Foster through Fuze

FOSTER, Abby Kelley, 1810-1887, Worcester, Massachusetts, reformer, orator, abolitionist leader, women’s rights activist, temperance reformer, member Massachusetts and American Anti-Slavery Societies, co-founded abolitionist paper, Anti-Slavery Bugle in Ohio. Activist in the Underground Railroad. (Drake, 1950, p. 158; Sterling, 1991; Dumond, 1961, p. 281; Mabee, 1970, pp. 42, 77, 199, 213, 224, 266, 300, 323, 328, 329, 336; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 162, 169, 290-291, 465; Van Broekhoven, 2002, pp. 42, 49, 63, 73, 149, 189-191, 210-211, 214, 216; Yellin, 1994, pp. 19, 26, 27, 31, 43, 148-149, 154, 170, 173, 175, 176, 223, 231-248, 267-268, 280-281, 286, 288, 289, 292, 294, 296, 332; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 515; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 3, Pt. 2, p. 542; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 308-310; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 8, p. 289; The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II. New York: James T. White, 1892, pp. 323-324; Sterling, Dorothy. Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Antislavery. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1991.)

FOSTER, Abby Kelley, reformer, born in Pelham, Massachusetts, 15 Jan., 1811; died in Worcester, Massachusetts, 14 Jan., 1887. Her parents, who were descendants of Irish Quakers, moved to Worcester while she was an infant. Her education was finished at the Friends' school in Providence, Rhode Island, after which she taught for several years in Worcester and Millbury, and in a Friends' school in Lynn, Massachusetts. She resigned her post about 1837, and began lecturing as an anti-slavery advocate, being the first woman to address mixed audiences in favor of abolition. Though sincere in her convictions and womanly in her delivery, she suffered many indignities in Connecticut during her lectures, While speaking in Pennsylvania, she met Stephen S. Foster, whom she married in New Brighton, Pennsylvania, 21 Dec., 1845. The two continued their public addresses, and on one tour in Ohio Mrs. Foster spoke every day for six weeks. They settled on a farm near Worcester, which was their home up to the time of Mr. Foster's death. About 1850 Mrs. Foster began to be actively interested in the cause of woman suffrage, making many speeches in its advocacy, and that of prohibition. She took an extreme view of these questions, and in argument was pronounced and aggressive. Alike in their belief regarding woman suffrage and their protests against taxation without representation, both Mr. and Mrs. Foster refused to pay taxes on their home estate because the wife was not permitted to vote, and this resolution was followed by the sale of the home for two consecutive years, but it was bought in by friends, and finally redeemed by Mr. Foster. Mrs. Foster's last public work was an effort made to raise funds to defray the expenses of securing the adoption of the 15th amendment in the doubtful states. In June, 1886, she attended an anti-slavery reception in Boston. The day preceding her fatal illness she finished a sketch of her husband for this work. Personally Mrs. Foster was amiable and unassuming, but never lacked the courage to proclaim and defend her advanced opinions. James Russell Lowell pays this tribute to Mrs. Foster:           

“A Judith there, turned Quakeress,         
  Sits Abby in her modest dress.  
  No nobler gift of heart or brain.           
  No life more white from spot or stain,  
  Was e'er on freedom's altar lain           
  Than hers—the simple Quaker maid.”

Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 515.


FOSTER, Charles, Massachusetts Abolition Society, Executive Committee, 1844-45


FOSTER, Henry Allen, born 1800, Cazenovia, New York, U.S. Congressman and Senator.  Vice-President, American Colonization Society, 1838-41.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 511; Staudenraus, P. J. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961)

FOSTER, Henry Allen, senator, born in Hartford, Connecticut, 7 May, 1800. He moved to Cazenovia, New York, in early life, and, after receiving a common school education, entered the law office of David B. Johnson, and was admitted to the bar in 1822. He was a member of the state senate from 1831 till 1834, and again from 1841 till 1844. He was a representative in Congress from 1837 till 1839, having been elected as a Democrat, and in 1844 was appointed United States Senator in place of Silas Wright, Jr., serving till 1847. From 1863 till 1869 he held the office of judge of the Fifth District of the Supreme Court. He has resided for many years in Rome, New York.  Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 511.


FOSTER, James P., naval officer, born in Bullitt County, Kentucky, 8 June, 1827; died in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2 June, 1869. He moved with his family, in childhood, to Bloomington, Indiana, and entered the U.S. Navy in 1846. He had reached the rank of lieutenant in 1861, and in July, 1862, was commissioned a lieutenant-commander, and in October of the same year was ordered to the Mississippi Squadron, commanded by Admiral Porter. He was placed in command of the "Neosho," from which he was soon transferred to the iron-clad ram "Chillicothe," and in March, 1863, distinguished himself by the valuable service performed by his vessel during the Yazoo Expedition. Later in the year he was placed in command of the gun-boat "Lafayette," and rendered valuable assistance during the bombardment and siege of Vicksburg. After the war he was ordered to the Naval Academy, and placed in charge of the training-ships. He was then promoted to commander, ordered to the "Osceola," and joined the Brazilian Squadron, where he contracted the disease from which he died.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 511.


FOSTER, John Gray, soldier, born in Whitefield, New Hampshire, 27 May, 1823; died in Nashua, N. H, 2 September, 1874. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1846, assigned to the Engineer Corps, and served in the Mexican War under General Scott, being engaged at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey, where he was severely wounded. He received the brevets of 1st lieutenant and captain for gallantry. He was assistant engineer in Maryland in 1848-'52, and on coast-survey duty in Washington, D. C, in 1852-'4, and after promotion to a 1st lieutenancy acted as assistant professor of engineering at West Point in 1855-'7. At the beginning of the Civil War he was stationed at Charleston, South Carolina, and safely removed the garrison of Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter during the night of 26-27 December, 1860. He was brevetted major for the distinguished part he took in this transfer, and was one of the defenders of the fort during its subsequent bombardment. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 23 October, 1861, commanded a brigade in Burnside's North Carolina Expedition, and received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for his services at Roanoke Island. While in command of the Department of North Carolina, with the rank of major-general of volunteers, in 1862-'3, he conducted several important expeditions. He had charge of the combined departments of Virginia and North Carolina from July till November, 1863, and afterward of the army and Department of the Ohio, which he relinquished in December, 1864, on account of severe injuries from the fall of his horse. After the termination of his sick leave he commanded the Department of the South, co-operating efficiently with General Sherman, and preparing to assist in the reduction of Charleston under Sherman's orders, when suffering caused by his old wound obliged him to transfer the command to General Quincy A. Gillmore. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army for gallant services in the capture of Savannah, Georgia, and major-general for services in the field during the rebellion. He was in command of the Department of Florida in 1865-"6, and on temporary duty in the engineer bureau of Washington in 1867. He afterward served as superintending engineer of various river and harbor improvements. His submarine engineering operations in Boston and Portsmouth Harbors were conducted with great ability and were eminently successful. He contributed articles to periodical literature on engineering topics, and published " Submarine Blasting in Boston Harbor" (New York, 1869).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 511-512.


FOSTER, John Watson, diplomatist, born in Pike County, Indiana, 2 March, 1836. He was graduated at the Indiana State University in 1855, and, after one year at Harvard law-school, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Evansville. He entered the National service in 1861 as major of the 25th Indiana Infantry. After the capture of Fort Donelson he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and subsequently was made colonel of the 65th Indiana Mounted Infantry. Later he was appointed colonel of the 130th Indiana Regiment. During his entire service he was connected with the western armies of Grant and Sherman. He was commander of the advance brigade of cavalry in Burnside's expedition to East Tennessee, and was the first to occupy Knoxville in 1863. After the war he became editor of the Evansville "Daily Journal," and in 1869 was appointed postmaster of that city. He was sent as U. S. minister to Mexico by President Grant in 1873, and reappointed by President Hayes in 1880. In March of that year he was transferred to Russia, and held that mission until November, 1881, when he resigned to attend to private business. On his return to this country, Colonel Foster established himself in practice in international cases in Washington, D. C., acting as counsel for foreign legations before courts of commissions, in arbitrations, etc. President Arthur appointed him minister to Spain, and he served from February, 1883, till March. 1885, when he resigned and returned to the United States, having negotiated an important commercial treaty  with the Spanish government. This treaty elicited general discussion and was strongly opposed in the Senate. That body failed to confirm it, and it was afterward withdrawn by President Cleveland for reconsideration. Some weeks later General Foster was instructed to return to Spain to reopen negotiations for a modified treaty. This mission, however, was unsuccessful, and Mr. Foster remained abroad but a few months.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 512.


