now Monroe, Michigan), but three days later met with a bloody repulse on the River Raisin from Colonel Henry Proctor. Harrison hastened to his aid, but was too late. After establishing a fortified camp, which he named Fort Meigs, after the governor of Ohio, the commander visited Cincinnati to obtain supplies, and while there urged the construction of a fleet on Lake Erie. On 2 March, 1813, he was given a major-general's commission. Shortly afterward, having heard that the British were preparing to attack Fort Meigs, he hastened thither, arriving on 12 April. On 28 April it was ascertained that the enemy under Proctor was advancing in force, and on 1 May siege was laid to the fort. While a heavy fire was kept up on both sides for five days, re-enforcements under General Green Clay were hurried forward and came to the relief of the Americans in two bodies, one on each side of Maumee River. Those on the opposite side from the fort put the enemy to flight, but, disregarding Harrison's signals, allowed themselves to be drawn into the woods, and were finally dispersed or captured. The other detachment fought their way to the fort, and at the same time the garrison made a sortie and spiked the enemy's guns. Three days later Proctor raised the siege. He renewed his attack in July with 5,000 men, but after a few days again withdrew. On 10 September Commodore Perry gained his victory on Lake Erie, and on 16 September Harrison embarked his artillery and supplies for a descent on Canada. The troops followed between the 20th and 24th, and on the 27th the army landed on the enemy's territory. Proctor burned the fort and U.S. Navy-yard at Malden and retreated, and Harrison followed on the next day. Proctor was overtaken on 5 October, and took position with his left flanked by the Thames, and a swamp covering his right, which was still further protected by Tecumseh and his Indians. He had made the mistake of forming his men in open order, which was the plan that was adopted in Indian fighting, and Harrison, taking advantage of the error, ordered Colonel Richard M. Johnson to lead a cavalry charge, which broke through the British lines, and virtually ended the battle. Within five minutes almost the entire British force was captured, and Proctor escaped only by abandoning his carriage and taking to the woods. Another band of cavalry charged the Indians, who lost their leader, Tecumseh, in the beginning of the fight, and afterward made no great resistance. This battle, which, if mere numbers alone be considered, was insignificant, was most important in its results. Together with Perry's victory it gave the United States possession of the chain of lakes above Erie, and put an end to the war in uppermost Canada. Harrison's praises were sung in the president's message, in Congress, and in the legislatures of the different states. Celebrations in honor of his victory were held in the principal cities of the Union, and he was one of the heroes of the hour. He now sent his troops to Niagara, and proceeded to Washington, where he was ordered by the president to Cincinnati to devise means of protection for the Indiana border. General John Armstrong, who was at this time Secretary of War, in planning the campaign of 1814 assigned Harrison to the 8th Military District, including only western states, where he could see no active service, and on 25 April issued an order to Major Holmes, one of Harrison's subordinates, without consulting the latter. Harrison thereupon tendered his resignation, which, President Madison being absent, was accepted by Armstrong. This terminated Harrison's military career. In 1814, and again in 1815 he was appointed on commissions that concluded satisfactory Indian treaties, and in 1816 he was chosen to Congress to fill a vacancy, serving till 1819. While he was in Congress he was charged by a dissatisfied contractor with misuse of the public money while in command of the northwestern army, but was completely exonerated by an investigating committee of the house. At this time his opponents succeeded, by a vote of 13 to 11 in the Senate, in striking his name from a resolution that had already passed the house, directing gold medals to be struck in honor of Governor Shelby, of Kentucky, and himself, for the victory of the Thames. The resolution was passed unanimously two years later, on 24 March, 1818, and Harrison received the medal. Among the charges that were made against him was that he would not have pursued Proctor at all, after the latter's abandonment of Malden, had it not been for Governor Shelby; but the latter denied this in a letter that was read before the Senate, and gave General Harrison the highest praise for his promptitude and vigilance. While in Congress, Harrison drew up and advocated a general militia bill, which was not successful, and also proposed a measure for the relief of soldiers, which was passed.





In 1819 General Harrison was chosen to the senate of Ohio, and in 1822 was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated on account of his vote against the admission of Missouri to the Union with the restriction that slavery was to be prohibited there. In 1824 he was a presidential elector, voting for Henry Clay, and in the same year he was sent to the U. S. Senate, where he succeeded Andrew Jackson as chairman of the committee on military affairs, introduced a bill to prevent desertions, and exerted himself to obtain pensions for old soldiers. He resigned in 1828, having been appointed by President John Quincy Adams U. S. minister to the United States of Colombia. While there he wrote a letter to General Simon Bolivar urging him not to accept dictatorial powers. He was recalled at the outset of Jackson's administration, as is asserted by some, at the demand of General Bolivar, and retired to his farm at North Bend, near Cincinnati, Ohio, where he lived quietly, filling the offices of clerk of the county court and president of the county agricultural society. In 1835 General Harrison was nominated for the presidency by meetings in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and other states; but the opposition to Van Buren was not united on him, and he received only 73 electoral votes to the former's 170. Four years later the National Whig Convention, which was called at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, for 4 December, 1839, to decide between the claims of several rival candidates, nominated him for the same office, with John Tyler, of Virginia, for vice-president. The Democrats renominated President Van Buren. The canvass that followed has been often called the “log-cabin and hard-cider campaign.” The eastern end of General Harrison's house at North Bend consisted of a log-cabin that had been built by one of the first settlers of Ohio, but which had long since been covered with clapboards. The republican simplicity of his home was extolled by his admirers, and a political biography of that time says that “his table, instead of being covered with exciting wines, is well supplied with the best cider.” Log-cabins and hard cider, then, became the party emblems, and both were features of all the political demonstrations of the canvass, which witnessed the introduction of the enormous mass-meetings and processions that have since been common just before presidential elections. The result of the contest was the choice of Harrison, who received 234 electoral votes to Van Buren's 60. He was inaugurated at Washington on 4 March, 1841. and immediately sent to the Senate his nominations for cabinet officers, which were confirmed. They were Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, Secretary of State; Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, secretary of the treasury; John Bell, of Tennessee, Secretary of War; George E. Badger, of North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy; Francis Granger, of New York, postmaster-general; and John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, Attorney-General. The Senate adjourned on 15 March, and two days afterward the president called Congress together in extra session to consider financial measures. On 27 March, after several days of indisposition, he was prostrated by a chill, which was followed by bilious pneumonia, and on Sunday morning, 4 April, he died. The end came so suddenly that his wife, who had remained at North Bend on account of illness, was unable to be present at his death-bed. The event was a shock to the country, the more so that a chief magistrate had never before died in office, and especially to the Whig Party, who had formed high hopes of his administration. His body was interred in the Congressional cemetery at Washington; but a few years later, at the request of his family, it was moved to North Bend, where it was placed in a tomb overlooking the Ohio River. This was subsequently allowed to fall into neglect, but afterward General Harrison's son, John Scott, deeded it and the surrounding land to the state of Ohio, on condition that it should be kept in repair. In 1887 the legislature of the state voted to raise money by taxation for the purpose of erecting a monument to General Harrison's memory. He was the author of a “Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio” (Cincinnati, 1838). His life has been written by Moses Dawson (Cincinnati, 1834); by James Hall (Philadelphia, 1836); by Richard Hildreth (1839); by Samuel J. Burr (New York, 1840); by Isaac R. Jackson; and by H. Montgomery (New York, 1853). —

His wife, Anna, born near Morristown, New Jersey, 25 July, 1775; died near North Bend, Ohio, 25 February, 1864, was a daughter of John Cleves Symmes, and married General Harrison 22 November, 1795. After her husband's death she lived at North Bend till 1855, when she went to the house of her son, John Scott Harrison, a few miles distant. Her funeral sermon was preached by Horace Bushnell, and her body lies by the side of her husband at North Bend. — Their son, John Scott, born in Vincennes, Indiana, 4 October, 1804; died near North Bend, Ohio, 26 May, 1878, received a liberal education, and was elected to Congress as a Whig, serving from 5 December, 1853, till 3 March, 1857. — A daughter, Lucy, born in Richmond, Virginia; died in Cincinnati, Ohio, 7 April, 1826, became the wife of David K. Este, of the latter city, and was noted for her piety and benevolence. [Appleton’s 1892 pp. 96-98.

HARRISON, Benjamin, son of John Scott, senator, born in North Bend, Ohio, 20 August, 1833, was graduated at Miami University, Ohio, in 1852, studied law in Cincinnati, and in 1854 moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he has since resided. He was elected reporter of the state supreme court in 1860, and in 1862 entered the army as a 2d lieutenant of Indiana volunteers. After a short service he organized a company of the 70th Indiana Regiment, was commissioned colonel on the completion of the regiment, and served through the war, receiving the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers on 23 January. 1865. He then returned to Indianapolis, and resumed his office of supreme court reporter, to which he had been re-elected during his absence in 1864. In 1876 he was the republican candidate for governor of Indiana, but was defeated by a small plurality. He was a member of the Mississippi River commission in 1879, and in 1880 he was elected U. S. Senator, taking his seat on 4 March, 1881. (See Supplement.) Appleton’s 1892 p.99.


HARRISON, James Thomas, lawyer, born near Pendleton, South Carolina, 30 November, 1811; died in Columbus, Mississippi, 22 May, 1879. His father, Thomas, a descendant of Benjamin Harrison, served as captain of a battery in the war of 1812, after which he was comptroller-general of the state. The son was graduated at the University of South Carolina in 1829, and studied law under James L. Pettigru. He moved to Macon, Mississippi, in 1834, and in 1836 settled permanently in Columbus. In 1861 he was a delegate to the Convention of southern states in Montgomery, and served also in the Confederate Congress during the entire period of its existence. On the reconstruction of Mississippi he was elected to Congress, but was refused admission, and returned to his practice.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 100.


HARRISON, Napoleon Bonaparte, naval officer, born in Virginia, 19 February, 1823; died in Key West, Florida. 27 October. 1870. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman on 26 September, 1838, served in the Pacific Squadron in 1847-8, and was in California during the Mexican war, serving as a volunteer in the expedition that rescued General Kearny's command. In 1850 he was in the observatory in Washington, D. C, and in 1851-'2 was engaged in the Coast Survey. He was made lieutenant, 6 January, 1853, and appointed to the East Indian Squadron. In 1862 he commanded the "Cayuga, the flag-ship of Captain Bailey, of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, and led the fleet in the passage of Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, for which action he was commended in the official reports. He became commander on 16 July, 1862, and had charge of the "Mahaska," of the James River Flotilla, during the operations of General McClellan before Richmond, and his retreat to Harrison's landing. In 1862-'3 he held command of the flag-ship "Minnesota," of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and subsequently was attached to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, taking part in the attacks on the South Carolina Coast until the fall of Charleston. From 1866 till 1868 he was stationed in the U.S. Navy-yard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He was made captain on 28 April, 1868, and in 1868-'9 was commandant of cadets in the U. S. Naval Academy. At the time of his death he commanded the "Congress," of the North Atlantic Fleet.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 100.


HARRISBURG, MISSISSIPPI, July 14-15, 1864. Right Wing, 16th Army Corps. On July 13 the cavalry of the expedition to Tupelo under Major-General Andrew J. Smith occupied Tupelo. As soon as this fact was ascertained by Smith he parked his train 2 miles west of Tupelo, at the same time forming line of battle at Harrisburg with the 3d division on the left of the road and the 1st division on the right, with a front of 2 brigades and 2 brigades in reserve. The colored brigade was placed in the rear of the 3d division, facing the left flank to assist the cavalry in protecting the train. Early on the morning of the 14th the Confederates opened the engagement by an attempt to secure a commanding position on the Union left. The 3d division was advanced and with the colored brigade easily drove the enemy from the hill. At 7:30 a. m. the enemy advanced in line on the right of the 3d division on the Pontotoc road. The Federal skirmishers were driven in and the enemy was allowed to get within 100 yards of the main line before a gun was fired. Then the whole 1st brigade of the 3d division rose, fired a volley and charged with the bayonet, driving the Confederates from the field. They rallied, however, at the edge of the timber slightly to the right of where they had assaulted, and supported by the rest of Forrest's available force returned to the attack. The point of the 2nd assault was the front of the 1st division, and they moved in 3 lines under cover of the fire of 7 pieces of artillery. As they approached their lines lost all semblance of organization and became a huge mass, with no skirmish or reserve force. When within canister range the 1st division batteries opened upon them, and for 2 hours the fight raged at that point, when Brigadier-General Joseph A. Mower moved forward with the 1st division about a quarter of a mile and drove the Confederates from the field. Until dark there was sharp skirmishing, though Mower's advance had put a stop to the hard fighting of the day. During the night an attempt was made to turn the Federal left, the skirmishers being driven in, but the Confederates were met and repulsed by the 2nd and 3d brigades of the 3d division and the colored brigade. It was apparent next day that the Union troops would have to abandon the pursuit of Forrest because of the shortage of rations. Accordingly at noon the retrograde movement was commenced. As the troops left the eminence on the left of the line the Confederates occupied it and were attempting to place a battery in position on it when 2 regiments of the colored brigade and 2 brigades of the 1st division charged and drove them from the hill, following nearly a mile. When the column reached Old Town creek the 1st division, which had just taken the advance, was attacked by about 1,000 Confederates. Mower sent out a brigade which drove the enemy from his position and about a mile to the rear. The Federal casualties in the expedition to Tupelo, in which the Harrisburg engagement was the only affair of any consequence, were 77 killed, 559 wounded and 38 captured or missing. Forrest reported his losses at 153 killed, 794 wounded and 49 captured or missing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 487-488.


HARRIS' FARM, VIRGINIA, May 19, 1864. An attack was made on the right of the Army of the Potomac by Ewell's corps, and was the last of the operations about Spottsylvania Court House, (q. v.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 488.


HARRISON, MISSOURI, September 29-30, 1864. (See Leasburg.)


HARRISONBURG, LOUISIANA, March 2, 1864. U. S. Gunboats of Mississippi Squadron. About 10 a. m. the Federal gunboats Conestoga, Cricket, Fort Hindman, Lexington, Osage and Ouachita approached Harrisonburg after having passed and shelled Trinity, both on the Ouachita river. The Confederate batteries and infantry were unable to do any damage to the fleet as it passed up the river, shelling the batteries and the town as it went along. About an hour later it returned down stream, and set fire to the town, which was only saved after a great effort. The garrison had 3 men killed and 13 wounded; no Union loss was reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 488.


HARRISONBURG, VIRGINIA, June 6, 1862. Advance Guard, Fremont's Army. At 2 p. m. the advance guard of Major-General J. C. Fremont's army entered Harrisonburg, driving the enemy's rear-guard through the town and following in close pursuit. At 4 p. m. the 1st New Jersey cavalry fell into an ambuscade to the southeast of the town, losing severely, its commander, Colonel Wyndham being captured. Colonel Cluseret subsequently engaged the enemy, driving him from the woods. At 8 o'clock a battalion of Kane's Pennsylvania regiment charged and drove the Confederates off. An attempt to shell the Federal camp was frustrated by a few well directed shots from a Union battery. The losses on both sides were heavy; one Union regiment alone losing over 40 in killed and wounded, but the exact number was not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 488.


HARRISON'S ISLAND, VIRGINIA, October 21, 1861. (See Ball's Bluff.)


HARRISON'S LANDING, VIRGINIA, June 14, 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. The brigade, commanded by Colonel George H. Chapman, reached Harrison's landing on the James river a little after daylight, and while receiving supplies the pickets on the St . Mary's Church road were attacked, but the 8th New York was sent out and quickly drove away the assailants.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 488.


HARRISONVILLE, MISSOURI, July 18, 1861. U. S. Troops under Major R. T. Van Horn. While this command, consisting of Company A (Captain Von Daun) and Company B (Captain Millar) of the U. S. Reserve Corps, about 150 men and 10 citizens, was halted in the edge of a wood 5 miles north of Harrisonville, it was attacked by some 300 Confederates at 2 p. m. Fighting was kept up until dark, when Van Horn fell back to an open field. At 2 o'clock in the morning camp was broken and the command marched to join that of Major Dean at West Point. The casualties were 1 killed and 1 wounded on the Union side and 2 of the enemy killed. Harrisonville, Missouri, July 26, 1861. Missouri Home Guards and 5th Kansas Cavalry. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 488.


HARRISONVILLE, MISSOURI, November 3, 1862. Detachment of 6th Missouri Militia Cavalry. On the morning of this date Lieutenant W. M. Newby with an escort of 24 men started for Sedalia with a wagon train. He had no sooner left Harrisonville than Colonel Edwin C. Catherwood, commanding the post at Harrisonville, learned that the guerrilla leader, Quantrill, with 300 men was in the vicinity. He immediately started after the train with 150 men but was too late to save it, the guerrillas having captured it with Lieutenant Newby and 4 privates, killed 4 soldiers and 6 teamsters and wounded 3 men. Catherwood started in pursuit and after traveling 10 miles surprised the Confederate camp. Newby was recaptured and the enemy driven precipitately, after having lost 6 killed and 25 wounded. The pursuit was then abandoned because of the jaded condition of the Union horses.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 489.


HARRODSBURG, KENTUCKY, October 10, 1862. The skirmish at Harrodsburg on this date was one of the incidents of the pursuit of the Confederates from Perryville, after the battle at that place on the 8th. Unofficial sources state that the Union troops were commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Boyle, of the 9th Kentucky cavalry, but the official records give no circumstantial report of the action.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 489.


HARRODSBURG, KENTUCKY, October 31, 1864. 5th U. S. Colored Cavalry. Harrodsburg, Kentucky, January 29, 1865. Bridgewater's Kentucky Scouts. A dispatch from Brigadier-General S. S. Fry from Camp Nelson, under date of January 30, says: "J. H. Bridgewater overtook 40 guerrillas in Federal uniform 5 miles west of Harrodsburg yesterday evening. Killed and captured 12."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 489.


