Getty through Gower’s Ford, Georgia

GETTY, George Washington, soldier, born in Georgetown, D. C., 2 October, 1819. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1840, assigned to the 4th Artillery, and served at Detroit during the border disturbances of that year. After doing garrison duty at various posts, he was promoted to 1st lieutenant on 31 October, 1845. During the Mexican War he was brevetted captain, 20 August, 1847, for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and was also engaged at Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the assault and capture of the city of Mexico. From this time till the Civil War he was in various garrisons, but fought against the Seminoles in 1849-'50 and 1856-'7, and took part in quelling the Kansas disturbances of 1857-'8. He was made aide-de-camp, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, on 28 September, 1861, commanded the artillery in the engagements near Budd's Ferry in November and December of that year, and in the Peninsular Campaign of 1862 commanded four batteries at Yorktown, Gaines's Mills, and Malvern Hill. He was at South Mountain and Antietam. was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 25 September, 1862, and took part in the Rappahannock Campaign of 1862-'3, being engaged at Fredericksburg and in the defence of Suffolk, Virginia, from 11 April till 3 May, and receiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel on 19 April for his services. He was brevetted colonel for gallantry at the battle of the Wilderness, where he was severely wounded, served in the defence of Washington in July, 1864, and in the Shenandoah Campaign, being brevetted major-general of volunteers, 1 August, 1864, for his services at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, and brigadier-general in the regular army for gallantry at Petersburg. He was at Lee's surrender, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted major-general, U. S. Army, for services during the war. He became colonel of the 37th U.S. Infantry on 28 July, 1866, was transferred to the artillery in 1870, and afterward served in command of various districts and posts. He commanded the troops along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad during the riots of 1877, and, on 2 October, 1883, was retired from active service.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 633.


GETTYSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, July 1-3, 1863. Army of the Potomac. After the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville the opinion became prevalent through the South that Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was more than a match for the Federal Army of the Potomac, and a clamor arose for an aggressive movement. There were at this time potent reasons why Lee should assume the offensive. An invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania would have a tendency to draw troops from Grant at Vicksburg and Rosecrans in Tennessee to repel the invaders, thus relieving the pressure on the Confederate forces under Pemberton, Johnston and Bragg. If the invasion should prove to be successful European nations might be persuaded to recognize the Confederacy, loans could be obtained, and probably aid secured to open the Southern ports, then in a state of blockade. All these reasons and possibilities were carefully weighed and toward the last of May Lee decided to make the invasion. Since the battle of Chancellorsville he had been lying at Fredericksburg, recruiting and reorganizing his army, which on June 1 numbered, according to Confederate reports, 88,754 men. It was divided into three corps, as follows: The 1st, commanded by Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, was composed of the divisions of McLaws, Pickett and Hood, and the reserve artillery under Colonel J. B. Walton. The 2nd, under the command of Lieutenant-General Richard S. Ewell, included the divisions of Early, Johnson and Rodes, the reserve artillery being in charge of Colonel J. T. Brown. The 3d, commanded by Lieutenant-General Ambrose P. Hill, consisted of the divisions of Anderson, Heth and Pender, and the reserve artillery under Colonel R. L. Walker. In addition to these three corps was the cavalry under the command of Major-General J. E. B. Stuart, and consisting of the brigades of Fitzhugh Lee, W. H. F. Lee, Hampton, Jenkins, W. E. Jones and Imboden, and six batteries of horse artillery under the command of Major R. F. Beckham. Having decided to undertake an offensive movement, Lee chose a route along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, from which he could at any time threaten Washington or Baltimore, hoping by this means to detain the Union army in a position to defend the national capital, or failing in that, to draw it after him and into a general engagement on a field of his own selection. He accordingly began the concentration of his army at Culpeper, leaving Hill at Fredericksburg to keep up a show of force there in order to keep Hooker from ascertaining what was going on until it was too late for him to interfere. Through the medium of despatches captured in the affair at Brandy Station on June 9, Hooker learned that the major part of Lee's army was at Culpeper. He proposed to cross over the river and attack Hill, but the movement was forbidden by General Halleck. He then suggested a movement against Richmond to force Lee to recall his army in that direction, but this, too, was forbidden, though either might have been successful. Hooker then sent the 3d and 5th corps to guard the fords on the Rappahannock, to prevent the Confederates from crossing, and 011 the night of the 13th moved his forces northward to Manassas Junction and Thoroughfare gap. This compelled Lee to change his plans and select the longer route through the Shenandoah Valley. The Federal force at Winchester, commanded by General Milroy, was driven out on the 15th, Ewell pursuing across the Potomac and occupying Hagerstown and Sharpsburg. About the same time the Union troops at Harper's Ferry and Martinsburg were withdrawn to Maryland heights, thus leaving the valley open to Lee, who crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and Shepherdstown on the 24th and 25th. united his columns at Hagerstown, and pushed on toward Chambersburg, Pennsylvania On the 25th and 26th Hooker crossed the Potomac at Edwards' ferry and the next day Reynolds, with three corps, occupied the passes of South mountain, thus forestalling any attempt of Lee to pass to the eastward. To cut the enemy's communications with Virginia, Hooker ordered the 12th corps, then near Harper's Ferry, to march to that place, where it would be joined by the forces under General Kelley on Maryland heights, and then, in connection with Reynolds, operate on Lee's rear. Again Halleck interposed an objection, deeming it inadvisable to abandon Harper's Ferry, and Hooker asked to be relieved from command of the army. He was succeeded by Major-General George G. Meade on June 28. The Army of the Potomac was then organized as follows: Major-General John F. Reynolds, formerly commanding the 1st corps, was placed in command of the left wing, Major-General Abner Doubleday taking command of the corps, which consisted of three divisions under Brigadier-Generals James S. Wadsworth, John C. Robinson and Thomas A. Rowley, and the artillery brigade commanded by Colonel Charles S. Wainright. The 2nd corps, commanded by Major-General Winfield S. Hancock, embraced the three divisions under Brigadier-Generals John C. Caldwell, John Gibbon and Alexander Hays, and the artillery brigade of Captain John G. Hazard. The 3d corps, Major-General Daniel E. Sickles, was made up of the divisions of Major-General David B. Birney and Brigadier-General Andrew A. Humphreys, and the artillery brigade commanded by Captain George E. Randolph. The 5th corps, Major-General George Sykes, was composed of the three divisions of Brigadier-Generals James Barnes, Romeyn B. Ayres and Samuel W. Crawford, and the artillery brigade of Captain A. P. Martin. The 6th corps, Major-General John Sedgwick, embraced the divisions of Brigadier-General Horatio G. Wright, Brigadier-General Albion P. Howe and Major-General John Newton, and the artillery brigade of Colonel Charles H. Tompkins. The 11th corps, Major-General Oliver O. Howard, included the divisions of Brigadier-Generals Francis C. Barlow and Adolph von Steinwehr, Major-General Carl Schurz, and the artillery brigade commanded by Major Thomas W. Osborn. The 12th corps, Major-General Henry W. Slocum, was composed of the two divisions of Brigadier-Generals Alpheus S. Williams and John W. Geary, and the artillery brigade under command of Lieutenant E. D. Muhlenberg. The cavalry corps, Major-General Alfred Pleasonton, included the three divisions commanded by Brigadier-Generals John Buford, David McM. Gregg and Judson Kilpatrick, and the horse artillery under Captain James M. Robertson. Altogether the army had 65 batteries numbering 370 guns. Of these 212 were with the infantry, 50 with the cavalry, and an artillery reserve of 108 under the command of Brigadier-General Robert O. Tyler, Brigadier-General Henry J. Hunt being the chief of artillery. Meade took command in the midst of a campaign, and when the army was preparing to move through a region with which he was but little acquainted. For the time he decided to follow Hooker's plans, the only departure therefrom being to recall Slocum's corps from the Confederate rear, with orders to join the main column. Without consulting Halleck he ordered the troops at Maryland heights, now under the command of General French. to move up to Frederick, where they were to act as a reserve when the army moved forward. Such information as he could obtain regarding the enemy's movements located Longstreet at Chambersburg, Ewell at Carlisle and York, where he was preparing to attack Harrisburg, and Hill in the vicinity of Cashtown. Conjecturing that Harrisburg was Lee's objective point, Meade determined to move directly toward that place and if possible strike the enemy before he could cross the Susquehanna. Orders to that effect were issued to the various corps commanders on the evening of the 28th and early the next morning the army was in motion. Stuart's cavalry had been sent on a raid around the Union army, in the hope that by threatening its rear he could delay the crossing of the Potomac until Lee could capture Harrisburg. But he encountered Federal troops in so many unexpected places that his raid was prolonged to such an extent he did not arrive at Gettysburg until the battle was almost over. Being thus deprived of his cavalry, Lee had no way of obtaining information of the movements of the Federals, and up to the 28th supposed them to be still on the south side of the Potomac. On the afternoon of that day he ordered Hill and Longstreet to join Ewell for an advance on Harrisburg. Late that night a scout came to Lee's headquarters with the information that Hooker had been superseded by Meade, that the Union army was north of the Potomac and in a position to seriously menace the Confederate line of communications. These tidings changed the whole situation. In his report Lee says: "In the absence of the cavalry, it was impossible to ascertain his intentions; but to deter him from advancing farther west, and intercepting our communication with Virginia, it was determined to concentrate the army east of the mountains." Instructions were hurried to Hill and Longstreet to move to Cashtown, 8 miles northwest of Gettysburg; Ewell was recalled from Carlisle, and Pickett was left at Chambersburg to guard the rear until relieved by Imboden. Owing to rainy weather these movements were performed somewhat leisurely, but Heth's division reached Cashtown on the afternoon of the 29th. That evening the Union army was in position just south of the state line, with the right at New Windsor and the left at Emmitsburg. Buford's cavalry .division was on the extreme left, with his advance well toward Gettysburg. Buford sent Merritt's brigade to Mechanicstown to guard the trains and issued orders for Gamble's and Devin's brigades to move early on the following morning to Gettysburg, where he expected to find some of Kilpatrick's cavalry. The two brigades entered the town about noon, and found a detachment of the enemy within half a mile of the place. This was Pettigrew's brigade of Heth's division, which had been sent from Cashtown to procure supplies, but finding the town in possession of the Union forces hurriedly fell back on the main body of the division. Scouting parties were sent out in all directions, bringing in information showing that the Confederates were unquestionably aiming to concentrate in the vicinity of Gettysburg, and Buford so notified Meade that evening. Pickets were thrown out toward Cashtown and Hunterstown, and the ridges west of the town occupied in anticipation of an attack the next day. Meade's chief objects had been to force Lee to forego his intention of crossing the Susquehanna, and to bring on an engagement at the first opportunity. The field selected for such an engagement was along the banks of Pipe creek, a little stream 15 miles south of Gettysburg. With a view to meeting Lee at this point the different commands were so placed as to be easily concentrated along Pipe creek, while at the same time they were held in readiness to move elsewhere as the occasion might demand. On the evening of June 30 the 1st corps was at Marsh creek, about halfway between Emmitsburg and Gettysburg; the 2nd and 3d were in' the vicinity of Taneytown; the 5th was at Union Mills, southeast of Taneytown: the 6th was at Manchester, still farther east; the 1 ith was near Emmitsburg; Kilpatrick's cavalry was at Hanover, and Gregg's at Westminster. The information received from Buford caused a change in Meade's plans. Reynolds was ordered to move the 1st, 3d and 11th corps to the support of Buford, Sickles relieving the last at Emmitsburg, and the other corps commanders instructed to move toward Gettysburg. The town of Gettysburg is located about 7 miles from the Maryland line, and some 10 miles east of South mountain. It is in a valley, surrounded by broken granite ridges. On one of these, about half a mile west of the town, stood the Lutheran seminary, the elevation being known as Seminary ridge. It was covered with an open woods and at the north end is a knoll called Oak hill. South is a chain of hills beginning about 3 miles from town and running almost due north for a distance of 2 miles, when it makes a curve to the east. At the south end of this chain is Round Top; just east of this is a smaller hill called Little Round Top; at the curve is Cemetery hill, while at the eastern extremity of the range is Culp's hill. About 500 yards west of Little Round Top, in the forks of Plum creek is a hill known as the Devil's Den. It is steep and rocky on the eastern side, sloping away gradually to the west, and is about 100 feet lower than Little Round Top. The summits of nearly all the ridges were covered with huge boulders, forming a natural protection to sharpshooters, etc. Near the western base of Cemetery hill was Ziegler's grove, and along the base of the ridge farther south were the Weikert and Trostle houses. Roads enter the town from almost every direction. Through the valley between the Round Tops and Seminary ridge ran the Emmitsburg road; along the eastern side of the ridge was the road to Taneytown; running southeast, between Cemetery and Culp's hills, was the Baltimore pike. These three roads came together near the cemetery and entered the town from the south. The Fairfield and Chambersburg roads diverged at the west side of town, the former running southwest and the latter northwest over Seminary ridge. From the north came the Harrisburg, Carlisle and Middletown roads, and Black's turnpike, while the Oxford and Bonaughton roads entered the town from the east. On the east side of town is Rock creek and west of Seminary ridge is Willoughby run, both flowing southward. At daybreak on July 1, Buford held the roads and ridges to the west of Gettysburg with Devin's and Gamble's brigades, his vedettes being thrown out far enough to give timely warning of the enemy's approach. About 8 a. m. the scouts reported the enemy advancing in force from the direction of Cashtown. This was Heth's entire division, which had been sent forward to occupy Gettysburg. Gamble's brigade was formed on the left from the Fairfield road to the railroad cut, with one section of Calef's battery near the left and the rest of it on the Chambersburg pike. Devin formed on the right, extending the line to Oak hill, a portion of the men being dismounted and thrown forward as skirmishers. Heth advanced on the Chambersburg road, with Archer's brigade to the right and Davis' to the left of the pike, and the brigades of Pettigrew and Brockenbrough in support. About 9 o'clock Buford had three cannon shots fired as a signal for his skirmishers to open fire on the advancing Confederates, and the battle of Gettysburg was begun. Buford had been notified that Reynolds was coming to his support and determined to hold his ground until the reinforcements arrived. When the sound of the firing reached Reynolds his advance, Wadsworth's division, was within a mile of the town. This command was hurried forward across the fields, Reynolds riding ahead to Seminary ridge, where he met Buford and learned the positions of the contending forces. As soon as Wadsworth arrived three regiments of Cutler's brigade were formed north of the railroad cut and the other two south of the pike, Hall's battery relieving Calefs, which had almost exhausted its supply of ammunition. Meredith's "Iron Brigade" was sent against Archer on the left, and Devin's brigade of cavalry was faced north to meet Ewell, who was known to be coming up from Heidlersburg. Cutler's line had barely been formed when it was struck on the front and right by Davis. Colonel Fowler, who was in command of the two regiments south of the road, changed front, drove Davis from the field, and took possession of the railroad cut, capturing the two regiments which occupied it. Reynolds sent word to Howard to hurry forward the 11th corps, and then rode over to where Meredith and Archer were contending for a piece of timber, known as McPherson's woods, on the east side of Willoughby run. While directing the movements of this brigade Reynolds was killed by a shot from a Confederate sharpshooter, and Meredith was wounded by the explosion of a shell in front of his horse. Colonel Morrow, of the 24th Michigan, then took command, charged into the woods, captured Archer and about 800 of his men, and forced the rest to retire across the creek. By this time all of the 1st corps was on the field. Stone's brigade of Rowley's division was sent to the left of the pike, where it drove out the enemy's skirmishers and took position behind a ridge, being partly sheltered by a stone fence. Biddle's brigade was posted on the left of McPherson's wood, with Cooper's battery on the right, while Robinson's division was stationed in reserve on Seminary ridge. Reynolds' battery relieved Hall's and Calef’s again joined Gamble's cavalry, which was also in reserve. The enemy had also received heavy reinforcements, Pender's division coming up from Cashtown and Ewell's corps from Carlisle. Heth reformed his division south of the Chambersburg road, with Pender in support, and nine batteries stationed on commanding points west of Willoughby run. Lee had notified Ewell not to bring on a general engagement until the entire army was brought up, but on arriving on the field and finding Hill's corps already engaged he ordered Rodes' division to take position on Seminary ridge and Carter's battalion of artillery to occupy Oak hill. It was now nearly 2 p. m., when the batteries on Oak hill opened upon the Union lines an enfilading fire that forced Wadsworth to retire Cutler to Seminary ridge, where he was joined by Robinson's whole division to resist the advance of Rodes, who was following along the ridge with O'Neal's and Doles' brigades on the eastern slope and Iverson's, Daniel's and Ramseur's on the western. At 2:30 Rodes gave the order to attack. Iverson was confronted by Paul's brigade and O'Neal by Baxter's. O'Neal was soon repulsed and Baxter went to the assistance of Paul. At the same time Cutler swung his line around so as to attack Iverson on the right flank. Baxter's men from the shelter of a stone fence fired a volley at short range into the Confederate ranks, leaving 500 of Iverson's command dead and wounded on the field, and the rest surrendered. About 1,000 prisoners and 3 regimental colors were taken in this part of the engagement. Howard had arrived with the 11th corps about noon and assumed command. Schurz took command of the corps and Brigadier-General Alexander Schimmelfennig of the 3d division. This division and Barlow's were thrown forward on the right to check Ewell's advance, leaving Steinwehr's, with two batteries, as a reserve and rallying point on Cemetery hill. Upon hearing of the death of Reynolds Meade ordered Hancock to proceed from Taneytown to Gettysburg and assume command of the left wing. Hancock arrived about 3 p. m. and found the Union troops retiring before the vastly superior numbers of the enemy. Early's division had secured a position on the flank and rear of the 11th corps, the artillery on the hills east of Rock creek enfilading its entire line. Up to this time the assaults of the enemy had been made without concert at various points along the line, giving the Federals an opportunity to repulse one before the next was commenced. But about 4 o'clock the whole Confederate line advanced—50,000 against probably 15,000. The odds were too great and orders were issued to fall back to Cemetery hill. The men retired in good order, fighting as they went, the only confusion being that which resulted by crowding the narrow streets of the town. Wadsworth's division was sent to occupy Culp's hill and skirmishers were thrown forward to the west side of the town to hold the Confederates in check until the new line of battle could be formed. About 5 o'clock Williams' division of the 12th corps came up and was stationed on the right and rear of Wadsworth. Geary's division arrived soon afterward and was sent to occupy Little Round Top and the ridge running toward Cemetery hill, in a position commanding the Emmitsburg and Taneytown roads. Stannard's brigade of Rowley's division also came up and joined the command, but too late to participate in the fight. These reinforcements greatly encouraged those who had borne the brunt of the battle all day, and the trains were sent to the rear out of the way to prepare for the action which was to come on the morrow. As the day drew to a close and it became evident that the enemy did not intend to renew the attack, Hancock turned over the command to Slocum and set out for Meade's headquarters at Taneytown. Orders were given for all the different commands to march at once to Gettysburg, Meade set out for the scene of action, and about 1 a. m. on the 2nd reached the field. Notwithstanding Lee's order on the evening of the ist to "attack the enemy in the morning as early as practicable," the greater part of the day was spent in maneuvering for position. Longstreet did not want to attack until the arrival of Pickett's division. As a matter of fact Pickett did not come up in time to take any part in the second days' battle, and Law's brigade of Hood's division did not arrive on the field until noon on the 2nd. Considerable delay was incurred in moving the artillery so as to keep out of sight of the Union signal station on Little Round Top, so that it was the middle of the afternoon before the Confederates were in position to begin the general assault on Meade's flanks according to Lee's plans. This delay cost them dear in the end, as Meade's different commands were hurrying to the front, and when the attack did come there was an opposition too strong to be overcome. As soon as possible after his arrival Meade looked over the ground and at dawn he commenced the formation of his lines for an attack on the Confederate left. The 12th corps was sent to the right of Wadsworth on Culp's hill, but Slocum and General G. K. Warren, who had served as chief engineer under Hooker, and now held that position on Meade's staff, advised against such a movement. Meade, however, was determined to fight aggressively and began to arrange his troops for an assault on the enemy's left. Some time was necessarily spent in the preparations and before they were completed Lee attacked both ends of the Union line, thus forcing Meade to assume the defensive, which finally proved to be to his advantage. The Union line was formed as follows: Slocum on the extreme right; Wadsworth's division on Cemetery hill, with the other two divisions of the 1st corps at the base; Hancock's corps, which had come up during the night, next on the left; then Sickles; Sykes on the extreme left, while Sedgwick, who had made a march of 35 miles, arriving just before the attack commenced, was stationed in reserve on the Taneytown road behind the Round Tops, where he could rest his men until called on to strengthen some part of the line. The Confederate line was in the form of a concave. Longstreet on the left was opposite the Round Tops; Hill in the center occupied Seminary ridge; Ewell on the right held the town and the ridges east of Rock creek. Along the north side of Little Round Top ran a road which crossed the Emmitsburg road almost at right angles near the center of the open country lying between the two lines. On the south side of this road and east of the Emmitsburg road was a large peach orchard, to the east of which was a wheatfield. Sickles moved his corps to the cross roads, forming Humphrey's division along the Emmitsburg road and Birney's in the peach orchard and on a ridge south of the cross-road, Ward's brigade being thrown forward to the Devil's Den. As this position was some distance in advance of the main line, and subsequently proved to be untenable, there has been some controversy as to whether Sickles occupied it by order of the commanding general or selected it himself. It is not the province of this work, however, to settle responsibilities, but to tell what happened. Birney's skirmishers were engaged almost from the time his line was formed until the main attack of the Confederates about 4 p. m. When that attack was opened Longstreet directed a severe artillery fire against the two sides of the angle formed by Sickles' line, and this was followed by a fierce assault on Ward, who was overlapped by the enemy's line and compelled to retire. The attack was then extended toward the peach orchard and some of the enemy's batteries secured positions from which an enfilading fire was poured into the two lines forming the angle. Humphreys sent a brigade and later a regiment to the assistance of Birney, but soon afterward his own line was vigorously assailed by Barksdale's brigade on the north and Kershaw's on the west, making it impossible to render any further aid to Birney, who was now hard pressed. Graham's brigade was driven from the orchard, Sickles had lost a leg and Graham was wounded and a prisoner in the hands of the enemy. The Federal batteries, commanded by Major McGilvery, and which was stationed on the cross-road below the orchard, met the Confederate advance by an effective fire, but in vain. One of the batteries was captured by Kershaw's men, but the 141st Pennsylvania made a gallant charge and recaptured the guns, bringing them off by hand. Still the Confederates pressed on, and as a last resort McGilvery ordered Biglow to sacrifice his battery to save the rest. With the courage born of desperation he obeyed the order, fighting until the enemy approached within a few feet, when he managed to withdraw, but with severe loss. This left the orchard in the hands of the enemy, which brought them on Humphreys' flank and Birney's right. Reinforcements were called for and Hancock sent in Caldwell's division, but it was compelled to fall back after losing heavily in killed and wounded, two brigade commanders, Cross and Zook, being among the killed. Ayres' division next went in, and, although he struck the enemy on the flank, doubled up their line and forced them back, he was in the end compelled to make a hurried retreat 'to save his command from annihilation. This fight on the left was a struggle for the possession of Little Round Top. About the time that Ward was outflanked Warren rode over to the signal station there to obtain a better view of what was going on. Seeing the importance of the position, which was then undefended, he assumed the responsibility of ordering Vincent's brigade of Barnes' division to occupy the crest, at the same time notifying Meade of what he had done and asking for a force sufficient to hold it. As Ward retired the Confederates made a rush for the hill, but were met on the top by Vincent's men, who repulsed the first assault with the bayonet. The 140th New York, belonging to Weed's brigade of Barnes' division, and Hazlett's battery were then sent to the aid of Vincent. Having failed in the first attempt to carry the position, the enemy next made an effort to turn the left, but were met by the 20th Maine under Colonel Chamberlain. At first the Unionists were forced back by the main strength of superior numbers, but Sykes hurried a brigade to the relief of Chamberlain, and a brigade of the Pennsylvania reserves arriving about the same time, the Confederates were driven from the hill with a loss of 500 captured and 1,000 stands of arms taken, besides a large number in killed and wounded. After the 3d corps had been driven from the peach orchard the enemy began to form in front of the wheatfield for another assault on Little Round Top. McCandless' brigade of Crawford's division, led by Crawford himself, charged and drove them to the farther side of the wheatfield, where they found shelter behind a stone fence. In the meantime two brigades—Eustis' and Nevin's—of Sedgwick's corps had come forward and during the time of Crawford's charge took a position in front of the ridge. The sight of these fresh troops had a discouraging effect on the Confederates and they withdrew from the contest. Through some miscalculation Ewell did not begin his attack on the Federal right until after Longstreet's repulse.  The plan of attack here was for Johnson to move against Culp's hill, and as soon as he was fairly engaged Early and Rodes were to assault the works on Cemetery hill. When the fight commenced on the left Ewell opened with his artillery and kept up the fire for about an hour before making any further movement against the Union lines. In this time Meade, under the impression that the demonstration on his right was merely a feint, withdrew from that portion of his line all of the 12th corps except Greene's brigade, and sent it to the support of Sykes. About 5 p. m. Johnson crossed Rock creek and advanced against Greene and Wadsworth. Greene held out until he was reinforced, when the enemy was driven from his front, though Johnson occupied the intrenchments that had been abandoned by the 12th corps, giving him a strong position on the right flank of the Union army. While this was taking place Early sent the brigades of Hays and Hoke, the latter commanded by Colonel Avery, up the valley between Culp's and Cemetery hills to assault the Federal position on the latter. The advance was somewhat impetuous, driving back Von Gilsa's and Ames' brigades, which were stationed at the foot of the hill. In the rear of this infantry line were Wiedrich's and Ricketts' batteries, which were next attacked, the former being captured and 2 guns of the latter spiked. Farther up the hill were the batteries of Stevens, Reynolds and Stewart, the officers of which had orders from Colonel Wainright to "fight the guns to the last." As the enemy advanced in the face of these guns they were met by a storm of canister, Stevens' battery especially doing effective work. Hancock voluntarily sent Carroll's brigade to the support of the batteries, which were also reinforced by the 106th Pennsylvania and a detachment from Schurz' command. The arrival of these troops carried dismay into the enemy's lines, which had not been properly supported, although Gordon's brigade had been assigned to that duty, and a retreat was ordered. As they fell back they were followed by a shower of canister from the batteries, which killed and wounded a large number and threw the line into some confusion. It is said that the Confederate organization known as the "Louisiana Tigers," went into this fight with 1,750 men, of whom only 150 returned unscathed. Rodes was delayed in making his attack, having to move out of Gettysburg by the flank, then change front and march some distance. By the time he was in position to cooperate with Early the latter had met defeat. The day closed with the Union forces still in possession of the ridge, though the enemy had gained some advantage on the right, as Johnson still held the intrenchments of the 12th corps, which threatened the safety of Meade's army by cutting off the line of retreat if such a movement became necessary. This victory, meager as it was, offered Lee sufficient incentive to continue the contest the next morning. That night a council of war was held, at which it was unanimously decided to "stay and fight it out." It is said that Meade was somewhat displeased at the decision, because he wanted to retire to the ground previously selected at Pipe creek. However this may have been he acquiesced in the judgment of his corps commanders, and preparations were immediately commenced looking to the coming engagement. Lee's general plan of battle for the 3d was similar to that of the preceding day. Ewell was to open the fight by pressing the advantage already gained on the extreme right, and after his attack was well under way the main assault was to be made on the center. Johnson was reinforced by three brigades and instructed to begin his attack at daybreak. But a disagreeable surprise was in store for him. Geary returned to Culp's hill about midnight and learned that his intrenchments were in the hands of the enemy. He took a position with Greene and began making arrangements to recover his works at the earliest opportunity the next morning. Batteries were brought up during the remaining hours of darkness and stationed at all the points bearing on Johnson, and as soon as it was light enough to distinguish objects the guns opened fire. Johnson was without artillery, so he determined to risk all on a charge. The charge was gallantly made, but it was bravely met by Kane's brigade of Geary's division, and a severe contest was waged for several hours. Williams' division, now commanded by Colonel Thomas H. Ruger, came up and gained a position where it could strike Johnson on the flank, and about the same time Shaler's brigade of Newton's division joined Kane, when Johnson, finding the conflict an unequal one, withdrew to Rock creek, leaving Geary and Ruger in possession of their old line. This part of the third day's battle was ended long before Lee's troops were in position to assault Cemetery hill, and again that concert of action, so essential to Confederate success, was lost. Pickett's division, which had not yet been engaged, was selected to lead the charge against the Union center. Longstreet, in his report, thus describes the arrangement of troops and plan of the assault: "Orders were given to Major-General Pickett to form his line under the best cover that he could get from the enemy's batteries, and so that the center of the assaulting column would arrive at the salient of the enemy's position, General Pickett's line to be the guide and to attack the enemy's defenses, and General Pettigrew, in command of Heth's division, moving on the same line as General Pickett, was to assault the salient at the same moment. Pickett's division was arranged, two brigades in the front line, supported by his third brigade, and Wilcox's brigade was ordered to move in rear of his right flank, to protect it from any force that the enemy might attempt to move against it. Heth's division, under command of Brigadier-General Pettigrew, was arranged in two lines, and these supported by part of Major-General Pender's division, under Major-General Trimble. All of the batteries of the ist and 3d corps, and some of those of the 2nd, were put into the best positions for effective fire upon the point of attack and the hill occupied by the enemy's left. Colonel Walton, chief of artillery of the ist corps, and Colonel Alexander had posted our batteries and agreed with the artillery officers of the other corps upon a signal for the batteries to open." At 1 p. m. two cannon shots were heard in quick succession. This was the signal for the Confederate batteries to open fire, and immediately 150 guns commenced their deadly work. The object was to silence the Union guns, and when this was accomplished Pickett was to move forward to the grand assault which was to decide the fate of the battle. Owing to the convex form of the Federal position only 80 guns could find room on the ridge to respond to the enemy's fire. That number was already in position and for two hours was waged an artillery duel seldom if ever equaled in the annals of wars. The enemy's fire was very effective, although many of the shells went high and exploded in the open ground to the rear of the ridge, forcing the artillery reserve to move to a better protected position. Meade was compelled to change the location of his headquarters, a number of guns were disabled, though they were quickly replaced by others brought up from the reserve, about a dozen caissons were blown up and after each of these explosions the exultant yells of the Confederates could be heard along their entire line. During this time Pickett's men were in the wood on Seminary ridge, waiting for the command to move forward across the 1,400 yards of open ground in their endeavor to pierce the Union center. The Union generals knew that this fierce artillery fire was but the prelude to a charge and placed their commands in position to receive the shock. About 3 o'clock Hunt ordered the guns to cease firing, partly to replenish his supply of ammunition, and partly to see what the enemy would do. Thinking that the batteries were silenced, Pickett emerged from the woods and began his advance, his men marching with such even step that for a little while the whole Union line stood in silent admiration of this display of heroism on the part of men who were marching to certain death. But when about half of the open space had been crossed the Federal batteries again opened with telling effect. Great gaps were torn in Pickett's line by the shot and shell, but they were quickly closed up as the line pressed forward. When the Confederates crossed the Emmitsburg road canister came into use, and at the same time McGilvery's guns on Little Round Top opened a destructive, enfilading fire on the advancing lines. Still on they came. Hancock's skirmishers near the Emmitsburg road were driven back like chaff before the wind. The enemy had now come within musket range and Hays' division poured volley after volley into the left, causing it to waver so that it fell behind the main column. Before Pickett's first line reached the stone wall, behind which the main line of Meade's army was posted, Stannard found an opportunity to make a flank attack with his Vermont brigade. Quickly changing front with two of his three regiments, he brought them perpendicular to the enemy's line and sent in a volley that forced Kemper's brigade staggering back on the center. This was closely followed up by Colonel Gates, of the 20th New York militia, throwing Pickett's left into confusion and causing many to surrender, while others threw away their arms and took to their heels. Although the two ends of the line were badly disorganized by these flank attacks, the center kept bravely on to the stone wall. General Armistead, whose brigade was in this portion of the line, was one of the first to gain the wall. Placing his hat on the point of his sword he waved it above his head and shouted: "Give 'em the cold steel, boys!" His example was speedily followed and with fixed bayonets the Confederates came pouring over the wall. One of the batteries was captured, the enemy's flag floated for a few brief moments over the Federal works, while the "rebel yell" resounded on all sides. But their triumph was of short duration. The place where the Union line was broken was directly in front of Webb's brigade of Gibbon's division. Webb rallied the 72nd Pennsylvania and led it against the enemy; part of the 71st Pennsylvania gained a position behind a stone wall on the right, from which they poured a murderous fire into Armistead's flank; the remainder of this regiment and the 69th Pennsylvania found shelter in a clump of trees and sent a storm of leaden hail into the ranks of the assailants. Colonel Hall, commanding Gibbon's 3d brigade, made a dashing charge with two regiments of his own command, the 15th Massachusetts, the 1st Minnesota, and the 19th Maine of the 1st brigade, that drove the enemy from the works and turned defeat into victory. Back across the open space, over which they had marched with heroic determination but a short time before, the Confederates now fled in the wildest disorder. Of Pickett's three brigade commanders Armistead and Garnett were killed and Kemper severely wounded. Nearly three-fourths of his command were either killed, wounded or captured. As the enemy retreated, Stannard, who had held his position during the action, repeated his flank movement and captured a large part of Wilcox's brigade, which was coming up to Pickett's support. Lee's grand coup de main had failed. While the main battle was in progress in the center there were sharp cavalry engagements on both flanks. On the left part of Kilpatrick's division made a charge through the woods near Devil's Den, against the infantry and artillery stationed there. In this action Kilpatrick lost a number in killed and wounded, among the former being General Farnsworth. The affair on the right was of greater magnitude. Four of Stuart's brigades were ordered to cover Ewell's left, and to make a demonstration to divert attention from the main attack. Then, if Pickett's charge proved successful, he was to fall on the rear of the Federals or harass their retreat. Stuart planted several batteries on the hills commanding the Baltimore pike and made other preparations to attack the minute he heard that Pickett had carried the works on Cemetery hill. Custer's brigade of Kilpatrick's division became engaged, although he was under orders to join his command on the left, and continued the fight until he was relieved by Mcintosh's brigade of Gregg's division. One of Stuart's batteries was posted near the buildings of the Rummel farm and Mcintosh undertook to drive it away. He soon encountered a strong body of skirmishers and sent back for reinforcements. Randol's and Pennington's batteries were moved to the front and soon silenced the enemy's batteries, when Mcintosh moved up and occupied the position. W. H. Lee's brigade now came up to the support of the skirmish line and succeeded in repulsing the ist New Jersey, whose ammunition was exhausted. The 7th Michigan was also driven back and it began to look dark for Mcintosh, when the 5th Michigan made a charge on Lee and soon had him on the retreat. Just then Hampton's brigade, which had been kept in reserve by Stuart, came up and again turned the tide in favor of the Confederates. Although Custer had been relieved he had not yet left the field. Seeing the Union troops about to be overpowered he placed himself at the head of the ist Michigan and shouting "Come on, you Wolverines I" charged with such impetuosity that Hampton's line was temporarily thrown into confusion. Custer's timely action put new courage into those already engaged, and for a few minutes every saber was busy, officers and privates fighting side by side. Captain Hart next brought up a squadron of the ist New Jersey and the Confederates gave way. Beaten at every point the Confederates fell back to a strong position on Seminary ridge, where the army lay all day on the 4th anxiously expecting and dreading an attack from Meade, who was content to hold his position on Cemetery ridge. Some skirmishing occurred during the day and that night Lee's army, broken and dispirited, began its retreat into Virginia. The decisive battle of the Civil war had been fought and won by the Federals, and the days of the Confederacy were numbered. The Union losses at Gettysburg were 3,155 killed, 14,529 wounded and 5,365 missing. The Confederate reports give Lee's losses as being 2,592 killed, 12,709 wounded and 5,150 missing, but the records of prisoners of war in the office of the adjutant-general of the United States army bear the names of 12,277 Confederates who were captured at the battle of Gettysburg.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 455-466.