FOSTER, Lafayette Sabine, 1806-1880, statesman, Connecticut State Representative, Mayor of Norwich, Connecticut, U.S. Senator 1854-1867, Republican Party, opposed to slavery.  Voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery. (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 512-513; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 3, Pt. 2, p. 553; Congressional Globe)

FOSTER, Lafayette Sabine, statesman, born in Franklin, Connecticut, 22 November, 1806: died in Norwich, Connecticut, 19 September, 1880. His father, Captain Daniel, was an officer of the Revolution, who was descended on his mother's side from Miles Standish, and served with distinction at the battles of White Plains, Stillwater, and Saratoga. The son earned the means for his education by teaching, was graduated with the first honors at Brown in 1828, studied law, and was admitted to the Bar at Centreville, Maryland, while conducting an academy there in 1830. He returned to Connecticut, completed his legal studies in the office of Calvin Goddard, who had been his first preceptor, was admitted to the Connecticut Bar in November, 1831, and opened an office in Hampton in 1833, but in 1834 settled at Norwich. He took an active interest in politics from the outset of his professional life, was the editor of the Norwich " Republican," a Whig journal, in 1835, and in 1839 and 1840 was elected to the legislature. He was again elected in 1846 and the two succeeding years, and was chosen speaker. In 1851 he received the degree of LL. D. from Brown University. In 1851-'2 he was mayor of Norwich. He was twice defeated as the Whig candidate for governor, and in 1854 was again sent to the assembly, chosen speaker, and elected to the U. S. Senate on 19 May, 1854, by the votes of the Whigs and Free- Soilers. Though opposed by conviction to slavery, he resisted the efforts to form a Free-Soil Party until the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. He delivered a notable speech in the Senate on 25 June, 1850, against the repeal of the Missouri compromise, and opposed the Lecompton Constitution for Kansas in 1858. He was a member of the Republican Party from its organization in 1856, and in 1860 was again elected to the Senate. In December, 1860, he spoke in approval of the Powell resolution to inquire into the distracted state of the country, though he was one of the few who at that time believed that the southern leaders would force a disruption of the Union, and was in favor of resisting the extension of slavery beyond the limits recognized in the constitution, even at the cost of Civil War. Mr. Foster was intimately connected with the administration, and was often a spokesman of Mr. Lincoln's views. On 11 March, 1861, he moved the expulsion of Senator Lewis T. Wigfall, of Texas. In 1863 he advocated an appropriation for the gradual manumission of slaves in Missouri. In 1864, on the question of the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act, he spoke in favor of preserving the earlier law of 1793, and thereby incurred the reproaches of the radical members of his party. He also opposed the bill granting the voting franchise to colored citizens of the District of Columbia without an educational qualification. He served on the committees on Indian affairs and land claims, and was chairman of the committee on pensions, and during the Civil War of that on foreign relations. In 1865 he was chosen president of the Senate pro tempore. After Andrew Johnson became president, Mr. Foster was acting vice-president of the United States. During the subsequent recess he travelled on the plains as member of a special commission to investigate the  condition of the Indians. His senatorial term of office expired in March, 1867, and he was succeeded by Benjamin F. Wade in the office of vice-president. On account of his moderate and conservative course in the Senate his re-election was opposed by a majority of the Republicans in the Connecticut Legislature, and he withdrew his name, though he was urged to stand as an independent candidate, and was assured of the support of the Democrats. He declined the professorship of law at Yale in 1869, but after his retirement from the bench in 1876 delivered a course of lectures on "Parliamentary Law and Methods of Legislation." In 1870 he again represented the town of Norwich in the assembly, and was chosen speaker. He resigned in June of that year in order to take his seat on the bench of the supreme court, having been elected by a nearly unanimous vote of both branches of the legislature. His most noteworthy opinion was that in the case of Kirtland against Hotchkiss, in which he differed from the decision of the majority of the court (afterward confirmed by the U. S. Supreme Court) in holding that railroad bonds could not be taxed by the state of Connecticut when the property mortgaged was situated in Illinois. In 1872 he joined the liberal Republicans and supported Horace Greeley as a candidate for the presidency. In 1874 he was defeated as a Democratic candidate for Congress. He was a judge of the Connecticut superior court from 1870 till 1876, when he was retired, having reached the age of seventy years, and resumed the practice of law. In 1878-'9 he was a commissioner from Connecticut to settle the disputed boundary question with New York, and afterward one of the three commissioners to negotiate with the New York authorities for the purchase of Fisher's Island. He was also a member of the commission appointed in 1878 to devise simpler rules and forms of legal procedure for the state courts. By his will he endowed a professorship of English law at Yale, bequeathed his library to the town of Norwich, and gave his home for the free academy there. See "Memorial Sketch" (printed privately. Boston, 1881).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 512-513.


FOSTER, Robert Sandford, soldier, born in Vernon, Jennings County, Indiana, 27 January, 1834. He was educated at the Vernon Common-school. During the Civil War he fought with Indiana troops, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 June, 1863. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, resigning on 25 September, and being appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 27th regular infantry, but declined. Since the war he has resided in Indianapolis, was its treasurer from 1867 till 1872. He was U. S. Marshal for the District of Indiana from 1881 till 1885.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 514.


FOSTER, Stephen Collins, song-composer, born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 4 July, 1826; died in New York City, 13 January, 1864. At the age of thirteen he was sent to school in Towanda, Pennsylvania, and afterward to Athens, Pennsylvania At fifteen he entered Jefferson College at Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, but soon returned to his native place to pursue his favorite studies with private tutors. Possessing a natural fondness for music, he learned, unaided, to play on the flageolet, and thrummed the guitar and banjo as an accompanimentto ditties of his own composition. But he soon realized the limitations of musical self-instruction, and thereafter devoted several years of study to the voice and to piano-forte music. In 1842, when he was a merchant's clerk in Cincinnati, Ohio, his first song, " Open thy Lattice, Love," appeared in Baltimore, Maryland Two others, " Uncle Ned " and "O Susannah !" were immediately taken up by travelling Negro minstrels, and became universally popular. This success fixed Poster's destiny; he relinquished his career in business and devoted himself entirely to musical composition. In 1850 Foster married and moved to New York City, but the couple soon tired of their new home and returned to Pittsburg. About this time he composed his "Old Folks at Home." For the privilege of singing it in public, Christy's minstrels paid him $500. In 1861 appeared "Old Black Joe," the last of his Negro melodies; thereafter he confined himself to the composition of sentimental ballads. In 1860 Foster, with his wife and child, returned to New York City, where the family remained until he died. He wrote in succession about 125 pieces, one fourth of which were Negro ditties, and the others home ballads. So popular did many become, both here and abroad, that they were introduced at concerts by the most eminent vocalists, and rendered into foreign languages. Of "O Susannah!" "Nelly was a Lady, Uncle Ned," "Nelly Bly," "Old Dog Tray," "Old Kentucky Home,'" Willie, we have missed You," and "Old Folks at Home," hundreds of thousands of copies were printed. The last named was by far the most profitable piece ever published in this country. Foster wrote both the words and music of all his pieces. His method of composition was to jot down the melody as it came to him, and thereafter invent suitable words. He adhered to simple chords for accompaniments, and kept the airs within the range of ordinary voices. The subjects appeal to home life and popular taste, and the versification is smooth and musical. His Negro ditties are characterized by archness, humor, and unusual refinement. In some of his compositions, notably so in the beautiful serenade " Come where my Love lies Dreaming," Foster rises to a higher plane than that of a writer of ditties, and commands the admiration of scientific musicians.  He was a man of culture, familiar with the French and German languages, and a respectable artist in water-colors.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 514.


FOSTER, Stephen Symonds, 1809-1881, divinity student, radical abolitionist, women’s rights activist.  Founded New Hampshire Anti-Slavery Society.  Manager, 1843-1845, American Anti-Slavery Society.  Husband of abolitionist and women’s rights activist Abby Kelly Foster.  Their home was a station on the Underground Railroad.  Wrote The Brotherhood of Thieves; Or a True Picture of the American Church and Clergy, in 1843, an anti-slavery book. (Drake, 1950, pp. 158, 176-177; Mabee, 1970, pp. 223, 250, 251, 262, 266, 270, 272, 279, 297, 323, 324, 327, 329, 378, 394n24, 419n8; Pease, 1965, pp. 134-142, 474-479; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 169, 290; Stevens, 1843; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 514-515; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 3, Pt. 2, p. 558; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 8, p. 307)

FOSTER, Stephen Symonds, abolitionist, born in Canterbury, New Hampshire, 17 November, 1809; died near Worcester, Massachusetts, 8 September, 1881. He learned the carpenter's trade, then studied with the intention of becoming a minister, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1838, and studied theology in the Union theological seminary, New York; but, because he was precluded from advocating abolition in the pulpit, he deserted that profession in order to engage in the anti-slavery contest. He was an earnest orator, a master of denunciation and invective, and was frequently the victim of mob violence. He is described in one of Lowell's anti-slavery poems as "A kind of maddened John the Baptist, To whom the harshest word comes aptest, Who, struck by stone or brick ill starred, Hurls back an epithet as hard. Which, deadlier than stone or brick, Has a propensity to stick." While in the theological seminary he induced some of his classmates to join with him in a meeting to protest against the warlike preparations then going on, arising from the dispute with Great Britain over the northeastern boundary. The refusal of the faculty to allow the chapel to be used for such a meeting made him dissatisfied with the churches because they countenanced war, and when he became an anti-slavery agitator of the moral-force school, instead of a Congregational minister, he directed his attacks chiefly against the church and the clergy, because they upheld slavery. Since the people of the New England towns could not be induced to attend anti-slavery lectures, he was accustomed to attend church meetings and claim there a hearing for the enslaved, and was often expelled by force, and several times imprisoned for disturbing public worship. Other abolitionists adopted the same plan of agitation, which was very effective. He lived for many years on a farm in the suburbs of Worcester. He published articles in periodicals on the slavery question, and in 1843 a pamphlet entitled "The Brotherhood of Thieves, a True Picture of the American Church and Clergy," in the form of a letter to Nathaniel Barney. a reprint of which was issued by Parker Pillsbury  (Concord, 1886).—His wife, Abby Kelley see above. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 514-515.


FOSTER, Theodore, Michigan, Methodist clergyman, abolitionist.  Co-editor and publisher of the Signal of Liberty with Guy Beckley, the newspaper of the Michigan Anti-Slavery Society, representing the Liberty Party.  (Dumond, 1961, p. 187; Minutes, Convention of the Liberty Party, June 14, 15, 1848, Buffalo, New York)


FOSTERVILLE, TENNESSEE, June 25, 1863. Detachments of 5th Iowa and 4th Michigan Cavalry. During the Middle Tennessee campaign Major-General Gordon Granger ordered Lieutenant-Colonel M. T. Patrick to proceed with his own regiment and the 4th Michigan in the direction of Fosterville and feel the enemy. Patrick drove the Confederates through Fosterville to where they made a stand and opened upon him with artillery. Granger's orders having been executed, the Federals withdrew. The casualties were not reported.