HARROW, William, soldier, born in Indiana about 1820. He was engaged, as colonel of the 14th Indiana Infantry, at the battle of Antietam, where more than half of his regiment were killed or wounded. He was commissioned as brigadier-general of volunteers on 29 November, 1862, and resigned on 20 April, 1865.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 101.


HARTRANFT, John Frederick, soldier, born in New Hanover, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, 16 December, 1830. He was educated at Marshall and Union Colleges, and was graduated at the latter in 1853, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment, and commanded it during the three months of its enlistment, which expired the day before the first battle of Bull Run. As his regiment had been ordered to Harrisburg to be mustered out, he asked and obtained leave to serve as a volunteer on General William B. Franklin's staff in that battle. He then organized the 51st Pennsylvania Regiment, was commissioned its colonel, 27 July, 1861, and with it accompanied General Burnside in his expedition to North Carolina in March, 1862. He took part in all the engagements of the 9th Corps, led the charge that carried the stone bridge at Antietam, and commanded his regiment at Fredericksburg. He was then ordered to Kentucky, and was engaged in the battle of Campbell's Station and the successful defence of Knoxville. He was with the 9th Corps in June, 1863, as covering army to the troops besieging Vicksburg, and after the fall of that place with General William T. Sherman in his advance to Jackson, Mississippi. He commanded a brigade in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 May, 1864, and took part in all the movements before Petersburg. He was assigned to the command of a division in August, 1864, and brevetted major-general for his services in re-capturing Fort Steadman on 25 March, 1865. He was elected auditor-general of Pennsylvania in October, 1865, and on 29 August, 1866, the president offered him a colonelcy in the regular army, which he declined. General Hartranft was re-elected auditor-general in 1868, and in 1872-'8 was governor of Pennsylvania. The militia of Pennsylvania was entirely reorganized on a military basis during his two terms as governor. The plan of municipal reform that was suggested by him in 1876 was adopted in 1885, the mayor of Philadelphia being elected under its provisions in 1887. Immediately after the close of his second term as governor he moved to Philadelphia. He was appointed postmaster of that city in June, 1879, and collector of the port in August, 1880. He is now (1887) major-general commanding the National Guard of Pennsylvania, which post he has held by appointment since 1879.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 105.


HARTSUFP, George Lucas, soldier, born in Tyre, Seneca County, New York, 28 May, 1830; died in New York City, 10 May, 1874. When he was a child his parents moved to Michigan and he entered the U. S. Military Academy from that state, being graduated in 1853, and assigned to the 4th U.S. Artillery, he served in Texas and in Florida, where he was wounded, and was then appointed instructor in artillery and infantry tactics at the U. S. Military Academy in 1856. He became assistant adjutant-general, with the rank of captain, on 22 March, 1861, and major, 17 July, 1862. He served at Fort Pickens, Florida, from" April till 16 July, 1861; then in West Virginia under General Rosecrans, and became a brigadier-general of volunteers, 15 April. 1862, soon afterward taking charge of Abercrombie's brigade, which he commanded at Cedar Mountain and Antietam, where he was severely wounded. He was appointed major-general of volunteers. 29 November, 1862, served as a member of the board to revise rules and articles of war and to prepare a code for the government of the armies in the field, and on 27 April, 1863, was ordered to Kentucky, where he was assigned to command the 23d Corps. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel and assistant adjutant-general, U. S. Army, 1 June, 1864, was in command of works in the siege of Petersburg in March and April, 1865, and was brevet ted brigadier-general and major-general, U. S. Army, 13 March, 1865. After the war he was adjutant-general of the 5th Military Division, comprising Louisiana and Texas, in 1867-'8, and of the Division of the Missouri from 1869 till 29 June, 1871, when he was retired for disability from wounds received in battle. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 106.


HARTSVILLE, TENNESSEE, December 7, 1862. 39th Brigade, 12th Division, Army of the Cumberland. About 6:30 a. m. General John H. Morgan with 1,400 Kentucky troops surprised the post at Hartsville, where this brigade was stationed. No pickets had been thrown out and the Confederates were forming on the parade ground before the alarm was given. The cavalry of the garrison, consisting of the 2nd Indiana and 11th Kentucky, and the 104th Illinois infantry, fought bravely, but the 106th Ohio fled without firing a shot. The 108th Ohio fought well for a time but for lack of field officers was thrown into confusion. After nearly 2 hours' fighting Colonel A. B. Moore, commanding, surrendered the garrison, consisting of the regiments named and a section of the 13th Indiana battery, a total of 2,096 men. The Union casualties were 58 killed, and 204 wounded; the enemy lost 21 killed, 104 wounded and 14 missing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 489.


HARTSVILLE, TENNESSEE, April 18, 1863. Detachment of 5th Tennessee Cavalry. At 10 a. m. of the 18th a party of 20 men driving a herd of 50 beef cattle to General Crook's camp was attacked near Hartsville. The result was the capture of the whole party and the cattle.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 489.


HARTVILLE, MISSOURI, January 11, 1863. Detached Troops, Department of Missouri. This engagement was an incident of Marmaduke's expedition into Missouri. Learning that a heavy force of Confederates was marching toward Springfield, Brigadier-General Fitz H. Warren, commanding the post at Houston, sent Colonel Merrill with 800 men of the 21st la. and 99th Illinois infantry, 180 of the 3d la. and 3d Missouri cavalry, and 2 guns of Battery L, 2nd Missouri, to reinforce the garrison at Springfield. On the night of the 10th Merrill bivouacked on Wood's fork, about 9 miles beyond Hartville, where he was attacked at 4 a. m. on the 11th. The artillery was immediately brought into action, the cavalry were deployed as skirmishers and the fighting continued until about 8 o'clock, when the enemy withdrew by a circuitous route toward Hartville. Some 30 or 40 prisoners were taken at Wood's fork and from them Merrill learned that Marmaduke had been reinforced by Porter and Greene since the attack on Springfield on the 8th, and that his force now numbered about 5,000 men. Notwithstanding he was outnumbered five to one, Merrill pushed on to Hartville and reached the town just as the Confederate advance came up. Merrill took position on the brow of a hill, his line forming the arc of a circle, the 21st la. in the center, the 99th Illinois on the right, and the cavalry, dismounted, on the left. Lieutenant Waldschmidt opened on the enemy with shell, and in a few minutes the Confederate cavalry dismounted and charged along the whole line. The steady and accurate fire of the Federal infantry and cavalry repelled the charge and drove them back to the other side of the town, leaving many dead and wounded on the field. Fresh troops were added and again they charged, only to be again repulsed with severe loss. They then made a desperate attempt to capture the artillery, but were met by a crossfire from the Illinois and Iowa troops that drove them back in disorder. Again and again they rallied and tried to break the Union line, but each time they were repulsed. The enemy then stationed sharpshooters in the court-house and other buildings in the town, and the fire from these was somewhat annoying until Waldschmidt was directed to shell the town. A few rounds served to dislodge the sharpshooters, when by some misunderstanding all the Union troops were withdrawn except the 21st la. This left Colonel Dunlap with only 250 men to contend with the entire Confederate force, but by changing his men in small squads from one position to another and keeping up a rapid fire he managed to hold on until Arkansas Three times the enemy charged that single regiment, but each time was repulsed at the point of the bayonet . About sunset Marmaduke commenced falling back and Dunlap moved out on the Lebanon road, overtaking the train the next morning. The Union loss at Hartville was 7 killed, 64 wounded and 7 missing. Five of the missing came in a few days later as paroled prisoners. The Confederate loss was estimated by Dunlap as 200 killed and 300 wounded. Hartwood Church, Virginia, November 28, 1862. Picket of 3d Pennsylvania Cavalry. While doing cavalry picket duty near Hartwood, 77 men and 5 officers of the 3d Pennsylvania cavalry, commanded by Captain George Johnson, were surprised by a Confederate cavalry force under General Wade Hampton and the whole command was captured, only 4 wounded being left. Johnson was dismissed from the service for disgraceful and unofficer like conduct.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 489-490.


HARTWOOD CHURCH, VIRGINIA, February 25, 1863. Detachment of 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 3d Army Corps. About 2 p. m. some Confederate cavalry under Brigadier-General Fitzhugh Lee attacked the vedettes of this brigade at Hartwood Church and drove them back upon their infantry reserves. The 124th New York opened a galling fire upon the enemy when he appeared within range, and after an hour's fighting compelled him to retire. The Federal loss in this engagement was 36 killed, wounded and missing. The enemy's casualties were 8 wounded and 6 captured or missing. The Confederates also captured some 150 members of the Union cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 490.


HARVEY, James Madison, governor of Kansas, born in Monroe County, Virginia, 21 September, 1833. He was educated in the public schools of Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois, and practised surveying and civil engineering until he moved to Kansas in 1859, when he became a farmer. He was captain in the 4th and 10th Regiments of Kansas Infantry from 1861 till 1864, a member of the lower house of the legislature in 1865-'6, and of the state senate in 1867-8. In 1869-71 he was governor of Kansas, and in 1874-'7 was a U. S. Senator, having been chosen as a Republican to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alexander Caldwell.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 107.


HARVEY, Louis Powell, governor of Wisconsin, born in East Haddam, Connecticut, 22 July, 1820; died in Savannah, Tennessee, 19 April, 1862. In l828 he moved with his parents to Ohio, where he was educated in the Western Reserve College. He went to Kenosha, Wisconsin, in 1840, taught there, and edited a Whig newspaper, but moved to Shopiere, Rock County, in 1850, and engaged in manufacturing. He was a member of the first state constitutional Convention, and served in the state senate from 1855 till 1857. Soon afterward he was elected secretary of state, and in 1861 became governor. He was drowned while on his way to Pittsburg Landing, with supplies for the relief of wounded soldiers, after the battle of Shiloh. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 108.


HARWOOD, Andrew Allen, naval officer, born in Settle, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1802; died in Marion, Massachusetts, 28 August, 1884, was appointed midshipman, 1 January, 1818, and from 1819 till 1821 served in the sloop-of-war " Hornet" in the suppression of the African slave-trade. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1827, and in the following year was appointed to the receiving-ship " Philadelphia." He was detached as special messenger to bring home the ratified treaty with Naples, and from 1835 till 1837 served in the Mediterranean Squadron. He was assistant inspector of ordnance in 1843-'52, member of a commission to visit dock-yards and foundries in England and France in 1844, and in 1848 was promoted to commander. In 1851 he became member of a board appointed to prepare ordnance instructions for the U.S. Navy, and to make investigations and experiments. He commanded the frigate "Cumberland," of the Mediterranean Squadron, from 1853 till 1855, when he was appointed captain. He was inspector of ordnance from 1858 till 1861, and in the latter year was commissioned chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. In the following year he became commodore, and was appointed commandant of the U.S. Navy-yard at Washington, and of the Potomac Flotilla. He was retired in 1864, but served as secretary of the Light-house Board, and a member of the examining board from 1864 till 1869, when he was made rear-admiral on the retired list. During the Civil War he prepared a work on " Summary Courts-Martial," and published the "Law and Practice of U. S. Navy Courts-Martial" (1867).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 109.


HASCALL, Milo Smith, soldier, born in Le Roy, Genesee County, New York, 5 August, 1829. He spent the early years of his life on his father's farm, and in 1846 went to Goshen, Indiana. He was appointed from Indiana to the U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in 1852, and assigned to the artillery. He served in garrison at Fort Adams, Rhode Island, from 1852 till 1853, when he resigned. He was a contractor for the Indiana and Michigan Southern Railroad in 1854, and practised law in Goshen, Indiana, from 1855 till 1861, serving as prosecuting attorney of Elkhart and Lagrange counties from 1856 till 1858, and school-examiner and clerk of courts from 1859 till 1861, when he enlisted as a private in an Indiana regiment. He was subsequently appointed captain and aide-de-camp on General Thomas A. Morris's staff, and organized and drilled six regiments in Camp Morton. He became colonel of the 17th Indiana Regiment on 21 June, which was engaged in the West Virginia Campaign, and at Philippi made the first capture of a Confederate flag. In December, 1861, he was ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, and placed in command of a brigade consisting of the 17th Indiana, 6th Ohio, 43d Ohio, and 15th Indiana Regiments, assigned to the division commanded by General William Nelson. He was transferred to a brigade in General Thomas J. Wood's division, serving during the capture of Nashville and in the advance on Shiloh. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 25 April, 1862, and commanded a brigade in the Tennessee Campaign from October, 1862, till March, 1863. At the battle of Stone River he commanded a division, and was wounded. He was then sent to Indianapolis to return deserters from Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, was transferred to the Army of the Ohio and placed in command of the District of Indiana. He also took part in the battles of Chickamauga and Mission Ridge, and was active in the defence of Knoxville. He was in command of the 2d Division of the 23d Corps. Army of the Ohio, in the invasion of Georgia in 1864, being engaged in numerous actions on the advance to Atlanta and taking an active part in the siege of that city. He resigned his commission on 27 October, 1864, and became a proprietor of Salem's Bank, in Goshen, Indiana, in which he is now (1887) engaged.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 109


HASKELL, Llewellyn Frost, soldier, born 8 October, 1842, went to Heidelberg, Germany, to study, but returned in 1861 to join the National Army. He enlisted in the 14th New York Regiment, rose to the rank of captain, served on the staff of General Alexander S. Asboth at Pea Ridge and on that of General Henry Prince at Cedar Mountain, where he was severely wounded, and was the only officer on General Prince's staff that was not killed or mortally wounded. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 7th Colored Troops in October, 1863, served in South Carolina and Virginia, and became colonel in November, 1864. At the close of the war he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He then became associated with his father in the development of Llewellyn Park, but in 1877 moved to San Francisco, California, where he has since engaged in business.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 110.


HASKIN, Joseph A., soldier, born in New York in 1817; died in Oswego, New York, 3 August, 1874. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1839, and entered the 1st U.S. Artillery. He was on duty in Maine during the "disputed frontier" controversy, from 1840 till 1845, afterward in Florida and Louisiana, and during the Mexican war took part in all the battles under General Scott, losing an arm at the storming of Chapultepec. He was subsequently in garrison and fortress duty on the frontiers and elsewhere, becoming captain in the 1st U.S. Artillery in 1851, was compelled to surrender Baton Rouge Arsenal to a vastly superior force of Confederates in the winter of 1861, served during the Civil War in Washington, at Key West, in command of the northern defences of Washington in 1862-'4, and as chief of artillery in the Department of Washington till 1866. He was promoted to be major in 1862, lieutenant-colonel of staff the same year, lieutenant-colonel, 1st U.S. Artillery, in 1866, and brevet colonel and brevet brigadier-general, 13 March, 1865. He was retired from active service in 1872. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 110.


HASTINGS, Russell, soldier, born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, 30 May, 1835. While he was a boy his parents moved to Ohio, and settled in Willoughby, Lake County, where he was educated in the common schools. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a private, and was soon promoted to be a lieutenant in the 23d Ohio Regiment. During Sheridan's campaigns he acted as adjutant-general, was severely wounded at the battle of Opequan, and was subsequently promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 28th Ohio Regiment, after a charge in which he had displayed great courage. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. General Hastings was elected a member of the Ohio legislature in 1865, and while there was appointed U.S. Marshal for the Northern District of Ohio. Owing to failing health, he resigned in 1874.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 112.


HASWELL, Charles Haynes, civil engineer, born in New York City, 22 May, 1809. He was educated at the high-school of Jamaica, Long Island, and in a classical school in New York City. From his boyhood he showed great interest in mechanics, and he entered in 1825 the steam engine factory of James P. Allaire, where he remained for several years. In 1836 he was appointed chief engineer in the U. S. Navy, and was then the only one of that grade. He was a member of the board that designed the steam frigates "Missouri" and "Mississippi." An Engineer Corps having been organized in 1839, he was promoted to the rank of engineer-in-chief in 1844, and held that office until 1850, when, in consequence of failing health, he left the service. Subsequently he travelled in Europe, and on his return settled in New York, and resumed the practice of his profession. He designed and constructed the first practicable steam launch in 1837, and was the first to put zinc into a marine steam boiler or the hold of an iron steam vessel in order that the galvanic action of the salt water and copper might be exhausted on the zinc, in preference to the iron. As engineer of the state quarantine commission he designed and directed the completion of Hoffman Island and its buildings in the lower bay of New York, and while in the employ of the New York Department of Public Charities and Corrections designed and built the crib bulkhead at Hart's Island. He was a trustee of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge in 1877-'8, and. in addition to membership in all of the principal engineering societies in the United States, he is a member of the Institutes of Civil Engineers and of Naval Architects in Great Britain. Mr. Haswell has published "Mechanic's and Engineer's Pocket-Book" (New York, 1844; 51st ed. 1887); "Mechanic's Tables" (1856); "Mensuration and Practical Geometry" (1858); "Book-keeping" (1871); and has in manuscript (1887) a " History of the Steam Boiler and its Appendages" and "Reminiscences of New York from 1816 to 1835."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 113


HATCH, Edward, soldier, born in Bangor, Maine, 22 December. 1832. In April, 1861, he was a member of the District of Columbia Volunteers who were enlisted to defend the national capital, and subsequently had charge of the camp of instruction at Davenport, Iowa. He was commissioned captain in the 2d Iowa Cavalry, 12 August, 1861, major, 5 September, and lieutenant-colonel, 11 December, the same year. He commanded his regiment at New Madrid, Island No. 10, the battle of Corinth, the raid on Booneville, and the battle of Iuka. He was promoted colonel, 13 June, 1862, and commanded a brigade of cavalry in General Grant's Mississippi Campaign. He was afterward placed at the head of the cavalry division of the Army of the Tennessee, and was present at the various engagements in which it took part. He was disabled by wounds in December. 1863, and on 27 April, 1864, was made brigadier-general. Under General A. J. Smith, and still in command of a cavalry division, he was engaged in the battles of Franklin (for bravery in which he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular service) and Nashville, and in the pursuit of Hood's Confederate Army. For gallantry at Nashville he was, in 1864, brevetted major-general of volunteers, and three years later promoted to the same rank by brevet in the U. S. Army. On 15 January, 1866, he was honorably mustered out of the volunteer service, and on 6 July following he was promoted colonel of the 9th U. S. Cavalry, which commission he still holds. Since the war he has seen service in Colorado, Indian and Wyoming territories, and Nebraska.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 113.