GEYER, Henry Sheffe, jurist, born in Fredericktown, Maryland, 9 December, 1790; died in St. Louis, Missouri, 5 March, 1859. He began to practise law in his native city in 1811, and on 20 May, 1813, became 1st lieutenant in the 38th Infantry. He was made regimental paymaster on 25 December, and served till June, 1815, when he was mustered out. He then moved to St. Louis, Missouri, at that time a frontier village, and was a member of the territorial legislature in 1818, and captain of the first militia company in the territory. He was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1820, and was five times chosen to the legislature after the admission of Missouri to the Union, serving as speaker of the first three general assemblies of the state. In 1825 he was one of the revisers of the statutes, and contributed largely to the adoption of a code, which was at that time superior to that of any other western state. He declined the post of Secretary of War, tendered him by President Fillmore in 1850, and was then elected U. S. Senator over Thomas H. Benton, on the fortieth ballot, by a majority of five votes. He served from 1851 till 1857, and while in Washington was one of the counsel in the Dred Scott Case. He was the oldest member of the St. Louis Bar, both in years and in professional standing. He published "Statutes of Missouri " (St. Louis, 1817).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 633.


GHENT, KENTUCKY, August 29, 1864. 117th U. S. Colored Infantry. Gibson's Mill, Virginia, February 22, 1864. (See Wyerman's Mill, same date.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 466.


GHERARDI, Bancroft, naval officer, born in Jackson, Louisiana. 10 November. 1832. He entered the U.S. Navy from Massachusetts as midshipman, 29 June, 1846, served on the " Ohio," of the Pacific Squadron, till 1850, entered the Naval Academy in 1852, and was made passed midshipman on 8 June of that year. He became master and lieutenant in 1855, and at the beginning of the Civil War was on the "Lan- caster," of the Pacific Squadron. He was made lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, took part in the engagement with Fort Macon in that year, and in 6commanded successively the gun-boat "Chocorua" and the steamer " Port Royal," of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. In the latter vessel he took part in the battle of Mobile Bay, and distinguished himself for coolness and courage. During the action, by the orders of Captain Thornton A. Jenkins, to whose vessel, the "Richmond." the " Port Royal" was lashed, Gherardi cast off, and went in chase of the Confederate gun-boats “Morgan," " Gaines," and "Selma." Later in the  war he commanded the "Pequot." He was promoted to commander in 1866, to captain in 1874, and to commodore in 1884, and in 1885 served on the board of examiners for promotion. In 1886 he succeeded Admiral Ralph Chandler as commandant of the Brooklyn Navy-yard.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 633-634.


GHOLSON, Samuel Jameson, jurist, born in Madison County, Kentucky, 19 May, 1808: died in Aberdeen, Mississippi, 16 October, 1883. He went with his family in 1817 to Alabama, was educated in the common schools in that state, studied law at Russellville, Alabama, and was admitted to the bar. He moved to Athens, Mississippi, in 1830, and in 1833-'6 was a member of the Mississippi legislature. He was chosen to Congress as a Democrat in January, 1837, to fill a vacancy, and a few months afterward was elected for a full term; but his seat was contested by his opponent, and on 31 January, 1838, was declared vacant by the house. While in Congress, he had several sharp passages with Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, and a duel between the two was at one time prevented only by the influence of John C. Calhoun and other friends of the disputants. Mr. Gholson was appointed U. S. Judge for the District of Mississippi by President Van Buren in 1838, and held this office till 1861, when he resigned and took an active part in the Secession Convention. He then enlisted in the Confederate Army as a private, was chosen captain, and alter the fall of Fort Donelson, where he was wounded, raised another company and was at Iuka and Corinth, where he was wounded again. He was made major-general of state troops in the spring of 1863, and on 1 June, 1864, was promoted to brigadier-general in the Confederate Army, commanding a cavalry brigade in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. He received two more serious wounds near Jackson in 1864, and on 27 December of that year lost his right arm in the action at Egypt, Mississippi. After the war he was again a member of the legislature in 1866 and 1878, being Speaker of the House in the latter rear.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 634.