FOUCHE SPRINGS, Tennessee, November 23. 1864. (See Henryville, same date.)


FOUGASS. Charges of gunpowder are frequently placed at the bottom of a pit or shaft dug in the ground over which an enemy must pass to the attack. In these cases they take the name of fougasses. The chief difficulty attending the use of fougasses is to explode them at the instant when the enemy is passing over, as any variation in the time of explosion from this instant renders them altogether useless. It is, therefore, recommended to place an obstacle over them, as an abatis or chevaux-de-frize, so that the fougasses may be exploded while the enemy is occupied in forcing his way over. Sometimes a fougass is made of several loaded shells placed in a box, with a charge of powder under. The box should be pitched, to keep the charge dry. (Fig. 132.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 317-318).

A stone fougass (Fig. 133) is made by excavating a shaft 6 feet deep, inclined to the horizon at Fig. 132 Fig. 123 an angle of about 45. At the bottom place a charge of 55 lbs. (a cubic foot) of powder, then a strong shield of wood at least 6 inches thick, in front of the charge, and over the shield throw in three or four cubic yards of pebbles, of not less than half a pound weight each. A sufficient body of earth must be placed vertically, above the charge, and retained over the upper part of the shaft, near the edge, by a revetment of sods, to insure the effect taking place in the right direction. Fougasses are usually fired by means of an augot, or casing tube, containing a hose or saucisson, &c., led up the side of the pit or shaft, and then parallel to the surface of the ground, at a depth of two or three feet; or they may be fired, at the proper moment, by means of a loaded musket with its muzzle in the powder, and a wire or string fastened to the trigger.

Analogous to fougasses were the Russian powder-boxes used at Sebastopol, Fig. 134. Each consisted of a double deal box, of a capacity sufficient to contain 35 lbs. of powder, water-tight, and effectually secured from the penetration of damp; into the top of each box was inserted a vertical tin tube, connected with a horizontal tin tube at the surface of the ground. Within the latter was a glass tube, filled with sulphuric acid, and coated with a composition of chlorate of potassa, sugar, sulphur, and gum water, which immediately takes fire on coming in contact with the acid. The space between the interior of the tin tube and the exterior of the glass tube, as well as the vertical tin tube, is filled with gunpowder. A little earth spread lightly over the whole completes the arrangement. A person walking over the ground, and treading on the tin tube, crushes it, and the glass tube contained in it, causing the escape of the sulphuric acid, and the explosion of the gunpowder.


FOURTEEN-MILE CREEK, MISSISSIPPI, May 12, 1863. 12th Division, 13th Army Corps. As an incident of the siege of Vicksburg, this division under Brigadier-General Alvin P. Hovey came upon the enemy at Edward's station. A sharp skirmish ensued and after some hours the enemy was driven beyond Fourteen-mile creek, where they had made a last stand. The casualties were not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 438.


FOWLER, Joseph Smith, senator, born in Steubenville, Ohio, 31 August, 1822. He was graduated at Franklin College, Ohio, in 1843, and for four years filled the chair of mathematics in that institution. He then studied law in Kentucky, but began practice in Tennessee. When the Civil War began, he ardently espoused the national cause, and in September, 1861. in consequence of a proclamation of Jefferson Davis for the expulsion of loyal people, he moved to Springfield, Illinois. In April, 1862, he returned to Tennessee, was made comptroller of the state under Governor Andrew Johnson, and took a leading part in reorganizing the state government in the interests of the Union. He was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1865, but was not admitted to his seat until July, 1866. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 517


FOWLER, Orin, 1791-1852, Lebanon, Connecticut, clergyman.  Free-Soil U.S. Congressman, temperance activist, strong opponent of slavery.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 517; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 3, Pt. 2, p. 565)

FOWLER, Orin, clergyman, born in Lebanon, Connecticut, 29 July, 1791; died in Washington, D. C., 3 Sept., 1852. He was graduated at Yale in 1815, studied theology under President Dwight, taught in the academy in Fairfield, Connecticut, for a year, was licensed to preach on 14 October, 1817, made a missionary tour in the Mississippi valley in 1818, and in 1819 was settled over a Congregational Church in Plainfield, Connecticut. He was dismissed by this society in 1831, but was immediately called to a church in Fall River, of which he remained pastor until he entered Congress. In 1841 he delivered three discourses containing a history of Fall River since 1620, and an account of the boundary dispute between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. He was appointed by a committee of citizens to defend the interests of the town before the boundary commissioners, published a series of articles on the subject in the Boston “Atlas,” and was elected in 1847 to the state senate, where he secured the rejection of the decision of the boundary commission by a unanimous vote. His constituents were so pleased with his ability as a legislator that they elected him in 1848 as a Free-Soil Whig to the National House of Representatives, and re-elected him for the following term. He was an advocate of temperance laws, and a strong opponent of slavery. In March, 1850, he replied to Daniel Webster's speech in justification of the Fugitive-Slave Law. He was the author of a “Disquisition on the Evils attending the Use of Tobacco” (1833), and “Lectures on the Mode and Subjects of Baptism” (1835). His “History of Fall River, with notices of Freeborn and Tiverton,” was republished in 1862 (Fall River). Appletons’ Cycolpædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 517.


FOX, Gustavus Vasa, naval officer, born in Saugus, Massachusetts, 13 June, 1821; died in New York City, 29 October, 1883. He was appointed midshipman in the U. S. Navy, 12 January, 1838, and served on various stations, on the coast survey, in command of mail stations, and in the war with Mexico until 10 July, 1850, when, after a service of nineteen years, he resigned with the rank of lieutenant, his commission being dated the day previous to his resignation. After leaving the navy he accepted the position of agent of the Bay State Woollen Mills at Lawrence, Massachusetts. In February, 1861, he was sent for by General Scott, and consulted in reference to sending supplies and troops to Fort Sumter, but the expedition was forbidden by President Buchanan. When Mr. Lincoln became president, Fox was sent to Fort Sumter to communicate with Major Anderson, and on his return was directed to carry out the plan previously formed. The plan was virtually thwarted by the withdrawal of one of the ships (the" Powhatan''), which was to have  taken part. The expedition had not reached Charleston when the Confederates, notified of its coming, opened fire on Fort Sumter, and the only thing accomplished was the bringing away of Major Anderson and his command after the surrender. After communications with Washington had been cut off, Fox applied to William H. Aspinwall and William B. Astor, who fitted out the steamer " Yankee," of which he was appointed acting captain, and in which he sailed for Chesapeake Bay. He was at this time appointed by President Lincoln to the post of assistant Secretary of the Navy, which he held until the end of the war. His services in this position were extremely valuable, and a member of Mr. Lincoln's cabinet once spoke of him as follows: "Fox was the really able man of the administration. He planned the capture of New Orleans, the opening of the Mississippi, and in general the operations of the navy. He had all the responsibility of removing the superannuated and inefficient men he found in charge, had the honor of selecting Farragut, and was often consulted by General Grant. He performed all his duties with an eye only to the requirements of the hour, and with no view to the advancement of any interest of his own." He was an able assistant to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, whose administration of the navy department owed to him much of its success. Soon after the close of the war Captain Fox was sent on a special mission to Russia to convey to the czar, Alexander II., the congratulations of the U. S. Congress on his escape from assassination. The voyage was made on the "Miantonomoh," the first monitor to cross the Atlantic. It is said that Captain Fox might have obtained from the U. S. government an admiral's commission had he not refused to ask for it. One result of his visit to Russia was the purchase of Alaska by the U. S. government. In the negotiations concerning this purchase Captain Fox took an active interest, he afterward became manager of the Middlesex Mills, and a partner with E. R. Mudge, Sawyer & County, where he remained several years. See Joseph F. Loubat's " Narrative of Fox's Mission to Russia in 1860 " (New York, 1873).   Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 519-520.


FOX CREEK, MISSOURI, March 7, 1862. Company E, 4th Missouri Cavalry. A patrol of cavalry under Captain Ludlow was attacked at daybreak at their camp on Fox creek by a band of guerrillas, concealed in the bushes. The cavalry managed to form under fire, and charged the enemy, driving them into the woods. One Federal soldier was killed and 4 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 438.


FOX'S GAP, MARYLAND, September 14, 1862. (See South Mountain.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 438.


FRAILEY, James Madison, naval officer, born in Maryland, 6 May, 1809; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 26 September, 1877. He entered the U. S. Navy as a midshipman, 1 May, 1826, became passed midshipman in 1836, lieutenant in 1839, commander in 1861, captain in 1866, and a commodore in 1872. He served in the naval battery before Vera Cruz, and commanded the steamer " Quaker City," of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, in 1862-'4. This vessel was struck by a shell and partially disabled in an attack by Confederate rams off Charleston, 31 January, 1863. He commanded the "Tuscarora" in both attacks on Fort Fisher, and the steam sloop " Saranac," of the North Pacific Squadron, in 1867-'8. He was appointed to the command of League Island Naval Station on 30 April, 1870, and was retired from the service, 6 May, 1871. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 521.


FRAISES are palisades placed horizontally or obliquely, at the edge of a ditch on either side, or projecting from the exterior slope of a parapet. If the slope be very long, there are sometimes two rows of fraises used. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 318).


FRAMPTON'S PLANTATION, SOUTH CAROLINA, October 22, 1862. (See Brannan's Expedition from Hilton Head.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p.