HATCH, John Porter, soldier, born in Oswego, New York, 9 January, 1822. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1845, and assigned to the 3d U.S. Infantry. Subsequently he was transferred  to the mounted rifles, and promoted 2d lieutenant, 18 April, 1847. He saw service during the military occupation of Texas in 1845-'6, and took part in all the principal battles of the Mexican War, being brevetted 1st lieutenant, 20 August, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and captain on 13 September, for gallantry at Chapultepec. After the conclusion of the Mexican war, he was chiefly engaged in frontier duty and on various expeditions against the Indians until 1861, when he was acting as chief of commissariat in the Department of New Mexico, after receiving a captain s commission on 13 October, 1860. On 28 September, 1861, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and in December following was placed in command of a brigade of cavalry at Annapolis, Maryland, under General King. He distinguished himself by several daring reconnoissances about Gordonsville, the Rapidan, and the Rappahannock, and afterward commanded the cavalry of the 5th Army Corps, taking part in the battles of Winchester, Groveton, and Manassas, Virginia, where he was wounded and made brevet major for "gallant and meritorious services." He was again severely wounded at the battle of South Mountain, Maryland, 14 September, 1862, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel. Disabled by his injuries and unable to report for duty until 18 February, 1863, he was then employed on courts-martial, assigned to command the draft rendezvous at Philadelphia, and given charge of the Cavalry Depot at St. Louis until 27 October, 1863, when he was made major of the 4th U.S. Cavalry. During the remainder of the war he was assigned to various commands in the Department of the South, being in charge of John's Island and Honey Hill, South Carolina, during the attacks on those places. He was also under General Sherman's orders, co-operating with him while the latter was moving up the coast, and participating in several skirmishes. From 26 February to 26 August, 1865, he was in command of the Charleston District. Department of South Carolina. On 13 March of the latter year he was brevetted colonel and brigadier-general for his services during the Civil War, and major-general of volunteers for the same cause. From the close of the war until 1881 he was on duty principally in Texas, the Indian Territory, Montana, and Washington territory, and was promoted colonel, 2d U.S. Cavalry, 26 June, 1881. Colonel Hatch remained in command of his regiment until 9 January, 1886, when he was retired by operation of law.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 113-114.


HatchER'S RUN, VIRGINIA, October 27-28, 1864. 2nd, 5th and 9th Army Corps, and Gregg's Cavalry Division. On October 24 General Grant determined upon a reconnaissance in force against the right of the Confederate lines at Petersburg, and if possible gain possession of the South Side railroad. The force selected for the movement consisted of about 30,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry and a due complement of field artillery. General Hancock, with the divisions of Mott and Gibbon (the latter under command of Brigadier-General T. W. Egan) was to cross Hatcher's run by the Vaughan road, move past Dabney's mill to the Boydton plank road, thence north on this road to the intersection of the White Oak road, where he was to turn to the west, recross the creek about 2 miles above the Boydton road and strike the railroad near Sutherland. Gregg's cavalry was to move on Hancock's left and protect his flank. General Parke, with the 9th corps, was to begin his advance "at such hour as will enable him to attack the right of the enemy's infantry, between Hatcher's run and their new works at Hawks' and Dabney's, at the dawn of day." It was thought that these works were incomplete and that they could be surprised and carried by a secret and sudden movement, but Parke was instructed, in case he failed to carry the works, to "remain confronting them until the operations on the left draw off the enemy." (The operations on the left here referred to were the movements of Butler's army on the north side of the James river. See Fair Oaks, Oct . 27, 1864.) General Warren, commanding the 5th corps, was directed to move to Armstrong's mill on Hatcher's run, a short distance above the Vaughan road, where he was to take position to support Parke, and if the latter's attack was successful Warren was to follow it up by moving to the left of the 9th corps. Otherwise he was to endeavor to open the bridge over Hatcher's run on the Boydton road at Burgess' mill, and by keeping on the right of Hancock make an effort to turn the enemy's flank. All the columns moved at an early hour (from 2 to 3:30 a. m.). Parke and Warren drove in the enemy's pickets, but found the works completed, with abatis in front, and held by a force too strong to assault. Griffin's division of the 5th corps was in front of the extreme right of the new intrenchments and Warren was ordered to send a division across the run to attack the enemy on the flank and drive him from the line, thus opening the way for the rest of the 5th and 9th corps. Crawford's division was selected and sent across the creek, but owing to the dense undergrowth its commander made a mistake and followed a small tributary of the run instead of the main stream. This caused a serious delay and it was 4 p. m. before Crawford was in position to begin his attack. The enemy's skirmish line was driven back and Crawford had formed his men in line of battle, when he received instructions to halt and wait for further orders. In his report he says: "The country around me was a perfect wilderness. Even the prisoners captured from the enemy had become lost in the woods, and were attempting to gain their own rear when they wandered into my lines." At 1 a. m. on the 28th he received orders to withdraw and by daylight was again on the north side of the creek. Hancock's advance reached Hatcher's run at daylight to find the ford obstructed by fallen trees and a force of the enemy in rifle-pits occupying the opposite bank. Smyth's brigade of Egan's division waded the creek and drove the Confederates from their position. The whole corps then pressed forward and struck the Boydton road about a mile south of Burgess' mill just as Gregg had repulsed an attack by some of Hampton's cavalry. When Hancock came out on the open ground near the plank road the Confederates opened fire on the head of his column with artillery from Burgess' tavern and also from the White Oak road on his left. Beck's battery soon silenced the guns at the tavern and Egan's division was pushed forward toward the bridge at Burgess' mill, driving the Confederates across the run. Mott's brigade was then started for the White Oak road, a brigade of cavalry was sent to relieve Egan, in order that he might follow Mott, but at this juncture Grant and Meade came upon the field and Hancock was ordered to halt at the Boydton road and extend his right to connect with Crawford on the south side of the run. Egan accordingly sent two brigades to the right of the road and deployed two regiments still farther to the right, but failed to find Crawford's line. By this time the enemy had 9 guns in position on the north bank of the run on Egan's front, 5 more about 800 yards distant on the White Oak road on his left, and opened up an annoying artillery fire. Gregg was directed to send a brigade of cavalry to dislodge or capture the battery on the left, but found it supported by an infantry force behind hastily constructed breastworks and did not make the assault. Major Bingham, of Hancock's staff, who had been sent to communicate with Crawford, now returned and reported a gap of about three-fourths of a mile between the right of the 2nd corps and Crawford's left. Grant and Meade now left the field, giving Hancock verbal orders to hold his position until the next morning and then retire by the road over which he had advanced. Notwithstanding this order, Hancock, knowing the desires of his superiors, decided to carry the bridge and gain possession of the high ground north of the run. McAllister's brigade of Mott's division was sent forward to Egan, who was intrusted with the necessary preparations. For some time prior to this heavy firing had been heard on the right, which was thought to be due to Crawford's attack, and Pierce was ordered to send two regiments of his brigade well into the woods to ascertain what was going on there. Egan moved against the bridge and part of the 164th New York, the advance of the storming party, crossed the creek and captured a 10-pounder Parrott gun, when the firing on the right grew nearer and heavier, showing that the enemy was advancing from that direction. Hancock, therefore, sent orders to Egan to suspend operations at the bridge and face his command to the rear. The two regiments of Pierce's brigade were overpowered and fell back in some disorder to the plank road, where they rallied, though 2 guns of Beck's battery, commanded by Lieutenant Metcalfe, were captured by the Confederates. Egan now swept down on the enemy's flank, while the brigades of Pierce and De Trobriand advanced from the Dabney Mill road. The 2 guns were recaptured with several hundred prisoners and 2 stands of colors. About 5 p. m. Hancock received a communication from General Humphreys, Meade's chief of staff, to the effect that the signal officers had discovered a large force of the enemy moving down the Boydton road, and repeating the orders to withdraw. During the night the whole corps was quietly withdrawn to Dabney's mill, where the troops were halted to cover Crawford's retreat. The Federal loss in the several engagements along Hatcher's run was 166 killed, 1,028 wounded and 564 missing. The Confederate casualties were not ascertained. Concerning this movement General Humphreys says: "Had the 5th corps followed Hancock closely over the Boydton road by the Dabney mill road, as originally intended, the result might have been more favorable. We could have carried the high ground on the north bank of Hatcher's run at Burgess' mill easily and thus have turned Lee's right, and most probably have secured a footing on the South Side railroad. But the attempted movement up Hatcher's run failed of any favorable result."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 490-492.


HATCHER'S RUN, VIRGINIA, February 5-7, 1865. 2nd, 5th, 6th and 9th Army Corps, and 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. General U. S. Grant, commanding the Federal forces about Petersburg, learned that the Confederates were receiving supplies by means of wagon trains from Hicksford on the Weldon railroad, via of Dinwiddie Court House over the Boydton plank road, and decided to break up this line of supply. Brigadier-General J. I. Gregg, commanding the 2nd cavalry division, was ordered to move with his command at 3 a. m. on the 5th and endeavor to intercept the trains. Major-General G. K. Warren was directed to cross Hatcher's run with the 5th corps and take position on the Vaughan road about half-way between the run and Dinwiddie Court House, where he was to support Gregg. Major-General A. A. Humphreys, commanding the 2nd corps, was ordered to seize and hold the crossings of Hatcher's run on the Vaughan road and at Armstrong's mill, about a mile and a half farther west. Mott's division took possession of the Vaughan road after a slight skirmish, and Smyth's took position at Armstrong's. Lee had gained information of the movement against his right and had sent part of Hill's and Gordon's corps to protect the Boydton road. These forces had thrown up a line of works near the Thompson house, and Smyth's center was directly opposite these new works, which were only about half a mile distant. Communication was opened with Warren and Humphrey brought up Ramsey's brigade of Miles' division to fill the gap between Smyth and Mott's advance brigade (McAllister's), in order to be prepared for an attack should one be made. The enemy had a battery in position to enfilade the road leading to Armstrong's mill, and about 4 p. m. it opened fire, but receiving no reply the firing soon ceased. A little, after 5 o'clock a heavy column of infantry advanced under cover of a heavy artillery fire against Smyth's right, and at the same time another column emerged from the woods near the Thompson house, evidently with a view of attacking Smyth in flank and rear. This column was promptly met by McAllister and Ramsey and driven back to the intrenchments. This timely action enabled Smyth to repulse the attack in his front, though the enemy's artillery' kept up the fire until about 7 o'clock, but without doing any serious damage. In the meantime Gregg had captured a few wagons and prisoners, but had discovered that the Boydton road was used but little in the transportation of supplies. He was therefore ordered to the Vaughan road crossing, and Warren was also directed to move his command to the same point. General Meade, upon learning that the enemy was in force along Hatcher's run, ordered Hartranft's division of the 9th corps and Wheaton's of the 6th to report to Humphreys. Both divisions arrived during the night of the 5th and were placed on the right of the 2nd corps. About 1 p. m. on the 6th Warren sent Crawford's division on a reconnaissance on the Dabney Mill road, his left supported by Ayres' division and Gregg's cavalry. Gregg was furiously attacked by part of Pegram's division, but Griffin, who had been held in reserve, came to the assistance of the cavalry and the enemy was driven back. Crawford encountered the remainder of Pegram's command and forced it back to Dabney's mill, where the enemy was reinforced by part of Gordon's corps, which threatened to turn Crawford's left. Ayres hurried two of his brigades to Crawford's support, but the Confederates were further reinforced by Mahone's division and their whole line advanced, forcing Warren back rapidly and in some confusion, but with small loss. As the line fell back it came upon Wheaton's division of the 6th corps, advancing in line of battle, the retreat was checked, the line reformed and the enemy forced to retire to his works. About 10 a. m. on the 7th Crawford moved out from the right of the 5th corps near Armstrong's mill and attacked the enemy, Baxter's brigade driving the pickets from the intrenched line where they had been found the preceding day. Two brigades of Wheaton's division were then sent forward to protect Crawford's flanks and at 6 p. m. he again attacked, drove the Confederates back to their line near Dabney's mill, and regained a good portion of the field from which the Union troops had been driven the day before, after which the Federal intrenchments were extended to the crossing of the Vaughan road over Hatcher's run. The Union loss in the several actions was 171 killed, 1,181 wounded and 187 missing. Exact figures of the enemy's losses are hard to obtain, but it was estimated about the same, General Pegram being among the killed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 492-493.


HATCHIE BOTTOM, TENNESSEE, July 29, 1862. Stewart's Illinois Cavalry. General John A. Logan reports that on the 29th his cavalry under Major W. Stewart, some 75 in number, overtook the enemy's cavalry on the Hatchie river, attacked and routed them, taking 10 prisoners. The Union loss was 1 killed and 3 or 4 wounded. Later in the day, when near Denmark, Stewart was attacked by about 400 Confederates and defeated. The Federal loss was considerable in killed, wounded and prisoners; the enemy's loss was not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 493.


HATCHIE BRIDGE, TENNESSEE, October 5, 1862. 4th Division, Army of West Tennessee. While the battle of Corinth, Mississippi, was in progress on the 4th, the division, commanded by Major-General S. A. Hurlbut, was ordered to move from Bolivar to Pocahontas to cut off the Confederate retreat. Early on the following morning Hurlbut was joined near Davis' bridge on the Hatchie river by Major-General Ord, who assumed command. In the meantime Hurlbut had sent forward Veatch's brigade to seize and hold Hatchie bridge. It was found to be in possession of the enemy, with a small guard at the bridge and a larger force stationed around a house some 400 yards in advance. Bolton's battery was ordered up to shell the house, while two regiments advanced, one on either side of the road, and drove away the guard. Veatch then formed his brigade in line of battle, and the main body of the division coming up about the same time, Ord directed him to move forward on the right toward the little village of Metamora. By this time the main column of the retreating army came up and made an effort to regain the bridge, but it was repulsed. The action began about 8 a. m. and lasted until 3:30 p. m. About 11 o'clock Ord was wounded and turned the command over to Hurlbut, who crossed his whole command over the bridge and deployed to the right and left along the hill. The batteries were run forward and opened a vigorous fire on the enemy. A charge was made on Spear's battery, but the head of their formation was completely shattered by the cross-fire from the other batteries and the enemy driven back in disorder. A strong demonstration was next made by the Confederates on Lauman's brigade on the right, but Lauman quickly changed front and the enemy was repulsed with considerable loss. Under cover of this movement they withdrew one of their batteries, leaving the caissons, and that night crossed the river at Crum's mill, 6 miles above. The Union loss at Hatchie Bridge was 46 killed, 493 wounded and 17 missing. The Confederates included their casualties here in the reports of the battle of Corinth, but Hurlbut reported that he buried 32 of the enemy's dead on the ground and captured 420 prisoners, together with 12 pieces of artillery with their caissons and 650 stands of small arms.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 493-494.


HATHEWAY, Samuel Gilbert, soldier, born in Freetown, Massachusetts, 18 January, 1810; died in Solon, New York, 16 April, 1864, was graduated at Union College in 1831, studied law, and in 1833 moved to Elmira, New York, and began practice. He served in the legislature in 1842-'3, declined a renomination in 1844, and resumed practice. He was a defeated candidate for Congress in 1856 and in 1862, and the next year entered the army as colonel of the 14th New York Regiment. He afterward commanded Abercrombie's division, as acting brigadier-general, but in 1863, the exposures of camp-life having produced disease of the heart, he was compelled to resign, and died a few months afterward.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 114.


HATTERAS INLET, NORTH CAROLINA, August 28-29, 1861. (See Naval Volume.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 494.


HATTERAS AND ALABAMA, January 11, 1863. This was a naval engagement between the U. S. steamer Hatteras, carrying 8 guns, and the Confederate cruiser Alabama, off the coast of Texas. (For a full account see Naval Volume.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 494.


HATTON, Frank, journalist, born in Cambridge, Ohio, 28 April, 1846. His father, Richard, moved to Cadiz, Ohio, where he published the "Republican." At the age of eleven the son entered the office of this paper, where he became foreman, and then local editor. When the Civil War began he enlisted in the 98th Ohio Infantry, and in 1864 was commissioned 1st lieutenant. His service was with the Army of the Cumberland. After the war he went to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, edited the "Journal" there in 1869-'74, and then moved to Burlington. Iowa, where he purchased a controlling interest in the " Hawkeye." He was postmaster in Burlington for a few years prior to 1881. In that year President Arthur appointed him Assistant Postmaster General, and he served from October, 1881, till October, 1884, when the retirement of Judge Gresham from the office of Postmaster General, led to Mr. Hatton's promotion to fill the vacancy. He served until the close of President Arthur's administration, and was the youngest cabinet officer that ever served the government, Alexander Hamilton alone excepted. From October, 1882, till the summer of 1884 Mr. Hatton was connected with the "National Republican" in Washington. In July of the latter year he moved to Chicago, and assisted in reorganizing the " Mail," of which he is now (1887) the editor-in-chief.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 115.