GIBBS, Robert Wilson, scientist and historian, born in Charleston. South Carolina, 8 July, 1809;  in Columbia, South Carolina, 15 October, 1866, was graduated at South Carolina College in 1827, and at the Medical College of South Carolina, Charleston, in 1830, after attending lectures in Philadelphia in 1827-'8. In 1827-'35 he was assistant professor of chemistry, geology, and mineralogy in South Carolina College. He was twice mayor of Columbia, and in 1852-"60 was editor of the ' Daily South-Carolinian " and the "Weekly Banner." He was surgeon-general of the state from 1861 till the close of the war, and during that time made an examination of the Virginia hospitals, for which he was praised by the Confederate Congress. In 1865, when Columbia was burned, he lost his house, with valuable collections of paintings, fossils, and minerals.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II,


GIBBON, John, soldier, born near Holmesburg, Pennsylvania, 20 April. 1827. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1847. assigned to the artillery, and served at the city of Mexico and Toluca till the close of the Mexican War. From this time till the Civil War he was largely on frontier and garrison duty, but was assistant instructor of artillery at West Point in 1854-'7, and quartermaster there in 1856-"9. On 2 November, 1859, he became captain in the 4th Artillery. He was chief of artillery of General McDowell's division from 29 October, 1861, till 2 May, 1862, and at the latter date was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a brigade through the Northern Virginia, Maryland, Rappahannock, and Pennsylvania Campaigns in 1862-'3, receiving the brevets of major in the regular army, 17 September, 1862, for Antietam; lieutenant-colonel, 13 December 1862, for Fredericksburg, where he commanded a division, was wounded, and disabled for three months; and colonel, 4 July, 1863, for Gettysburg, where he was severely wounded while in command of the 2d Army Corps. He was disabled by this wound till 15 November, when he commanded the draft depot at Philadelphia till 21 March, 1864. He was then assigned to a division of the 2d Corps, becoming a major-general of volunteers on 7 June, 1864. and being engaged at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor. After 15 January, 1865, he commanded the 24th Army Corps, and was before Petersburg from 15 June, 1864, till 2 April, 1865. taking part in the assaults of the last two days, and carrying two redoubts. He was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general, U. S. Army, to date from 13 March, 1865, was one of the commissioners to carry into effect the stipulations for Lee's surrender, and was mustered out of volunteer service on 15 January, 1866. Since the war he has commanded various posts as colonel of the 36th Infantry in 1866-'9, and of the 7th Infantry in 1869-86. He was superintendent of the general recruiting service in New York City in 1873, had charge of the Yellowstone Expedition against Sitting Bull in 1876, and on 9 August, 1877, commanded in the action with the Nez Perces Indians at Big Hole Pass, Montana, where he was wounded. He temporarily commanded the Department of Dakota in 1878, and since 29 July, 1885, that of the Columbia, having charge in 1885-'6, by direction of the president, of the suppression of the riots against the Chinese in Washington Territory. On 10 July, 1886. he was promoted to brigadier-general. General Gibbon has published " The Artillerist's Manual" (Now York, 1859), and has contributed articles to current literature, including one on "Our Indian Question" in the Journal of the military service institution, for which a prize medal was awarded him.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 640.


GIBBONS, James Sloan, 1810-1892, Philadelphia, PA, New York, NY, Society of Friends, Quaker, merchant, abolitionist, philanthropist.  Member of the Executive Committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1839-1840, 1840-1844.  Married to abolitionist Abigale Hooper.  (Drake, 1950, pp. 160, 162, 198; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 636; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 242)

GIBBONS, James Sloan, merchant, born in Wilmington, Delaware, 1 July, 1810, was educated in private schools in his native city, and in early life moved to Philadelphia, where he became a merchant. He came to New York in 1835, and has since been connected with banks and finance in that city. He has contributed to various literary and financial periodicals, and has published " The Banks of New York, their Dealers, the Clearing House, and the Panic of 1857," with a financial chart (New York, 1858), and " The Public Debt of the United States, its Organization, its Liquidation, and the Financial System" (1867).  His song “We are Coming father Abraham”, was a very popular song during the Civil War. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 636.


GIBBONS, Abby (Abigail) Hopper, 1801-1893, Society of Friends, Quaker, women’s prison reformer, philanthropist, abolitionist, daughter of Isaac and Sarah Hopper, wife of noted abolitionist James Sloan Gibbons.  Gibbons was a member of the Executive Committee from 1841-1844.  American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).  The Manhattan Anti-Slavery Society.  (Emerson, 1897; Yellin, 1994, p. 43n41; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 636; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 237; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 347-348; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 8, p. 906)

GIBBONS, Abigail Hopper, philanthropist, born in Philadelphia, 7 December, 1801, is a daughter of Isaac T. Hopper, the Quaker philanthropist. After teaching in Philadelphia and New York, she married Mr. Gibbons in 1833, and in 1836 moved to New York with him. In 1845 Mrs. Gibbons aided her father in forming the Women's Prison Association, and in founding homes for discharged prisoners, and frequently visited the various prisons in and about New York. She was the principal founder of the Isaac T. Hopper Home, and for twelve years was president of a German Industrial School for Street Children, the attendance at which increased in four months from 7 to nearly 200. Throughout the war Mrs. Gibbons gave efficient aid in hospital and camp, often at personal risk, and in 1863, during the draft riots, her house was one of the first to be sacked by the mob, owing to the well-known anti-slavery sentiments of herself and her husband. The attention of the rioters was first called to the house by someone who pointed it out as the residence of Horace Greeley. After the war she planned and organized a labor and aid association for the widows and orphans of soldiers. She aided in establishing the New York Infant Asylum in 1871, and the New York Diet Kitchen in 1873, and has been one of the active managers of both these institutions.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 636.


GIBBONS, Henry, abolitionist, Wilmington, Delaware, American Anti-Slavery Society, Manager, 1839-40, Vice-President, 1840-43. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II. p. 636.

GIBBONS, Henry, physician, born in Wilmington, Delaware, 20 Sept., 1808; died there, 5 November, 1884, was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1829, practised in Wilmington till 1841, and then in Philadelphia, where he was professor of the principles and practice of medicine in the Philadelphia College of Medicine. He moved in 1850 to San Francisco, California, where he became, in 1861, professor of materia medica in the Medical College of the Pacific (now Cooper Medical College), being transferred to the chair of the principles and practice of medicine in 1868. He was president of the California State Board of Health from its establishment in 1873 till his death, and edited the “Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal” for twenty years. Dr. Gibbons was a founder of the California Academy of Sciences. He published a prize essay on “Tobacco” and several addresses and essays. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II. p. 636.


GIBBONS, Joseph, philanthropist, born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 14 August, 1818; died there, 9 December, 1883. He was of a family of English Quakers who came from Wiltshire about the time of Perm's settlement of the colony. He was graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1845, and in the same year married Phebe, eldest daughter of Thomas Earle, who was the first candidate of the Liberty Party for vice-president of the United States in 1840, the presidential candidate being James G. Birney. Dr. Gibbons's life was chiefly identified with the practical side of the anti-slavery movement. He was instrumental with his father in aiding over 1,000 runaway slaves to freedom by the system quaintly known as the " Underground Railroad." Some account of this peculiar institution may be found in William Still's " Underground Railroad" (Philadelphia, 1872), and Dr. Smedley's "History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania" (Lancaster, 1883). Dr. Gibbons was also an earnest temperance advocate, and did much to popularize the public school system of Pennsylvania in its infancy. He was regarded as one of the founders of the Republican Party in his native state, and enjoyed the friendship and esteem of Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joshua R. Giddings, David Wilmot, and Henry Wilson. He established the "Friends' Journal " in 1873, and, though partially deprived of speech by apoplexy soon afterward, conducted it until his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 637.


GIBBS, George, antiquarian, born in Sunswick, now Astoria, L. I., 17 July, 1815; died in New Haven, Connecticut, 9 April, 1873, received his early education at Round Hill school in Northampton, Massachusetts, under George Bancroft and Joseph G. Cogswell. He spent two years in foreign travel, and then was graduated at Harvard Law-School in 1838. Subsequently he practised in New York City with Prescott Hall, and devoted himself to the historical branch of conveyancing, making valuable collections of titles and abstracts. He also at this time occupied himself with the preparation of the " Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams," edited from the papers of his grandfather, Oliver Wolcott (New York, 1846). His early fondness for outdoor life continued as long as he lived, and soon after the discovery of gold in California he marched with the mounted rifles overland from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast, establishing himself in Columbia, Oregon. In 1854 he received the appointment of collector of Astoria, which he held for several years, and on the expiration of his term of office remained in the west, devoting his attention to the study of Indian dialects and to geology and natural history. Later he was attached to the U. S. Government Boundary Commission, where his knowledge of natural history made his services of great value, and he was also geologist under General Isaac I. Stevens on the survey of the North Pacific Railroad. In 1857 he was appointed to the Northwest Boundary Survey, and at the close of its work prepared an elaborate report on the geology and natural history of the country. He returned to New York in 1860, and was active in his efforts toward preventing secession. In 1861 he volunteered and did military duty in Washington. During the draft riots in New York, two years later, he offered to defend the residence of General John C. Fremont when a night attack was threatened.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 637-638.


GIBBS, Alfred, soldier, born in Sunswick. L. I., 22 April. 1823: died in Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, 26 December, 1868. His family, disappointed in their wish to obtain a military appointment for their second son. persisted in the effort, and as the one grew beyond the age within which the candidate is eligible, the claim for appointment was transferred to the next, and as persistently urged. The second son was compelled to give up his ambition, but the third received the long-sought commission. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1846. assigned to the mounted rifles, and received two brevets during the Mexican War—that of 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, where he was wounded, and that of captain for his services at Garita de Belen, city of Mexico. He was also at Vera Cruz, Confreres, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. He was aide-de camp to General Persifor P. Smith in Mexico, California, and Texas in 1848-'56, was promoted to 1st lieutenant, 31 May, 1853, and served on the frontier till the Civil War, being severely wounded in a skirmish with Apache Indians at Cooke's Spring, N. M., 8 March, 1857, and taking part in the Navajo Expedition of 1860. He was depot commissary at Albuquerque, N. M., in 1860-'l, was promoted to captain, 13 May, 1861, and on 37 August, 1862, was taken prisoner by the Confederates at San Augustine Springs, N. M. He was paroled till exchanged, 27 August, 1862, and on 6 September became colonel of the 130th New York Regiment. He was engaged in the operations about Suffolk, Virginia, till June, 1863, and in July and August of that year in organizing his command as a cavalry regiment, which was afterward known as the 1st New York Dragoons. In 1864-'5 he commanded a cavalry reserve brigade, and served under General Sheridan on several of his cavalry raids. He was brevetted major, 11 June, 1864, for gallantry at Trevillian Station, Virginia, lieutenant-colonel for services at the battle of Winchester, and on 19 October, 1864, became brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a cavalry brigade in the final attack and pursuit of the Army of Northern Virginia in March and April, 1865, and on 13 March received all the brevets up to and including that of major-general, U. S. Army, for his services during the war. He was mustered out of volunteer service, 1 February, 1866, became major in the 7th U.S. Cavalry on 28 July, and served in various forts in Kansas till his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 638-639.


GIBBS, Josiah Willard, Sr., 1790-1861, New Haven, Connecticut, abolitionist, philologist, author.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 630; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 247

GIBBS, Josiah Willard, philologist, born in Salem, Massachusetts, 30 April, 1790; died in New Haven, Connecticut, 25 March, 1861. He was graduated at Yale in 1809, and from 1811 till 1815 was connected with the college as tutor. Subsequently he spent some years at Andover, where he devoted himself to the study of Hebrew and biblical literature, producing at this time some of his most important works. In 1824 he was called to New Haven, and became professor of sacred literature in the theological school of Yale College, which chair he retained until his death. He also held the office of librarian from 1824 till 1843, and in 1853 received the degree of LL. D. from Princeton. Professor Gibbs was a constant contributor of articles on points of biblical criticism, archæology and philological science to the “Christian Spectator,” “Biblical Repository,” “New Englander,” and the “American Journal of Science.” He was particularly fond of grammatical and philological studies, and attained a high reputation for thoroughness and accuracy in them. His work appears in several of the most important philological books published during the century, and among others in the revised edition of Webster's “Unabridged Dictionary” and Professor William C. Fowler's “English Language in its Elements and its Forms” (New York, 1850). For some years, he was one of the publishing committee of the American oriental Society. Professor Gibbs published a translation of Storr's “Historical Sense of the New Testament” (Boston, 1817); a translation of Gesenius's “Hebrew Lexicon of the Old Testament” (Andover, 1824; London, 1827); an abridged form of Gesenius's “Manual Hebrew and English Lexicon” (1828); “Philological Studies with English Illustrations” (New Haven, 1856); “A New Latin Analyst” (1859); and “Teutonic Etymology” (1860).  Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 630


GIBBS, Mifflin Wistar (American National Biography, 2002, Vol. 8)


GIDDINGS, Howard, abolitionist


GIBSON, Randall Lee, senator born at Spring Hill, Woodford County, Kentucky, 10 September. 1832. His grandfather, Randall Gibson, was a Revolutionary soldier, who, after the War of Independence, moved with his kindred to the southwest, and finally made his home at Oakley, Warren County, Mississippi. He built the first church, and founded the first college (Jefferson) in the Mississippi Valley. His father, Tobias Gibson, was a large sugar-planter in Terre Bonne Parish, Louisiana. Randall was graduated with honors at Yale in 1853, and was also class orator. He was graduated in 1855 at the law department of the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University), of which he is at, present (1887) the official head, being president of the board of administrators. He then studied at Berlin, travelled in Russia, and spent six months as an attaché of the American legation at Madrid. On his return he engaged in sugar-planting, until the Civil War, when he joined the Confederate Army as a private, but was made a captain in the 1st Louisiana Artillery, and stationed at Fort Jackson, below New Orleans. Not long afterward he was elected colonel of the 13th Louisiana Infantry. At Shiloh he commanded a brigade, which attacked the "hornet's nest" in  front, and was four times repelled with great  slaughter, but he held on, was in the front line at i sunset, and was distinguished in the fighting next day. Gibson was with Bragg's army in the Kentucky Campaign, and was recommended for promotion for skill and gallantry at Perryville, where one third of his brigade were killed or wounded, and at Murfreesboro and Chickamauga. He was in all the battles in General Joseph E. Johnston's retreat from Dalton to Atlanta, and at Jonesboro lost half his command. In the defeat of General Hood at Nashville he successfully covered the retreat. In Canby's campaign against Mobile, Gibson was detached with 3,500 men to Spanish Fort, where he held the National forces at bay for two weeks, and then withdrew his entire command, under cover of darkness, threading a pathway only eighteen inches wide through a marsh. He was financially ruined by the war, but, resuming his profession in New Orleans, soon acquired a lucrative practice. In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a democrat, but was not admitted to a seat. He was again elected in 1874, 1876, 1878, and 1880. He was then sent to the U. S. Senate, and took his seat 4 March, 1883. He may fairly be said to have been the father of the policy for the improvement of the Mississippi River, which he originated, and has consistently advocated and successfully guided. He has been the most pronounced opponent in the south of all forms of financial inflation and irredeemable issues. As a member of the ways and means committee he steadily advocated moderate measures of revenue reform, and resisted alike the extreme protectionists and the free-traders. In 1883 he was selected by Paul Tulane as president of the board of administrators who were to manage his gift for education in New Orleans, now estimated at $1,500,000. Under his auspices Tulane University was founded.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 640-641.


GIDDINGS, Joshua Reed, 1795-1865, lawyer, statesman, anti-slavery U.S. Congressman, Northern Whig from Ohio, elected in 1838.  First abolitionist elected to House of Representatives. Worked to eliminate “gag rule,” which prohibited anti-slavery petitions. Served until 1859.  Leader and founder of the Republican Party. Supported admission of Florida as a free state.  Opposed annexation of Texas and the war against the Seminoles in Florida.  Argued that slavery in territories and District of Columbia was unlawful.  Active in Underground Railroad.  Was censured by the House of Representatives for his opposition to slavery.  Opposed Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and against further expansion of slavery into the new territories acquired during the Mexican War of 1846.

 (Blue, 2005, pp. 69, 84, 86, 100, 163, 165, 188, 199, 201, 202, 216, 218-220, 221, 224, 245; Dumond, 1961, pp. 243-245, 302, 339, 368; Filler, 1960, pp. 103, 145, 186, 224, 247, 258, 264, 268; Locke, 1901, pp. 64, 175; Mabee, 1970, pp. 56, 63, 261, 305, 306; Miller, 1996; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 6, 23-26, 32-33, 45, 48-49, 54-55, 60, 61, 63, 65, 69-72, 131, 136, 162-163, 166-167; Pease, 1965, pp. 411-417; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 45, 47-49, 56, 173, 305, 316-318; Stewart, 1970; Wilson, 1872, pp. 446-455; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 641-642; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 260; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 8, p. 946)

GIDDINGS, Joshua Reed, statesman, born in Athens, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 6 October, 1795; died in Montreal, Canada, 27 May, 1864. His parents moved to Canandaigua, New York, and in 1806 to Ashtabula county, Ohio, where the boy worked on his father's farm, and by devoting his evenings to hard study made up somewhat for his limited educational advantages. In 1812 he enlisted in a regiment commanded by Colonel Richard Hayes, being the youngest member, and was in an expedition sent to the Peninsula north of Sandusky Bay. There, 29 September, 1812, twenty-two men, of whom he was one, had a skirmish with Indians, in which six of the soldiers were killed and six wounded. Mr. Giddings afterward erected a monument there to the memory of his fallen comrades. After the war he became a teacher, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. He was elected to the Ohio legislature in 1826, served one term, and declined a re-election. In 1838 he was elected, as a Whig, to Congress, where he had hardly taken his seat before he became prominent as an advocate of the right of petition, and the abolition of slavery and the domestic slave-trade. He had been known as an active abolitionist before his election. His first attempt to discuss the subject on the floor of Congress, 11 February, 1839, was thwarted by the gag rule; but two years later, 9 February, 1841, he delivered a notable speech on the war with the Indians in Florida, in which he maintained that the contest was waged solely in the interest of slavery, the object being to enslave the Maroons of that state, who were affiliated with the Seminoles, and break up the asylums for fugitives. This subject he set forth more elaborately years afterward in his “Exiles of Florida” (Columbus, Ohio, 1858; new ed., New York, 1863). In the autumn of 1841 the “Creole” sailed from Virginia for Louisiana with a cargo of slaves, who got possession of the vessel, ran into the British port of Nassau, N. P., and, in accordance with British law, were set free. In the excitement that followed, Daniel Webster, secretary of state, wrote to Edward Everett, U. S. minister at London, saying that the government would demand indemnification for the owners of the slaves. Thereupon Mr. Giddings, 21 March, 1842, offered in the House of Representatives a series of resolutions in which it was declared that, as slavery was an abridgment of a natural right, it had no force beyond the territorial jurisdiction that created it; that when an American vessel was not in the waters of any state it was under the jurisdiction of the United States alone, which had no authority to hold slaves; and that the mutineers of the “Creole” had only resumed their natural right to liberty, and any attempt to re-enslave them would be unconstitutional and dishonorable. So much excitement was created by these resolutions that Mr. Giddings, on the advice of his friends, withdrew them, but said he would present them again at some future time. The house then, on motion of John Minor Botts, of Virginia, passed a resolution of censure (125 to 69), and by means of the previous question denied Mr. Giddings an opportunity to speak in his own defence. He at once resigned his seat and appealed to his constituents, who re-elected him by a large majority. In the discussion of the “Amistad” case (see Cinque), Mr. Giddings took the same ground as in the similar case of the “Creole,” and in a speech a few years later boldly maintained that to treat a human being as property was a crime. In 1843 he united with John Quincy Adams and seventeen other members of Congress in issuing an address to the people of the country, declaring that the annexation of Texas “would be identical with dissolution”; and in the same year he published, under the pen-name of “Pacificus,” a notable series of political essays. A year later he and Mr. Adams presented a report discussing a memorial from the Massachusetts legislature, in which they declared that the liberties of the American people were founded on the truths of Christianity. On the Oregon question, he held that the claim of the United States to the whole territory was just, and should be enforced, but predicted that the Polk administration would not keep the promise on which it had been elected — expressed in the motto “Fifty-four forty, or fight” — and his prediction was fulfilled. In 1847 he refused to vote for Robert C. Winthrop, the candidate of his party for speaker of the house, on the ground that his position on the slavery question was not satisfactory; and the next year, for the same reason, he declined to support the candidacy of General Taylor for the presidency, and acted with the Free-Soil Party. In 1849, with eight other Congressmen, he refused to support any candidate for the speakership who would not pledge himself so to appoint the standing committees that petitions on the subject of slavery could obtain a fair consideration; and the consequence was the defeat of Mr. Winthrop and the election of Howell Cobb, the Democratic candidate. Mr. Giddings opposed the compromise measures of 1850, which included the fugitive-slave law, and the repeal of the Missouri compromise, taking a prominent part in the debates. In 1850, being charged with wrongfully taking important papers from the post-office, he demanded an investigation, and was exonerated by a committee that was composed chiefly of his political opponents. It was shown that the charge was the work of a conspiracy. In 1856, and again in 1858, he suddenly became unconscious, and fell while addressing the house. His Congressional career of twenty years' continuous service ended on 4 March, 1859, when he declined another nomination. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him U. S. consul-general in Canada, which office he held until the time of his death. One who knew him personally writes: “He was about six feet one inch in height, broad-shouldered, of very stalwart build, and was considered the most muscular man on the floor of the house. Whenever he spoke he was listened to with great attention by the whole house, the members frequently gathering around him. He had several affrays on the floor, but invariably came out ahead. On one occasion he was challenged by a southern member, and promptly accepted, selecting as the weapons two raw-hides. The combatants were to have their left hands tied together by the thumbs, and at a signal castigate each other till one cried enough. A look at Mr. Giddings's stalwart frame influenced the southerner to back out.” Mr. Giddings published a volume of his speeches (Boston, 1853), and wrote “The Rebellion: its Authors and Causes,” a history of the anti-slavery struggle in Congress, which was issued posthumously (New York, 1864). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 641-642.