FRANK, Augustus, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY, June 10. 1864. Kentucky Militia. As an incident of Morgan's raid into Kentucky he attacked one of the fortifications at Frankfort about 10 p. m. A guard of citizens had garrisoned this stockade and stationed a detachment with 2 guns in its front. The guns were captured by the Confederates and then abandoned. No direct assault was made on the fortification. The Union casualties amounted to 2 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 438.


FRANKFORT, WEST VIRGINIA, June 26, 1861. (See Patterson's creek, same date.) Franklin, Louisiana, May 25, 1863. 41st Massachusetts Infantry and several other regiments, commanded by Colonel Chickering.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 438.


FRANKLIN, William Buel, soldier, born in York, Pa,, 27 February, 1823. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1843 at the head of his class, among the members of which were Ulysses S. Grant, Christopher C. Augur, and James A. Hardie. He served in the topographical engineers until the outbreak of the Civil War, the dates of his various commissions being as follows: 2d lieutenant, 21 September, 1846; 1st lieutenant, 3 March, 1853; and captain, 1 July, 1857. He was brevetted 1st lieutenant, 23 February,1847, for gallantry at the battle of Buena Vista. In the Mexican War he was attached to the staff of General Taylor as a Topographical Engineer, was engaged in making rcconnoissances, and carried Taylor's orders on the battlefield of Buena Vista. His other service prior to 1861 was such as ordinarily falls to an engineer officer. He was engaged in surveys on the western plains and mountains, as assistant professor at West Point, as engineer-secretary of the light-house board, and in charge of the construction of lighthouses and public buildings. At the beginning of the Civil War he was stationed in Washington in charge of the construction of the capitol, the treasury department, and the general post-office. He was appointed colonel of the 12th U.S. Infantry, 14 May, 1861, brigadier- general of volunteers, 17 May, 1861, and major-general of volunteers, 4 July, 1862. He received the brevet of brigadier-general in the regular army, 30 June, 1862, for his gallant conduct in the battles before Richmond, and of major-general, 13 March, 1865, for services during the rebellion. His first active service was at Bull Run, where he commanded a brigade in Heintzleman's division, and was engaged in the heaviest part of the battle, around the Henry house. On the organization of the Army of the Potomac he received a division, and, when the 6th Army Corps was formed, he was placed in its command, retaining it throughout the year 1862. He was in most of the battles on the Peninsula—Yorktown, West Point, White Oak Bridge, Savage's Station, Malvern Hill, and Harrison's Landing. After his return to Maryland with the army, he was in command on the field of Crampton's Gap, South Mountain, 14 September, 1862, and was engaged in the battle of Antietam, 17 September, 1862. At the battle of Fredericksburg, 13 December, 1862, he commanded the left grand division, consisting of his own corps, the 6th, under William F. Smith, and the 1st Corps, under John F. Reynolds. (See Burnside.) General Burnside complained to the committee on the conduct of the war that Franklin did not obey his orders in this battle, and the latter was sharply censured by the committee. He was also one of the generals removed by Burnside for insubordination, and the failure of the president to approve the order of removal led to Burnside's resignation of his command. After being on waiting orders for several months, General Franklin was returned to active service in July, 1863, and on 15 August, 1863, was assigned to the command of the 19th Army Corps. He took part in the Red River Expedition of 1864, and was wounded in the battle of Sabine Cross-Roads, 8 April, 1864. He was obliged to leave the army on account of illness, 29 April, 1864, and remained on leave of absence till 2 December, when he was assigned to duty on a retiring board at Wilmington, Delaware. During his leave he was captured by Confederate raiders while he was riding on the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, 11 July, 1864, but escaped from them on the following night. He resigned, 15 March, 1866, and since has been engaged as vice-president of the Colt's Fire-Arms Company at Hartford, Connecticut, and in various other manufacturing enterprises. He has had charge of the construction of the new state-house at Hartford, was state commissioner at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, Presidential elector in 1876, adjutant-general of Connecticut in 1877 and 1878, and president of the board of managers of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers in 1880-'7. He has contributed various articles to the "American Cyclopaedia" and to periodical literature on military subjects. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 535-536.


FRANKLIN, Samuel Rhoads, naval officer, born in York, Pennsylvania, 25 August, 1825, was appointed midshipman, 18 February, 1841, attached to the frigate " Cumberland," of the Pacific Squadron, in 1841-'3, and to the frigate "United States " and store-ship "Relief," in the Pacific, in 1845-'7. He was present at the demonstration on Monterey during the Mexican War, promoted to passed midshipman, 10 August, 1847, and assigned to duty on the "Independence," of the Mediterranean Squadron for 1849-'52, and to the coast survey, 1853-'5. He was commissioned master, 18 April, 1855, and lieutenant, 14 September following, served in the Naval Academy in 1855-"6, on the sloop "Falmouth," of the Brazil Squadron, in 1857-'9, on the " Macedonian " in 1859-60, and on the steam sloop "Dacotah," on the Atlantic Coast, in 1861-2. He was a volunteer on board the "Roanoke " in the action with the "Merrimac" in March, 1862, in which the "Congress" and the "Cumberland" were destroyed. He became executive officer of the " Roanoke," and engaged with the forts at Sewell's point, but the sloop grounded, and did not get fairly into action. He was commissioned lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, commanded the "Aroostook," of the James River Flotilla, in 1862, the "Aroostook," of the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron, in 1863, and was on special duty in New Orleans in 1864. During the operations in Mobile Bay in the spring of 1865 he was on the staff of acting rear-admiral Thatcher, and was the naval representative in the demand for the surrender of the city of Mobile. He was made commander, 26 September, 1866, and given the steamer " Saginaw," of the north Pacific Squadron, in 1866-'7, on ordnance duty at Mare Island, California in 1868-'9, was advanced to the grade of captain. 13 August, 1872, and commanded the " Wabash 'and afterward the " Franklin " until transferred to duty as hydrographer to the Bureau of Navigation at Washington, D. C. He was promoted to commodore, 15 December, 1880, assigned to special duty in the bureau of equipment department, and became president of the board of examiners, 16 June, 1883. He received the appointment of rear-admiral, 24 January, 1885, was assigned to duty as superintendent of the Naval Observatory, and in 1886 became commandant of the European Station. In August, 1887, he will be of legal age to be retired.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 536.


FRANKLIN, MISSISSIPPI, January 2. 1865. Detachments of the 4th Illinois and 3d U. S. Colored Cavalry. As an incident of the expedition from Memphis to destroy the Mobile & Ohio railroad, Colonel E. D. Osband, commanding the 3d brigade, on learning that a force of Confederates was at Goodman Station, started in that direction. When about half a mile out of Franklin his advance guard of the 3d U. S. was attacked, but the charge was repulsed and the Confederates driven back to a stretch of timber surrounding a church. After a determined resistance they were forced to abandon this position, cross a small stream and fall back upon the main body, under General Wirt Adams. The colored troops followed but were driven back across the bridge in confusion. The arrival of the Illinois regiment just at this moment prevented the enemy making a flank movement and cutting off the advance guard from the rest of the detachment. After some desultory firing both parties withdrew. The Union casualties amounted to 4 killed, 7 wounded and 2 missing. The Confederate loss was not reported but the report of the Union commander estimated it at 50. Osband captured 7 prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 438-439.