HATTON, Robert, soldier, born in Sumner County, Tennessee, in 1827; killed at the battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia, 31 May, 1862. He was educated at Harvard, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1856, and in 1858 was elected to Congress from that state, serving one term. He then entered the Confederate Army, was appointed brigadier-general, 23 May, 1862, and was assigned to the command of the 5th brigade, 1st Division, 1st Corps. Army of Virginia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 115


HAUPT, Herman, engineer, born in Philadelphia, 26 March, 1817. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1835, and entered the 2d U.S. Infantry, but resigned on 30 September following, and was assistant engineer on the public works of Pennsylvania until 1839. He was appointed in 1844 professor of civil engineering and mathematics in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, and filled that chair until 1847, when he became principal engineer of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, of which he was made superintendent in 1849. From 1856 till June, 1861, he was chief engineer of the Hoosac Tunnel in Massachusetts. During the Civil War he was aide to General Irwin McDowell, with the rank of colonel, and chief of the Bureau of U. S. Military Railways, in charge of construction and operation. In September, 1862, he declined the appointment of brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1875 he acted as general manager of the Piedmont Air-line Railway from Richmond, Virginia, to Atlanta, Georgia. Since 1875 he has been chief engineer of the Tide-Water Pipe Line Company, and he has demonstrated the feasibility of transporting oil in pipes for long distances. He was also for several years general manager of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Colonel Haupt invented a drilling-engine, which took the highest Prize of the Royal Polytechnic Society of Great Britain. He is the author of "Hints on Bridge Building " (1840); "General Theory of Bridge-Construction " (New York, 1852); "Plan for Improvement of the Ohio River" (1855); and "Military Bridges" (New York, 1864). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 116.


HAUSSE OR BREECH SIGHT is a graduated piece attached to the barrel near the breech, which has a sliding piece retained in its place by a thumb screw, or by the spring of the slider itself. This slider should have an opening through which the gun can be conveniently aimed; and is raised to such a height as we think will give the necessary elevation for the distance. The term coarse sight means a large portion of the front sight, as seen above the bottom of the rear-sight notch; and a fine sight is when but a small portion is seen. The effect of a coarse sight is to increase the range of the projectile.

Graduation of rear-sights. If the form of the trajectory be known, the rear-sight of a fire-arm can be graduated by calculation; the more accurate and reliable method, however, is by trial. Suppose it be required to mark the graduation for 100 yards: the slider is placed as near the position of the required mark as the judgment of the experimenter may indicate; and, with this elevation, the piece is carefully aimed, and fired, say ten times, at a target placed on level ground at a distance of 100 yards. If the assumed position of the slider be correct, the centre of impact of the ten shot-holes will coincide with the point aimed at; if it be incorrect, or the centre of impact be found below the FIG. 133. point aimed at, then the position of the slider is too low on the scale. Let P be the point aimed at, and P 1 the centre of impact of the cluster Page 332 of shot-holes, we have, from close similarity of the triangles, A'F ': FP:: A' A”: PP'; from which we can determine A' A” the quantity that must be added to A A', to give the correct position of the graduation mark for 100 yards. If the centre of impact had been above P, the trial mark would have been too high. Lay off the distance A A” above A”, on the scale, and we obtain an approximate graduation for 200 yards, which should be corrected in the same way as the preceding, and so on. The distance P P' is found by taking the algebraic sum of the distances of all the shots from the point P, and dividing it by the number of shots. It will be readily seen that an approximate form of the trajectory may be obtained by drawing a series of lines through the different graduation marks of the rear-sight, and the top of the front-sight, and laying off from the front-sight, on each line, the corresponding range; (BENTON.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 331-332).


HAVEN, Gilbert, 1821-1880, clergyman, African American civil rights advocate, abolitionist.  (Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 407)


HAVERSACK. Bag issued to soldiers for carrying rations. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 332).


HAVILAND, Charles, Jr., New York, abolitionist.  Husband of noted abolitionist leader Laura Smith Haviland.  Helped organize the Logan Female Anti-Slavery Society in Michigan in 1832.  Co-founded the Raisin Institute, a progressive racially integrated school.  Operated a station on the Underground Railroad.  (Danforth, 1961; Dumond, 1961, pp. 279-281; Haviland, 1882; Lindquist, 1999)


HAVILAND, Laura Smith, 1808-1898, New York, Society of Friends, Quaker, anti-slavery activist.  October 8, 1832, co-founded the Logan Female Anti-Slavery Society in Lenawee County, Michigan Territory, with Elizabeth Chandler.  Founded the Raisin Institute.  Helped fugitive slaves.  (Dumond, 1961, pp. 279, 401n18, 32; Haviland, 1882)


HAWES, Richard, lawyer, born in Caroline County, Virginia, 6 February, 1797; died in Bourbon County, Kentucky, 25 May, 1877. He emigrated to Kentucky in 1810. After being educated at Transylvania University he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began his practice in Winchester, Kentucky. He was a member of the legislature in 1828, 1829, and 1836, and in the latter year he was elected to Congress as a Whig, serving until 1841. He subsequently became an ardent Democrat, advocated the southern cause during the Civil War, and left Kentucky with Breckinridge and others in 1861. On the death of George W. Johnson, at Shiloh, he was elected to succeed him in the nominal office of "provisional" or Confederate governor of Kentucky. When Bragg entered the state, Hawes went with him to Frankfort, and was installed governor, 4 October, 1862, but was compelled to retire immediately, in consequence of the advance of a division of Buell's army. After the close of the war he returned to Paris, Kentucky, and in 1866 was appointed county judge, which office he held until his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 119.


HAW'S SHOP, VIRGINIA, June 13, 1862. (See Stuart's Raid.) Haw's Shop, Virginia, May 28, 1864. 2nd Division, and. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac. During the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, Major-General P. H. Sheridan, commanding the cavalry corps, ordered a reconnaissance in the direction of Mechanicsville and sent out the 2nd division under Brigadier-General David McM. Gregg for the purpose. Nearly a mile in advance of Haw's shop Gregg encountered the enemy's cavalry dismounted and behind a breastwork. He attacked this force, about 4,000 strong, but was repulsed repeatedly and would have had to withdraw but for the arrival of Brigadier-General George C. Custer's brigade of the 1st division, four regiments of which were dismounted and charged in close column of attack in conjunction with an attack of Gregg's division. The enemy was driven back, leaving his dead and wounded on the field. The casualties of the 2nd division were 256 killed and wounded. The losses of the other participants were not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 494.


HAW'S SHOP, VIRGINIA, June 3, 1864. 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. While the battle of Cold Harbor was on, Brigadier-General J. H. Wilson, commanding the division, was ordered to cross the Totopotomy and attack the Confederates on the flank and rear. He moved at noon, struck the enemy's pickets at Haw's shop and drove them back on the main body near the Via house. Part of the command was dismounted and forced the Confederate cavalry, also dismounted, back over three lines of breastworks in succession. Mcintosh's brigade was then left to hold the position at Haw's while Chapman's moved to Norton's house on the Totopotomy. Upon arriving at the creek a section of Ransom's battery was placed in position, and under its protection about 400 men were dismounted and crossed. The 3d Indiana and 2nd New York charged and drove the enemy from a line of works, capturing a few prisoners. An order had been issued from headquarters to suspend hostilities, but Wilson had not been notified, and as it was now nearly dark he withdrew his command across the creek. The division was congratulated by General Meade for its gallant conduct on this occasion.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 494-495.


HAWKINS, Rush Christopher, soldier. born in Pomfret, Vermont, 14September, 1831, left home at an early age and enlisted in the 2d U. S. dragoons, but after a brief term of service in Mexico was discharged for disability contracted in the field. He settled in New York in 1851, studied law, and in 1856 began the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised the 9th Regiment of New York Volunteers and the Hawkins Zouaves, of which he was elected colonel. He commanded a successful expedition against Winston, North Carolina, on 16 February, and on 19 April his brigade took part in the action at South Mills, where he was wounded. He served with his regiment in Virginia and elsewhere, and with it was mustered out of the service on 30 May, 1863. Since the war he has been active in movements for political reform. His collection of books from the first 15th century presses was the most comprehensive in the country, and was sold at auction in New York in 1887. Colonel Hawkins has contributed to periodical literature and has published "The First Books and Printers of the 15th Century" (New York, 1884).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 120


HAWKINS, John P., soldier, born in Indiana about 1830. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1852, assigned to the infantry, and promoted 1st lieutenant, 12 October, 1857. At the beginning of the Civil War he was brigade quartermaster in the defences of Washington, D. C. He was appointed commissary of subsistence with the staff rank of captain, 3 August, 1861, and filled several posts as chief and assistant commissary of subsistence in southwest Missouri and west Tennessee, until 13 April, 1863, when he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and from 17 August of that year till 7 February, 1864, was in command of a brigade of colored troops in northeastern Louisiana. He was then promoted to the command of a division, and stationed at Vicksburg, Mississippi, from March, 1864, till February, 1865. He afterward took part in the Mobile Campaign, and for gallant and meritorious services at the capture of that city was brevetted major. For his services in the war he was successively given the brevets of lieutenant-colonel, colonel, brigadier-general, and major-general in the U. S. Army, and also major-general of volunteers. On 23 June, 1874, he was made major and commissary of subsistence, and in 1887 was in charge of the subsistence department at Omaha, Nebraska. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 121.


HAWK'S NEST, WEST VIRGINIA, August 20, 1861. Lieutenant-Colonel St . George Croghan, of the 1st cavalry of the Wise Confederate Legion, reported on August 20: "I have just had a skirmish with the enemy; have taken 2 prisoners and killed 1, as far as is positively known." This is the only report of the affair from either side. It is not known what Federal troops were engaged. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p.  495.


HAWLEY, Joseph Roswell, 1826-1905, statesman, clergyman, lawyer, editor, opponent of slavery, Union officer.  Member of the Free Soil Party.  Co-founder of the Republican Party.  Chairman of Connecticut Free Soil State Committee.  He opposed pro-slavery Know-Nothing Party and aided in anti-slavery organizing.  Helped organize and found the Republican Party in 1856.  In 1857, became editor of the Republican newspaper, Evening Press in Hartford.  Enlisted in the Union Army, rising to the rank of Brigadier General, commanding both a division and a brigade.  (Appletons, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 123-124; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 421; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 10, p. 351)

HAWLEY, Joseph Roswell, statesman, born in Stewartsville, North Carolina, 31 October, 1826. He is of English-Scotch ancestry. His father, Reverend Francis Hawley (descended from Samuel, who settled in Stratford, Connecticut, in 1639), was born in Farmington, Connecticut He went south early and engaged in business, but afterward entered the Baptist ministry. He married Mary McLeod, a native of North Carolina, of Scotch parentage, and the family went to Connecticut in 1837, where the father was an active anti-slavery man. The son prepared for college at the Hartford grammar-school and the seminary in Cazenovia, New York, whither the family moved about 1842. He was graduated at Hamilton in 1847, with a high reputation as a speaker and debater. He taught in the winters, studied law at Cazenovia and Hartford, and began practice in 1850. He immediately became chairman of the Free-Soil state committee, wrote for the Free-Soil press, and spoke in every canvass. He stoutly opposed the Know-Nothings, and devoted his energies to the union of all opponents of slavery. The first meeting for the organization of the Republican Party in Connecticut was held in his office, at his call, 4 February, 1856. Among those present were Gideon Welles and John M. Niles. Mr. Hawley gave three months to speaking in the Fremont canvass of 1856. In February, 1857, he abandoned law practice, and became editor of the Hartford "Evening Press," the new distinctively Republican paper. His partner was William Faxon, afterward assistant Secretary of the Navy. He responded to the first call for troops in 1861 by drawing up a form of enlistment, and, assisted by Drake, afterward colonel of the 10th Regiment, raising rifle company A, 1st Connecticut Volunteers, which was organized and accepted in twenty-four hours, Hawley having personally engaged rifles at Sharp's Factory. He became the captain, and is said to have been the first volunteer in the state. He received special praise for good conduct at Bull Run from General Erastus D. Keyes, brigade commander. He directly united with Colonel Alfred H. Terry in raising the 7th Connecticut Volunteers, a three years' regiment, of which he was lieutenant-colonel. It went south in the Port Royal Expedition, and on the capture of the forts was the first sent ashore as a garrison. It was engaged four months in the siege of Fort Pulaski, and upon the surrender was selected as the garrison. Hawley succeeded Terry, and commanded the regiment in the battles of James Island and Pocotaligo, and in Brannan's expedition to Florida. He went with his regiment to Florida, in January, 1863, and commanded the post of Fernandina, whence in April he undertook an unsuccessful expedition against Charleston. He also commanded a brigade on Morris Island in the siege of Charleston and the capture of Fort Wagner. In February, 1864, he had a brigade under General Truman Seymour in the battle of Olustee, Florida, where the whole National force lost 38 per cent. His regiment was one of the few that were armed with the Spencer breech loading rifle. This weapon, which he procured in the autumn of 1863, proved very effective in the hands of his men. He went to Virginia in April, 1864, having a brigade in Terry's division, 10th Corps, Army of the James, and was in the battles of Drewry's Bluff, Deep Run, Derbytown Road, and various affairs near Bermuda Hundred and Deep Bottom. He commanded a division in the fight on the Newmarket road, and engaged in the siege of Petersburg. In September, 1864, he was made a brigadier-general, having been repeatedly recommended by his immediate superiors. In November, 1864, he commanded a picked brigade sent to New York City to keep the peace during the week of the presidential election. He succeeded to Terry's division when Terry was sent to Port Fisher in January, 1865, afterward rejoining him as chief of staff, 10th Corps, and on the capture of Wilmington was detached by General Schofield to establish a base of supplies there for Sherman's army, and command southeastern North Carolina. In June he rejoined Terry as chief of staff for the Department of Virginia. In October he went home, was brevetted major-general, and was mustered out, 15 January, 1866. In April, 1866, he was elected governor of Connecticut, but he was defeated in 1867, and then, having united the "Press" and the "Courant," he resumed editorial life, and more vigorously than ever entered the political contests following the war. He was always in demand as a speaker throughout the country. He was president of the National Republican Convention in 1868, secretary of the committee on resolutions in 1872, and chairman of that committee in 1876. He earnestly opposed paper money theories. In November, 1872, he was elected to fill a vacancy in Congress caused by the death of Julius L. Strong. He was re-elected to the 43d Congress, defeated for the 44th and 45th, and re-elected to the 46th (1879-'81). He was elected senator in January, 1881, by the unanimous vote of his party, and re-elected in like manner in January, 1887, for the term ending 4 March, 1893. In the house he served on the committees on Claims, Banking and Currency, Military Affairs, and appropriations; in the senate, on the committees on Coast Defences, Railroads, Printing, and Military Affairs. He is chairman of the committee on Civil Service, and vigorously promoted the enactment of civil-service-reform legislation. He was also chairman of a Select Committee on Ordnance and War-Ships, and submitted a long and valuable report, the result of careful investigation into steel production and heavy gun-making in England and the United States. In the National Convention of 1884 the Connecticut Delegation unanimously voted for him for president in every ballot. He was president of the U. S. Centennial Commission from its organization in 1872 until the close of its labors in 1877, gave two years exclusively to the work, was ex-officio member of its committees, and appointed all save the executive. He received the degree of LL. D. from Hamilton in 1875, and from Yale in 1886. Of the former institution he is a trustee. Ecclesiastically he is a Congregationalist.  General Hawley is an ardent Republican, one of the most acceptable extemporary orators in the republic, a believer in universal suffrage, the American people and the "American way," is a "hard-money" man, would adjust the tariff so as to benefit native industries, urges the reconstruction of our naval and coast defences, demands a free ballot and a fair count everywhere, opposes the tendency to federal centralization, and is a strict constructionist of the constitution in favor of the rights and dignity of the individual states.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 123-124.


HAWLEY, William Merrill, 1802-1869, lawyer, jurist, State Senator.  Member, Free-Soil Radical Delegation in August 1848.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 124

HAWLEY, William Merrill, lawyer, born in Delaware County, New York, 23 August, 1802; died in Hornellsville, New York, 9 February, 1869. His father, one of the earliest settlers in western New York, was a farmer, and unable to give his children a classical education. William went to the common school, and at the age of twenty-one moved to Almond, Alleghany County, where be cleared a piece of land for tillage. In the spring of 1824 be was elected constable, and began the study of law to assist him in this office. He was admitted to the bar in 1826, moved to Hornellsville the next year, and practised his profession until his appointment in 1846 as first judge of Steuben County. He served in the state senate, was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 22 May, 1848, which met in Baltimore, and was identified with the “Free-Soil radical delegation,” which culminated in the National Convention of 9 Aug., 1848, held in Buffalo, New York, in which Martin Van Buren was nominated for the presidency. Judge Hawley was one of the committee appointed to introduce the resolutions the essential elements of which were afterward adopted by the Republican Party. After his retirement from the state senate he did not again enter public life, but, devoting himself to his profession, acquired a large fortune, and practised until a short time before his death. Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 124


HAXALS (OR EVLINGTON HEIGHTS), VIRGINIA, July 3, 1862. 14th Indiana, 7th West Virginia, 4th and 8th Ohio Volunteers.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p.  495.


HAY. The forage ration is fourteen pounds of hay, and twelve pounds of oats, corn, or barley. Cattle will eat many sorts of herbage when cut small, but refuse it if uncut. They will eat reeds, seaweed, leaves, &c. FIG. 139.

To cut Chaff, (Fig. 139.) Tie a sickle against a tree, with its blade projecting; then, standing in front of the blade, hold a handful of reeds across it with both hands, one hand on either side of the blade; pull it towards you, and the reeds will be cut through; drop the cut end, seize the bundle afresh, and repeat the process. In this way, after a little practice, chaff is cut with great ease and quickness. A broken sickle does as well as a whole one, and a knife may be used, but the curve of its edge is ill adapted for the work. (See FORAGE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 332).