Chapter: “Coastwise Slave-Trade. - Demands upon the British Government - Censure of Mr. Giddings,” by Henry Wilson, in History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, 1872.

The British government was assured by Mr. Webster that the case was one " calling loudly for redress"; that the " Creole" was passing from one port to another of the United States, on a voyage " perfectly lawful,'' with persons bound to service belonging to American citizens, and recognized as property by the Constitution of the United States and in those States in which slavery existed; that the slaves rose, murdered one man, and that the " mutineers and murderers " took the vessel into a British port. He declared that it was the plain and obvious duty of the authorities of Nassau to assist in restoring to the master and crew their vessel, and in enabling them to resume their voyage and to take with them the mutineers and murderers to their own country to answer for their crimes. This extraordinary position and claim were laid before the British government; but all efforts to secure compensation for the slaves, or the surrender of the men who had asserted and maintained their own liberty, were unavailing. England declined to act the ignoble part of a slave-catcher for the slave-traffickers of the United States.

Mr. Giddings, then a member of the House of Representatives, was so impressed with the positions of the President and Senate, that he deemed it to be a duty he owed to his country to combat them. He drew up a series of resolutions, setting forth that prior to the adoption of the Constitution each State exercised full and perfect jurisdiction over slaves in its own territory; that by the adoption of the Constitution no part of that jurisdiction was delegated to the Federal government; that by the Constitution each State surrendered to the Federal government complete jurisdiction over commerce and navigation; that slavery, being an abridgment of the natural rights of men, could exist only by positive municipal law; that, when a ship belonging to a citizen of any State left the waters of the United States and entered upon the high seas, the persons on board became amenable to the laws of the United States; that when the brig " Creole " left Virginia the slavery laws of that State ceased to have jurisdiction over the persons on board; that in resuming their natural rights they violated no law of the United States, nor incurred any legal penalties; that all attempts to gain possession of or to re-enslave these persons were unauthorized by the Constitution and laws of the United States; that all attempts to exert the influence of the nation in favor of the coastwise slave-trade was subversive of the rights of the people of the free States, unauthorized by the Constitution, and prejudicial to the national character.

These resolutions were submitted to the consideration of Mr. Adams. He avowed his readiness to support them, excepting the one denying the right of the Federal government to abolish slavery in the States. He held that the national government, in case of insurrection or war, might, under the war-power, abolish slavery, and, with statesmanlike sagacity and a wise forecast of possible contingencies, which subsequent events proved to be near at hand, he did not wish to give a vote that would be quoted by the friends of slavery as a denial of that power; " but," he added, " I will cheerfully sustain all but that which denies this right to the Federal government.''

When, on the 21st of March, the State of Ohio was called, Mr. Giddings introduced these resolutions, and gave notice that he would call them up for" consideration the next day. The reading of the resolutions attracted profound attention, and created much excitement. Mr. Ward, a Democratic member from New York, proposed to bring the House to an immediate vote by demanding the previous question, remarking that the resolutions were too important to be adopted or rejected without consideration, Mr. Everett of Vermont moved to lay them on the table; but his motion was defeated by a large majority. Mr. Holmes of South Carolina; rising under great excitement, remarked: "There are certain topics, like certain places, of which it might be said, ' Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.' “The House, by the large vote of one hundred and twenty-two to sixty-one, sustained the previous question. Mr. Everett asked to be excused from voting. As the subject was very important, and would probably come before the Committee on Foreign Relations, of which he was a member, he did not desire to express an opinion until he had examined it. He was a gentleman of high character, ripe age, large experience, and of much influence with his party and in the House. Usually moderate and cautious, on this occasion he seemed to be influenced by the excitement around him, and expressed his “utter abhorrence of the firebrand course of the gentleman from Ohio.'' Mr. Fessenden, then a young and rising member of the House from Maine, thought the resolutions were too important to be voted upon without greater deliberation. Mr. Cushing, then understood to be a special friend of the President and an exponent of his views, after reading the resolutions at the clerk's table, said: “They appear to be a British argument on a great question between the British and American governments, and constitute an approximation to treason on which I intend to vote ' No.'"

At the request of Mr. Fessenden, Mr. Giddings withdrew the resolutions, remarking that they would be published, and gentlemen would have time to examine them with care, and would present them the next day, when the resolutions would be in order. Mr. Botts then rose and, remarking that the withdrawal of the resolutions did not excuse their presentation, submitted a preamble and resolution; the first setting forth that Mr. Giddings, had presented a series of resolutions touching the most important interest connected with a large portion of the Union, then a subject of negotiation with the government of Great Britain of the most delicate nature, the result of which " might involve those nations and perhaps the civilized world in war," in which mutiny and murder were justified and approved in terms shocking all sense of law, order, and humanity; and the latter declaring that this House holds that "the conduct of the said member is altogether inconsistent and unwarranted, and deserving the severest condemnation of the people of this country, and of this body in particular." Objection being made to the consideration of the resolution, Mr. Botts moved a suspension of the rules, but was not sustained by a vote of the House.

As Ohio was still under the call for resolutions, under the rule, Mr. Weller, a Democratic member from that State, adopted Mr. Botts's resolution as his own, offered it, and called for the previous question. Several members questioned the propriety of ordering the previous question; but Mr. Weller, who was a Democrat of the most intense proslavery type, persisted in demanding it. The Speaker, Mr. White of Kentucky, decided that on a question of privilege the previous question could not cut off a member from his defence. Mr. Fillmore appealed from the decision; and the House overruled the Speaker by a large majority, and adjourned.

Thus, arraigned for a conscientious discharge of public duty, Mr. Giddings spent the entire night and the forenoon of the next day in preparing for his defence. Calling at the residence of Mr. Adams, for the purpose of consultation, he found, he says," the aged patriot laboring under great distress." He expressed to Mr. Giddings the fear that no defence would be permitted; that the question would be taken without debate, and the vote of censure passed. Mr. Giddings anticipated the vote of censure; but he suggested that the reflections of the night would convince members of “the impropriety of condemning a man unheard." To this suggestion, Mr. Adams made the discriminating and suggestive reply: "You are not as familiar with the slaveholding character as I am. Slaveholders act from impulse, not from reflection. They act together from interest, and have no dread of the displeasure of their constituents when they act for slavery."

On the assembling of the House, the Speaker remarked that the first business was on seconding the demand for the previous question. Mr. Weller said he would withdraw his demand for the previous question if Mr. Giddings would proceed with his defence, with the understanding that it should be called when he closed. But, Mr. Giddings refusing to make any terms to secure what he deemed to be his constitutional right, the previous question was ordered by seven majority. Mr. Weller then moved the suspension of the rules, to allow Mr. Giddings to make his defence; but the Speaker pronounced the motion out of order. To the suggestion of Mr. Adams that while the previous question cut off other members it ought not to apply to the member accused, the Speaker replied that the House had decided that the previous question applied to cases of privilege, and the privilege of one was the privilege of all.

The motion was made to hear Mr. Giddings by unanimous consent, and it was announced that such consent had been given. Mr. Giddings then said:" Mr. Speaker, I stand before the House in a peculiar position." Mr. Cooper of Georgia then objected to his proceeding, and he took his seat. Members gathered around Mr. Cooper, and persuaded him to withdraw his objection; but it was renewed by Mr. Calhoun of Massachusetts, who declared that he would not see a member of the House speak under such circumstances.

Mr. Giddings states that when he rose to speak he had intended to say: “It is proposed to pass a vote of censure upon me, substantially for the reason that I differ in opinion from a majority of the members. The vote is about to be taken without giving me an opportunity to be heard. It was idle for me to say I am ignorant of the disposition of a majority of the members to pass a vote of censure. I have been violently assailed in a personal manner, but have had no opportunity of being heard in reply. Nor do I ask for any favor at the hands of gentlemen; but, in the name of an insulted constituency, in behalf of one of the States of this Union, in behalf of the people of these States and of our Federal Constitution, I demand a hearing in the ordinary mode of proceeding. I accept no other privilege. I will receive no other courtesy."

The House, by a vote of one hundred and twenty-five to sixty-nine, adopted the vote of censure. Mr. Giddings then rose and, taking formal leave of the Speaker and officers of the House, retired from the hall. As he reached the front door he met Mr. Clay and Mr. Crittenden. Mr. Giddings states that "as Mr. Clay extended to me his hand he thanked me for the firmness with which I had met the outrage perpetrated upon me, and declared that no man would ever doubt my perfect right to state my own views, particularly while the Executive and the Senate were expressing theirs." Mr. Giddings immediately resigned, returned to Ohio, issued an address to the people of his district, was re-elected by a largely increased majority, and in five weeks took his seat in the House, “clothed with instructions from the people of his district to re-present his resolutions, and maintain to the extent of his power the doctrine which they asserted." He received a warm greeting from the friends of the freedom of debate, who had bravely stood by him in his time of trial.

The action of the House of Representatives, thus signally rebuked by Mr. Giddings's constituents, was also condemned by public meetings, whose proceedings were presented to Congress. Even some Democratic papers, among them the New York "Evening Post,'' asserted the right of Mr. Giddings to present his resolutions. And William C. Bryant, its accomplished editor, declared that if he was a resident of Mr. Giddings's District he would use every honorable means to secure his re-election. This action of the people produced most marked effects upon Congress. The majority who censured Mr. Giddings, fearing if the resolutions were again introduced they would be compelled to vote upon the principles embodied in them, voted, during the remainder of the session, when by the rules resolutions might be presented, to proceed to other business. Finding he could not present the resolutions, he reasserted and vindicated the principles embodied in them in an able and effective speech, which was listened to without interruption. Indeed; notwithstanding all their bluster and arrogant pretension, there seemed from that time a marked falling-off in their zeal, and a manifest disposition to desist from claims they had just declared their purpose to press even to and beyond the very verge of war. And this, notwithstanding the significant fact that the British ministry had not only refused the indemnity so clamorously demanded, but declined to deliver up Madison Washington and his compeers of the " Creole's" brave "nineteen," stigmatized by members of Congress as " murderers and mutineers."  When Lord Ashburton was charged with the mission of settling all questions of difference between the two nations, the British government especially instructed him to hold no correspondence on points pertaining to this controversy.

This sudden change of tactics of Southern members not only appears in marked contrast with their previous violent demonstrations, but provokes no very flattering estimate of the course of those Northern senators who had not a single vote to· cast against the resolutions of Mr. Calhoun, which defiantly demanded what even the South itself found it convenient to forget. Indeed, that absence of a single negative that unbroken silence, spoke louder than words. Trumpet-tongued it proclaimed the vassalage of the nation to the Slave Power, and the ignoble and cruel bondage under which the parties and public men of those days were held. It revealed the humiliating fact that they were obliged to smother their convictions and ignore the claims of truth, and were compelled to take the weightiest questions of government and those of national importance from the high court of reason and conscience into the secret conclave of party cabals, inspired by the spirit of slavery and under the discipline of the plantation. If the time ever comes when "things” shall be "what they seem," and conscience and candor shall take the place of mere policy and pretension, it will be regarded as among the marvels of history that men acting from such motives in their public capacity should ever exhibit anything honorable and hearty in their personal and social relations, or that a representation acquiescing and participating in such an administration of public affairs could be anything but demoralized and debauched in the personnel of which it was composed.

Mr. Giddings had been appointed, by the Speaker, chairman of the Committee on Claims, a position he held at the time of his resignation, when another was appointed for the remainder of the session. At the beginning of the next session, an unavailing effort was made by Southern members to induce the Speaker not to reappoint Mr. Giddings to this important post. Mr. White, a personal friend of Mr. Clay, and among the most liberal of Southern statesmen, had pronounced the vote of censure an outrage, and without hesitation made Mr. Giddings chairman again of the committee. Consisting of nine members, it was composed of four Northern and two Southern Whigs, one Southern and two Northern Democrats. The three Democrats and two Southern Whigs had given their votes for the censure, and they deemed it a humiliation to sit with him as chairman. They accordingly determined to revive an old rule of the House, which had practically become obsolete, authorizing the committees to choose their own chairmen. A member of the committee apprised Mr. Giddings of this purpose, and advised him to resign. Having, however, acted according to the dictates of his conscience, he chose to abide the result. Mr. Arnold, a slaveholding Whig of Tennessee, refusing to support a scheme which he styled an outrage on a member because he was opposed to slavery, the project fell through and Mr. Giddings was permitted to retain his position.

But Mr. Giddings's earnest and outspoken fidelity to principle and to the cause of human rights often involved him in conflicts and exposed him to personal dangers, which well-illustrated at once the coarse brutality and domineering violence of the slave-masters and the rough road they were called to travel who dared to question their supremacy and oppose their policy. A somewhat marked example occurred near the close of the session in 1845. For the purpose of exhibiting the rascality of slaveholding demands, and the guilty subserviency and complicity of the government in yielding to those demands, he referred to the treaty of Indian Spring, by which, after paying the slaveholders of Georgia the sum of $109,000 for slaves who had escaped to Florida, it added the sum of $141,000 as compensation demanded for " the off spring which the females would have borne to their masters had they remained in bondage." And, said Mr. Giddings, Congress actually paid that sum” for children who were never born, but who might have been if their parents had remained faithful slaves." 

Mr. Giddings's characterization of these outrageous and indecent demands and of this utterly indefensible policy greatly nettled the Southern members. Mr. Black of Georgia, in a towering passion, poured forth a torrent of coarse invectives and insinuations. He charged that Mr. Giddings had been interested in the horses and wagon lost by Mr. Torrey in his attempt to aid escaping fugitives; that Torrey died in the penitentiary; that the member of Ohio ought to be there; and, if Congress could decide the question, that would be his doom. With low-minded impertinence, he advised him to return to his constituents to “inquire if he had a character," asserting that he had none in that hall. To this gross assault, Mr. Giddings replied with becoming dignity and force. Alluding to the policy which would throw around all executive and Congressional action in behalf of slavery the shield "of perpetual silence," he said he did not hold the member from Georgia so much responsible as he did "the more respectable members" who stood around him, for the display of that " brutal coarseness which nothing but the moral putridity of slavery could encourage.", What he had said, he contended, were historic facts that could not be disproved. To the personal assault, he should make no other reply than that he stood there clothed with the confidence of an intelligent constituency, while his antagonist, alluding to Mr. Black's failure to secure a re-election, had been discarded.  

Of course, language so direct and severe did but fan to a fiercer flame the fire that was already raging, and a collision seemed inevitable. Mr. Black, approaching Mr. Giddings with an uplifted cane, said: “If you repeat those words I will knock you down." The latter repeating them, the former was seized by his friends and borne from the hall. Mr. Dawson of Louisiana, who on a previous occasion had attempted to assault him, approaching him and, cocking his pistol, profanely exclaimed: " I ‘ll shoot him; by G-d I 'll shoot him ' " At the same moment, Mr. Causin of Maryland placed himself in front of Mr. Dawson, with his right hand upon his weapon concealed in his bosom. At this juncture four members from the Democratic side took their position by the side of the member from Louisiana, each man putting his hand in his pocket and apparently grasping his weapon. At the same moment, Mr. Rayner of North Carolina, Mr. Hudson of Massachusetts, and Mr. Foot of Vermont, came to Mr. Giddings's rescue, who, thus confronted and thus supported, continued his speech. Dawson stood fronting him till its close, and Causin remained facing the latter until he returned to the Democratic side. Thus, demoralized and imbruted seemed the men, even those high in station, who assumed to be the champions of slavery and its policy. Upon such men, moral considerations were lost. The only forces they ever respected were those of physical power.

Source:  Wilson, Henry, History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. 1.  Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1872, 446-455.


GIDDINGS, Lura Maria, abolitionist, member of the American Anti-Slavery Society.  Daughter of Joshua Reed Giddings.  (Blue, 2005, p. 183)


GIHON, Albert Leary, surgeon, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 6 June, 1833. He was graduated at the Philadelphia High-school in 1850, and was professor in the Philadelphia Medical College in 1853-'4. He entered the U. S. Navy in 1855 as assistant surgeon, became surgeon in 1861, medical inspector in 1872, and medical director with the rank of captain, in 1879. He is now (1887) stationed at Mare Island, California. His published works are "Practical Suggestions in Naval Hygiene " (New York. 1871);" The Need of Sanitary Reform in Ship Life" (1877); "Sanitary Commonplaces Applied to the Navy" (1877); and the "Prevention of Venereal Disease by Legislation" (1882), and is a constant contributor to magazines and newspapers.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 644.


GILBERT, Abijah, 1806-1881, New York, advocate of abolitionism.  Member of the Whig and Republican Parties.  U.S. Senator from Florida, 1869-1875.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 644; Biographical Directory of the United States Congress)

GILBERT, Abijah, senator, born in Gilbertsville, Otsego County, New York, 18 June, 1806; died there, 23 November, 1881. His grandfather, Abijah, settled in Otsego (then Montgomery) county in 1787, and his father, Joseph, was engaged there in manufacturing and other business. The son entered Hamilton College, but did not complete his course, owing to illness. He engaged in mercantile pursuits in the country, and afterward in New York City, but retired in 1850. In politics he was a strong Whig, and afterward a Republican, and was an early advocate of the abolition of slavery. After the Civil War he moved to St. Augustine, Florida, and took an active part in the reconstruction of the state. He was elected to the U. S. Senate as a Republican, and served from 1869 till 1875, after which he retired to private life, continuing to reside in St. Augustine till just before his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 644.


GILBERT, Charles Champion, soldier, born in Zanesville, Ohio, 1 March, 1822. He was graduate at the U. S. Military Academy in 1846, and assigned to the 3d U.S. Infantry. He served in the war with Mexico, was in the garrison at Vera Cruz in 1847-'8, in the city of Mexico in 1848, and then engaged in frontier duty until 1850. He became an assistant professor at West Point on 28 February, 1850, was promoted to a 1st lieutenancy on 10 June, and fulfilled his duties until 28 September, 1855, after which he was on duty at various forts in Texas until the beginning of the Civil War. He distinguished himself in conflicts with Indians, and was advanced to a captaincy on 8 December, 1855. During the Civil War he served in the southwest, and was wounded at the battle of Wilson's Creek on 10 August, 1861. On 21 September, 1861, he was inspector-general of the Department of the Cumberland and of the Army of the Ohio until 25 August, 1862. During this time he was engaged in the march to Pittsburg Landing in March and April, 1862, and in the battle of Shiloh on 7 April, when he was brevetted major. He was promoted to a brigadier-generalship of volunteers on 9 September, 1862, became acting major- general in command of the Army of Kentucky, engaged in the battle of Perryville on 8 October, 1862, and for his gallantry was brevetted colonel in the regular army. Taking command of the 10th Division of the Army of the Ohio, he guarded the Louisville and Nashville Railroad through the winter, when he became assistant to the provost marshal at Louisville until 2 June, 1863. He was then commissioned major, and served at various forts until 21 September, 1866, when he was transferred to the 28th U.S. Infantry. He became lieutenant-colonel of the 7th U.S. Infantry, 8 July, 1868, colonel of the 17th U.S. Infantry on 19 May, 1881, and was retired from active service on 1 March. 1886.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 644.