FRANKLIN, MISSOURI, October 1, 1864. 52nd Indiana and Detachments of 49th and 117th Illinois Infantry. While Price was making his raid into Missouri, a Union force consisting of the above mentioned detachments was sent in the direction of Franklin to dislodge the enemy there. The Federals were disembarked about a mile and a half from the town and moved forward, the Indiana regiment leading. Skirmishers met the enemy's pickets a mile from the village and drove them back without difficulty. As the Union command approached, the Confederates, drawn up in line of battle, opened with their artillery, but were slowly driven back and through the village. The Federal loss was 7 men wounded. The Confederate casualties were not reported. Franklin, Tennessee, December 12, 1862. Detachment, Cavalry Division, 14th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland. During the reconnaissance of Brigadier-General D. S. Stanley from Nashville he approached the town of Franklin about daylight. The bank of the river was lined and the houses and buildings were filled with Confederates, but under the determined attack of the 4th Michigan and the 7th Pennsylvania they soon fled. All the machinery in the flour mill was destroyed. The Union loss was 1 man mortally wounded. The enemy lost 4 killed and 9 wounded. Stanley's men took 11 prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 438-439.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, December 26, 1862. 2nd Cavalry Brigade, Army of the Cumberland. In the advance on Murfreesboro the brigade, Colonel Lewis Zahm commanding, encountered the enemy's pickets about 2 miles from Franklin and drove them back toward the town, skirmishing all the way. At Franklin the Confederates made a stand and showed fight. Zahm dismounted six companies as skirmishers and sent a party of mounted men to both the right and left flanks of the enemy, completely routing them and driving them about 2 miles beyond the town, killing and wounding several and capturing 10 prisoners, one of whom was a lieutenant on General Bragg's escort.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 439.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, February 1, 1863. Detachment of 3d Division, 3d Army Corps. The advance of this detachment, two companies of the 1st East Tennessee cavalry under Lieutenant-Colonel J. P. Brownlow, reached Franklin at 9 p. m., and Brownlow learned that the Confederates had gone in the direction of Harpeth Shoals. One man of his command was killed by the rear-guard of the enemy.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 439.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, March 4, 1863. (See Thompson's Station, same date.) Franklin, Tennessee, March 9, 1863. 125th Ohio Volunteers. Franklin, Tennessee, March 31, 1863. Detachment of Cavalry from the Army of the Cumberland. Major-General Gordon Granger, commanding at Franklin, reported as follows: "Our cavalry moved out on the Lewisburg and Columbia pike today, encountering the rebels some 7 miles out, and, skirmishing for several hours, took 5 prisoners from them."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 439.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, April 10, 1863. Baird's and Gilbert's Divisions and Stanley's Cavalry, Army of Kentucky. About noon General Van Dorn with about 6,000 Confederates approached Franklin over the Columbia pike from the south. Owing to the condition of the weather the Union forces, camped at the foot of the bluff across the Harpeth river from Franklin, were not apprised of the proximity of the enemy until the 40th Ohio, doing picket duty in the village, commenced skirmishing. At 2 p. m. the Ohio troops were forced to fall back to the river. Soon after a general attack was made on the Union fortification, but with little success. Major-General D. S. Stanley had been stationed with his cavalry on the Murfreesboro road to the east of the town. A heavy mist veiled the actions of the contending forces in the village, but judging from the continuous firing, Stanley thought an attack in force must be in progress on the front and determined to attack the enemy on the flank. Accordingly he crossed the river at Hughes' ford and made a counter charge on the Confederate right. Van Dorn, fearing that his whole force would be cut off, immediately withdrew his command from Granger in front and attacked Stanley, who was slowly driven back to and across the river. The Federal loss was 10 killed, 23 wounded and 51 taken prisoners. The Confederate casualties were 5 killed, 32 wounded and 33 captured or missing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 440.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, April 27, 1863. Cavalry commanded by Colonel Watkins.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 440.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, June 4, 1863. U. S. Troops under Colonel J. P. Baird. The Confederates in considerable force under General N. B. Forrest attacked the Union post, Colonel Baird commanding, at Franklin at 3 p. m. coming from the south. By the aid of the siege guns in the fortification Baird was able to hold them at bay until reinforcements sent from Triune came up and drove them off. The Union loss was 3 killed and 4 wounded. The Confederates lost 15 killed or wounded, and 15 taken prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 440.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, September 2, 1864. Rousseau in pursuit of Wheeler.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 440.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, November 30, 1864. 4th and 23d Army Corps. After General Hood, commanding the Confederate forces at Atlanta, was compelled to evacuate that city he started northward with the main body of his army, in the hope that by cutting General Sherman's line of communications he could draw that officer after him and thus transfer the war to Tennessee. Sherman did follow until everything was in readiness for the march to the sea, when he suddenly changed front and started for Savannah, having previously divided his army and sent Major-General George H. Thomas to Nashville with a sufficient force to take pare of Hood. During the first half of November Hood confined himself to operations around Florence, Alabama, where he was joined by about 10,000 cavalry under Forrest, giving him a compact army of from 50,000 to 60,000 men of all arms. Thomas had a movable army of 22,000 infantry and 4.300 cavalry, in addition to which he had the garrisons at Chattanooga, Nashville, Murfreesboro, and some other points. On October 29 General A. J. Smith was ordered to report to Thomas at Nashville with three divisions of the 16th corps, then operating in Missouri, and Thomas hoped for the arrival of these troops in time to give Hood battle south of the Duck river. To delay the Confederate advance he sent Hatch's cavalry to obstruct the roads crossing Shoal creek and send rafts down the Tennessee river to break Hood's pontoon bridges. He also ordered General Schofield, with about 20,000 men, to Pulaski to hold Hood in check until Smith could join the army at Nashville. On November 20 General Beauregard telegraphed Hood from West Point, Mississippi, to "push an active offensive immediately." Pursuant to this order Hood placed his army in motion, defeated the Union troops at Pulaski, Lawrenceburg and in some minor engagements, and on the 29th forced Schofield to evacuate the line of Duck river and fall back to Franklin, which place the head of the column reached about daylight on the morning of the 30th. Franklin is located on the south side and in a big bend of the Harpeth river. Thomas had ordered Schofield to fall back behind the river, but when the latter arrived at Franklin he found no wagon bridge across the river and the fords in such bad condition that it would be impossible to get his train across before Hood's forces would be upon him. The railroad bridge was quickly floored for the passage of the trains and a foot bridge constructed, which also proved available for wagons. Three turnpikes—the Lewisburg, Columbia and Carter's creek—entered the town from the south, and as fast as the troops came up they were placed in position to cover these roads. Cox's division of the 23d corps formed on the left, extending from the river above the town across the Lewisburg road; Ruger's division of the same corps joined Cox on the right, extending the line to the Carter's creek pike and Kimball's division of the 4th corps was formed facing west, completing the line from the Carter's creek pike to the river below the town. Opdyke's brigade of Wagner's division (23d corps) was placed in reserve west of the Columbia road, and the other two brigades (Lane's and Conrad's) occupied a barricade across that road about 800 yards in advance of the main line. On the north side of the river, opposite the upper end of the town, stood Fort Granger, which had been erected about a year before. Part of the artillery of the 23d corps was placed here, so as to command the railroad and the Lewisburg pike on the other side of the river. Wood's division of the 4th corps was stationed on the north bank of the river as a reserve and a guard for the trains after they had crossed. At 1 p. m. heavy columns of Confederate infantry were reported advancing on the Columbia road. Croxton, with his cavalry brigade, held back the enemy's infantry until 2 o'clock, when he learned that Forrest was crossing the river above, and fell back to the north side, where he joined General Wilson's cavalry on Wood's left, to operate against Forrest. By 3 p. m. the trains were all on the north side of the Harpeth and Schofield gave orders for the army to cross at 6 o'clock, unless attacked sooner by the enemy. About 3.30 Hood's main line of battle advanced against Conrad and Lane in the outer barricade. Wagner had been directed to check the enemy without bringing on a general engagement, but he had in turn ordered Lane and Conrad to hold their positions just as long as possible. As soon as the Confederate advance came within range the two brigades opened fire. The enemy in front was checked for a moment, then sweeping round on either flank drove Wagner's men back to the main line in disorder. In the race for the parapets they were so closely pursued by the yelling Confederates that it was impossible for those in the trenches to fire on the enemy for fear of killing some of their own comrades. Lane's men succeeded in gaining the trenches without disturbing the lines behind the works, but Conrad's brigade came over the parapet to the right of the Columbia road with such impetuosity that the troops at that point were carried back by the fugitives, leaving about 300 yards without any protection whatever. Toward this gap Hood's heavy lines now commenced to converge and for a brief time it looked as though Schofield's army was doomed to annihilation. But Colonel White, commanding Reilly's second line, and Colonel Opdycke, whose brigade it will be remembered was stationed in reserve, were equal to the emergency. Without waiting for orders they hurled their commands into the breach and not only checked but repulsed the mad rush of the enemy. Opdycke's men recaptured 8 pieces of artillery that had fallen into the hands of the enemy, and with the guns took 400 prisoners and 10 battle flags. Behind Opdycke and White Wagner's disorganized brigades were formed, Strickland's brigade rallying with them, and the Confederates were driven back at all points. While rallying the men General Stanley was severely wounded in the neck and compelled to leave the field. This attack in the center was made by Cleburne's and Brown's divisions of Cheatham's corps. Cleburne was killed within a few yards of the Federal works as he followed Conrad's men on their retreat. Although the first attack in the center was the most determined, and the fighting there resulted in heavy losses to both sides, the battle was not all there. Cox's line on the left was heavily assaulted by Loring and Walthall's divisions. Cox's men were partly screened by a hedge of Osage orange, behind which they waited until the enemy was within easy range, and then opened a fire that fairly mowed down the advancing lines. The brunt of the attack fell on Casement's brigade, but his men were well seasoned veterans who had learned to "fire low." They held their ground against superior numbers and repulsed every attack. It was here that Confederate Generals Adams, Scott and Quarles were killed, the first named mounting the parapet, where his horse was killed and he fell mortally wounded inside the works. The carnage among the Confederate officers was so great at this point that Walthall says in his report: "So heavy were the losses in his (Quarles') command that when the battle ended its highest officer in rank was a captain." The batteries of the 4th corps, stationed on an eminence near the railroad rendered effective service in driving back Loring and Walthall by enfilading their lines with a murderous fire of canister. To the west of the Columbia pike Brown's division gained and held the outside of the Federal parapet, but the troops inside threw up a barricade within 25 yards of their old works, and across this narrow space the battle raged fiercely until a late hour, the men firing at the flash of each other's guns after darkness fell. In this division Generals Strahl and Gist were killed, Gordon was captured, and Manigault wounded and left on the field. Still further to the west Ruger's right and Kimball's left were assaulted by Bate's division, but the attack was neither so fierce nor so persistent as in the center" or on the Federal left. Firing continued at various places along the lines until nearly midnight, Hood's object being to prevent, or at least to embarrass the withdrawal of the Union troops from the field. While this infantry battle was going on on the south side of the river the cavalry was not idle. Forrest had crossed the Harpeth above Franklin and made a desperate effort to get at Schofield's trains. Hatch, Croxton and Wilson united their forces to resist the movement,, and the result was Forrest was driven back across the river. During the night Schofield drew off his forces and retired to Brentwood in obedience to orders from Thomas. The Union losses in the battle of Franklin were r8o killed. 1,033 wounded, and 1.104 missing. In his history of the Army of the Cumberland Van Home says: "General Hood buried 1,750 men on the field. He had 3,800 so disabled as to be placed in hospitals, and lost 702 captured—an aggregate of 6,252, exclusive of those slightly wounded." The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 440-442.


FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, December 17, 1864. Cavalry, Army of the Cumberland. As the cavalry was in pursuit of Hood's army after the battle of Nashville, the enemy's rear-guard was encountered at Franklin. Hatch's division made several charges, capturing 3 pieces of artillery, and Johnson's struck the enemy on the flank, driving him back into the town, where the military hospital was captured, containing about 1,800 Confederates and 200 Union men who were wounded in the battle of Franklin on November 30. Johnson also captured about 17,000 rations. Three miles south of town Coon's brigade charged the retreating enemy, the 2nd la. becoming engaged in a hand-to-hand fight, which resulted in the capture of several prisoners and battle flags.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 443.


FRANKLIN, VIRGINIA, October 3, 1862. (See Blackwater River, same date.)


FRANKLIN, VIRGINIA, October 31, 1862. U. S. Troops commanded by Major- General John J. Peck. General Peck reported under date of November 2: "On Friday night. October 31, we surprised the enemy at Franklin about 4 a. m., and shelled him with 75 projectiles before he opened." This is the only mention of the affair.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 443.


FRANKLIN, VIRGINIA, December 2. 1862. Expedition under Colonel Spear. On the morning of the 1st information was brought by contrabands to Major-General John J. Peck that the Confederates were throwing up works near the railroad about 4 miles from Franklin. Peck ordered Colonel S. P. Spear, of the 11th Pennsylvania cavalry, to take part of his regiment, parts of the 39th Pennsylvania, 39th Illinois. 62nd Ohio, 6th Massachusetts. 103d Pennsylvania, and 130th New York; two sections of Davis' Massachusetts light battery and a section of Howard's battery of the 4th U. S. artillery—3,100 men in all— and move out to put a stop to the work if the information brought by the negroes proved to be correct. While Spear's men were breakfasting near the Blackwater river on the morning of the 2nd his pickets were driven in and immediately after a charge was made by about 500 Confederates with one section of a battery. The men of the 11th were soon in their saddles and not only checked the charge but threw the enemy into confusion, following and driving him over the floating bridge at Franklin, which was withdrawn as soon as the retreating party reached the other side of the river. Spear captured the famous Petersburg Rocket battery, 14 horses, 7 saddles, 42 rifles, 70 rockets and 20 prisoners. The Confederates lost in killed and wounded about 20 men. while the Union loss was comparatively nothing. The enemy succeeded in tearing up some 8 or 10 miles of railroad, which made pursuit difficult. After shelling the town of Franklin for awhile, Spear retired to Fort Monroe.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 443.


FRANKLIN CREEK, MISSISSIPPI, December 21-22. 1864. U. S. Troops under Colonel Henry Bertram. On the night of the 21st Colonel Bertram, commanding the Union forces, sent Colonel Abraham Bassford with a detachment of cavalry around the head of Franklin creek to strike the Mobile road in the enemy's rear. A superior force of the enemy was met and Bassford was obliged to fall back. Next morning Bertram moved out and cooperated with Bassford, and together they attacked the Confederates, who were taken by surprise and fled in confusion. The Union casualties were 8 wounded and 5 missing; the Confederate loss aggregated 20 killed and wounded, and 9 were taken prisoners. Franklin's Crossing, Virginia, June 5, 186r Detachment of 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 6th Army Corps. About noon the detachment left camp about 5 miles from the Rappahannock river for the purpose of crossing and reconnoitering the enemy's position. On arriving at Franklin's crossing near the mouth of Deep run a Confederate force of considerable strength was found in the rifle pits on the opposite bank. The Federal artillery was placed in position and opened on them, but with no effect except to keep reinforcements from the enemy. A galling musketry fire was kept up on the engineers attempting to bridge the stream, so an attack was ordered. The 5th Vermont and the 26th New Jersey rushed down the bank, into the pontoons and rowed across. A line of battle was formed, the two regiments charged up the bank and took the rifle pits, the enemy fleeing in confusion. The Union casualties were 7 men wounded. About 50 Confederates were taken prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 433-444


FRAUD. Association of any officer with another officer convicted by a court-martial of fraud or cowardice shall be deemed scandalous; (ART. 85.) (See COWARDICE.)

Fraud consists in unlawfully, designedly, and knowingly appropriating the property of another with a criminal intent. It is any trick or artifice employed by one person to induce another to fall into an error or detain him in. it, so that he make an agreement in contracts contrary to his interest. The fraud may consist in the misrepresentation or in the concealment of a material fact; (BOUVIER'S Law Dictionary.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 319).


FRAYS. (See QUARRELS.)


FREDERICKSBURG ROAD, VIRGINIA, May 16-20, 1864. Tyler's Division, 5th Corps. Army of the Potomac.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 449.


FREDERICKTOWN, MISSOURI, October 21, 1861. U. S. Troops under Colonel J. B. Plummer. On October 17 Colonel Plummer left Cape Girardeau with about 1,500 men to attack Confederate General Thompson at Farmington. Soon after starting he learned that the enemy was at Fredericktown instead of Farmington and changed his line of march so as to reach the former place from the south in order to cut off the Confederate retreat. Plummer arrived in Fredericktown about noon of the 21 st, only to find that Colonel Carlin with 3,000 men from Pilot Knob had occupied the town since 8 a. m. The enemy had retired on the Greenville road the evening before. Taking part of Carlin's command, Plummer started in pursuit. His force now consisted of the 17th, 20th, 21st. and 23d Illinois and 11th Missouri infantry, a detachment of the 1st Indiana cavalry, two companies of Illinois cavalry and one section each of Taylor's and Schofield's batteries. About a mile out of the village the enemy was found drawn up in line of battle in a strong position, but after a fight of about 3 hours the Confederates began to retreat. The Indiana cavalry was ordered to charge, and did so only to fall into an ambuscade, where a few of their men and officers were killed or wounded. The remainder of the Federal force pursued the enemy 10 miles. The Union losses were 6 killed and 60 wounded. There is a large discrepancy in the different reports as to the Confederate losses; the Confederate reports give them as 20 killed, 27 wounded and 15 taken prisoners, while Plummer says that his men before leaving the scene of action buried 158 of the enemy's dead.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 449.


FREE BRIDGE, NORTH CAROLINA, July 6, 1863. 23d Massachusetts and 9th New Jersey Infantry. This affair was an incident of a raid on the Wilmington & Weldon railroad. Colonel Chambers with the 23d Massachusetts took position at the bridge near Trenton and had started to reconnoiter when the Confederates opened fire with artillery. Part of Belger's battery and the 9th New Jersey were hurried to the scene and it was not long before the Federal pieces silenced the enemy's guns. Three of the Union soldiers were wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 449-450.


FREEMAN'S FORD, VIRGINIA, August 22, 1862. 3d Brigade, 2nd Division, 3d Army Corps. On this date the Union army was moving up the north bank of the Rappahannock river, while Stonewall Jackson's Confederate corps was moving up the river on the south side. At Freeman's ford Jackson left Trimble's brigade to protect the flank of the wagon train. Major-General Irvin McDowell, commanding the 3d corps, fearing the Confederates might get possession of a hill near the bridge, threw over Hartsuff's brigade of Rickett's division, with Thompson's and Matthews' batteries, to hold the hill until the forces of McDowell, Reno and Reynolds could be concentrated for a general attack on Jackson's column. Animated firing was kept up by the artillery on both sides during the greater part of the day and about 4 p. m. General Hood arrived with Longstreet's advance, with orders to relieve Trimble. In the meantime the river had risen so rapidly that the bridge constructed by the engineer corps was swept away and the general attack had to be abandoned. Hartsuff was therefore ordered to withdraw to the north side of the river, and this emboldened the enemy to move forward and seize the hill. Some sharp fighting occurred, but the well directed and rapid fire of Thompson's, Matthews' and Leppien's batteries checked the Confederates and enabled Hartsuff to cross the river without serious loss. Hood says in his report that from 200 to 300 Federal soldiers were killed and wounded, but the reports of the Union generals do not bear out the statement.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 450.