HAY, John, author, born in Salem, Indiana, 8 October, 1838. His ancestor, John, was a son of a Scottish soldier who left his own country in the beginning of the last century and took service in the army of the Elector Palatine. The son, with his family, emigrated to this country, and two grandsons served with distinction in the war of independence. John Hay took, while in college, high rank as a writer, and after graduation at Brown in 1858, studied law at Springfield, Ill. He was admitted to practice in the supreme court in Illinois in 1861, but immediately afterward went to Washington as assistant secretary to President Lincoln, remaining with him, both as a secretary and a trusted friend, almost constantly till his death. He acted also as his adjutant and aide-de-camp, and served for several months under General Hunter and General Gillmore, with the rank of major and assistant adjutant-general. He was also brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel. He was first secretary of legation at Paris, and several times in charge in 1865-'7, and chargé de affaires at Vienna in 1867-'8, when he resigned and came home, but was soon afterward secretary of legation at Madrid, where he remained more than a year. Leaving that post in 1870, he came to New York and became an editorial writer on the “Tribune,” where he remained about five years. He was afterward editor-in-chief of that paper for seven months, during the absence of Whitelaw Reid in Europe. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1875, and took an active part in the presidential canvasses of 1876, 1880, and 1884. Under the administration of President Hayes he was first assistant secretary of state in 1879-'81. In the latter year he represented the United States at the International sanitary Congress of Washington, of which body he was elected president. He has published “Pike County Ballads,” one of the best known of which is “Jim Bludso” (Boston, 1871), “Castilian Days” studies of Spanish life and character (1871), and has been engaged many years in writing, in collaboration with John G. Nicolay, a “History of the Administration of Abraham Lincoln,” which is now (1887) in course of serial publication in “The Century.” Colonel Hay is also the translator of Emilio Castelar's treatise on the Republican movement in Europe (New York, 1874-'5). Appleton’s 1900 pp. 130-131.


HAYDEN, Ferdinand Vandeveer, geologist, born in Westfield, Massachusetts, 7 September, 1829. He early settled in Ohio, and, after his graduation at Oberlin in 1850, received his medical degree at the Albany Medical College in 1853. During the same year he explored the "Bad Lands" of Dakota for James Hall, state geologist of New York, and returned with a large and valuable collection of fossil vertebrates. In 1854 he again went west, spent two years in exploring the basin of the upper Missouri, and returned with a large number of fossils, part of which he deposited in the St. Louis academy of science, and the remainder in the Philadelphia academy of natural sciences. These collections attracted the attention of the authorities of the Smithsonian institution, and he was appointed geologist on the staff of Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren, of the topographical engineers, who was then making a reconnaissance of the northwest, after which, in May, 1859, he was appointed naturalist and surgeon to the expedition sent out for the exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers under Captain William F. Raynolds. He continued in this capacity until May, 1862, when he entered the U. S. Army as assistant surgeon of volunteers, and was assigned to duty in the Satterlee Hospital in Philadelphia, becoming full surgeon on 19 February, 1863, when he was sent to Beaufort, South Carolina, as chief medical officer. In February, 1864, he became assistant medical inspector of the Department of Washington, and in September, 1864, he was sent to Winchester, Virginia, as chief medical officer of the Army of the Shenandoah. This office he held until May, 1865, when he resigned and was given the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed professor of mineralogy and geology in 1865 in the University of Pennsylvania, and held that chair until 1872, when the increased duties of the survey caused his resignation. During the summer of 1866 he again visited the valley of the upper Missouri for the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, and gathered valuable vertebrate fossils. In 1867 Congress provided for the geological survey of Nebraska. Dr. Hayden was directed to perform the work, and continued so occupied until 1 April, 1869, when it was organized under the title of the Geological Survey of the Territories of the United States. From 1869 till 1872 Dr. Hayden conducted a series of geological explorations in Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, the scope of investigation including, besides geology, the natural history, climatology, resources, and ethnology of the region. It was largely in consequence of his explorations and reports that Congress was led to set apart the Yellowstone National Park as a perpetual reservation. In 1873 geography was added, and the name of the organization then became the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Dr. Hayden continued the direction of this survey until 1879, when the then existing national surveys were consolidated into the U. S. Geological Survey, and Dr. Hayden was made geologist-m-charge of the Montana Division. He held this office until 31 December, 1886, when failing health led to his resignation. Dr. Hayden is a member of scientific societies both in the United States and in Europe, and in 1873 was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1887 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania. He has written numerous scientific papers, and his government publications have been very large. The latter include annual reports of his work performed from 1867 till 1879; also a series of "Miscellaneous Publications" on special subjects written by authorities in the specialties of which they treat, and a series of quarto volumes entitled " Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p.131.


HAYDEN, Harriet, African American, wife of Lewis Hayden.  Aided fugitive slaves in the Underground Railroad.  Their home was a station.


HAYDEN, Lewis, 1811-1888, African American, fugitive slave, businessman, abolitionist, lecturer, politician. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 5, p. 459)


HAYES, Joseph, soldier, born in South Berwick, Maine, 14 September, 1835. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855, appointed major of the 18th Massachusetts Regiment, 26 July, 1861, lieutenant-colonel, 25 August, 1802, colonel, 30 November. 1862, and brigadier-general of volunteers, 12 May, 1864. He was taken prisoner by the Confederates, and was for several months confined in Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and mustered out of service on 24 August In January, 1865, he was appointed U. S. commissioner of supplies in the seceded states. In 1877 he introduced the American system of hydraulic mining into the United States of Colombia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 133.


HAYES, Philip Cornelius, soldier, born in Granby, Connecticut, 3 February, 1833. He moved in infancy to La Salle County. Illinois., and spent many of his early years on a farm. He was graduated at Oberlin in 1860, and at the Theological seminary in 1863. He entered the army as captain in the 103d Ohio Infantry, and served with this regiment from 16 July, 1802, till 22 June, 1865, its entire period of service, being promoted successively lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers at the close of the war. He served in Kentucky, in West Tennessee in 1863, including the siege of Knoxville, was in the Hundred Days' Campaign to Atlanta, and was in the battles of Resaca and Atlanta. He took part in the engagements of Franklin and Nashville, and was with the army in its march from Fort Fisher to Raleigh. North Carolina, in the capture of Wilmington, and at Johnston's surrender. During his last year's service he was on the staff of General John M. Schofield. He was then elected a representative in Congress as a Republican, and served from 4 March, 1877, till 4 March, 1881. He has published a “History of the 103d Ohio Regiment” (1872).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 133-134.


HAYES, Rutherford Birchard, 1822-1893, Delaware, Ohio,, 19th President of the United States, 1877-1881.  Governor of Ohio, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1865-1867, abolitionist, lawyer, soldier.  Defended fugitive slaves in pre-Civil War court cases.  His wife, Lucy, Webb, was also an abolitionist.  Early member of the Republican Party.  Served with distinction as an officer in the Union Army during the Civil War.  (Scribner’s Dictionary of American Biography; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 134-143)

HAYES, Rutherford Birchard, nineteenth president of the United States, born in Delaware, Ohio, 4 October, 1822. His father had died in July, 1822, leaving his mother in modest but easy circumstances. The boy received his first education in the common schools, and began early the study of Latin and Greek with Judge Sherman Finch, of Delaware. Then he was sent to an academy at Norwalk, Ohio, and in 1837 to Isaac Webb's school, at Middletown, Connecticut, to prepare for college. In the autumn of 1838 he entered Kenyon College, at Gambier, Ohio. He excelled in logic, mental and moral philosophy, and mathematics, and also made his mark as a debater in the literary societies. On his graduation in August, 1842, he was awarded the valedictory oration, with which he won much praise. Soon afterward he began to study law in the office of Thomas Sparrow, at Columbus, Ohio, and then attended a course of law lectures at Harvard University, entering the law-school on 22 August, 1843, and finishing his studies there in January, 1845. As a law student he had the advantage of friendly intercourse with Judge Story and Prof. Greenleaf, and he also attended the lectures of Longfellow on literature and of Agassiz on natural science, prosecuting at the same time the study of French and German. On 10 May, 1845, after due examination, he was admitted to practice in the courts of Ohio as an attorney and counsellor at law. He established himself first at Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), where, in April, 1846, he formed a law partnership with Ralph P. Buckland (q. v.), then a member of Congress. In November, 1848, having suffered from bleeding in the throat, Mr. Hayes went to spend the winter in the milder climate of Texas, where his health was completely restored. Encouraged by the good opinion and advice of professional friends to seek a larger field of activity, he established himself, in the winter of 1849-’50, in Cincinnati. His practice at first being light, he earnestly and systematically continued his studies in law and literature, also enlarging the circle of his acquaintance by becoming a member of various societies, among others the literary club of Cincinnati, in the social and literary entertainments of which at that time such men as Salmon P. Chase, Thomas Ewing, Thomas Corwin, Stanley Matthews, Moncure D. Conway, Manning F. Force, and others of note, were active participants. He won the respect of the profession, and attracted the attention of the public as attorney in several criminal cases which gained some celebrity, and gradually increased his practice.








On 30 December, 1852, he married Miss Lucy W. Webb, daughter of Dr. James Webb, a physician of high standing in Chillicothe, Ohio. In January, 1854, he formed a law partnership with H. W. Corwine and William K. Rogers. In 1856 he was nominated for the office of common pleas judge, but declined. In 1858 he was elected city solicitor by the city council of Cincinnati, to fill a vacancy caused by death, and in the following year he was elected to the same office at a popular election by a majority of over 2,500 votes. Although he performed his duties to the general satisfaction of the public, he was, in April, 1861, defeated for re-election as solicitor, together with the whole ticket. Mr. Hayes, ever since he was a voter, had acted with the Whig Party, voting for Henry Clay in 1844, for General Taylor in 1848, and for General Scott in 1852. Having from his youth always cherished anti-slavery feelings, he joined the Republican Party as soon as it was organized, and earnestly advocated the election of Frémont in 1856, and of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. At a great mass-meeting, held in Cincinnati immediately after the arrival of the news that the flag of the United States had been fired upon at Fort Sumter, he was made chairman of a committee on resolutions to give voice to the feelings of the loyal people. His literary club formed a military company, of which he was elected captain, and this club subsequently furnished to the National Army more than forty officers, of whom several became generals. On 7 June, 1861, the governor of Ohio appointed Mr. Hayes a major of the 23d Regiment of Ohio volunteer Infantry, and in July the regiment was ordered into West Virginia. On 19 September, 1861, Major Hayes was appointed by General Rosecrans judge advocate of the Department of Ohio, the duties of which office he performed for about two months. On 24 October, 1861, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. On 14 September, 1862, in the battle of South Mountain, he distinguished himself by gallant conduct in leading a charge and in holding his position at the head of his men, after being severely wounded in his left arm, until he was carried from the field. His regiment lost nearly half its effective force in the action. On 24 October, 1862, he was appointed colonel of the same regiment. He spent some time at his home while under medical treatment, and returned to the field as soon as his wound was healed. In July, 1863, while taking part in the operations of the National Army in southwestern Virginia, Colonel Hayes caused an expedition of two regiments and a section of artillery, under his own command, to be despatched to Ohio for the purpose of checking the raid of the Confederate General John Morgan, and he aided materially in preventing the raiders from recrossing the Ohio River and in compelling Morgan to surrender. In the spring of 1864 Colonel Hayes commanded a brigade in General Crook's expedition to cut the principal lines of communication between Richmond and the southwest. He again distinguished himself by conspicuous bravery at the head of his brigade in storming a fortified position on the crest of Cloyd mountain. In the first battle of Winchester, 24 July, 1864, commanding a brigade in General Crook's division, Colonel Hayes was ordered, together with Colonel James Mulligan, to charge what proved to be a greatly superior force. Colonel Mulligan fell, and Colonel Hayes, flanked and pressed in front by overwhelming numbers, conducted the retreat of his brigade with great intrepidity and skill, checking the pursuit as soon as he had gained a tenable position. He took a creditable part in the engagement at Berryville and at the second battle of Winchester, 19 September, 1864, where he performed a feat of extraordinary bravery. Leading an assault upon a battery on an eminence, he found in his way a morass over fifty yards wide. Being at the head of his brigade, he plunged in first, and, his horse becoming mired at once, he dismounted and waded across alone under the enemy's fire. Waving his cap, he signaled to his men to come over, and, when about forty had joined him, he rushed upon the battery and took it after a hand-to-hand fight with the gunners, the enemy having deemed the battery so secure that no infantry supports had been placed near it. At Fisher's Hill, in pursuing General Early, on 22 September, 1864, Colonel Hayes, then in command of a division, executed a brilliant flank movement over mountains and through woods difficult of access, took many pieces of artillery, and routed the enemy. At the battle of Cedar Creek, 19 October, 1864, the conduct of Colonel Hayes attracted so much attention that his commander, General Crook, on the battle-field took him by the hand, saying: “Colonel, from this day you will be a brigadier-general.” The commission arrived a few days afterward, and on 13 March, 1865, he received the rank of brevet major-general “for gallant and distinguished services during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia” Of his military services General Grant, in the second volume of his memoirs, says: “On more than one occasion in these engagements General R. B. Hayes, who succeeded me as president of the United States, bore a very honorable part. His conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry, as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than mere personal daring. Having entered the army as a major of volunteers at the beginning of the war, General Hayes attained, by his meritorious service, the rank of brevet major-general before its close.” While General Hayes was in the field, in August, 1864, he was nominated by a Republican District Convention at Cincinnati, in the second District of Ohio, as a candidate for Congress. When a friend suggested to him that he should take leave of absence from the army in the field for the purpose of canvassing the district, he answered: “Your suggestion about getting a furlough to take the stump was certainly made without reflection. An officer fit for duty, who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress, ought to be scalped.” He was elected by a majority of 2,400. The Ohio soldiers in the field nominated him also for the governorship of his state. The accompanying illustration is a view of his home in Fremont.





After the war General Hayes returned to civil life, and took his seat in Congress on 4 December, 1865. He was appointed chairman of the committee on the library. On questions connected with the reconstruction of the states lately in rebellion he voted with his party. He earnestly supported a resolution declaring the sacredness of the public debt and denouncing repudiation in any form; also a resolution commending President Johnson for declining to accept presents, and condemning the practice as demoralizing in its tendencies. He opposed a resolution favoring an increase of the pay of members. He also introduced in the Republican caucus a set of resolutions declaring that the only mode of obtaining from the states lately in rebellion irreversible guarantees was by constitutional amendment, and that an amendment basing representation upon voters, instead of population, ought to be acted upon without delay. These resolutions marked the line of action of the Republicans. In August, 1866, General Hayes was renominated for Congress by acclamation, and, after an active canvass, was re-elected by the same majority as before. He supported the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. In the House of Representatives he won the reputation, not of an orator, but of a working legislator and a man of calm, sound judgment. In June, 1867, the Republican Convention of Ohio nominated him for the governorship. The Democrats had nominated Judge Allen G. Thurman. The question of Negro suffrage was boldly pushed to the foreground by General Hayes in an animated canvass, which ended in his election, and that of his associates on the Republican ticket. But the Negro-suffrage amendment to the state constitution was defeated at the same time by 50,000 majority, and the Democrats carried the legislature, which elected Judge Thurman to the United States Senate. In his inaugural address, Governor Hayes laid especial stress upon the desirability of taxation in proportion to the actual value of property, the evils of too much legislation, the obligation to establish equal rights without regard to color, and the necessity of ratifying the 14th amendment to the constitution of the United States. In his message to the legislature, delivered in November, 1868, he recommended amendments to the election laws, providing for the representation of minorities in the boards of the judges and clerks of election, and for the registration of all the lawful voters prior to an election. He also recommended a comprehensive geological survey of the state, which was promptly begun. In his second annual message he warmly urged such changes in the penal laws, as well as in prison discipline, as would tend to promote the moral reformation of the culprit together with the punishment due to his crime.

In June, 1869, Governor Hayes was again nominated by the Republican state Convention for the governorship, there being no competitor for the nomination. The Democratic candidate was George H. Pendleton. The platform adopted by the Democratic state Convention advocated the repudiation of the interest on the U. S. bonds unless they be subjected to taxation, and the payment of the national debt in greenbacks. In the discussions preceding the election, Governor Hayes pronounced himself unequivocally in favor of honestly paying the national debt and an honest money system. He was elected by a majority of 7,500. In his second inaugural address, delivered on 10 January, 1870, he expressed himself earnestly against the use of public offices as party spoils, and suggested that the constitution of the state be so amended as to secure the introduction of a system making qualification, and not political services and influence, the chief test in determining appointments, and giving subordinates in the civil service the same permanence of place that is enjoyed by officers of the army and navy. He also advocated the appointment of judges, by the executive, for long terms, with adequate salaries, as best calculated to “afford to the citizen the amplest possible security that impartial justice will be administered by an independent judiciary.” In his correspondence with members of Congress, he urged a monthly reduction of the national debt as more important than a reduction of taxation, the abolition of the franking privilege, and the passage of a civil-service-reform law. In his message addressed to the legislature on 3 January, 1871, he recommended that the policy embodied in that provision of the state constitution which prohibited the state from creating any debt, save in a few exceptional cases, be extended to the creation of public debts by county, city, and other local authorities, and further that for the remuneration of public officers a system of fixed salaries, without fees and prerequisites, be adopted. Complaint having been made by the state commissioner of railroads and telegraphs that many “clear and palpable violations of law” had been committed by railroad companies, Governor Hayes asked, in his message of 1872, that a commission of five citizens be organized, with ample power to investigate the management of railroad companies, and to report the information acquired with a recommendation of such measures as they might deem expedient. He also, believing that “publicity is a great corrector of official abuses,” recommended that it be made the duty of the governor, on satisfactory information that the public good required an investigation of the affairs of any public office or the conduct of any public officer, whether state or local, to appoint one or more citizens, who should have ample powers to make such investigation. Governor Hayes's administration of the executive office of his state won general approval, without distinction of party. At the expiration of his term, when a senator of the United States was to be elected, and several Republican members of the legislature were disinclined to vote for John Sherman, who controlled a majority of the Republican votes, Governor Hayes was approached with the assurance that he could be elected senator by the anti-Sherman Republicans with the aid of the Democratic members of the legislature; but he positively declined.