GILBERT, Elias S., Iowa, American Abolition Society, Vice-President, 1856-59


GILBERT, Mary, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS).  (Yellin, 1994, p. 61


GILBERT, Rufus Henry, inventor, born in Guilford, New York, 26 January, 1832; died in New York City, 10 July, 1885. He served an apprenticeship with a manufacturing arm in Corning, New York, studied medicine with Dr. Willard Parker, of New York City, and was graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. At the beginning of the Civil War he joined the Duryea Zouaves as surgeon, and served through the war, performing at the battle of Big Bethel the first surgical operation that was made under fire during the struggle. He was afterward made medical director and superintendent of the U. S. Army Hospitals. His health becoming impaired, he gave up active practice and became assistant superintendent of the New Jersey Central Railroad. While thus occupied he was led to study the question of rapid transit in New York City. His attention was drawn to this subject on account of his experiences as a physician, and in view of the excessive mortality in overcrowded tenement-houses. His first notion was a pneumatic tube, and this was afterward elaborated into the present elevated railroad system. He devised seven different plans, and in 1872 obtained a charter at Albany for an overhead tubular pneumatic railway, under the title of the "Gilbert Elevated Railroad Company," for which he was unable to obtain a franchise. The original elevated railway (1867) extended from Battery place through Greenwich Street and Ninth Avenue to Thirtieth Street. The horse-car companies fought against the project with every weapon, looking on the company as competitors and intruders upon their vested privileges. The contest ended in favor of Dr. Gilbert. The road was begun, but the work soon stopped, and eighteen months of litigation followed. It was not until October, 1877, that the company were enabled to proceed. The Sixth Avenue Road was built, and Dr. Gilbert was at first a large holder of the stock. He was superseded in the management in 1878, and the name of the company was changed to the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad Company. His stock passed out of his hands, extensive litigation followed, charges of fraud were made against his associates, and his death was hastened by anxiety and disappointment.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 646-647.


GILBERT, Timothy, 1797-1865, Boston, Massachusetts, abolitionist, religious organizer, businessman.  Massachusetts Abolition Society, Vice-President, 1846-, Manager, 1850, Executive Committee, 1850.  Member American Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention.  His home was a station on the Underground Railroad in Boston, MA.


GILBERT'S FORD, VIRGINIA, September 13, 1864. 2nd Division, 6th Army Corps. On this date the division, commanded by Brigadier-General George W. Getty, made a reconnaissance to the Opequan creek and developed a heavy force of the enemy at Gilbert's ford. Skirmishing commenced at once and continued until after dark, when Getty withdrew his command and returned to his camp near Berryville. No report of losses was made.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 466.


GILFILLAN, James, jurist, born at Bannockburn, Scotland, 9 March, 1829. He was brought to the United States in infancy, and spent his youth at New Hartford and Utica, Oneida County, New York. He attended only the country district schools, but studied the classics and higher mathematics privately. After a law course at the state and national law-school at Balston Spa, New York., he was admitted to the bar at Albany in December, 1850, and went immediately to Buffalo, New York, and practised till the spring of 1857. He then went to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he has since resided. He entered the military service in August, 1862, as 2d lieutenant of the 7th Minnesota Regiment, was commissioned captain in September, and served in 1862-'3 against the Sioux Indians. He then served in the south till the end of the Civil War, and in October, 1864, was commissioned colonel of the 11th Minnesota. After the war he continued in the practice of law at St. Paul till July, 1869, when he was appointed chief justice of the state supreme court, to fill a vacancy, and served till January, 1870. He was again appointed to fill a vacancy in the same office in 1875, elected in the autumn of that year, and re-elected in 1882.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 650.


GILGAL CHURCH, GEORGIA, June 15-17, 1864. 20th and 23d Army Corps. When Johnston retired from his line at New Hope Church he formed a new one extending from Lost mountain across the Western & Atlantic railroad toward Brush mountain, with an advanced line on the Burnt Hickory and Marietta road near Gilgal Church. On the 15th Hascall's division of the 23d corps succeeded in turning the enemy's left, while Cox advanced his center, driving the Confederates back to their main line near the church. The next day Hascall advanced and developed the enemy's second line of works from Gilgal Church to Lost mountain. It was noticed that the works near the church were so located that they could be subjected to an enfilading fire of artillery and about sunset the batteries of the two corps were opened upon the enemy's salient, the fire being kept up until dark, when the Confederates ceased firing and abandoned their position. They were pursued the next day to Mud creek (q. v.).  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 466.


GILLEM, Alvan Cullem, soldier, born in Jackson County, Tennessee in 1830; died near Nashville, Tennessee. 2 December. 1875. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1851, entered the artillery, and served against the Seminoles in Florida in 1851-'2. He became a captain on 14 May, 1861, served as brigade quartermaster, was brevetted major for gallantry at Mill Springs, and was in command of the siege artillery, and chief quartermaster of the Army of the Ohio in the Tennessee Campaign, being engaged at Shiloh and in the siege of Corinth. On 13 Mar, 1862, he was appointed colonel of the 10th Tennessee Volunteers, was provost-marshal of Nashville, commanded a brigade in the Tennessee operations during the first half of 1863, and afterward served as adjutant-general of Tennessee till the end of the war, being promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 17 August, 1863. He commanded the troops guarding the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad from June, 1863, till August, 1864, and then took command of the expedition to eastern Tennessee, being engaged in many combats, and gaining the brevet of colonel, U. S. Army, for bravery at Marion, Virginia, He was vice-president of the convention of 9 January, 1865, to revise the constitution and reorganize the state government of Tennessee, was a member of the first legislature that was elected, and afterward commanded the cavalry in east Tennessee, and participated in the expedition to North Carolina and the capture of Salisbury, for which he was brevetted major-general in the regular army, having already received two brevets for services during the war. He was promoted colonel in the U. S. Army on 28 July, 1866, commanded the District of Mississippi in 1867-8, served on the Texas frontier and in California, and led the troops in the Modoc Campaign, being engaged in the attack at the Lava Beds on 15 April, 1873.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 650.


GILLESPIE, Eliza Maria, mother superior (in religion. Mother Mary of St. Angela), born near West Brownsville, Washington County. Pennsylvania. 21 Feb, 1824; died in St, Mary's convent, Notre Dame, Indiana, 4 March, 1887. When she was quite young her family moved to Lancaster, Ohio. She was soon afterward placed at school with the Dominican sisters, Somerset, Perry, County, and was next sent to the convent of the Visitation, Georgetown. D. C, where she finished her studies. At the time of her graduation, Thomas Ewing, her godfather, was Secretary of the Treasury under President Harrison, and Miss Gillespie's beauty and accomplishments at once made her a leader of society in Washington. During the Irish famine, by the aid of tapestry work and of a magazine story, written in conjunction with her cousin, afterward the wife of General William T. Sherman, she collected a large sum of money to send to the sufferers. Afterward, during the epidemic of 1849, she nursed the sick and dying who had been deserted from fear of the disease. In 1853 she entered the congregation of the Holy Cross, under the name of Mother Mary of St, Angela. After taking the habit, she sailed for Europe, made her novitiate in Prance, and at the end of the year took the vows of religious profession at the hands of the founder of the order, Father Moreau. In January, 1855, she returned to the United States, and was made superior of the Academy of St. Mary's, Bertrand, Mien. In the following summer she transferred the academy to the present site of St. Mary's, Indiana, and obtained a charter for it from the legislature. She laid the foundation of the present conservatory of music, and established the future of the institution on a firm foundation. She then founded other academies in different parts of the United States, until at her death she had established nearly thirty, including those of Salt Lake City, Utah, arid Austin, Texas. When the Civil War began, she left St. Mary's in charge of competent aids, organized a corps of sisters, and hurried to the front to care for the sick and wounded soldiers. She established hospitals, both temporary and permanent, and, when generals failed to secure needed aid for the sick and wounded soldiers, she made flying trips to Washington in their behalf. Her headquarters were at Cairo, and, in ill-provided buildings used for hospitals, she and her sisters were obliged to rise early and cook gruel often for fourteen hundred men before the roll-call summoned the convalescents to battle. The close of the war left her enfeebled, and she never afterward fully recovered her strength. After the war the Order of the Holy Cross in the United States was separated from the order in Europe, and she was made mother superior. She filled this office for two terms, when failing health compelled her to resign. She then became mistress of novices at St. Mary's, and prepared to pass the remainder of her days in the society of her mother and many warm friends who lived near. Mother Angela wrote sketches for Roman Catholic periodicals, including some interesting reminiscences of her experiences during the war, for the "Ave Maria," Published in Notre Dame, Indiana. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 650-651.


GILLET, Eliphalet, Hallowell, Maine.  Regional agent for the American Colonization Society and Secretary of the Maine Missionary Society.  Brother-in-law of Ralph Gurley.  (Staudenraus, P. J. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961, p. 131)


GILLETT, Francis, 1807-1879, Connecticut, U.S. Senator, co-founder of the Republican Party, anti-slavery advocate.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 652; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 490)

GILLETTE, Francis, senator, born in Windsor, now Bloomfield, Hartford County, Connecticut, 14 December, 1807: died in Hartford, Connecticut, 30 September, 1879. He was graduated at Yale in 1829 with the valedictory, and then studied law with Governor William W. Ellsworth. Failing health compelled him to relinquish this pursuit, and he settled in Bloomfield as a farmer. In 1882 and again in 1836 he was sent to the legislature, where he gained notice in 1838 by his anti-slavery speech advocating the striking out of the word "white" from the state constitution. In 1841 he was nominated against his own will for the office of governor by the Liberty Party, and during the twelve following years frequently received a similar nomination from the Liberty and Free-Soil parties. He was elected by a coalition between the Whigs, temperance men, and Free-Soilers, in 1854, to fill the vacancy in the U. S. Senate caused by the resignation of Truman Smith, and served from 25 May, 1854, till 3 March, 1855. Mr. Gillette was active in the formation of the Republican Party, and was for several years a silent partner in the "Evening Press," the first distinctive organ of that party. He was active in the cause of education throughout his life, was a coadjutor of Dr. Henry Barnard from 1838 till 1842, one of the first trustees of the State Normal School, and for many years its president. Mr. Gillette took interest in agricultural matters, was an advocate of total abstinence, and delivered lectures and addresses on both subjects. He moved to Hartford in 1852, and passed the latter part of his life in that city.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 652


GILLETT'S FARM, NORTH CAROLINA, April 13, 1862. 103d New York Infantry. In the afternoon of the 13th the Federal command of Colonel Baron Egloffstein encamped at Thomas Gillett's farm on Pebbly run. About 11 p. m. the Confederates under Colonel William G. Robinson attacked in force, but after assaults had been repulsed they turned and fled in disorder, leaving 1 dead on the field and their colonel and 2 privates prisoners. The Federal loss was 6 men.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 466-467.


GILLIS, John Pritchet, naval officer, h. in Wilmington, Del., 6 September, 1803; died there, 25 February, 1873. He was appointed a midshipman from Illinois on 12 December, 1825, his mother having moved to that state after the death of his father. He was commissioned as lieutenant on 9 February, 1837. During the Mexican War he had charge of the boats of  the " Decatur," in the capture of the forts and town of Tuspan, and afterward commanded the flotilla on the Alvarado River, and acted as governor and collector of Alvarado and Tlacotalpam until prostrated by yellow fever. He was 1st lieutenant of the " Plymouth" in China in 1851, and ascended the Min River to confer with the viceroy of the province on behalf of the missionaries. In 1853-'4 he participated in the Japan Expedition under Commodore Perry. He was commissioned commander on 14 September, 1855, and assigned to the steam sloop "Pocahontas" at the beginning of hostilities in 1861, and. arriving at Fort Sumter an hour before the surrender, brought away the garrison. He afterward commanded the steamer "Monticello," and took part in the fight at Hatteras Inlet, crossing the bar, after landing troops, and engaging the forts at short range. He next commanded the "Seminole," and sustained a severe fire from the forts at Shipping Point on the Potomac River. At the battle of Port Royal the "Seminole" ran in, near the close of the action, between Hilton Head and Bay Point, and, with the support of two gunboats, raked Port Walker and drove out the enemy. His vessel was subsequently employed in blockading service, then returned to Hampton Roads, and took an active part in the attack on Sewell's Point in May, 1862. He was commissioned captain on 16 July, 1862, was assigned to the " Ossipee," and commanded the division of the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron off Mobile, and then the division off the coast of Texas, making many captures, until he returned to the north in 1864 on account of illness. He was made a commodore on the retired list on 28 September, 1866.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 653-653.


GILLMORE, Quincy Adams, soldier, born in Black River, Lorain County, Ohio, 28 February, 1825. His father was one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio. The childhood of the son was spent on the farm; his studies began at the Norwalk, Ohio, Academy, and for three winters preceding his twentieth birthday he taught a district-school, and attended two terms at the high-school at Elyria, Ohio. A poem that he read at a public exhibition attracted the attention of a member of Congress, who offered him the nomination as a cadet at the U. S. Military Academy. He was graduated in 1849, at the head of his class, assigned to the engineers, and after serving three years at Hampton Roads was appointed instructor in practical military engineering at West Point, and subsequently treasurer and quartermaster at the academy. He was promoted 1st lieutenant in the Engineer Corps in 1856, and was on duty in New York City when the Civil War opened. In August, 1861, he was appointed captain in his own corps, and engineer in-chief of the Port Royal Expedition under General Thomas W. Sherman. The reduction of Fort Pulaski, defending the water approach to Savannah, a strong fortification, isolated in the centre of a marsh Island that was entirely surrounded by deep water, was very essential to the success of this expedition, but was regarded by the ablest engineers of both armies as impracticable. Captain Gillmore. then acting brigadier-general, planned the establishment of eleven batteries of mortars and rifled guns on Tybee Island, a mile distant, which occupied two months of incessant day and night labor. The bombardment, which opened at 8 a. m., 10 April, 1862, and which was conducted under his very minute, detailed instructions as to elevation, charge, direction, intervals between shots, etc., for each piece, resulted by 2 p. M. of the following day in the surrender of the fort, which had been so shattered as to be untenable. This exploit, for which he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. Army, 1 April, 1862, placed Captain Gillmore in the front rank of American engineers and artillerists. He was assigned to important commands in Kentucky in August, 1862, defeated General Peagram at Somerset in March, 1863, for which he was brevetted colonel, and in June, 1863, was given command of the Department of the South, comprising all territory occupied by Union troops on the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. In July he was placed in command of the 10th Army Corps, and in the autumn of the same year he won new laurels by his operations on Morris Island, for which he was brevetted brigadier-general; the reduction of Fort Sumter, and the taking of Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg, which operations were characterized by great professional skill and boldness, and which constituted a new era in the science of engineering and gunnery. For these services he was made major-general of volunteers. In 1864 he commanded the 10th Army Corps at James River, was engaged in the landing at Bermuda Hundred and the action at Swift's creek, commanded the column that turned and captured the line in front of Drury’s Bluff, and covered General Butler's retreat into intrenchments at Bermuda Hundred. In July of the same year he commanded two divisions of the 19th Army Corps in the defence of Washington, and in 1860 was again in charge of the Department of the South. Resigning his commission as major-general of volunteers, in December, 1865, he returned to service in the engineer bureau at Washington, and was subsequently appointed engineer-in-chief of all the fortifications and harbor and river improvements on the Atlantic Coast south of New York. He was promoted major in June, 1863, lieutenant-colonel in 1874, and colonel, 20 February, 1883. He was president of the Mississippi River Commission, which was created by Congress in 1879, of the boards of engineers for the improvement of Cape Fear River. North Carolina and the Potomac River and flats; as well as of several boards for important harbor improvements in process of construction according to his plans. As one of the judges at the Centennial exhibition of 1876 he made special and voluminous reports on " Portland. Roman, and Other Cements and Artificial Stones,'' and on "Brickmaking Machinery, Brick-Kilns, Perforated and Enameled Bricks and Pavements." Rutgers College has given him the degree of Ph. D. General Gillmore's works upon professional subjects are esteemed among the highest authorities in their class. They include "Siege and Reduction of Fort Pulaski (New York, 1862); "Limes, Hydraulic Cements, and Mortars " (1863); "Engineering and Artillery Operations against Charleston in 1863" (1885; supplement, 1868); "Beton, Coignet, and Other Artificial Stones" (1871); "The Strength of the Building Stone of the United States" (1874); and "Roads, Streets, and Pavements " (1876).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 653-654.


GILMER, Jeremy Francis, soldier, born in Guilford County, North Carolina 23 February, 1818. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1839, entered the Engineer Corps, and was engaged in building forts and making surveys, and in river and harbor improvements, till the beginning of the Civil War, when he resigned his commission as captain of engineers, and entered the Confederate Army. He was appointed major of engineers in September, 1861, and was chief engineer on General Albert S. Johnston's staff. In the battle of Shiloh he was severely wounded. After his recovery he was appointed chief of the engineer bureau at Richmond. On 20 August, 1863. he was promoted major-general, and ordered to Charleston to direct the defences of that city, but in June, 1864, he returned to Richmond and resumed charge of the bureau of engineering. After the war he engaged in railroad and other enterprises in Georgia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 657.


GILMER, John Alexander, jurist, born in Guilford County, North Carolina, 4 November, 1805; died in Greensborough, North Carolina 14 May, 1868. He received a classical education, taught for three years, studied law, and was licensed to practice in 1833. He was elected to the state senate in 1846, and successively re-elected till 1856. He was the Whig candidate for governor in 1856, but was defeated by Braxton Bragg. The same year he was elected to Congress, and in 1858 was re-elected, serving as chairman of the committee on elections. He was mentioned for the place of secretary of the treasury in Mr. Lincoln's cabinet, but, withdrawing from Congress, embraced the cause of secession, and was elected a member of the Confederate Congress.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 657.


GILMER, Thomas Walker, statesman, born in Virginia; died near Washington, D. C. 28 February, 1844. He studied law, practised in Charlottesville, Virginia, and served for many years in the state legislature, for two sessions as speaker. In 1840-'l he was governor of Virginia. In 1841 he entered Congress, and, although he had been elected as a Whig, sustained President Tyler's vetoes. He was re-elected as a Democrat in 1842 by a close vote. His competitor, William L. Goggin, contested the result without success. On 15 February, 1844, he was appointed by President Tyler Secretary of the Navy, and resigned his seat in Congress on 18 February to enter on the duties of the office, but ten days later was killed by the bursting of a gun on board the United States steamer " Princeton."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 657.


GILMOR, Harry, soldier, born in Baltimore county, Maryland, 24 January, 1838; died in Baltimore, 4 March, 1883. He was educated under a private tutor, and engaged in business in Baltimore and in the west until the beginning of the Civil War, when he joined the Confederate Army, under Colonel Ashby Turner, at Charleston, Virginia. He soon became conspicuous for his daring, especially as a scout, and was appointed sergeant-major for gallantry after the action at Harper's Ferry in December, 1861. In February, 1862, he was severely wounded, and on his recovery he was put in command of a company. He was engaged in several battles. In September, 1862, he was captured and imprisoned as a spy for five months at Fort McHenry, but in February, 1863, was exchanged. He took part in the battle of Kelly's Ford in March, 1863, rejoined the 13th Virginia Regiment in April, and in May raised a battalion of horse, and was commissioned major. In June he commanded the 1st Maryland Confederate Regiment, captured, and held for a few days, Frederick, Maryland, and the towns of Chambersburg, Carlisle, and Gettysburg, and was appointed provost-marshal of the last-named place. In February, 1864, he raided on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and was court-martialed for destroying a train and permitting his command to rob the passengers; but he was honorably acquitted of this charge and restored to his command, which was reorganized as the 2d Maryland Cavalry . In July, 1864, he led General Jubal A. Early's advance into Maryland, was engaged throughout this campaign, and in the fight at Bunker Hill was severely wounded. He rejoined his command at Woodstock, and was captured while defending his guns. He spent three years in Europe, and in 1874 was elected police commissioner of Baltimore. He published " Four Years in the Saddle " (New York, 1866).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 657.