FRELINGHUYSEN, Frederick Theodore, son of General Frederick's third son, Frederick, lawyer, born in Millstone, New Jersey, 4 August 1817, died in Newark, New Jersey, 20 May 1885, was but three years of age when his father died and was at once adopted by his uncle, Theodore. He was graduated at Rutgers in 1836, studied law with his uncle, Theodore, at Newark, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. In this year his uncle was called to the chancellorship of the University of New York, and the young attorney succeeded to his practice. He was chosen City attorney in 1849, and in the following year was also elected City Counsel. Not long afterward he became the retained counsel of the New Jersey Central Railroad Company, and of the Morris Canal and Banking Company, and became generally known throughout the state. His name was mentioned as a candidate for attorney general of New Jersey in 1857, and in 1861 was appointed to that office. In this same year Mr. Frelinghuysen was a member of the Peace Congress in Washington, where he was a conspicuous figure. On the expiration of his term as attorney general, in 1866, he was reappointed by Governor Marcus L. Ward, but in the same year was appointed by the governor to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Wright. He took his seat in the Senate in December 1866, and was elected in the winter of 1867 to fill the unexpired term of Mr. Wright, which would end on 4 March 1869. He now resigned the office of attorney general to occupy one that, it is said, had long been the summit of his ambition. At the expiration of his term in 1869 the majority of the legislature of New Jersey was opposed to him in politics, and, as a matter of course, his re-election was impossible. In 1870 President Grant nominated him as minister to England, and the Senate promptly confirmed the nomination without the usual reference to the committee. Mr. Frelinghuysen, however, declined the appointment; why he did so was a question that was variously answered by political friends and foes. Years afterward it became known that it was at the request of his wife, who was unwilling to expose her children to the various influences to be encountered during a residence at a foreign court. On 25 July 1871, he was again elected U. S. Senator for the full term of six years. During his service in the Senate he was a member of the judiciary committee, and of those on the finance, naval affairs, claims, and railroads, and was chairman of the committee on agriculture. He was also a member of the committee on foreign relations, and acting chairman of the same during the negotiation of the Alabama claims by the joint high commission. When he came into the Senate the Civil War had ended, but he brought with him the feelings that had governed him throughout its progress, and took an active part in the work of restoring the Union. In the impeachment trial of President Johnson he voted for conviction. He was always prominent in the debates of the Senate, and introduced into that body several measures of great importance. In the matter of the Washington Treaty, in the French arms controversy, in the currency question, he was especially active. A bill was introduced by him to restore a gold currency, and so well sustained by argument that a measure similar to his own was subsequently adopted. A tariff for protection always received his support, and he left nothing undone to promote the industries of his own state. The civil rights bill, introduced by Charles Sumner, was personally entrusted to him by that gentleman, and was advocated by Mr. Frelinghuysen until it passed the Senate. He introduced a bill against polygamy, and secured its passage in the Senate; also a bill to return to Japan what is known as the Japanese indemnity fund, which also passed. The soundness of his argument in the Sue Murphy case was at first doubted, but it was afterward conceded that he was right in denying the claims of even loyal persons at the south for damages resulting from the war, insisting that they must suffer as did loyal persons at the north, and that the results of the war must rest where they fall. He succeeded in defeating this bill, and thus saved the country from innumerable claims of a similar character, which would have exhausted the national treasury. The trouble that arose in 1877 in regard to counting the electoral vote seems to have been anticipated by Mr. Frelinghuysen in the summer of the previous year, and, to avoid it, he introduced a bill referring the decision of any such controversy to the president of the Senate, the speaker of the house, and the chief justice. The Senate adjourned before the bill could be acted upon. When, in 1877, his anticipations were realized, he was one of the joint committee of the Senate and house that reported a bill creating the electoral commission, and he was appointed a member of that commission. In 1877, a majority of the legislature of New Jersey being again Democratic, he was succeeded by John R. McPherson. On 12 December 1881, President Arthur invited Mr. Frelinghuysen to a seat in the cabinet as Secretary of State, and the Senate promptly confirmed this appointment. Peaceful and prosperous as was the administration of President Arthur, yet the labors of Mr. Frelinghuysen were nonetheless arduous, and, though always regarded as a man of great physical vigor, he retired from them thoroughly exhausted. Surrendering his seat to his successor in the cabinet on 4 March 1885, he went at once to his home in Newark, New Jersey, where, on his arrival, he found himself too ill to receive the citizens and friends who had filled his house to welcome him. For many weeks he lay in a lethargic condition, which continued until the end. Like all his ancestors, Mr. Frelinghuysen was the possessor of a strong religious sentiment. He was a close student of the Bible, and an active member of that branch of the Church in which so many of his forefathers had been bright and shining lights. He took a lively interest in educational matters, and in charitable and benevolent institutions. He was president of the American Bible Society, and for thirty-four years a trustee of Rutgers College. His published writings are not numerous, nor did he give much time to literary work. Many of his speeches were never written until after they had been delivered; but he never spoke, as he once told the writer, without engraving on his memory, in their exact order, every word that he was about to utter; and so tenacious was that memory that, whenever he deemed it important to commit anything to writing, the manuscript was for him thereafter a useless paper. [Frederick Frelinghuysen’s son] Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 544-545.


FRELINGHUYSEN, Theodore, 1787-1862, Franklin, Somerset Co., Newark, New Jersey, attorney, jurist, statesman, opposed slavery.  U.S. Senator, 1829-1836.  Mayor of Newark, New Jersey.  Chancellor of the University of New York.  Whig Vice Presidential candidate.  American Colonization Society, Vice-President, 1833-1841.  Member of the board of the African Education Society.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 543-544; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 16; Staudenraus, P. J. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961, pp. 16, 86, 128, 189-190, 207, 225, 228)

FRELINGHUYSEN, Theodore, lawyer, born in Franklin, Somerset County, New Jersey, 28 March 1787; died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, 12 April 1861, was sent at the age of eleven to the grammar school connected with Queen's College (now Rutgers), where he remained two years, but,, on the resignation of the rector of the school, returned to his home at Millstone. Having no great disposition to apply himself to study, he persuaded his father to give him the privilege of remaining at home and becoming a farmer. But consent to this plan had been only partially obtained when his father was called away on public business. His stepmother, a wise and estimable woman, believing that this arrangement would not be a judicious one, packed young Theodore's trunk and sent him to the classical academy recently established at Baskingridge, New Jersey, by the Reverend Dr. Robert Findley. Here he completed his preparatory studies, and in 1802 was admitted to the junior class of the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, from which he was graduated with high honors in 1804. In the meantime, his father having died, his elder brother, John a lawyer, had taken charge of the homestead at Millstone. In the office of this brother he began the study of law, and, after being admitted to the bar, moved to Newark, New Jersey, where he married, and entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he soon attained eminence. In 1817 he was appointed attorney general by a legislature whose majority was opposed to him in politics. Twice afterward he was reappointed on the expiration of his term of office, and finally resigned it in 1829, having been elected a senator of the United States. Prior to this, however, he had declined the office of justice of the Supreme Court tendered to him in 1826. The first important matter on which he addressed the Senate was the bill for the removal of the Indians beyond the Mississippi River. This speech availed nothing, however, except to bring its author prominently before the nation, and to give to him the title of the “Christian statesman.” He also took an active part in the discussion of the pension bill, the president's protest, the removal of the deposits from the U. S. bank, the compromise, and the tariff. His senatorial term expired in 1835 when he resumed his professional labors in Newark. In 1836 Newark was incorporated as a City. In the following year Mr. Frelinghuysen was elected its mayor, and in 1838 he was re-elected to the same position. In 1839 he was unanimously chosen chancellor of the University of New York, and while in the occupancy of this office was, in May 1844, nominated by the Whig National Convention at Baltimore for the vice-presidency of the United States on the same ticket with Henry Clay. He continued in the discharge of his duties as chancellor of the University until 1850, when he accepted the presidency of Rutgers College, and in the same year was formally inducted into that office, continuing in it until the day of his death. Mr. Frelinghuysen was an earnest advocate of the claims of organized Christian benevolence, and it is said of him that no American layman was ever associated with so many great national organizations of religion and charity. He was president of no less than three of these during some period of their existence, while his name may be found on the lists of officers of all the rest with scarcely an exception. For sixteen years he was president of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. From April, 1846, till his death he was president of the American Bible Society; from 1842 till 1848, of the American tract Society; from 1826 till near the close of his life, vice president of the American Sunday School union; and for many years vice president of the American colonization Society. In the work of all these institutions he took an active part. His remains were buried in the grounds of the 1st Reformed Dutch Church in New Brunswick, N.J. See a memoir of him by Reverend Talbot W. Chambers, D.D. (1863). [General Frederick Frelinghuysen’s second son; Appleton’s, 1900]


FRÉMONT, John Charles, 1813-1890, California, Army officer, explorer.  In 1856, was first candidate for President from the anti-slavery Republican Party.  Lost to James Buchanan.  Early in his career, he was opposed to slavery and its expansion into new territories and states.  Third military governor of California, 1847. First U.S. Senator from the State of California, 1850-1851.  He was elected as a Free Soil Democrat, and was defeated for reelection principally because of his adamant opposition to slavery.  Frémont supported a free Kansas and was against the provisions of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law.  On August 30, 1861, Frémont issued an unauthorized proclamation to free slaves owned by secessionists in his Department in Missouri.  Lincoln revoked the proclamation and relieved Frémont of command.  In March 1862, Frémont was given commands in Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky.  (Blue, 2005, pp. 8, 10, 12-13, 58, 77, 78, 105, 131, 153, 173, 178, 206, 225, 239, 245, 252, 261-263, 268-269; Chaffin, 2002; Mitchell, 2007, pp. 89, 93, 94-95, 97-98, 138, 139, 145, 149, 159, 161, 172, 215, 219-225, 228-230, 243; Nevins, 1939; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 59, 65, 140, 242-243, 275, 369, 385, 687; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 545-548; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 19; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 8, p. 459; Chaffin, Tom, Pathfinder: John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire, New York: Hill and Wang, 2002; Eyre, Alice, The Famous Fremonts and Their America, Boston: The Christopher Publishing House, 1948; Nevins, Allan, Fremont: Pathmaker of the West, Volume 1: Fremont the Explorer; Volume 2: Fremont in the Civil War, 1939, rev ed. 1955)