In July, 1872, Governor Hayes was strongly urged by many Republicans in Cincinnati to accept a nomination for congress. Wishing to retire permanently from political life, he declined; but when he was nominated in spite of his protests, he finally yielded his consent. In his speeches during the canvass he put forward as the principal issues an honest financial policy and civil-service reform. Several sentences on civil-service reform that he pronounced in a speech at Glendale, on 4 September, 1872, were to appear again in his letter accepting the nomination for the presidency four years later. In 1872 the current of public sentiment in Cincinnati ran against the Republican Party, and Governor Hayes was defeated in the election by a majority of 1,500. President Grant offered him the office of assistant treasurer of the United States at Cincinnati, which he declined. In 1873 he established his home at Fremont, in the northern part of Ohio, with the firm intention of final retirement from public life. In 1874 he came into possession of a considerable estate as the heir of his uncle, Sardis Birchard. In 1875 the Republican state Convention again nominated him for the governorship. He not only had not desired that nomination, but whenever spoken or written to about it, uniformly replied that his retirement was absolute, and that neither his interests nor his tastes permitted him to accept. But the circumstances were such as to overcome his reluctance. In 1873 the Democratic candidate, William Allen (q. v.), was elected governor of Ohio. His administration was honest and economical, and he was personally popular, and his renomination by the Democratic Party in 1875 seemed to be a foregone conclusion. It was equally certain that the Democratic Convention would declare itself in favor of a circulation of irredeemable paper money, and against the resumption of specie payments. Under such circumstances the Republicans felt themselves compelled to put into the field against him the strongest available candidate they had, and a large majority of them turned at once to Governor Hayes. But he had declared himself in favor of Judge Taft, of Cincinnati, and urged the delegates from his county to vote for that gentleman, which they did. Notwithstanding this, the convention nominated Hayes on the first ballot by an overwhelming majority. When he, at Fremont, received the telegraphic announcement of his nomination, he at once wrote a letter declining the honor; but upon the further information that Judge Taft's son, withdrawing the name of his father, had moved in the convention to make the nomination unanimous, he accepted. Thus he became the leader of the advocates of a sound and stable currency in that memorable state canvass, the public discussions in which did so much to mold the sentiments of the people, especially in the western states, with regard to that important subject. The Democratic Convention adopted a platform declaring that the volume of the currency (meaning the irredeemable paper currency of the United States) should be made and kept equal to the wants of trade; that the national bank currency should be retired, and greenbacks issued in its stead; and that at least half of the customs duties should be made payable in the government paper money. The Republicans were by no means as united in favor of honest money as might have been desired, and Governor Hayes was appealed to by many of his party friends not to oppose an increase of the paper currency; but he resolutely declared his opinions in favor of honest money in a series of speeches, appealing to honor and sober judgment of the people with that warmth of patriotic feeling and that good sense in the statement of political issues which, uttered in language always temperate and kindly, gave him the ear of opponents as well as friends. The canvass, on account of the national questions involved in it, attracted attention in all parts of the country, and Governor Hayes was well supported by speakers from other states. Another subject had been thrust upon the people of Ohio by a legislative attempt to divide the school fund between Catholics and Protestants, and Hayes vigorously advocated the cause of secular education. After an ardent struggle, he carried the election by a majority of 5,500. He had thus not only won the distinction of being elected three times governor of his state, but, as the successful leader in a campaign for an honest money system, he was advanced to a very prominent position among the public men of the country, and his name appeared at once among those of possible candidates for the presidency.

While thus spoken of and written to, he earnestly insisted upon the maintenance by his party of an uncompromising position concerning the money question. To James A. Garfield he wrote in March, 1876: “The previous question will again be irredeemable paper as a permanent policy, or a policy which seeks a return to coin. My opinion is decidedly against yielding a hair-breadth.” On 29 March, 1876, the Republican state Convention of Ohio passed a resolution to present Rutherford B. Hayes to the National Republican Convention for the nomination for president, and instructing the state delegation to support him. The National Republican Convention met at Cincinnati on 14 June, 1876. The principal candidates before it were James G. Blaine, Oliver P. Morton, Benjamin H. Bristow, Roscoe Conkling, Governor Hayes, and John F. Hartranft. The name of Hayes was presented to the convention by General Noyes in an exceedingly judicious and well-tempered speech, dwelling not only upon his high personal character, but upon the fact that he had no enemies and possessed peculiarly the qualities “calculated best to compromise all difficulties and to soften all antagonisms.” Hayes had sixty-one votes on the first ballot, 378 being necessary to a choice, and his support slowly but steadily grew until on the seventh ballot the opposition to Mr. Blaine, who had been the leading candidate, concentrated upon Hayes, and gave him the nomination, which, on motion of William P. Frye, of Maine, was made unanimous. In his letter of acceptance, dated 8 July, 1876, Mr. Hayes laid especial stress upon three points, civil-service reform, the currency, and the pacification of the south. As to the civil service, he denounced the use of public offices for the purpose of rewarding party services, and especially for services rendered to party leaders, as destroying the independence of the separate departments of the government, as leading directly to extravagance and official incapacity, and as a temptation to dishonesty. He declared that a reform, “thorough, radical, and complete,” should lead us back to the principles and practices of the founders of the government, who “neither expected nor desired from the public officer any partisan service,” who meant “that public officers should owe their whole service to the government and to the people,” and that “the officer should be secure in his tenure as long as his personal character remained untarnished, and the performance of his duties satisfactory.” As to the currency, he regarded “all the laws of the United States relating to the payment of the public indebtedness, the legal-tender notes included, as constituting a pledge and moral obligation of the government, which must in good faith be kept.” He therefore insisted upon as early as possible a resumption of specie payments, pledging himself to “approve every appropriate measure to accomplish the desired end,” and to “oppose any step backward.” As to the pacification of the south, he pointed out, as the first necessity, “an intelligent and honest administration of the government, which will protect all classes of citizens in all their political and private rights.” He deprecated “a division of political parties resting merely upon distinctions of race, or upon sectional lines,” as always unfortunate and apt to become disastrous. He expressed the hope that with “a hearty and generous recognition of the rights of all by all,” it would be “practicable to promote, by the influence of all legitimate agencies of the general government, the efforts of the people of those states to obtain for themselves the blessings of honest and capable local government.” He also declared his “inflexible purpose,” if elected, not to be a candidate for election to a second term.

The Democrats nominated for the presidency Samuel J. Tilden, who, having, as governor of New York, won the reputation of a reformer, attracted the support of many Republicans who were dissatisfied with their party. The result of the election became the subject of acrimonious dispute. Both parties claimed to have carried the states of Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida. Each charged fraud upon the other, the Republicans affirming that Republican voters, especially colored men, all over the south had been deprived of their rights by intimidation or actual force, and that ballot-boxes had been foully dealt with, and the Democrats insisting that their candidates in Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina had received a majority of the votes actually cast, and that the Republican canvassing boards were preparing to falsify the result in making up the returns. The friends of both the candidates for the presidency sent prominent men into the states in dispute, for the purpose of watching the proceedings of the canvassing boards. The attitude maintained by Mr. Hayes personally was illustrated by a letter addressed to John Sherman at New Orleans, which was brought to light by a subsequent congressional investigation. It was dated at Columbus, Ohio, 27 November, 1876, and said: “I am greatly obliged for your letter of the 23d. You feel, I am sure, as I do about this whole business. A fair election would have given us about forty electoral votes at the south — at least that many. But we are not to allow our friends to defeat one outrage and fraud by another. There must be nothing crooked on our part. Let Mr. Tilden have the place by violence, intimidation, and fraud, rather than undertake to prevent it by means that will not bear the severest scrutiny.” The canvassing boards of the states in question declared the Republican electors chosen, which gave Mr. Hayes a majority of one vote in the electoral college, and the certificates of these results were sent to Washington by the governors of the states. But the Democrats persisted in charging fraud; and other sets of certificates, certifying the Democratic electors to have been elected, arrived at Washington. To avoid a deadlock, which might have happened if the canvass of the electoral votes had been left to the two houses of Congress (the Senate having a Republican and the House of Representatives a Democratic majority), an act, advocated by members of both parties, was passed to refer all contested cases to a commission composed of five senators, five representatives, and five judges of the supreme court; the decision of this commission to be final, unless set aside by a concurrent vote of the two houses of Congress. The commission, refusing to go behind the certificates of the governors, decided in each contested case by a vote of eight to seven in favor of the Republican electors, beginning with Florida on 7 February, and Rutherford B. Hayes was at last, on 2 March, declared duly elected president of the United States. Thus ended the long and painful suspense. The decision was generally acquiesced in, and the popular excitement subsided quickly.

President Hayes was inaugurated on 5 March, 1877. In his inaugural address he substantially restated the principles and views of policy set forth in his letter of acceptance, adding that, while the president of necessity owes his election to the suffrage and zealous labors of a party, he should be always mindful that “he serves his party best who serves his country best,” and declaring also, referring to the contested election, that the general acceptance of the settlement by the two great parties of a dispute, “in regard to which good men differ as to the facts and the law, no less than as to the proper course to be pursued in solving the question in controversy,” was an “occasion for general rejoicing.” The cabinet that he appointed consisted of William M. Evarts, Secretary of State; John Sherman, secretary of the treasury; George W. McCrary, Secretary of War; Richard W. Thompson, Secretary of the Navy; David M. Key, postmaster-general; Charles Devens, Attorney-General; and Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior. The administration began under very unfavorable circumstances, as general business stagnation and severe distress had prevailed throughout the country since the crash of 1873. As soon as the cabinet was organized, the new president addressed himself to the composition of difficulties in several southern states. He had given evidence of his conciliatory disposition by taking into his cabinet a prominent citizen of the south who had been an officer in the Confederate Army and had actively opposed his election. In both South Carolina and Louisiana there were two sets of state officers and two legislatures, one Republican and the other Democratic, each claiming to have been elected by a majority of the popular vote. The presence of Federal troops at or near the respective state-houses had so far told in favor of the Republican claimants, while the Democratic claimants had the preponderance of support from the citizens of substance and influence. President Hayes was resolved that the upholding of local governments in the southern states by the armed forces of the United States must come to an end, and that, therefore, the Federal troops should be withdrawn from the position they then occupied; but he was at the same time anxious to have the change effected without any disturbance of the peace, and without imperiling the security or rights of any class of citizens. His plan was by conciliatory measures to put an end to the lawless commotions and distracting excitements that, ever since the close of the war, had kept a large part of the south in constant turmoil, and thus to open to that section a new career of peace and prosperity. He obtained from the southern leaders in Congress assurances that they would use their whole influence for the maintenance of good order and the protection of the rights and security of all, and for a union of the people in a natural understanding that, as to their former antagonisms, by-gones should be treated as by-gones. To the same end he invited the rival governors of South Carolina, Daniel H. Chamberlain and Wade Hampton, to meet him in conference at Washington; and he appointed a commission composed of eminent gentlemen, Democrats as well as Republicans — General Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut; Charles B. Lawrence, of Illinois; John M. Harlan, of Kentucky; Ex-Governor John C. Brown, of Tennessee; and Wayne McVeagh, of Pennsylvania — to go to Louisiana and there to ascertain what were “the real impediments to regular, loyal, and peaceful procedures under the laws and constitution of Louisiana,” and further, by conciliatory influences, to endeavor to remove “the obstacles to an acknowledgment of one government within the state,” or, if that were found impracticable, at least “to accomplish the recognition of a single legislature as the depositary of the representative will of the people of Louisiana.” The two rival governors — S. B. Packard, Republican, and Francis T. Nichols, Democrat — stoutly maintained their respective claims; but the two legislatures united into one, a majority of the members of both houses, whose election was conceded on both sides, meeting and organizing under the auspices of the Nichols government. President Hayes, having received the necessary assurances of peace and goodwill, issued instructions to withdraw the troops of the United States from the state-house of South Carolina on 10 April, 1877, and from the state-house of Louisiana on 20 April, 1877, whereupon in South Carolina the state government passed peaceably into the hands of Wade Hampton, and in Louisiana into those of Francis T. Nichols. The course thus pursued by President Hayes was, in the north as well as in the south, heartily approved by a large majority of the people, to whom the many scandals springing from the interference of the general government in the internal affairs of the southern states had become very obnoxious, and who desired the southern states to be permitted to work out their own salvation. But this policy was also calculated to loosen the hold that the Republican Party had upon the southern states, and was therefore severely criticised by many Republican politicians.

President Hayes began his administration with earnest efforts for the reform of the civil service. In some of the departments competitive examinations were resumed for the appointment of clerks. In filling other offices, political influence found much less regard than had been the custom before. The pretension of senators and representatives that the “patronage” in their respective states and districts belonged to them was not recognized, although in many cases their advice was taken. The president's appointments were generally approved by public opinion, but he was blamed for appointing persons connected with the Louisiana returning-board. On 26 May, 1877, he addressed a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, expressing the wish “that the collection of the revenues should be free from partisan control, and organized on a strictly business basis, with the same guarantees for efficiency and fidelity in the selection of the chief and subordinate officers that would be required by a prudent merchant,” and that “party leaders should have no more influence in appointments than other equally respectable citizens.” On 22 June, 1877, he issued the following executive order: “No officer should be required or permitted to take part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns. Their right to vote or to express their views on public questions, either orally or through the press, is not denied, provided it does not interfere with the discharge of their official duties. No assessment for political purposes, on officers or subordinates, should be allowed. This rule is applicable to every department of the civil service. It should be understood by every officer of the general government that he is expected to conform his conduct to its requirements.” The policy thus indicated found much favor with the people generally, and not a few men in public life heartily approved of it. But the bulk of the professional politicians, who saw themselves threatened in their livelihood, and many members of Congress, who looked upon government patronage as a part of their perquisites, and the distribution of offices among their adherents as the means by which to hold the party together and to maintain themselves in public office, became seriously alarmed and began a systematic warfare upon the president and his cabinet.


The administration was from the beginning surrounded with a variety of difficulties. Congress had adjourned on 3 March, 1877, without making the necessary appropriations for the support of the army, so that from 30 June the army would remain without pay until new provision could be made. The president, therefore, on 5 May, 1877, called an extra session of Congress to meet on 15 October But in the meantime a part of the army was needed for active service of a peculiarly trying kind. In July strikes broke out among the men employed upon railroads, beginning on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and then rapidly spreading over a large part of the northern states. It is estimated that at one time more than 100,000 men were out. Grave disorders occurred, and the president found himself appealed to by the governors of West Virginia, of Maryland, and of Pennsylvania to aid them with the Federal power in suppressing domestic violence, which the authorities of their respective states were not able to master. He issued his proclamations on 18, 21, and 23 July, and sent into the above-mentioned states such detachments of the Federal Army as were available. Other detachments were ordered to Chicago. Whenever the troops of the United States appeared, however small the force, they succeeded in restoring order without bloodshed — in fact, without meeting with any resistance, while the state militia in many instances had bloody encounters with the rioters, sometimes with doubtful result.

In his first annual message, 3 December, 1877, President Hayes congratulated the country upon the results of the policy he had followed with regard to the south. He said: “All apprehension of danger from remitting those states to local self-government is dispelled, and a most salutary change in the minds of the people has begun and is in progress in every part of that section of the country once the theatre of unhappy civil strife; substituting for suspicion, distrust, and aversion, concord, friendship, and patriotic attachment to the Union. No unprejudiced mind will deny that the terrible and often fatal collisions which for several years have been of frequent occurrence, and have agitated and alarmed the public mind, have almost entirely ceased, and that a spirit of mutual forbearance and hearty national interest has succeeded. There has been a general re-establishment of order, and of the orderly administration of justice; instances of remaining lawlessness have become of rare occurrence; political turmoil and turbulence have disappeared; useful industries have been resumed; public credit in the southern states has been greatly strengthened and the encouraging benefit of a revival of commerce between the sections of country lately embroiled in Civil War are fully enjoyed.” He also strongly urged the resumption of specie payments. As to the difficulties to be met in this respect he said: “I must adhere to my most earnest conviction that any wavering in purpose or unsteadiness in methods, so far from avoiding or reducing the inconvenience inseparable from the transition from an irredeemable to a redeemable paper currency, would only tend to increased and prolonged disturbance in values, and, unless retrieved, must end in serious disorder, dishonor, and disaster in the financial affairs of the government and of the people.” As to the restoration of silver as a legal tender, which was at the time being agitated, he insisted that “all the bonds issued since 12 February, 1873, when gold became the only unlimited legal-tender metallic currency of the country, are justly payable in gold coin, or in coin of equal value”; and that “the bonds issued prior to 1873 were issued at a time when the gold dollar was the only coin in circulation or contemplated by either the government or the holders of the bonds as the coin in which they were to be paid.” He added: “It is far better to pay these bonds in that coin than to seem to take advantage of the unforeseen fall in silver bullion to pay in a new issue of silver coin thus made so much less valuable. The power of the United States to coin money and to regulate the value thereof ought never to be exercised for the purpose of enabling the government to pay its obligations in a coin of less value than that contemplated by the parties when the bonds were issued.” He favored the coinage of silver, but only in a limited quantity, as a legal tender to a limited amount. He expressed the fear “that only mischief and misfortune would flow from a coinage of silver dollars with the quality of unlimited legal tender, even in private transactions. Any expectation of temporary ease from an issue of silver coinage to pass as a legal tender, at a rate materially above its commercial value, is, I am persuaded, a delusion.” As to the reform of the civil service, he reiterated what he had said in his letter of acceptance and inaugural address, and insisted that the constitution imposed upon the executive the sole duty and responsibility of the selection of Federal officers who, by law, are appointed, not elected; he deprecated the practical confusion, in this respect, of the duties assigned to the several departments of the government, and earnestly recommended that Congress make a suitable appropriation for the civil-service commission, to be made immediately available. He also recommended efficient legislation for the work of civilization among the Indian tribes, and for the prevention of the destruction of the forests on lands of the United States.