GILMORE, James Roberts, author, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 10 September, 1823. His father was a cousin of Governor Joseph A. Gilmore, of New Hampshire. The son was prepared for college in Utica, New York, but entered a counting-room at the age of fourteen, and became a partner in the business before he was of age. He made annual business trips to the south, and at the age of twenty-five became the head of a new cotton and shinning firm in New York City, from which he retired before the beginning of the Civil War with a competency. In the early years of the war he published several novels, containing realistic portrayals of southern life and feeling, under the pen-name " Edmund Kirke." He also wrote numerous war-songs and ballads. His writings about the south, by their graphic and unexaggerated pictures of slavery, helped to decide the northern mind in favor of emancipation and the continuance of the war. In 1862 he founded the 'Continental Monthly " magazine, to advocate emancipation as a political necessity: but discontinued his connection with it soon after the issuing of President Lincoln's proclamation. In July, 1864, with Colonel Jaquess, he was intrusted with an unofficial mission to the Confederate government, with a view to arranging a peace. They only succeeded in eliciting from Jefferson Davis a declaration that he would not consent to peace except on the basis of the independence of the Confederate States, a result that had the effect of destroying the Peace Party of the north, and ensured the reelection of Abraham Lincoln. Having lost his fortune in consequence of the war, he engaged in business again in 1873. In 1883 he finally retired, and applied himself anew to the pursuit of literature. His earlier publications were " Among the Pines" (New York, 1862); "My Southern Friends " (1862); "Down in Tennessee " (1863); "Among the Guerillas" (1863); "Adrift in Dixie" (1863); "On the Border " (Boston, 1864); and " Patriot Boys " (1864). In 1880 he prepared, in connection with Dr. Lyman Abbott, an arrangement of the gospels forming a life of Jesus, entitled the " Gospel History " (New York): and the same year wrote in the space of thirty days a " Life of Garfield," of which, during the presidential campaign and immediately afterward, 80,000 copies were sold. He published subsequently "The Rear-Guard of the Revolution," an account of the early settlement of Tennessee and of the patriotic services of John Sevier (New York, 1886), and "John Sevier as a Commonwealth-Builder," a companion to the " Rear-Guard " (1887). He is now (1887) writing a series of southwestern histories. His wife, who has aided him in his literary labors, is a daughter of Judge John W. Edmonds.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp.657-658.


GILMORE, Joseph Albee, governor of New Hampshire, born in Weston, Vermont, 10 June, 1811; died in Concord, New Hampshire 17 April, 1867. He enjoyed scanty educational advantages, and while a boy made his way to Boston and entered a store. At the age of twenty-one he was in business for himself. The railroad to Concord, New Hampshire, was completed on 1 September, 1842. and about the same time he moved to that place, and opened a wholesale grocery. On 3 August, 1848, he became construction-agent, and afterward superintendent, of the Concord and Claremont Railroad, and 24 November. 1856, superintendent of the Concord Railroad, which came to include the Manchester and Lawrence and Concord and Portsmouth Railroads and their branches, making a system of about 175 miles, of which he continued in charge until 11 August, 1866. He was politically a Whig; in 1858 was elected as a Republican to the state senate, was re-elected in 1859, and made president of the Senate that year. In March, 1863, he was the Republican candidate for governor; there was no choice by the people, but he was elected in June by the legislature, and re-elected by the people, in March, 1864. The two political contests were the severest ever known in New Hampshire, and he assumed the governorship at the darkest period of the Civil War. By his predecessors, Governors Goodwin and Berry, 16 regiments of infantry, 4 companies of cavalry, 1 light battery, and 3 companies of sharp-shooters, making over 17,000 volunteers, had been put into the field; but in 1863 patriotic fervor had somewhat abated, voluntary enlistments were few, and President Lincoln had ordered a draft. Governor Gilmore, however, raised and equipped the 18th Infantry, the 1st Cavalry , and the 1st Heavy Artillery, which, together with the recruits forwarded to existing organizations, made the number of men furnished during his term of office about 14,000, and the entire number from New Hampshire more than 31.000, from a population of fewer than 330,000. Governor Gilmore retired from office in June, 1865, in feeble health. His characteristics were restless activity, unbounded energy, impatience of restraint, liberality, and public spirit.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 658.


GILMORE, Patrick Sarsfleld, musician, born near Dublin, Ireland, 28 December, 1829. He connected himself with military bands at the age of fifteen, and after having been in Canada with an English band he went to Salem, where he led a brass land, after which he settled in Boston, Massachusetts, where be organized " Gilmore's Band," with which he made an extensive tour. In 1861 he accompanied the 24th Massachusetts Regiment to the field, and in 1863 was placed in charge of all the Bands in the Department of Louisiana by General Banks. He originated monster concerts in this country, and was the projector of the great "Peace Jubilees" held in Boston in 1869 and 1872. and published an account of the first (Boston, 1871). In 1878 he made a European tour with his band. He is now band-master of the 22d Regiment. N. G. S. New York. He has composed many marches and songs.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 658.


GILPIN, Edward Woodward, jurist, born in Wilmington, Delaware, 15 July, 1805; died in Dover, Delaware, 29 April. 1876. In his youth he was in straitened circumstances, and learned the trade of a currier. He was afterward clerk in a store, but finally studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1827. He was attorney-general of Delaware in 1840-'50, and from May, 1857, till his death was chief justice of the state, he was a Whig in early life, but became a Democrat in 1856. During the Civil War he was an ardent Unionist.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 659.


GIN. The derrick, sheers, and gin have one common object, viz.: to find a fulcrum in space, to which the pulley, in the shape of block and tackle, is to be applied. In the derrick and sheers this is effected on one and two legs, and stability is given by guys. The gin usually consists of three long legs, two of which are joined together by cross bars, and the third, called the pry pole, elevates the gin. A pulley is supported at the top, round which a rope is passed for elevating the weight. Fig. 135 shows the manner of working the gin. There are three kinds of gins used in service: the field and siege, the garrison, and the casemate. The last two differ front each other only in height; the first differs from the others in construction and size. Either of them may be used as derrick or sheers. The garrison and casemate gins differ from the siege gin in having two braces of iron instead of three wooden cross-bars or braces, and in having the pry pole inserted between the legs, which are kept together by the clevis bolt. The upper pulley (generally treble) is hooked to the clevis. (For description, setting up, and mechanical manoeuvres with gins, consult Instruction in Heavy Artillery.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 323).


GIRARD, ALABAMA, April 16, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Cavalry Division, Military Division of the Mississippi. Alexander's brigade having the advance of Upton's division in the march upon Columbus, Georgia, struck the Confederate pickets on the road, drove them through Girard and across the Chattahoochee river. The skirmish was an incident of Wilson's raid. No casualties were reported. Glade Springs, Virginia, December 15, 1864. Detachment of a Tennessee Cavalry Brigade. As an incident of Stoneman's raid into southwestern Virginia, Brigadier-General Alvan C. Gillem commanding the Tennessee brigade, reports: "When near the road leading from Glade springs to the salt-works we met and skirmished with a small force of the enemy, which did not materially retard our progress." This is the only mention of the affair in the reports of either army.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 467.


GLACIS. The superior slope of the parapet of the covered way, extended in a gentle declivity to the surrounding country. It is seldom used in field-works. (See FORTIFICATION.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 323 ).


GIRDER. In building, the principal beam of a floor for supporting the binding or other joists, to lessen their bearing or length. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 323).


GLADDEN, Adley H., soldier, born in South Carolina; died in April, 1862. He was a major in Colonel Butler's Palmetto Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers in the Mexican War, became lieutenant-colonel, and commanded the regiment at the battle of Churubusco, at which both of his superior officers were killed. He was severely wounded at the Belen Gate. In 1861 he was appointed a brigadier-general in the Confederate Army, and was assigned a brigade in Wither's division of Bragg's corps. He was wounded on the first day of the battle of Shiloh, and died soon afterward.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 663.


GLADESVILLE, VIRGINIA, July 7, 1863. Detachments of 10th Kentucky Cavalry and 1st Ohio Squadron. As an incident of an expedition from Beaver creek, Kentucky, into southwestern Virginia Major J. M. Brown, with the 2nd battalion of the 10th Kentucky and the 1st Ohio squadron, was sent through Pound gap and attacked the Confederates at Gladesville. The result was the killing of 14 of the enemy, the wounding of 20 and the capture of 127. The Federal loss was 1 killed, 13 wounded and 6 captured while on picket duty in the vicinity.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 467.


GLADESVILLE, VIRGINIA, Oct . 2, 1864. 1st Kentucky Cavalry, and 3d Kentucky Mounted Infantry. Glasgow, Kentucky, September 18, 1862. 2nd Cavalry Brigade, Army of Kentucky. During Bragg's invasion of Kentucky Col . Zahm, commanding the and brigade, was active in keeping watch on the enemy's movements. Shortly after noon on the 18th a portion of his command entered Glasgow, where they captured about 200 prisoners, 5 wagons loaded with flour, together with other stores of arms, ammunition, provisions, etc., without casualty.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 467.


GLANDERS. A virulent and dangerous disease among horses, principally shown in a mucous discharge from the nostrils. To prevent this infectious disorder from spreading, it is necessary at once to remove the horse from his stall, and thoroughly wash with soap and water the rack, manger, and every part of the stall from which the horse has been removed. When the parts are thus made clean, they must also be covered with a quick-lime wash immediately after it is mixed, and afterwards three coats of oil colors given to it. The same precautions are taken in FARCY. (See VETERINARY.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 323).


GLASGOW, KENTUCKY, September 30, 1862. (See Russellville, same date.)


GLASGOW, KENTUCKY, October 5, 1862. 20th Kentucky Volunteers.


GLASGOW, KENTUCKY, Dec . 24, 1862. Detachment of the 2nd Michigan Cavalry. While four companies under Captain F. W. Dickey were on the march from Gallatin to Munfordville they met the Confederate advance at Glasgow. A skirmish ensued, in which the Federals lost 2 killed and 17 captured. The enemy's losses were 4 killed, several wounded and 7 taken prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 467.


GLASGOW, KENTUCKY, October 6, 1863. 37th Kentucky Mounted Infantry. About daylight 120 Confederates under Colonel John M. Hughes attacked Glasgow. The Federal command became panic stricken and offered little resistance. Major Samuel Martin, commander of the post, managed to escape to Cave City, where he gathered reinforcements and returned. The Confederates meantime had captured 226 prisoners, taken $9,000 from the bank, and taken or destroyed about $10,000 worth of commissary and quartermaster's stores. Beside the prisoners the Federals lost 9 killed and 26 wounded. The Confederate casualties were 1 killed and 4 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 467.


GLASGOW, MISSOURI, September 13, 1861. (See Boonville.)


GLASGOW, MISSOURI, October 15, 1864. U. S. Troops under Colonel Chester Harding, Jr. As an incident of Price's Missouri expedition an attack on Glasgow was planned by the Confederate leaders. General Shelby's brigade was to open on the town from the south bank of the river in order to cover the real assault, which was to be made from the east by General Clark with his own brigade and Jackman's. The Federal garrison consisted of detachments of the 43d Missouri and 62nd U. S. colored infantry, the 9th Missouri state militia and the 13th Missouri and the 17th Illinois cavalry, all under command of Colonel Chester Harding, Jr., of the 43d Missouri At daylight on the 15th Shelby opened on the town with his artillery, but for some unknown reason Clark's command did not get within striking distance until 2 hours later, the garrison in the meantime preparing to meet it . There was no artillery in the town and the enemy was thus enabled to get within 40 yards of the Union works. The fighting was continuous and brisk until about 1:30 p. m., when Harding, realizing that it would be useless to resist the charge which the Confederates were about to make, sent out a flag and asked Clark for his terms of surrender. On receiving the answer the garrison capitulated. The Confederates took some 500 prisoners and a quantity of quartermaster's supplies. The Union casualties were 11 killed and 32 wounded. The enemy's loss was not reported but in killed and wounded was about double that of the garrison.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 467-468.


GLASGOW, MISSOURI, January 10, 1865. Detachments of 46th Enrolled Missouri Militia and 9th Missouri State Militia. Captain Alexander Denny with 10 men of the 46th came upon a guerrilla leader (Jackson) and 2 of his men and succeeded in killing 1 of the number. Pursuit was given by a party of cavalry and during the day the other 2 were overtaken and 1 of them killed. No casualties occurred on the Union side. Glendale, Mississippi, May 8, 1862. Detachments of 3d Michigan and 7th Illinois Cavalry. This skirmish was one of a number incident to the siege of Corinth. The Federal force engaged was commanded by Lieutenant-Col. Minty, and after a brisk engagement was compelled to retire, the Confederates being too strongly posted to be easily dislodged. One of Minty's force was killed and 1 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 468.


GLASSON, John J., naval officer, born in New York City: died there, 12 March, 1882. He was appointed midshipman, 1 February, 1823, and in that year served under Commodore Porter in the suppression of piracy in the West Indies. In 1837 he received the commission of lieutenant, and commanded the schooner 'Falcon," of the Home Squadron, in the attack on Vera Cruz in 1848. He was also engaged in the rescue of 120 inhabitants of the town of Valladolid, Yucatan, which was burned and sacked by the Indians in an insurrection. While in these waters he aided the French bark " L'Asie de Dunkirk" in a perilous position off the harbor of Aguador. He commanded the store-ship "Lexington," in Perry's Japan Expedition, in 1853-'4, was appointed commander in 1855. and stationed at New Bedford, Massachusetts, from 1861 till 1863. He was retired in October, 1864, but was in the Navy-yard at Norfolk, Virginia, in charge of stores for the supply of the Coast Squadron in the Atlantic, and the flotilla force in the Chesapeake from 1864 till 1866. He was made commodore on the retired list, 4 April, 1867.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 664.


GLAZIER, Willard, author, born in Fowler. St. Lawrence County, New York, 22 August, 1841. He spent his boyhood on a farm, and was educated principally at the state normal-school at Albany. He taught in Schodack, New York, in 1859-'60, and in 1861 enlisted in the 2d New York, or Harris Cavalry  Regiment, he had reached the rank of lieutenant, when he was taken prisoner in a cavalry skirmish near Buckland Mills, Virginia, on 18 October, 1863, and sent to Libby prison, he was afterward transferred to Georgia, to Charleston, and then to Columbia, South Carolina whence he made his escape, but was recaptured near Springfield, Georgia. He escaped again from Sylvania, Georgia, 19 December, 1864, and returned home, his term of service having expired, but on 25 February, 1865, entered the Army again as 1st lieutenant in the 26th New York Cavalry, and served till the end of the war. He has since devoted himself to literature, and frequently delivered lectures. In 1876 he went from Boston to San Francisco on horseback, and was captured by hostile Indians near Skull Rocks, Wyoming Territory, but made his escape. In 1881 he made a canoe voyage of 3,000 miles, from the head-waters to the mouth of the Mississippi, and claimed to be the discoverer of a small lake south of Lake Itasca, which he maintains should be regarded as the true source of the Mississippi. It has since been found that this lake is laid down on the maps of the government surveys. Captain Glazier's works include "Capture. Prison-Pen, and Escape," over 400,000 copies of which were sold (Albany, 1865): "Three Years in the Federal Cavalry " (New York, 1870): "Battles for the Union" (Hartford, 1874); "Heroes of Three Wars" (Philadelphia, 1878): "Peculiarities of American Cities " (1883); and " Down the Great River" (1887). See his life by John A. Owens, entitled " Sword and Pen " (Philadelphia, 1884).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 664.


GLENDALE, MISSISSIPPI, July 7, 1863. Detachment of Dodge's brigade, 16th Army Corps. On the night of this date 500 Confederate cavalry surrounded the guard of one company at the convalescent corral at Glendale and captured 28 men, after a determined fight, in which the enemy lost 3 killed and 10 wounded. The herd of 660 horses was then stampeded, but the Federals pursued and captured all but 240.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 468.


GLENDALE, VIRGINIA, June 30, 1862. The battle of Glendale occurred as McClellan was changing his base from the Chickahominy to the James river. A complete account of the engagement is given under the head of the Seven Days' battles.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 468.


GLENVILLE, WEST VIRGINIA, September 1, 1862. Brigadier-General A. G. Jenkins of the Confederate army in reporting his expedition in West Virginia and Ohio states that his command came within sight of Glenville about 11 a. m. of the 1st . A Federal command stationed there fled at the first volley. No other mention is made of the affair.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 468.


GLENDY, William Marshall, naval officer, born in Virginia in 1801; died in Baltimore, Maryland, 16 July, 1873. He was appointed in the U.S. Navy a midshipman in 1818, commissioned lieutenant in 1827, and served successively with the Brazil and Pacific Squadrons. In 1847 he was made commander, and served in the Mediterranean for eighteen months. Subsequently he commanded in the East Indies. In 1855 he was made captain, and in 1861-'2 served as senior officer on the coast of Africa. He was promoted to the rank of commodore in 1862, and in the following year was made prize commissioner in Washington, D. C. He served six months as lighthouse-inspector, and in 1865 retired from active service.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 665.


GLIDDEN, George Dana Boardman, naval officer, born in Ellsworth, Maine, 15 April, 1844; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 25 January, 1885. He was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1863, and in the same year was made ensign. His first year of service was passed on the "Seminole," of the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron. He took part in the battle of Mobile Bay, 5 August, 1864, where he received the highest commendations from his commanding officer. From 1865 till 1867 he served on the "Wyoming," of the East India Squadron. He was appointed master in 1866, lieutenant in 1867, lieutenant-commander in 1868, and commander in 1883. He was engaged with the Asiatic Squadron from 1867 till 1869, when he was stationed at the Naval Academy. In 1870 and 1871 he commanded the "Tennessee." He served with the "Wachusett," of the European Fleet, from 1872 till 1874, and with the "Omaha," of the Pacific Fleet, from 1875 till 1877. He was on duty at the Boston Navy-yard in 1878. His last service was in Asiatic waters, where he commanded the "Palos," from which he was detached in 1884.   Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 665.


GLISSON, Oliver S., naval officer, born in Ohio, 18 January, 1809. He was appointed midshipman in the U.S. Navy from Indiana, 1 November, 1826, became lieutenant in 1887, and commanded the sloop "Reefer" during the Mexican War. He served in the U.S. Navy-yard at Norfolk, Virginia, from 1848 till 1850, when he was on special duty. He was attached to the steam frigate "Powhatan," of the East India Squadron, in 1852, and from 1853 till 1855 was on the Japan Expedition, being in Japan when the first treaty was made by Commodore Perry. He was appointed commander, and assigned to the steamer "Mount Vernon " in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron in 1861, became captain in 1862, and while in the "Mount Vernon" saved the transport "Mississippi," which was bound to New Orleans with 1,500 men of General Butler's expedition. It was supposed that she was intentionally run upon the Frying-pan shoal. He also burned a light-boat under the guns of Fort Caswell, while on the blockade of Wilmington, North Carolina. He commanded the steam sloops "Iroquois " and "Mohican" in 1862, and the steamer "Santiago de Cuba" in 1864-"5. He was present in the two attacks on Fort Fisher, December, 1864, and January, 1865, and being recommended for promotion by Admiral Porter for covering the landing of the troops and carrying the division into action. He became commodore in 1860, and commanded the station at League Island, Pennsylvania, from 1867 till 1870. when he was appointed rear-admiral and ordered to command the European Fleet. He was retired 18 January, 1871.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 666.


GLOBE TAVERN, VIRGINIA, August 18-21, 1864. (See Weldon Railroad, same date.)


GLORIETA, NEW MEXICO, March 28, 1862. U. S. Troops under Colonel John P. Slough. Learning from spies that about 1,200 Confederates were in the Apache canon and at Johnson's ranch beyond, Colonel Slough moved out from his camp at Kozlowski's ranch to attack them. His command consisted of detachments of the 1st Colonel, 4th New Mexico, and 5th U. S. infantry, 1st, 2nd and 3d U. S. cavalry, and Putter's and Claflin's batteries, 1,342 men in all. A little beyond the camp Major J. M. Chivington with about 430 men was sent up Apache canon to get to the enemy's rear. The cavalry of the main column acting as advance guard had scarcely reached Pigeon's ranch before it was attacked by the Confederates in force and driven back. The batteries were then brought forward, the infantry was thrown out upon the flanks; the cavalry supported the batteries and the firing became general. Two attempts to take the Federal batteries were repulsed with heavy loss. About 5 p. m. after 5 hours' fighting a flag of truce came from the enemy and measures were taken to gather up the dead of both forces. In the meantime Chivington had gained the enemy's rear and fallen upon the train of 60 wagons, capturing and destroying it and a 6-pounder gun, and taking 17 prisoners. On learning of Chivington's success Slough retired with his column to his camp, the enemy failing to pursue. The Union loss was 29 killed and 42 wounded; the Confederates lost 33 killed and 35 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 468-469.