The recommendations thus made by President Hayes were not heeded by Congress. No appropriation was made for the civil-service commission: on the contrary, the dissatisfaction of Republican senators and representatives with the endeavors of the administration in the direction of civil-service reform found vent in various attacks upon the president and the heads of departments. The nomination of one of the foremost citizens of New York for the office of collector of customs at that port was rejected by the Senate. The efforts of the administration to check depredations on the timber-lands of the United States, and to prevent the destruction of the forests, were denounced as an outlandish policy. Instead of facilitating the resumption of specie payments, the House of Representatives passed a bill substantially repealing the resumption act. A resolution was offered by a Republican senator, and adopted by the Senate, declaring that to restore the coinage of 412½-grain silver dollars and to pay the government bonds, principal and interest, in such silver coin, was “not in violation of the public faith, nor in derogation of the rights of the public creditor.” A “silver bill” passed both houses providing that a silver dollar should be coined at the several mints of the United States, of the weight of 412½ grains, which, together with all silver dollars of like weight and fineness coined theretofore by the United States, should be a full legal tender for all debts and dues, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the contract, and directing the secretary of the treasury to buy not less than two million dollars' worth of silver a month, and cause it to be coined into dollars as fast as purchased. President Hayes returned this bill with his veto, mainly on the ground that the commercial value of the silver dollar was then worth eight to ten per cent. less than its nominal value, and that its use as a legal tender for the payment of pre-existing debts would be an act of bad faith. He said: “As to all debts heretofore contracted, the silver dollar should be made a legal tender only at its market value. The standard of value should not be changed without the consent of both parties to the contract. National promises should be kept with unflinching fidelity. There is no power to compel a nation to pay its just debts. Its credit depends on its honor. A nation owes what it has led or allowed its creditors to expect. I cannot approve a bill which in my judgment authorizes the violation of sacred obligations.” But the bill was passed over the veto in both houses by majorities exceeding two thirds. During the same session the House of Representatives, which had a Democratic majority, on motion of Clarkson N. Potter, of New York, resolved to institute an inquiry into the allegations of fraud said to have been committed in Louisiana and Florida in making the returns of the votes cast for presidential electors at the election of 1876. The Republicans charged that the investigation was set on foot for the purpose of ousting Mr. Hayes from the presidency and putting in Mr. Tilden. The Democrats disclaimed any such intention. The result of the investigation was an elaborate report from the Democratic majority of the committee, impugning the action of the returning boards in Louisiana and Florida as fraudulent, and a report from the Republican minority dissenting from the conclusions of the majority as unwarranted by the evidence, and alleging that the famous “cipher despatches” sent to the south by friends of Mr. Tilden showed “that the charges of corruption were but the slanders of foiled suborners of corruption.” The investigation led to no further action; the people generally acquiescing in the decision of the electoral commission, and the counting of the electoral vote by Congress based thereon, as irreversible.

President Hayes was again obliged to resort to the employment of force by the outbreak of serious disturbances caused by bands of desperadoes in the territory of New Mexico, which amounted to organized resistance to the enforcement of the laws. He issued, on 7 October, 1878, a proclamation substantially putting the disturbed portion of New Mexico under martial law, and directing the U. S. Military forces stationed there to restore and maintain peace and order.

In his message of 2 December, 1878, President Hayes found himself obliged to say that in Louisiana and South Carolina, and in some districts outside of those states, “the records of the recent [Congressional] elections compelled the conclusion that the rights of the colored voters had been overridden, and their participation in the elections not been permitted to be either general or free.” He added that, while it would be for Congress to examine into the validity of the claims of members to their seats, it became the duty of the executive and judicial departments of the government to inquire into and punish violations of the laws, and that every means in his power would be exerted to that end. At the same time he expressed his “absolute assurance that, while the country had not yet reached complete unity of feeling and confidence between the communities so lately and so seriously estranged, the tendencies were in that direction, and with increasing force.” He deprecated all interference by Congress with existing financial legislation, with the confident expectation that the resumption of specie payments would be “successfully and easily maintained,” and would be “followed by a healthful and enduring revival of business prosperity.” On 1 January, 1879, the resumption act went into operation without any difficulty. No preparation had been made for that event until the beginning of the Hayes administration. The Secretary of the Treasury, in 1877, began to accumulate coin, and, notwithstanding the opposition it found, even among Republicans, this policy was firmly pursued by the administration until the coin reserve held against the legal-tender notes was sufficient to meet all probable demands. Thus the country was lifted out of the bog of an irredeemable paper currency. The operation was facilitated by increased exports and a general revival of business. Although his first nominee for the office of collector of customs in New York had been rejected by the Senate, President Hayes made a second nomination for the same place, as well as for that of naval officer of the same port, and in a special message addressed to the Senate on 31 January, 1879, he gave the following reasons for the suspension of the incumbents, Chester A. Arthur and Alonzo B. Cornell, who had failed to conform their conduct to the executive order of 22 June, 1877: “For a long period of time it [the New York custom-house] has been used to manage and control political affairs. The officers suspended by me are, and for several years have been, engaged in the active personal management of the party politics of the city and state of New York. The duties of the offices held by them have been regarded as of subordinate importance to their partisan work. Their offices have been conducted as part of the political machinery under their control. They have made the custom-house a centre of partisan political management.” [For the other side of this disputed question, see Arthur, Chester Alan, vol. i., pp. 100, 101.] For like reasons, President Hayes moved an influential party manager in the west, the postmaster of St. Louis. With the aid of Democratic votes in the Senate, the new nominations were confirmed. President Hayes then addressed a letter to the new collector of customs at New York, General Edwin A. Merritt, instructing him to conduct his office “on strictly business principles, and according to the rules which were adopted, on the recommendation of the civil-service commission, by the administration of General Grant.” He added: “Neither my recommendation, nor that of the Secretary of the Treasury, nor the recommendation of any member of Congress, or other influential person, should be specially regarded. Let appointments and removals be made on business principles, and by fixed rules.” Thus the system of competitive examinations, which under the preceding administration had been abandoned upon the failure of Congress to make appropriations for the civil-service commission, was, by direction of President Hayes, restored in the custom-house of New York. A like system was introduced in the New York post-office under the postmaster, Thomas L. James.

Congress passed a bill “to restrict the immigration of Chinese to the United States,” requiring the president immediately to give notice to the government of China of the abrogation of certain articles of the treaty of 1858 between the United States and China, which recognized “the inherent and inalienable right of a man to change his home and allegiance,” and provided that “the citizens of the United States visiting or residing in China shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities, or exemptions, in respect to travel or residence, as may there be enjoyed by the citizens or subjects of the most favored nation,” and reciprocally that Chinese subjects should enjoy the same advantages in the United States. The bill further limited the number of Chinese passengers that might be brought to this country by any one vessel to fifteen. President Hayes, on 1 March, 1879, returned the bill to Congress with his veto. While recognizing some of the difficulties created by the immigration of the Chinese as worthy of consideration, he objected to the bill mainly on the ground that it was inconsistent with existing treaty relations between the United States and China; that a treaty could be abrogated or modified by the treaty-making power, and not, under the constitution, by act of Congress; and that “the abrogation of a treaty by one of the contracting parties is justifiable only upon reasons both of the highest justice and of the highest necessity”; and “to do this without notice, without fixing a day in advance when the act shall take effect, without affording an opportunity to China to be heard, and without the happening of any grave unforeseen emergency, would be regarded by the enlightened judgment of mankind as the denial of the obligation of the national faith.”

The 45th Congress adjourned on 4 March, 1879, without making the usual and necessary appropriations for the expenses of the government. The house, controlled by a Democratic majority, attached to the Army appropriation bill a legislative provision substantially repealing a law passed in 1865, under President Lincoln, which permitted the use of troops “to keep the peace at the polls” on election-days. The house also attached to the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation bill a repeal of existing laws providing for the appointment of supervisors of election and special deputy marshals to act at elections of members of Congress. The Republican majority of the Senate struck out these legislative provisions, and, the two houses disagreeing, the appropriation bills failed. President Hayes, on 4 March, 1879, called an extra session of Congress to meet on 18 March. The Democrats then had a majority in the Senate as well as in the house, and attached to the Army appropriation bill the same legislative provision on which in the preceding Congress the two houses had disagreed. President Hayes returned the bill with his veto on 29 April, 1879. He took the ground that there was ample legislation to prevent military interference at elections; that there never had been any such interference since the passage of the act of 1865, and was no danger of any; that if the proposed legislation should become law, there would be no power vested in any officer of the government to protect from violence the officers of the United States engaged in the discharge of their duties; that the states may employ both military and civil power to keep the peace, and to enforce the laws at state elections, but that it was now proposed to deny to the United States even the necessary civil authority to protect the national elections. He pointed out also that the tacking of legislative provisions to appropriation bills was a practice calculated to be used as a means of coercion as to the other branches of the government, and to make the House of Representatives a despotic power. Congress then passed the Army appropriation bill without the obnoxious clause, but containing the provision that no money appropriated should be paid for the subsistence, equipment, transportation, or compensation of any portion of the army of the United States “to be used as a police force to keep the peace at the polls at any election held within any state.” This President Hayes approved. The two houses then passed a separate bill, substantially embodying the provision objected to by the president in the vetoed Army-appropriation bill. This “act to prohibit military interference at elections” President Hayes returned with his veto. He said: “The true rule as to the employment of military force at the elections is not doubtful. No intimidation or coercion should be allowed to influence citizens in the exercise of their right to vote, whether it appears in the shape of combinations of evil-disposed persons, or of armed bodies of the militia of a state, or of the military force of the United States. The elections should be free from all forcible interference, and, as far as practicable, from all apprehension of such interference. No soldiery, either of the United States or of the state militia, should be present at the polls to perform the duties of the ordinary civil police force. There has been and will be no violation of this rule under orders from me during this administration. That there should be no denial of the right of the national government to employ its military force on any day and at any place in case such employment is necessary to enforce the constitution and laws of the United States.” The legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation bill passed by Congress contained a legislative provision not, indeed, abolishing the supervisors of election, but divesting the government of the power to protect them, or to prevent interference with their duties, or to punish any violation of the law from which their power was derived. President Hayes returned this bill also with his veto, referring to his preceding veto message as to the impropriety of tacking general legislation to appropriation bills. He further pointed out that, in the various legal proceedings under the law sought to be repealed, its constitutionality had never been questioned; and that the necessity of such a law had been amply demonstrated by the great election frauds in New York City in 1868. He added: “The great body of the people of all parties want free and fair elections. They do not think that a free election means freedom from the wholesome restraints of law, or that the place of an election should be a sanctuary for lawlessness and crime.” If any oppression, any partisan partiality, had been shown in the execution of the existing law, he added, efficient correctives of the mischief should be applied; but as no congressional election was immediately impending, the matter might properly be referred to the regular session of Congress.

In a bill “making appropriations for certain judicial expenses,” passed by Congress, it was attempted not to repeal the election laws, but to make their enforcement impossible by prohibiting the payment of any salaries, fees, or expenses under or in virtue of them, and providing also that no contract should be made, and no liability incurred, under any of their provisions. President Hayes vetoed this bill, 23 June, 1879, on the ground that as no bill repealing the election laws had been passed over his veto, those laws were still in existence, and the present bill, if it became a law, would make it impossible for the executive to perform his constitutional duty to see to it that the laws be faithfully executed. On the same ground the president returned with his veto a bill making appropriations to pay fees of United States marshals and their general deputies, in which the same attempt was made to defeat the execution of the election laws by withholding the necessary funds as well as the power to incur liabilities under them. All the appropriation bills were passed without the obnoxious provisions except the last. President Hayes appealed to Congress in a special message on 30 June, 1879, the end of the fiscal year, not to permit the marshals and their general deputies, officers so necessary to the administration of justice, to go unprovided for, but in vain. The Attorney-General then admonished the marshals to continue in the performance of their duties, and to rely upon future legislation by Congress, which would be just to them.

In his annual message of 1 December, 1879, President Hayes found occasion to congratulate the country upon the successful resumption of specie payments and upon “a very great revival of business.” He announced a most gratifying reduction of the interest on the public debt by refunding at lower rates. He strongly urged Congress to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to suspend the silver coinage, as the cheaper coin, if forced into circulation, would eventually become the sole standard of value. He also recommended the retirement of United States notes with the capacity of legal tender in private contracts, it being his “firm conviction that the issue of legal-tender paper money based wholly upon the authority and credit of the government, except in extreme emergency, is without warrant in the constitution, and a violation of sound financial principles.” He recommended a vigorous enforcement of the laws against polygamy in the territory of Utah. He presented a strong argument in favor of civil-service reform, pointed out the successful trial of the competitive system in the interior department, the post-office department, and the post-office and the custom-house in New York, and once more earnestly urged that an appropriation be made for the civil-service commission, and that those in the public service be protected by law against exactions in the pay of party assessments. But these recommendations remained without effect.

On 12 February, 1880, President Hayes issued a second proclamation — the first having been issued in April, 1879 — against the attempts made by lawless persons to possess themselves for settlement of lands within the Indian territory, and effective measures were taken to expel the invaders. On 8 March, 1880, he sent to the House of Representatives a special message communicating correspondence in relation to the interoceanic canal, which had passed between the American and foreign governments, and expressing his own opinion on the subject as follows: “The policy of this country is a canal under American control. The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power, or to any combination of European powers. If existing treaties between the United States and other nations, or if the rights of sovereignty or property of other nations, stand in the way of this policy — a contingency which is not apprehended — suitable steps should be taken by just and liberal negotiations to promote and establish the American policy on this subject, consistently with the rights of the nations to be affected by it. An interoceanic canal across the American isthmus will be the great ocean thoroughfare between our Atlantic and our Pacific shores, and virtually a part of the coast-line of the United States. No other great power would, under similar circumstances, fail to assert a rightful control over a work so closely and vitally affecting its interest and welfare.” Congress passed a deficiency appropriation bill, which contained provisions materially changing, and, by implication, repealing certain important parts of the election laws. President Hayes, on 4 May, 1880, returned the bill with his veto, whereupon Congress made the appropriation without re-enacting the obnoxious clauses.

In November, 1880, was held the election that put James A. Garfield into the presidential chair and proved conclusively that the Republican Party had gained largely in the confidence of the public during the Hayes administration. In his last annual message, 6 December, 1880, President Hayes again mentioned the occurrence of election disorders in a part of the Union, and the necessity of their repression and correction, but declared himself satisfied, at the same time, that the evil was diminishing. Again he argued in favor of civil-service reform, especially competitive examinations, which had been conducted with great success in some of the executive departments and adopted by his direction in the larger custom-houses and post-offices. He reiterated his recommendation of an appropriation for the civil-service commission, and of a law against political assessments. He also, to stop the interference of members of Congress with the civil service, suggested that an act be passed “defining the relations of members of Congress with regard to appointments to office by the president,” and that the tenure-of-office act be repealed. He recommended “that Congress provide for the government of Utah by a governor and judges, or commissioners, appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate — a government analogous to the provisional government established for the territory northwest of the Ohio, by the ordinance of 1787,” dispensing with an elected territorial legislature. He announced that on 17 November two treaties had been signed at Peking by the commissioners of the United States and the plenipotentiaries of the emperor of China — one purely commercial, and the other authorizing the government of the United States, whenever the immigration of Chinese laborers threatened to affect the interests of the country, to regulate, limit, or suspend such immigration, but not altogether to prohibit it, said government at the same time promising to secure to Chinese permanently or temporarily residing in the United States the same protection and rights as to citizens or subjects of the most favored nation. President Hayes further suggested the importance of making provision for regular steam postal communication with the Central and South American states; he recommended that Congress, by suitable legislation and with proper safeguards, supplement the local educational funds in the several states where the grave duties and responsibilities of citizenship have been devolved upon uneducated people, by devoting to the purpose grants of lands, and, if necessary, by appropriations from the treasury of the United States; he repeated his recommendations as to the suspension of the silver coinage, and as to the retirement from circulation of the United States notes, and added one that provision be made by law to put General Grant upon the retired list of the army, with rank and pay befitting the great services he had rendered to the country.

On 1 February, 1880, he addressed a special message to Congress in relation to the Ponca Indians, in which he pointed out the principles that should guide our Indian policy: preparation for citizenship by industrial and general education; allotment of land in severalty, inalienable for a certain period; fair compensation for Indian lands not required for allotment; and, finally, investment of the Indians, so educated and provided for, with the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. His last communication to Congress, 3 March, 1881, was a message returning with his veto a bill “to facilitate the refunding of the national debt,” which contained a provision seriously impairing the value and tending to the destruction of the national banking system. On the following day he assisted at the inauguration of his successor.

The administration of President Hayes, although much attacked by the politicians of both parties, was on the whole very satisfactory to the people at large. By withdrawing the Federal troops from the southern state-houses, and restoring to the people of those states practical self-government, it prepared the way for that revival of patriotism among those lately estranged from the Union, that fraternal feeling between the two sections of the country, and the wonderful material advancement of the south which we now witness. It conducted with wisdom and firmness the preparations for the resumption of specie payments, as well as the funding of the public debt at lower rates of interest, and thus facilitated the development of the remarkable business prosperity that continued to its close. While in its endeavors to effect a thorough and permanent reform of the civil service there were conspicuous lapses and inconsistencies, it accomplished important and lasting results. Not only without any appropriations of money and without encouragement of any kind from Congress, but in the face of the decided hostility of a large majority of its members, the system of competitive examinations was successfully applied in some of the executive departments at Washington and in the great government offices at New York, thus proving its practicability and usefulness. The removal by President Hayes of some of the most powerful party managers from their offices, avowedly on the ground that the offices had been used as part of the political machinery, was an act of high courage, and during his administration there was far less meddling with party politics on the part of officers of the government than at any period since Andrew Jackson's time. The success of the Republican Party in the election of 1880 was largely owing to the general satisfaction among the people with the Hayes administration.