GLOUCESTER, VIRGINIA, November 16, 1862. Picket of the 104th Pennsylvania Infantry. An advanced post of 12 men was cut off about 4 o'clock in the morning by some 75 or 100 Confederate cavalry. When the enemy approached the pickets challenged and received the reply "107th Pennsylvania." Immediately afterward the Confederates poured a volley into the picket, wounding 3 men, and then charged and captured 3 others. One of the prisoners was shot and killed because he refused to mount behind his captor.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 469.


GLOUCESTER POINT, VIRGINIA, February 10, 1863. Organizations not recorded. Golding's Farm, Virginia, June 28, 1862. This engagement was an incident of McClellan's change of base to the James river, and is treated fully under the head of the Seven Days' Battles.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 469.


GLOVER, Joshua, fugitive slave


GODON, Sylvanus William, naval officer, born in Philadelphia, 18 June. 1809: died in Blois, France, 10 May, 1879. He was appointed midshipman, U.S. Navy in 1819, and. after serving at sea in various parts of the world, was promoted passed midshipman in 1827, And lieutenant, in 1836. He accompanied Commodore Isaac Hull to the Mediterranean on the flagship " Ohio " in the years 1839,1840, and 1841, was actively employed during the Mexican War, and was present in the bomb-vessel " Vesuvius " at the reduction of Vera Cruz. He was made commander in 1855, and captain in 1861, at the beginning of the Civil War. In command of the "Mohican" he took part, in the attack on Port Royal by the fleet under Admiral Du Pont. He placed his ship in position to secure an enfilading fire on the fort on Hilton Head, and materially assisted in silencing the batteries of the enemy. In 1863 he was promoted commodore, and commanded the 4th Division of Admiral Porter's fleet at both bombardments of Port Fisher, North Carolina, in December, 1854, and January, 1865. In the report of the latter action he was specially commended for the support rendered the commander-in-chief, and for the good discipline and accurate firing of his ship, the "Susquehanna." At the close of the war he was made rear-admiral, and commanded the South Atlantic or Brazil Squadron in 1866-'7. His last active employment was as commandant of the Brooklyn Navy-yard in 1868-'70. He was retired on account of age in 1871.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 670-671.


GOFF, Nathan, politician, born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, 9 October, 1843. He was educated at the Northwestern Virginia Academy, Georgetown College, and the University of New York. In 1861 he enlisted in the National Army in the 3d Regiment of Virginia Volunteer Infantry, served as lieutenant and then adjutant of this regiment, and in 1863 was promoted major of the 4th Virginia Cavalry . In 1865 he was admitted to the bar and elected to the West Virginia Legislature, in 1868 was appointed district attorney, which office he resigned in 1881 to accept the secretaryship of the U.S. Navy, to fill out the unexpired term of Richard W. Thompson, who hail vacated it. In March, 1881, he was reappointed district attorney of West Virginia, which office he again resigned in July, 1882. He was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1884, and was re-elected in 1886.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 672.


GOLDSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA, December 11-20, 1862. Foster's Expedition. On the morning of December 11 Major-General John G. Foster left New Berne for Goldsboro, his object being to destroy the railroad at that point, so as to cut off communication between Richmond and the south. His forces consisted of four brigades of infantry commanded by General Wessells and Colonels Amory, Lee and Stevenson; 640 men of the 3d New York cavalry; 40 pieces of artillery, including six batteries of the 3d New York, Belger's battery of the 1st Rhode Island, and sections of the 23d and 24th New York independent batteries, about 11,000 men in all. After marching 14 miles on the Kinston road they were stopped by trees which had been felled across the road by the enemy. During the night the pioneers cleared the road and the next morning the expedition moved on for about 4 miles, when the cavalry advance met a small force of the enemy, which was routed after a short but sharp skirmish. Upon reaching the junction of the Kinston and Vine Swamp roads Captain Hall, with three companies of cavalry, was sent forward on the former, while the main body moved toward Kinston on the latter. Hall encountered the enemy in some force and defeated him after a severe fight Foster's column was delayed by having to rebuild a bridge over Beaver creek. The 51st Massachusetts, with a section of artillery, was left to guard the bridge and the junction of the roads, the main body going into bivouac some 4 miles farther on. On the 13th Foster sent a company of cavalry up the Vine Swamp road, the infantry and artillery moving on another road to Kinston. About a mile from Kinston the cavalry discovered a party of Confederates preparing to burn the bridge. A charge was immediately ordered and after a brisk skirmish the enemy was driven off, but not until the bridge had been destroyed. Meantime Foster had reached Southwest creek, where the bridge was found to have been destroyed and the enemy, about 400 strong with 3 pieces of artillery, drawn up in a strong position on the opposite bank. The creek was not fordable, but the artillery was brought up and opened on the enemy. Under cover of this fire the 9th New Jersey and 23d Massachusetts crossed by swimming and drove the Confederates from the creek. The 9th New Jersey followed, but about a mile from the creek the enemy made a stand and a sharp skirmish ensued until the New Jersey troops charged, driving him from his position and capturing a 6-pounder gun and caisson. By this time Wessells' brigade and part of Amory's had succeeded in crossing the stream and moved to the assistance of the New Jersey regiment. The next morning the entire force crossed over and advanced on Kinston, encountering the enemy about a mile from the town in a strong position, his right protected by a swamp and his left by the Neuse river. The 9th New Jersey was deployed as skirmishers; Amory's and Wessells' brigades were moved forward on the right and left of the road, and Stevenson moved down the road in the center. Stevenson's advance regiment, the 10th Connecticut, charged in the face of a galling fire and drove the enemy precipitately across the bridge, capturing 400 prisoners and saving the bridge, which had been set on fire. On Monday morning, the 15th, Foster left a strong detachment of cavalry to hold Kinston, recrossed the Neuse and moved along the south bank toward Goldsboro, the cavalry in the meantime making a feint toward Goldsboro on the road north of the river. On Tuesday morning Major Garrard, with five companies of cavalry and a section of artillery, was sent to Mount Olive, 14 miles below Goldsboro. At White Hall Garrard met and engaged a considerable force of the enemy until the arrival of the main column, which had been ordered to his assistance. He then proceeded to Mount Olive, where he destroyed the track for some distance, Foster in the meantime moving up to within 8 miles of Goldsboro. The next morning Garrard was sent to Thompson's bridge and Major Fitz Simmons, with a cavalry detachment, was ordered to make a demonstration in the direction of Dudley Station and Everettsville. Lee's brigade then moved west to the railroad, where a small Confederate detachment was met and defeated, the 9th New Jersey, 3d, 25th and 27th Massachusetts pursuing them north along the railroad across the bridge over the Neuse. Under cover of the artillery the bridge was fired, the guns preventing any attempt on the part of the enemy to save it. The expedition now started to return to New Berne, Lee's brigade in the rear, but the movement had barely commenced when the Confederates attacked Lee with great fury and were only repulsed after a prolonged and spirited fight. By the time this skirmish was ended the cavalry rejoined the column and guarded the rear to New Berne, where the expedition arrived on the 20th. The Union loss during the movement was 92 killed, 487 wounded and 12 missing. The Confederates lost 71 killed, 268 wounded and 476 captured.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 469-470.


GOLDSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA, March 21, 1865. Part of the Army of the Ohio. In the campaign of the Carolinas the Army of the Ohio, Major-General John M. Schofield commanding, occupied the center of Sherman's armies. On the 21st Schofield reached Goldsboro, where he found a small force of the enemy, which offered but slight resistance to the occupation of the town.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 470.


GOLDSBOROUGH, Louis Malesherbes, naval officer, born in Washington, D. C, 18 February, 1805; died there, 20 February, 1877, entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman at seven years of age. He was promoted lieutenant in January, 1825, and, after serving a short time in the Mediterranean Squadron, went to Paris and passed two years in study. In 1827 he joined the "North Carolina" in the Mediterranean, and while cruising in the schooner " Porpoise," in the Grecian Archipelago, he commanded a night expedition of four boats and thirty-five men for the recovery of the English brig "Comet," which had been captured by Greek pirates. After a fierce fight, in which ninety of the pirates were killed, the "Comet" was rescued, and on the arrival of the expedition at Malta he received the thanks of the English government. In 1833 he married the daughter of William Wirt, and went to Florida, taking with him a colony of Germans to cultivate lands belonging to his father-in-law. During the Seminole War he commanded a company of volunteer cavalry, and also an armed steamer. In September, 1841, he was promoted commander. During the Mexican War he was executive officer of the frigate "Ohio," which bombarded Vera Cruz in March, 1847. He was senior member of the joint Army and Naval Commission to explore Oregon and California, and to report on various military matters in 1849. From 1853 till 1857 he was superintendent of the U. S. Naval Academy, and commanded the sloop " Levant" in the Mediterranean, and the frigate " Congress" in the Brazil Squadron in 1858-"60. He was commissioned captain in 1855. At the beginning of the Civil War in 1861 he was appointed flag-officer, and placed in command of the "Minnesota," of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. In September, 1861, he planned and executed a joint army and navy expedition to the sounds of North Carolina, and captured Roanoke Island, 5 February, 1862. (See Burnside, Ambrose.) He received the thanks of Congress for this service He was made rear-admiral in July, 1862, and assigned in 1863 to the duty of preparing a code of regulations for the naval service, and of revising the book of naval allowances. In 1865 he commanded the European Squadron, in 1868 was ordered to Mare Island, California, and in 1873 was placed on the retired list, and made his home in Washington. At the time of his death he had been in the service longer than any other naval officer then living, and had seen more active duty.   Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 673.


GOLGOTHA, GEORGIA, June 16, 1864. 20th Army Corps. While General Sherman was disposing his forces to invest Johnston's position on Kennesaw mountain, in the advance upon Atlanta, some of General Hooker's corps had a slight skirmish with the enemy in the vicinity of Golgotha. The affair is barely mentioned in the official records, and no detailed report can be found. Goodrich's Landing, Louisiana, June 30, 1863. 1st Kansas Mounted Infantry. Upon learning that some Confederates had made a successful attack upon the camps of two negro companies, one at Goodrich's landing and the other at Wilton's plantation, Brigadier-General H. T. Reid sent the 1st Kans. to check the  enemy. The regiment met the enemy at Goodrich's landing, but was obliged to fall back before him to within 3 miles of Providence, losing 1 man killed, and 3 wounded, while the enemy's loss was estimated at 5 or 6 killed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 470.


GOLSBOROUGH, John Rodgers, naval officer, born in Washington, D. C, 2 July, 1808; died there, 22 June, 1877, became midshipman in the U.S. Navy in 1824, lieutenant in 1837, commander in 1855, captain in 1862, and commodore in 1867. While midshipman on the sloop "Warren," of the Mediterranean Squadron, in 1824-'30, he was engaged against the Greek pirates, and in a launch with nineteen men captured the schooner " Helene," of four guns, and manned by fifty-eight pirates. In 1844-'50 he was attached to the coast survey, and in 1851-'4 to the sloop "Saratoga." During the Civil War he commanded the steamer " Union”  in 1861, employed in blockading Charleston, Savannah, and Cape Hatteras. He captured and sunk the Confederate schooner "York," and bombarded the fort off Point Mathias on the Potomac. He commanded the " Florida," of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, in 1862, and the " Colorado," of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, in 1863. In 1866-'8 he served in the East India Squadron, on the sloop "Shenandoah." In 1870 he was retired.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 673.


GOLDTHWAITE, George, senator, born in Boston, 10 December, 1809; died in Montgomery, Alabama, 18 March, 1879. He received a primary education at a grammar-school in Boston, and at thirteen years of age entered the U. S. Military Academy, where he remained two years. In 1826 he moved to Montgomery, Alabama, studying law with his brother Henry, and being admitted to the bar in his eighteenth year. He practised his profession until his election as circuit judge in 1843, was appointed justice of the supreme court in January, 1852, and in 1856 became chief justice, but held the office only thirteen days, when he resigned from the bench and resumed the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed adjutant-general of the state of Alabama. He was elected judge of the circuit court in 1868, but lost the office through an act of Congress which disqualified him. In 1870 he was elected U. S. Senator, served on the committees of claims and Revolutionary Claims, and in 1877 retired to private life.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 673.


GOOCH, Daniel W., Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


GOODE, John, solicitor-general, born in Bedford county, Virginia, 27 May, 1829. He was graduated at Emory and Henry College in 1848, studied law at Lexington, Virginia, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. In the latter year he was elected a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, and in 1861 sat in the state convention that passed the Ordinance of Secession. He was twice sent to the Confederate Congress, serving from 22 February. 1862, until the end of the war, and during the recesses of that body acted as volunteer aide on the staff of General Jubal A. Early. After the war Mr. Goode moved to Norfolk, Virginia, but is now (1887) engaged in the practice of the law in Washington, D. C. Shortly after his removal to Norfolk he was again elected to the Virginia Legislature, and was then chosen to Congress as a Democrat, serving from 6 December, 1875, till 3 March. 1881. Mr. Goode was a member of the National Democratic Conventions of 1868 and 1872, and was a presidential elector in 1852. 1856, and 1884. In May, 1885, he was appointed solicitor-general of the United States, and retained the office until August, 1886. During his term of service he visited British Columbia, to represent the United States in an extradition case.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 678.


GOODE, William Osborne, legislator, born in Mecklenburgh County, Virginia, 16 September, 1798; died in Boydton, Virginia, 3 July, 1859. He was graduated at William and Mary, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1821, beginning the practice of his profession at Boydton. He was for many years a member of the legislature, taking an active part in the debates on slavery in 1832, and was sent as a delegate to the State Reform Convention in 1827-'32. He was afterward elected to Congress as a Democrat, serving from 31 May, 1841, till 8 March, 1843. He was again, for several successive years, chosen to the state legislature, and was three times elected speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850, and was again elected to Congress, serving from 5 December, 1853, to 3 March, 1859. He was re-elected, but died before taking his seat. Regarding slavery, he was in favor of gradual emancipation.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 678.


 GOODELL, William, Reverend, 1792-1878, New York City, reformer, temperance activist, radical abolitionist.  Manager, 1833-1839, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833.  Published anti-slavery newspaper, The Investigator, founded 1829 in Providence, Rhode Island; merged with the National Philanthropist the same year.  Wrote Slavery and Anti-Slavery, 1852. Co-founder of the New York Anti-Slavery Society, 1833.  Editor of The Emancipator, and The Friend of Man, in Utica, New York, the paper of the New York Anti-Slavery Society.  Co-founded the Anti-Slavery Liberty Party in 1840.  Was its nominee for President in 1852 and 1860.  Was co-founder of the Liberty League in 1848.  In 1850, edited American Jubilee, later called The Radical Abolitionist.

(Blue, 2005, pp. 19, 20, 23, 25, 32, 34, 50, 53, 54, 101; Drake, 1950, p. 177; Dumond, 1961, pp. 167, 182, 264-265, 295; Goodell, 1852; Mabee, 1970, pp. 48, 107, 187, 228, 246, 249, 252, 300, 333, 341, 387n11, 388n27; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 1, 7, 22, 29, 31, 35, 46, 63, 64, 71, 72, 162-163, 199, 225, 257n; Pease, 1965, pp. 411-417; Sorin, 1971, pp. 411-417; Van Broekhoven, 2001, pp. 30-31, 35-36, 87; Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 384; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 9, p. 236)


GOODFELLOW, Henry, soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 27 August, 1833; died in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 29 December 1885, accompanied the Arctic Expedition of Dr. Elisha K. Kane from May, 1853, until October, 1855, and received the medals presented by the British government to those who served on expeditions in search of Sir John Franklin. Subsequently he studied law, and was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1859, and to practise before the U. S. Circuit Court in 1861. He entered the National Army as captain in the 61st Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served continuously with the Army of the Potomac until the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania, receiving the brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel for gallant conduct in the battles of Gettysburg and the Wilderness. In February, 1867, he became major and judge-advocate in the U. S. Army, and at the time of his death was judge-advocate of the Department of the Missouri.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 679.


 GOODLOE, Daniel Reaves, 1814-1902, Louisburg, North Carolina, abolitionist.  Associate editor and editor of anti-slavery newspaper, The National Era, in Washington, DC, the newspaper of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.  Worked with abolitionist leader Gamaliel Bailey.  Goodloe also wrote for the New York Tribune.  He was a friend of Horace Greeley and Harriet Beecher Stowe.  Goodloe wrote Inquiry into the Causes Which Have Retarded the Accumulation of Wealth and Increase of Population in the Southern States: In Which the Question of Slavery is Considered in a Politico-Economical Point of View.  By a Carolinian. [1846]. 

(Dumond, 1961, p. 265; Filler, 1960, pp. 63, 116, 122, 152, 156, 240, 261, 263-264; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 39, 162; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 390)


GOODNOW, Isaac Tichenor, 1814-1894, Boston, MA, abolitionist, educator, political leader.  Actively supported the New England Emigrant Aid Company and its effort to keep Kansas as a free state.  Went to Kansas to support the movement.


GOODRICH, Joseph, 1800-1867, businessman, politician, abolitionist.  Active in local Underground Railroad.


GOODWIN, E. W., New York, abolitionist leader (Sorin, 1971)


GOODWIN, William Frederick, author, born in Limington, Maine, 27 September, 1823: died in Concord, New Hampshire, 12 March, 1872. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1848, and taught in a high-school in Concord, New Hampshire, and in New Bedford, Massachusetts, from 1851 till 1853. He was then graduated at the Harvard law-school in 1854, and began practice in Concord in 1855. He was appointed 1st lieutenant of the 16th regular Infantry in May, 1861, and after acting as mustering officer in New Hampshire, joined his regiment in March, 1863, and was engaged at the actions of Hoover's Gap and Chickamauga, where he was wounded. He was brevetted captain for gallant conduct in that battle, and was retired in 1865, from incapacity resulting from his wound, after receiving his promotion to a captaincy in 1864. After his retirement he was disbursing officer in Rhode Island in 1865, and was afterward on duty in Ohio and in the Department of the Potomac. Captain Goodwin gave much time to antiquarian and historical researches, and was a frequent contributor to the " Historical Magazine." He was the author of a "History of the Constitution of New Hampshire of 1776, 1784, 1792" ; "Records of Narragansett Township, No. 1" (printed privately, 1871); and at his death had in preparation "Narragansett, No. 2," now portions of adjoining towns, which, together with the last-named work, was to constitute a " History of Buxton, Maine, 1733- 1811." He was also engaged on a " Biography of General Alexander Scammel, and left various manuscripts, which have not been published.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 683.