On the expiration of his term, ex-President Hayes retired to his home at Fremont, Ohio. He was the recipient of various distinctions. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Kenyon College, Harvard University, Yale College, and Johns Hopkins University. He was made senior vice-commander of the military order of the Loyal legion, commander of the Ohio commandery of the same order, the first president of the Society of the Army of West Virginia, and president of the 23d Regiment Ohio Volunteers association. Much of his time is devoted to benevolent and useful enterprises. He is president of the trustees of the John F. Slater education-fund, one of the trustees of the Peabody education-fund, president of the National prison-reform association, an active member of the National conference of corrections and charities, a trustee of the Western Reserve University at Cleveland, Ohio, of the Wesleyan University of Delaware, Ohio, of Mount Union College, at Alliance, Ohio, and of several other charitable and educational institutions. On the occasion of a meeting of the National prison-reform association, held at Atlanta, Georgia, in November, 1886, he was received with much popular enthusiasm, and greeted by an ex-governor of Georgia as one to whom, more than to any other, the people were indebted for the era of peace and union which they now enjoyed, and by the present governor, John B. Gordon, as the man who had “made a true and noble effort to complete the restoration of the Union by restoring fraternal feeling between the estranged sections.” See “Life, Public Services, and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes,” by James Quay Howard (Cincinnati, 1876). Campaign lives were also written by William D. Howells (New York, 1876) and Russell H. Conwell (Boston, 1876). — His wife, Lucy Ware Webb, born in Chillicothe, Ohio, 28 August, 1831; died in Fremont, Ohio, 25 June, 1889. She was the daughter of a physician, and married in 1852. Of eight children, four sons and one daughter are living. Mrs. Hayes was noted for her devotion to the wounded soldiers during the war. She refused to permit wine to be served on the White House table, and for this innovation incurred much censure in some political circles, but received high praise from the advocates of total abstinence, who, on the expiration of her husband's term of office, presented her with various testimonials, including an album filled with autograph expressions of approval from many prominent persons.  Appleton’s  1888, 1892 pp. 134-143.






HAYMAN, Samuel Brinkle, soldier, born in Chester County. Pennsylvania. 5 June, 1820. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1842, became 1st lieutenant of infantry in 1847, captain in 1855, major in 1863. and lieutenant-colonel in 1867. During the Mexican War he was in several important battles, participating in the assault and capture of the city of Mexico. He served throughout the Civil War with the Army of the Potomac, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Chancellorsville. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in June, 1863, and afterward participated in the battles of Kelly's Ford, Mine Run, and the battle of the Wilderness, 6 May, 1864, where he was wounded and brevetted colonel. In March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for gallantry at Fair Oaks. In 1865-'6 he was acting assistant provost-marshal-general, and disbursing officer at Elmira, New York. He took command at Fort Dakota in 1866, and was retired in 1872. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 143.


HAYMARKET, VIRGINIA, October 18, 1862. Detachment of the 6th Ohio Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 495.


HAYMARKET, VIRGINIA, October 19, 1863. (See Buckland Mills.)


HAYNES' BLUFF, MISSISSIPPI, April 29-May 1, 1863. (See Snyder's Mill, same date.)


HAYNESVILLE, MARYLAND, West Virginia, July 2, 1861. (See Falling Waters.)


HAYNIE, Isham Nicolas, soldier, born in Dover, Tennessee, 18 November, 1824; died in Springfield, Illinois, in November, 1868. He moved to Illinois in early childhood, received little education, and worked on a farm to obtain means to study law, in which he was licensed to practise in 1846. He served throughout the Mexican War as 1st lieutenant of the 6th Illinois Volunteers, resumed his profession in 1849, and was a member of the legislature in 1850. He was graduated at the Kentucky laws school in 1852, and in 1856 was appointed judge of the court of common pleas at Cairo, Illinois. He canvassed the state as presidential elector on the Douglas ticket in 1860, and in 1861 raised and organized the 48th Illinois Infantry, being commissioned its colonel. He participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Port Donelson, Shiloh, where he was severely wounded, and Corinth. He was defeated as war candidate for Congress in 1862, and on 20 November of this year received the appointment of brigadier-general of volunteers. He resumed his profession in 1864, and subsequently became adjutant-general of Illinois. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 146.


HAYS, Alexander, soldier, born in Franklin, Venango County, Pennsylvania, 8 July, 1819; killed in the battle of the Wilderness, 5 May, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1844 with Winfield S. Hancock and Alfred Pleasonton. As 2d lieutenant of the 8th U.S. Infantry, he entered on the Mexican Campaign, and won special distinction in the engagement near Atlixco. In April, 1848, he resigned his commission in the army, and settled in Venango County, Pennsylvania, where he engaged in the manufacture of iron in 1848-'50, was assistant engineer on railroads in 1850-'4, and from 1854 till 1861 was a civil engineer in Pittsburg. When the war began in 1861, Hays re-entered the service as colonel of the 63d Pennsylvania Regiment, and with the rank of captain in the 16th regular Infantry, to date from 14 May, 1861. In the Peninsula he was attached with his regiment to the first brigade of Kearny's division of Heintzelman's corps, and at the close of the seven day’s contest he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the Maryland Campaign, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 September, 1862. He was wounded at Chancellorsville while at the head of his brigade. He commanded the 3d Division of his corps at the battle of Gettysburg, and, after Hancock was wounded, was temporarily in command, gaining the brevet of colonel in the United States Army. He was engaged at Auburn and Mine Run. When the Army of the Potomac was reorganized, Hays was placed in command of the second brigade of Birney's 3d Division of the 2d Corps. In this capacity he fought, and gallantly met his death during the terrible struggle toward the junction of the Plank and Brock roads, which was the feature of the first day's fighting in the Wilderness. General Hays was frank and brave, quick and full of energy, and was a great favorite with his men.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 146.


HAYS, William, soldier, born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1819; died in Fort Independence, Boston harbor, 7 February, 1875. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1840, and promoted 1st lieutenant in 1847, captain in 1853, and major in 1863. He served throughout the Mexican War with the light artillery. He was wounded at Molino del Rey, and brevetted captain and major. From 1853 till 1854 he was engaged in the Seminole Indian Wars, and was on frontier duty in 1856-'60. He commanded a brigade of horse-artillery in 1861-'2 in the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in November, 1862. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Chancellorsville, 6 May, 1863, rejoined the army at Gettysburg, and in November was appointed provost-marshal of the Southern District of New York. At the expiration of his term in February, 1865, he rejoined his regiment at Petersburg, and served with the 2d Corps, and in command of the reserve artillery until the close of the war, when he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army for gallant conduct. He was mustered out of volunteer service in 1866 with the rank of major, and served on various posts, commanding Fort Independence from 29 April, 1873, till his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 147.  


HAY'S FERRY, TENNESSEE, December 24, 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. During the operations of the Federal cavalry near Mossy creek, Colonel Archibald P. Campbell's brigade was sent from New Market toward Dandridge. Four miles beyond the latter town at Hay's ferry 2 guns of the 18th Indiana battery were thrown forward with the skirmishers and opened upon the Confederate line then about half a mile in front . When the artillery had started the enemy in retreat the 9U1 Pennsylvania was advanced in column along the road, the 1st Tennessee on the right of the road, and the 2nd Michigan was dismounted to support the battery. About the time these dispositions had been made Campbell received orders to return to New Market and was about to execute them when the Confederates attacked his rear, capturing 2 of his guns. The Michigan and Pennsylvania regiments charged, recaptured the guns, and drove the enemy a mile, taking 14 prisoners. Finding that he was about to be surrounded Campbell sent to Colonel Garrard asking for reinforcements, but receiving none he withdrew his command as rapidly as possible by a bypath. The Confederates pressed so closely, however, that it was necessary after marching a mile through a rough country to stop and check them, the battery being placed in position some distance in the rear. The cavalry was slowly forced back to where the guns were planted, and the enemy still pressing, a charge was ordered. The movement was gallantly executed by the 1st Tennessee, the Confederates being driven back, and subsequently withdrew from the field. Campbell then returned to New Market without further molestation. The Federal loss was 7 killed, 27 wounded and 21 missing, while the enemy's casualties were estimated at 150 killed and wounded. Campbell took 29 prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 495.


HAY STATION, NO. 3, ARKANSAS, July 30, 1864. Detachment of nth Missouri Cavalry. Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Stephens of the 11th Missouri cavalry reported to General Andrews at Devall's Bluff on July 30: "Hay Station, No. 3, garrisoned by my men, was attacked this morning, about 9 o'clock, by about 200 rebels. They were, however, repulsed, with the loss of one killed and a number wounded. No casualties on our side, except some of the citizens taken prisoners, and about 18 or 20 horses stampeded during the fight." This station was not far from Brownsville.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 495.


HAYWARD, Nathaniel, inventor, born in Easton, Massachusetts, 19 January, 1808; died in Colchester, Connecticut, 18 July, 1865. While keeping a livery-stable in Boston in 1834 he bought some India-rubber cloth for a carriage-top, and, noticing that it was sticky, began to make experiments with a view to remedying the difficulty. He sold his stable in 1835, and a few months later engaged to work for the Eagle India-rubber company of Boston, having, as he thought, succeeded in making firm rubber cloth from a mixture of rubber, turpentine, lamp-black, and other materials. In 1836 he tried to bleach some of the cloth by exposing it to the fumes of sulphur, and thus discovered the use of that substance in hardening rubber. He then adopted the plan of sprinkling his cloth with powdered sulphur and afterward exposing it to the sun, and in 1838 patented his process and assigned the patent to Charles Goodyear, thus leading to the latter's discovery of the present vulcanizing process. (See Goodyear, Charles.) Hayward continued to experiment, and, having learned from Mr. Goodyear of his discovery in 1839, endeavored to perfect the vulcanizing process, and succeeded in 1843 in making several hundred pounds of the hardened rubber. The right to use Goodyear's patent for the manufacture of shoes was assigned to him in 1844, and shortly afterward he discovered a method for giving them a high polish. He organized the Hayward rubber company, with Governor William A. Buckingham and others, at Colchester, Connecticut, in 1847, was its active manager till 1854, and its president from 1855 till his death. Mr. Hayward was active in works of benevolence and utility.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 148


HAYWOOD, Benjamin, manufacturer, born in Southwell, England, in 1792; died in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, 9 July, 1878. He emigrated to the United States in 1803, and worked as a journeyman blacksmith in Pottsville. In 1833 he purchased the first steam-engine that was put up in Schuylkill County, and established a machine-shop. He became senior partner in the firm of Haywood and Snyder in 1835, and engaged on an extensive scale in building steam-engines and mining-machinery. His firm constructed the first rolls for " T " rails, and the first apparatus for sawing hot iron that was ever used in the United States. At the same time he carried on extensive mining operations. He sold his interests in Pennsylvania in 1850, moved to California, and built at Sonora the first sawmill in the state outside of San Francisco. He organized in 1852 the San Francisco Mechanics' Institute, and was its president till 1855. In the autumn of this year he sold his California business, returned to Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and purchased large interests in the Palo Alto Rolling-Mill. Mr. Haywood was one of the commissioners for organizing the Union Pacific Railroad.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 148.


HAYWOOD, Edmund Burke, physician, born in Raleigh, North Carolina, 13 June, 1825, was educated at the University of North Carolina, and took his medical degree in 1849 at the University of Pennsylvania. He began practice in Raleigh, where he now (1887) resides. In 1861 he was appointed surgeon in the Confederate Army in charge of the hospitals in Raleigh and in Richmond, Virginia, and was acting medical director of the Department of North Carolina, and president of the board to grant discharges from 1863 till the close of the war, when he returned to practice. He was president of the Medical Association of North Carolina in 1868, and from 1871 till 1877, of the State insane asylum. He was a delegate to the International Medical Congress in Philadelphia in 1876. He has contributed various professional papers to surgical and medical journals.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 148.


HAZARD, Rowland Gibson, 1801-1888, author.  State Senator, Rhode Island.  Freed captured African Americans in New Orleans.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 149; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 471)

HAZARD, Rowland Gibson, author, born in South Kingston. Rhode Island, 9 October, 1801. He has been engaged from his youth in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits at Peacedale, R. I., where he now (1887) resides, and has accumulated a fortune. While in New Orleans in 1841-'2, though threatened with lynching, he obtained with great effort the release of large numbers of free Negroes, who belonged to ships from the north, and who had been placed in the chain-gang. He was a member of the Rhode Island legislature in 1851-'2 and 1854-'5, and was in the state senate in 1866-'7. Brown gave him the degree of A. M. in 1845, and that of LL. D. in 1869. He is the author of "Language, its Connection with the Constitution and Prospects of Man," under the pen-name of "Heteroscian" (Providence. 1836); "Lectures on the Adaptation of the Universe to the Cultivation of the Mind " (1840); "Lecture on the Causes of the Decline of Political and National Morality" (1841); "Essay on the Philosophical Character of Channing" (1844); "Essay on the Duty of Individuals to support Science and Literature "(1855); "Essays on the Resources of the United States" (1864); "Freedom of the Mind in Willing" (New York, 1864); "Essays on Finance and Hours of Labor" (1868); and two letters addressed to John Stuart Mill on "Causation and Freedom in Willing " (London and Boston, 1869).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 149


HAZARD, Thomas (“College Tom”), 1720-1798, Rhode Island, Society of Friends, Quaker, early abolitionist leader

(Drake, 1950, pp. 50, 89, 97, 191; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, p. 149; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 2, p. 472; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 419-420)


HAZARD, Thomas Robinson, author, born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, in 1784; died in New York in March, 1876. He was educated at the Friends' school in Westtown, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and subsequently engaged in farming, and assisted his father in the woollen business. He then established a woollen mill at Peacedale, Rhode Island, and acquired a fortune. In 1836 he purchased an estate at Vaucluse, Rhode Island, and in 1840 retired from his manufacturing business. He caused many reforms to be introduced in the management of insane asylums and poor-houses in Rhode Island. He was, for years preceding his death, an enthusiastic spiritualist, and wrote much in support of their views. He is the author of “Facts for the Laboring Man” (1840); “Capital Punishment” (1850); “Report on the Poor and Insane” (1850); “Handbook of the National American Party” (1856); “Appeal to the People of Rhode Island” (1857); and “Ordeal of Life” (Boston, 1870). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 149.


HAZEN, William Babcock, soldier, born in West Hartford, Vermont, 27 September, 1830; died in Washington, D. C, 16 January, 1887. He was a descendant of Moses Hazen, noticed above. His parents moved to Ohio in 1833. William was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1855, and, after serving against the Indians in California and Oregon, joined the 8th U.S. Infantry in Texas in 1857. He commanded successfully in five engagements, until, in December, 1859, he was severely wounded in a personal encounter with the Comanches. He was appointed assistant professor of infantry tactics at the U. S. Military Academy in February, 1861, 1st lieutenant, 6 April, and promoted captain on 14 May. In the autumn of 1861 he raised the 41st Ohio Volunteers, of which he became colonel on 29 October, 1861, and commanded in the defence of the Ohio frontier and in operations in Kentucky. On 6 January, 1862, he took command of a brigade and served with distinction at Shiloh and Corinth. In the battle of Stone River, 12 October, 1862, he protected the left wing of the army from being turned by simultaneous attacks in front and flank. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 29 November, 1862, commanded a brigade in the operations that resulted in the battle of Chickamauga, and, by a well-executed movement on 27 October, at Brown's Ferry, enabled the army at Chattanooga to receive its supplies. He captured eighteen pieces of artillery at Mission Ridge, served through the Atlanta Campaign, and in Sherman's march to the sea commanded the 2d Division of the 15th Corps. He assaulted and captured Fort McAllister, 13 December, 1864, for which service he was promoted a major-general of volunteers the same day. He was in command of the 15th Army Corps from 19 May till 1 August, 1865. At the end of the war he had received all the brevets in the regular army up to major-general. He was made colonel of the 38th U.S. Infantry in 1866, was in France during the Franco-Prussian War, and was U. S. Military attaché at Vienna during the Russo-Turkish War. In the interval between those two visits, while stationed at Fort Buford, Dakota, he made charges of fraud against post-traders, which resulted in revelations that were damaging to Secretary Belknap. On 8 December, 1880, he succeeded General Albert J. Meyer as chief signal-officer, with the rank of brigadier-general. His administration was marked by the expedition of Lieutenant A. W. Greely to Lady Franklin Bay, and by another to Point Barrow, Alaska, to make meteorological and other observations in co-operation with European nations. (See Greely, A. W.) In September, 1883, after the return of Lieutenant Garlington's unsuccessful relief expedition, General Hazen urged the Secretary of War to despatch a sealer immediately to rescue Greely, and, his recommendation not having been acted upon, he severely censured Secretary Lincoln. In consequence of this, General Hazen was court-martialed and reprimanded. General Hazen introduced the "cold wave signal," promoted the use of local and railway weather signals, organized special observations for the cotton-producing states, established frost warnings, and initiated forecasts for vessels coming to this country from Europe. He published "The School and the Army in Germany and Prance, with a Diary of Siege-Life at Versailles" (New York, 1872); "Barren Lands of the Interior of the United States" (Cincinnati, 1874); and "Narrative of a Military Career" (Boston, 1885).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. III, pp. 150-151.


HAZEL BOTTOM, Missouri, October 14, 1862. Organization not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 495.


HAZEN'S FARM, Arkansas, November 2, 1864. Detachment of Company D, 12th Michigan Infantry. Eight men, while on a foray, were captured by 14 bushwhackers under Captain Patrick H. Wheat, taken about 3 miles, robbed and paroled. The affair happened about 11 miles from Devall's Bluff.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 495.


HAZLE GREEN, KENTUCKY, March 9, 1863. Detachment of 44th Ohio Infantry. A portion of the 44th Ohio attacked Cluke's Confederate force, which had just entered Kentucky. The result was the capture of 25 of the enemy and a number of horses and arms with no loss to the Federal participants.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 496.