GOODYEAR, Charles, inventor, born in New Haven, Connecticut, 29 December, 1800; died in New York City, 1 July, 1860. He was the son of Amasa Goodyear, who was the first to make hay-forks of spring-steel instead of wrought-iron. The son's education was acquired in the New Haven public schools, and on coming of age he became a member of the firm of A. Goodyear & Sons in Philadelphia. The business proved profitable until 1830, when the failure of southern houses compelled the firm to suspend. Meanwhile the development of the India rubber industry had begun, large quantities of the crude gum were imported into the United States, companies for its manufacture into shoes were organized, and indeed there was an India-rubber mania in the years 1830-'6 similar to the subsequent gold fever and petroleum craze. The products of these companies, however, were unsatisfactory. It was very simple to make shoes in winter, but the heat of the summer soon softened and destroyed them. In 1834 Goodyear first turned his attention to this substance, and from then until his death the idea of producing from it a solid elastic material occupied his entire mind. His experiments were conducted in Philadelphia, New York, and in different towns of Massachusetts, with his family always in want, and himself frequently in prison for debt; but on the receipt of a few dollars he would purchase new materials and renew his investigations. The first gleam of hope that came to him was in 1835, when he found that by boiling a compound of the gum and magnesia in quicklime and water an article was obtained that seemed to be all that he could desire. He obtained a patent for the process, and sold his product readily; but it was soon found that a drop of weak acid, such as apple-juice or vinegar and water, destroyed the effects of the lime and made the cloth sticky. A year later he found that the action of nitric acid on rubber produced a "curing" superior to anything hitherto made. The secret now seemed to be discovered. A partner with ample capital was found, the abandoned rubber-works on Staten Island leased, and a store on Broadway secured, but the panic of 1837 swept away the fortune of his partner, and left Goodyear penniless again. For some time he vainly endeavored to induce someone to furnish him with money, so that he might place his invention on the market. He was regarded as an object of ridicule, and was called an India-rubber maniac. At this period he was described as " a man with an India-rubber coat on, India-rubber shoes, an India-rubber cap, and in his pocket an India-rubber purse and not a cent in it." Failing of success in New York, he settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts, where E. M. Chaffee placed at his disposal the plant of the Roxbury Rubber Company, and for a time he prospered, selling rights under his patents; but the nitric-acid process cured only the surface of the material, and the goods were valueless except in the form of thinnest cloth. His bright prospects vanished, his property was sold, and once more he was penniless. He was strongly urged to discontinue his experiments, but a persistent faith in the ultimate success of his efforts led him to persevere. Meanwhile he found that Nathaniel Hayward (q. v.), in his employ, was in the habit of sprinkling sulphur on the surface of the rubber and drying it in the sun. The effect produced was similar to that obtained by nitric acid, and, believing himself to be on the verge of an important discovery, he continued his experiments. Early in 1839 he found that the application of considerable heat to the sulphured article would cause it to become pliant in cold weather, to have its elasticity increased at all times, and its offensive odor much diminished. After years of patient work, during which he strove to determine the exact conditions under which the most favorable results would ensue, though at times he was so reduced' that he sold his children's school-books to purchase new material, he finally, after being aided by his brother- in-law, William De Forrest, obtained, in 1844, his patent for vulcanized rubber. He continued till his death to improve the process of vulcanization and to extend the uses to which the improved material could be put. As he was unable to comply with certain of the requirements of the law of France, his patent was declared void in that country, and he was equally unfortunate in England. There his method was superseded by that of Thomas Hancock, who " re-discovered " the process after receiving information from Goodyear, with whom he was carrying on negotiations for the introduction of rubber into England. He acquired about sixty patents, and the original vulcanizing patent was extended in 1858, but an application in 1867 was refused, owing to the persistent opposition of those who, during his lifetime, grew rich by infringing on his rights. The benefits conferred on humanity by Goodyear's patents have been nowhere more conspicuous than m connection with the military service during the Civil War. The great council medal of the world's fair held in London in 1851 was conferred on him, and he also received the grand medal of the world's fair held in Paris in 1855 together with the cross of the legion of honor, which was presented to him by Napoleon III. Although he died in debt, he lived to see his material applied to nearly 500 uses, and to give employment to upward of 60,000 persons. Dr. Leander Bishop says: "In the art of modifying the curious native properties of caoutchouc and gutta-percha, and of moulding their plastic elements into a thousand forms of beauty and utility, whether hard or soft, smooth or corrugated, rigid or elastic, American ingenuity and patient experiment have never been excelled.- See Bradford K. Peirce's "Trials of an Inventor" (New York. 1866), and Parton's " Famous Americans of Recent Times " (Boston, 1867).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 683-684.


GOOSE CREEK, VIRGINIA, September 17, 1862. (See Leesburg, Reconnaissance to.)


GOOSE CREEK, VIRGINIA, June 18, 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. Colonel Gamble's brigade, Buford's division, marched from Bull run to Aldie on the 17th. Next day Battery A, 2nd U. S. artillery, attached to the brigade, reconnoitered in the direction of Philomont. The cavalry skirmishers met those of the enemy near the bridge over Goose creek and drove them through Philomont, after which the right section of the battery under Lieutenant Roder, and the left section under 1st Sergt. Moorman man, crossed the bridge. The other section was posted on a hill south of the creek to enfilade the road leading to the bridge from the north. The object of the movement was to cover the retreat of Federal troops in case they had to fall back. The battery later returned to camp near Aldie.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 470-471.

GOOSE CREEK, VIRGINIA, March 23, 1865. Detachments of the 1st U. S. Infantry, 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry and the Loudoun County Rangers. The expedition, commanded by Colonel M. A. Reno, of the 12th Pennsylvania cavalry, was in pursuit of some of Mosby's guerrillas from Hamilton, where a skirmish had occurred on the 21st. On the 23d Reno moved from Bloomfield, via Upperville and Middleburg, to Goose creek, skirmishing all day with parties of the enemy, and killing a few of the guerrillas without casualty to his own command.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 471.


GORDON, George Henry, soldier, born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, 19 July, 1825. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1846, and assigned to the mounted rifles. In the Mexican War he was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz in March, 1847, in the battle of Cerro Gordo, 17-18 April, where he was wounded and brevetted 1st lieutenant, took part in the battles of Contreras and Chapultepec, and in the assault and capture of the city of Mexico. In a hand-to-hand encounter with two guerillas near the San Juan Bridge on 21 December, 1847, he was severely wounded. On 8 January, 1848, he was promoted 2d lieutenant and assigned to recruiting service. Ill health necessitated leave of absence in 1848-'9, when he was assigned to duty in the cavalry school for practice at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. From 1850 till 1854 he was on frontier duty, and was promoted to a 1st lieutenancy, 30 August, 1853. He resigned, 31 October, 1854, studied law, and entered upon practice in Boston in 1857. At the beginning of the Civil War he raised the 2d Massachusetts Regiment, became its colonel on 24 May, 1861, and was made military governor of Harper's Ferry. In 1862 he commanded a brigade under General Banks, and for his conduct in the retreat from Strasburg to Williamsport was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 9 June, 1862. He was engaged in a large number of battles and skirmishes, took part in the North Virginia and Maryland Campaigns, was in the second battle of Bull Run, and at Antietam fought with his brigade in General Alpheus D. Williams's division of Mansfield's 12th Corps, and guarded the upper Potomac at Harper's Ferry in September to December, 1862. He was with the Army of the Potomac in pursuit of the Confederate Army from the Potomac to Warrenton in July, 1863, engaged in operations about Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, from August, 1863, till April, 1864, was in command of Florida in May, guarded and kept open the communications by White River with Little Rock, Arkansas, in July, and took part in the operations against Mobile in August. From November, 1864, till 16 June, 1865, he was on duty in the department of Virginia in command of the Eastern District, and was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 9 April, 1865. He was mustered out of service on 24 August, 1865, and returned to the practice of law in Boston.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 685.


GORDON, John Brown, governor of Georgia, born in Uspon County, Georgia, 6 February, 1832. He was educated at the University of Georgia, studied law and was admitted to the bar, but had practised only a short time when he entered the Confederate Army as a captain of infantry. He rose successively to the rank of lieutenant-general. He commanded one wing of Lee's army at Appomattox Court-House, and was wounded in battle eight times during the war. He was the Democratic candidate for governor of Georgia in 1868, but, though his election was claimed by his party, his opponent, Rufus B. Bullock, secured the office. He was a member of the National Democratic Conventions of 1868 and 1872, presidential elector for the same years, and in January. 1873, was elected to the U. S. Senate. He was reelected in 1879, but resigned his seat in 1880. He took an active part in the proceedings of the Senate, and gave a moderate support to the administration of President Hayes. In 1886 he was elected governor of Georgia.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 686.


Gordon, Georgia, November 21, 1864. 4th Division, 17th Army Corps. In the march to the sea the division, commanded by Brigadier-General Giles A .Smith, reached Gordon on the 21st to find the town occupied by the enemy. The 1st Alabama cavalry, which was in advance engaged the Confederate forces and after a sharp skirmish drove them out of town. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 471.


GORDON'S LANDING, LOUISIANA, February 14, 1863. Queen of the West. The capture of the U. S. ram, Queen of the West, on this date was an incident of the operations of the Mississippi squadron, Rear-Admiral David D. Porter commanding, on the Red river. (For a full account of the affair see Naval Volume.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 471.


GORDONSVILLE, VIRGINIA, December 23, 1864. 1st and 2nd Cavalry Divisions, Middle Military Division. During the expedition from Winchester to Gordonsville, led by Major-General A. T. A. Torbert, the enemy was engaged at daylight on a county road leading to Gordonsville. Their artillery was captured and they were obliged to retire to a gap in Southwest mountain, taking a position behind earth and rail breastworks. Torbert's command charged, but was unable to dislodge the Confederates. A column was started to flank the enemy on the left, but the arrival of infantry reinforcements for the enemy induced Torbert to withdraw across the Rapidan. No casualties were reported on either side.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 471.


GORESVILLE, VIRGINIA, November 28, 1864. Detachment of the Loudoun County Rangers. Thirty-four men, under command of Lieutenant Robert Graham, crossed the Potomac at Cheek's ford for a scout in the vicinity of Leesburg, where they captured Captain Smith, adjutant-general on General Gordon's staff. From there they proceeded to Goresville, where they met about 150 of Mosby's men commanded by Captain Mountjoy, and a slight skirmish took place, in which Mountjoy and 2 men were killed and a lieutenant was wounded. A charge by the Confederates scattered Graham's command and 5 or 6 of them failed to reach camp at Point of Rocks. It was supposed that they were either killed or captured.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 471.


GORGAS, Josiah, soldier, born in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, 1 July, 1818; died in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 15 May, 1883. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1841 and assigned to the ordnance corps. He served with credit in the Mexican War, rising to the rank of captain in 1855. After acting in various arsenals as assistant he resigned at the beginning of the Civil War, and was placed at the head of the Confederate ordnance department with the rank of brigadier general. After the close of the war he devoted himself to business. He was elected vice-chancellor of the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee, in 1872, and was made president of the University of Alabama in 1878, where he remained until he was compelled to resign owing to failing health. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 687.


GORGE. The gorge of a fortification or gorge of a work is the opening on that side of the work corresponding to the body of the place, or the side whence comes the defence. In isolated works, the gorge is sometimes intrenched. The gorges of works not attached to a fortress, but which are its dependencies, are in general open, or without parapets, in order that the enemy may not cover himself from the fire of the place if he should seize such detached works. If the works are liable to surprise, and their gorges cannot be shut, a row of palisades are planted there, and mines are prepared so as to overthrow the enemy if he should seize the work, and attempt to construct a lodgement there. The gorge of a bastion is usually an open space between the extremities of the flanks of the bastion. The larger this gorge is, the better is the defence; for when the ruined bastion is about to fall by siege into the hands of the enemy, the defenders can construct defensive works or dig small ditches in the gorge of the abandoned bastion. Such resistance sometimes drives the besiegers to the necessity of battering in breach the curtain. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 323).


GORGE OF MOUNTAINS is the passage, more or less compressed, between two mountains which are used as a passage-way into valleys. Gorges are important military points. If they lead to an intrenched camp, it is necessary to fortify them, and post there grand guards; these positions are the principal theatres for affairs of posts. A gorge should never be entered without previous examination. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 323).


GORMAN, Willis Arnold, soldier, born near Flemingsburg, Kentucky, 12 January, 1814: died in St. Paul, Minnesota, 20 May, 1876. He was graduated at the law-school of the University of Indiana, was admitted to the bar, and began to practice in Bloomington, Indiana, in 1835. In 1837 and 1838 he was a clerk in the state senate, and was afterward several times elected to that body as a Democrat. He was appointed major of General Lane's Regiment of Indiana Volunteers in 1846, served in the Mexican War, and led an independent rifle battalion at the battle of Buena Vista, where he was severely wounded. In 1847 he was made colonel of the 4th Indiana Regiment, which he commanded in several battles. In 1848 he was civil and military governor of Puebla, Mexico. From 1849 till 1853 he was a representative to Congress from Indiana, having been chosen as a Democrat. In 1852 he addressed large meetings in favor of General Pierce's election to the presidency. He was appointed governor of the territory of Minnesota in 1853, and ex-officio superintendent of Indians, which offices he held till 1857. In that year he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, he represented St. Paul in the Minnesota legislature in 1858, and in 1860 was a candidate for presidential elector on the Douglas ticket. He practised law in St. Paul till 1861, when he was made colonel of the 1st Minnesota Regiment, and served in the battle of Bull Run. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers on 7 September, 1861, led a bayonet charge at Fair Oaks, and commanded a brigade at South Mountain and Antietam. He was at the head of the 2d Division, 2d Corps, till the reorganization of the army following General McClellan's removal. In 1864 he was mustered out of the service and resumed his law practice in St. Paul. He was elected city attorney in 1869, and held this office till his death.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 689.


GORRINGE, Henry Honeychurch, naval officer, born in Barbadoes, W. I., 11 August, 1841; died in New York, 7 July, 1885. He was the son of an English clergyman of the established church, came to the United States at an early age, and entered the merchant-marine service. At the beginning of the Civil War he enlisted in the National service as a common sailor, 13 July, 1862. Three months later he was attached to the Mississippi Squadron, and by 1865 had risen through successive promotions for gallantry to the rank of acting volunteer lieutenant. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander on 18 December, 1868, and from 1869 till 1871 commanded the sloop "Portsmouth " in the South Atlantic Squadron. He was engaged in the Hydrographic Office in Washington, D. C., from 1872 till 1876, when he was sent with the "Gettysburg" on special service in the Mediterranean, where he remained till 1878, contributing letters to the New York "Nation." He was brought into notice in 1880 by his work of transporting and erecting an Egyptian obelisk that had been offered to the United States by the Khedive Ismail in 1879 at the opening of the Suez canal. On arriving in Alexandria on 16 October, 1879. Commander Gorringe began his operations with the assistance of 100 Arabs, and on 6 November had removed 1,730 cubic yards of earth from around the pedestal of the obelisk. By means of simple and original machinery devised by Gorringe, the monolith was removed from its pedestal and placed in a horizontal position on 6 December, 1879. The iron steamer " Dessoug," owned by the Egyptian government, was then purchased from Mahomet Tewfik for £5,100, and the obelisk was introduced into the hold through an aperture made for the purpose. The mechanism by which the obelisk was confined in the vessel was entirely of Commander Gorringe's construction, and consisted of innumerable beams of steel and wood. The obelisk arrived in New York on 20 July, 1880. By the aid of iron tracks and cannon-balls the monolith was conveyed from the North River to Central Park, where, on 22 January, 1881, it was erected on the same pedestal on which it had rested in Egypt. The height of the shaft is CO feet. It was erected by Thothmes III. at Heliopolis about 1600 B.C., and removed to Alexandria in 22 B. C. The total expense of its removal to New York and erection in Central Park was $103,732, and was paid by William H. Vanderbilt. Subsequently Commander Gorringe criticised naval matters in public with great freedom, and, on being called to account by the department, offered his resignation, which was accepted. He then engaged actively in forming the American Ship-building Company, in which he had a controlling interest. He secured several contracts for the construction of vessels, and leased the Reading Railroad ship-yard at Port Richmond, Philadelphia, but owing to a want of capital the enterprise proved a failure. Several months before his death in jumping on a train while it was in motion, he received an injury from which he never recovered. The monument erected by friends over his grave at Sparkill, on the Hudson, New York, is an exact copy, on a reduced scale, of the obelisk that he transported from Egypt. (See illustration.) He published a "History of Egyptian Obelisks" (New York, 1885).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp.  689-690.


GOVE, William Hazeltine, politician, born in Weare, New Hampshire, 10 July, 1817: died there, 11 March, 1876. He received a common-school education, taught in Lynn, Massachusetts, one Year, and an equal length of time in Rochester, New York. He also studied law a short time in Boston. He early became an active worker in the anti-slavery cause, a supporter of the Liberty Party, and later a prominent Free-Soiler. While connected with the latter party he became well known as a stump speaker, and gained the title of the " silver-tongued orator of New Hampshire." He was a member of the first Free-Soil Convention, held in Buffalo, New York, in 1848, was a candidate of his party for the legislature year after year, and in 1851, by a combination of Free-Soilers and Whigs, he was elected. He was re-elected in 1852 and 1855. After the Free-Soil organization was merged in the Republican Party, Mr. Gove was for many years an active Republican. During the administrations of Lincoln and Johnston he held the office of postmaster. In 1871, having become dissatisfied with his party, he engaged in forming a labor reform party, whose voters, combining with the Democrats, elected him to the lower branch of the legislature, of which body he was chosen speaker. In 1872 he was a delegate to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cincinnati, and acted thence forth with the Democratic Party, which elected him to the state senate in 187&-'4." In the latter year he was made its president. As a young man Mr. Gove was engaged in the Washingtonian temperance movement, and spoke and wrote eloquently in aid of the cause. He edited for a short time the "Temperance Banner." published at Concord.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 697-698.


GOVERNMENT. The Constitution of the United States provides that Congress shall make rules for the government and regulation of armies. By government is understood not only the body of fundamental laws of a State, but also the body of persons charged with the management of the executive power of a country, direction, power or authority which rules a community, administration, rule, management; (WORCESTER'S Dictionary)

Government of the military (says BARDIN, Dictionnaire de l Armee de Terre) is that branch of the code which embraces the creation and regulation of the military hierarchy, or the gradual distribution of inferior authority. The power of making rules of government is that of SUPREME COMMAND, and from this living principle proceeds the localization of troops, their organization and distribution; rules for rewards and punishments; and generally all rules of government and regulation whatsoever, which the legislature may judge necessary, to maintain an efficient and well-disciplined army.

All authority over the land forces of the United States must therefore be derived from Congress. For, although the President is the commander-in-chief, yet his functions, as such, must be regulated by Congress, under the 17th clause of Sec. 8 of the Constitution, as well as under the general authority of Congress to make rules for the government and regulation of the land forces. The President cannot be divested of power which Congress may assign to any inferior military commander, because the authority of the greater includes that of the less. But all authority over the land and naval forces save the appointment of the commander-in-chief rests with Congress, and no authority can be exercised not delegated by Congress, except such as may be fairly deduced from powers given for the effective discharge of the duties annexed to his office. (See ADMINISTRATION, and references under that head; ADJUTANT; ADJUTANT-GENERAL; AID-DE-CAMP; APPOINTING POWER; ARMY; ARMY, (Regular ;) ARMY REGULATIONS; ARTICLES OF WAR, and references under that head; ARTILLERY; ASSIGNMENT; BOOTY; BOUNTY; BREVET; BRIGADE; BRIGADIER-GENERAL; BRIGADE-INSPECTOR; CADET; CAPTAIN; CAVALRY; COLONEL; COMMAND; COMMANDER OF THE ARMY; COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF; COMMISSARY OF SUBSISTENCE; COMMISSION; CONGRESS; CONSTITUTION; CORPORAL; CORPS; COURT-MARTIAL and references under that head; COURT OF INQUIRY; DEFENCE, (National;) DEPARTMENT; DETACHMENT; DISCIPLINE; DIVISION; ENGINEERS CORPS; ENGINEERS, ( Topographical ;) ESPRIT DU CORPS; FIELD OFFICERS; FLAGS; FORAGE MASTER; GARRISON; GENERAL OFFICERS; GRATUITY; GRENADIERS; HIERARCHY; INDEMNIFICATION; INDIAN; INFANTRY; JUDGE-ADVOCATE; LAW, and references under that head; LAW, (Martial ;) LIEUTENANT; LIEUTENANTCOLONEL; LIEUTENANT-GENERAL; LINE; LOSSES; MAJOR; MAJOR-GENERAL; MARINE CORPS; MEDICAL DEPARTMENT; MILITIA; NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS; OATH; OBEDIENCE; OFFICERS; ORDERS; ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT; ORDNANCE SERGEANTS; ORGANIZING; PARDON; PAY; PAY DEPARTMENT; PAYMASTER-GENERAL; PENSION; PLATOON; POST; PRESIDENT; PROMOTION; PUNISHMENT; QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT; QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL; RAISE, and its references; RANK; REGIMENT; REGULATION, and its references; REMEDY; REPRIEVE; RETAINERS; RIFLEMEN; SAPPERS; SECRETARY OF WAR; SENIOR; SERGEANT; SERVICE, and its references; SOLDIER; STAFF; STATE TROOPS; STANDARDS; STORE-KEEPERS; SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT; SUPERIOR; SUPERINTENDENT; SUPERNUMERARY; SURGEON; SURGERY, (Military ;) SUTLERS; TRADE; TRAIN; TRANSFERS; TRAVELLING ALLOWANCES; TREATY; UNIFORM; VETERAN; VICE-PRESIDENT; VOLUNTEERS; WAR; WARRANT.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 323-325).


GOWER'S FORD, GEORGIA, September 17, 1863. (See Owen's Ford, same date.)