FRÉMONT, John Charles, explorer, born in Savannah, Georgia, 21 January, 1813; died in New York City, 13 July, 1890. His father, who was a Frenchman, had settled in Norfolk, Virginia, early married Anne Beverley Whiting, a Virginian lady, and supported himself by teaching his native language. After his death, which took place in 1818, his widow moved with her three infant children to Charleston, South Carolina. John Charles entered the junior class of Charleston College in 1828, and for some time stood high, especially in mathematics; but his inattention and frequent absences at length caused his expulsion. He then employed himself as a private teacher of mathematics, and at the same time taught an evening school. He became teacher of mathematics on the sloop-of-war “Natchez” in 1833, and after a cruise of two years returned, and was given his degree by the college that had expelled him. He then passed a rigorous examination at Baltimore for a professorship in the U. S. Navy, and was appointed to the frigate “Independence,” but declined, and became an assistant engineer under Captain William G. Williams, of the U. S. Topographical Corps, on surveys for a projected railroad between Charleston and Cincinnati, aiding particularly in the exploration of the mountain passes between North Carolina and Tennessee. This work was suspended in 1837, and Frémont accompanied Captain Williams in a military reconnaissance of the mountainous Cherokee country in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, made rapidly, in the depth of winter, in anticipation of hostilities with the Indians. On 7 July, 1838, while engaged with Jean Nicolas Nicollet in exploring, under government authority, the country between the Missouri and the northern frontier, he was commissioned by President Van Buren as 2d lieutenant of topographical engineers. He went to Washington in 1840 to prepare his report, and while there met Jessie, daughter of Thomas H. Benton, then senator from Missouri. An engagement was formed, but, as the lady was only fifteen years of age, her parents objected to the match; and suddenly, probably through the influence of Colonel Benton, the young officer received from the war department an order to make an examination of the River Des Moines on the western frontier. The survey was made rapidly, and shortly after his return from this duty the lovers were secretly married, 19 October, 1841. In 1842, Frémont was instructed by the War Department to take charge of an expedition for the exploration of the Rocky mountains, particularly the South pass. He left Washington on 2 May, and in four months had carefully examined the South pass and explored the Wind River mountains, ascending their highest point, since known as Frémont's peak (13,570 ft.). His report of the expedition was laid before Congress in the winter of 1842-'3, and attracted much attention both at home and abroad. Immediately afterward, Frémont determined to explore the unknown region between the Rocky mountains and the Pacific, and set out in May, 1843, with thirty-nine men. On 6 September, after travelling over 1,700 miles, he came in sight of Great Salt lake. His investigations corrected many vague and erroneous ideas about this region, of which no accurate account had ever been given, and had great influence in promoting the settlement of Utah and the Pacific states. It was his report of this expedition that gave to the Mormons their first idea of Utah as a place of residence. After leaving Great Salt Lake, he explored the upper tributaries of the Columbia, descended the valley of that River to Fort Vancouver, near its mouth, and on 10 November set out on his return. His route lay through an almost unknown region leading from the Lower Columbia to the Upper Colorado, and was crossed by high and rugged mountain-chains. Deep snow soon forced him to descend into the great basin, and he presently found himself, in the depth of winter, in a desert, with the prospect of death to his whole party from cold and hunger. By astronomical observation he found that he was in the latitude of the Bay of San Francisco; but between him and the valleys of California was a snow-clad range of mountains, which the Indians declared no man could cross, and over which no reward could induce them to attempt to guide him. Frémont undertook the passage without a guide, and accomplished it in forty days, reaching Sutter's Fort, on the Sacramento, early in March, with his men reduced almost to skeletons, and with only thirty-three out of sixty-seven horses and mules remaining. Resuming his journey on 24 March, he crossed the Sierra Nevada through a gap, and after another visit to Great Salt lake returned to Kansas through the South pass in July, 1844, having been absent fourteen months. The reports of this expedition occupied in their preparation the remainder of 1844. Frémont was given the double brevet of 1st lieutenant and captain in January, 1845, at the instance of General Scott, and in the spring of that year he set out on a third expedition to explore the great basin and the maritime region of Oregon and California. After spending the summer in exploring the watershed between the Pacific and the Mississippi, he encamped in October on the shore of the Great Salt Lake, and after crossing the Sierra Nevada with a few men, in the dead of winter, to obtain supplies, left his party in the valley of the San Joaquin while he went to Monterey, then the capital of California, to obtain from the Mexican authorities permission to proceed with his exploration. This was granted, but was almost immediately revoked, and Frémont was ordered to leave the country without delay. Compliance with this demand was impossible, on account of the exhaustion of Frémont's men and his lack of supplies, and it was therefore refused. The Mexican commander, General José Castro, then mustered the forces of the province and prepared to attack the Americans, who numbered only sixty-two. Frémont took up a strong position on the Hawk's peak, a mountain thirty miles from Monterey, built a rude fort of felled trees, hoisted the American flag, and, having plenty of ammunition, resolved to defend himself. The Mexican general, with a large force, encamped in the plain immediately below the Americans, whom he hourly threatened to attack. On the evening of the fourth day of the siege Frémont withdrew with his party and proceeded toward the San Joaquin. The fires were still burning in his deserted camp when a messenger arrived from General Castro to propose a cessation of hostilities. Frémont now made his way northward through the Sacramento valley into Oregon without further trouble, and near Klamath Lake, on 9 May, 1846, met a party in search of him with despatches from Washington, directing him to watch over the interests of the United States in California, there being reason to apprehend that the province would be transferred to Great Britain, and also that General Castro intended to destroy the American settlements on the Sacramento. He promptly returned to California, where he found that Castro was already marching against the settlements. The settlers flocked to Frémont's camp, and in less than a month he had freed northern California from Mexican authority. He received a lieutenant-colonel's commission on 27 May, and was elected governor of California by the American settlers on 4 July. On 10 July, learning that Commodore Sloat, commander of the United States Squadron on that coast, had seized Monterey, he marched to join him, and reached that place on 19 July, with 160 mounted riflemen. About this time Commodore Stockton arrived at Monterey with the frigate “Congress” and took command of the squadron, with authority from Washington to conquer California. At his request Frémont organized a force of mounted men, known as the “California battalion,” of which he was appointed major. He was also appointed by Commodore Stockton military commandant and civil governor of the territory, the project of making California independent having been relinquished on receipt of intelligence that war had begun between the United States and Mexico. On 13 January, 1847, Frémont concluded with the Mexicans articles of capitulation, which terminated the war in California and left that country permanently in the possession of the United States. Meantime General Stephen W. Kearny, with a small force of dragoons, had arrived in California. A quarrel soon broke out between him and Commodore Stockton as to who should command. Each had instructions from Washington to conquer and organize a government in the country. Frémont had accepted a commission from Commodore Stockton as commander of the battalion of volunteers, and had been appointed governor of the territory. General Kearny, as Frémont's superior officer in the regular army, required him to obey his orders, which conflicted with those of Commodore Stockton. In this dilemma Frémont concluded to obey Stockton's orders, considering that he had already fully recognized that officer as commander-in-chief, and that General Kearny had also for some time admitted his authority. In the spring of 1847 despatches from Washington assigned the command to Gen Kearny, and in June that officer set out overland for the United States, accompanied by Frémont, whom he treated with deliberate disrespect throughout the journey. On the arrival of the party at Fort Leavenworth, on 22 August, Frémont was put under arrest and ordered to report to the adjutant-general at Washington, where he arrived on 16 September, and demanded a speedy trial. Accordingly a court-martial was held, beginning 2 November, 1847, and ending 31 January, 1848, which found him guilty of “mutiny,” “disobedience of the lawful command of a superior officer,” and “conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline,” and sentenced him to be dismissed from the service. A majority of the members of the court recommended him to the clemency of President Polk. The president refused to confirm the verdict of mutiny, but approved the rest of the verdict and the sentence, of which, however, he remitted the penalty. Notwithstanding this, Frémont at once resigned his commission, and on 14 October, 1848, set out on a fourth expedition across the continent, at his own expense, with the object of finding a practicable passage to California by way of the upper waters of the Rio Grande. With thirty-three men and 120 mules he made his way through the country of the Utes, Apaches, Comanches, and other Indian tribes then at war with the United States. In attempting to cross the great Sierra, covered with snow, his guide lost his way, and Frémont's party encountered horrible suffering from cold and hunger, a portion of them being driven to cannibalism. All of his animals and one third of his men perished, and he was forced to retrace his steps to Santa Fé. Undaunted by this disaster, he gathered another band of thirty men, and after a long search discovered a secure route by which he reached the Sacramento in the spring of 1849. He now determined to settle in California, where, in 1847, he had bought the Mariposa estate, a large tract of land containing rich gold-mines. His title to this estate was contested, but after a long litigation it was decided in his favor in 1855 by the Supreme Court of the United States. He received from President Taylor in 1849 the appointment of commissioner to run the boundary-line between the United States and Mexico, but, having been elected by the legislature of California, in December of that year, to represent the new state in the U. S. Senate, he resigned his commissionership and departed for Washington by way of the isthmus. He took his seat in the Senate, 10 September, 1850, the day after the admission of California as a state. In drawing lots for the terms of the respective senators, Frémont drew the short term, ending 4 March, 1851. The Senate remained in session but three weeks after the admission of California, and during that period Frémont devoted himself almost exclusively to measures relating to the interests of the state he represented. For this purpose he introduced and advocated a comprehensive series of bills, embracing almost every object of legislation demanded by the peculiar circumstances of California. In the state election of 1851 in California the Anti-slavery Party, of which Frémont was one of the leaders, was defeated, and he consequently failed of re-election to the Senate, after 142 ballotings. After devoting two years to his private affairs, he visited Europe in 1852, and spent a year there, being received with distinction by many eminent men of letters and of science. He had already, in 1850, received a gold medal from the king of Prussia for his discoveries, had been awarded the “founder's medal” of the Royal geographical Society of London, and had been elected an honorary member of the Geographical Society of Berlin. His explorations had gained for him at home the name of the “Pathfinder.” While in Europe he learned that Congress had made an appropriation for the survey of three routes from the Mississippi valley to the Pacific, and immediately returned to the United States for the purpose of fitting out a fifth expedition on his own account to complete the survey of the route he had taken on his fourth expedition. He left Paris in June, 1853, and in September was on his march across the continent. He found passes through the mountains on the line of latitudes 38 and 39, and reached California in safety, after enduring great hardships. For fifty days his party lived on horse-flesh, and for forty-eight hours at a time were without food of any kind. In the spring of 1855 Frémont with his family took up his residence in New York, for the purpose of preparing for publication the narrative of his last expedition. He now began to be mentioned as an anti-slavery candidate for the presidency. In the first National Republican Convention, which met in Philadelphia on 17 June, 1856, he received 359 votes to 196 for John McLean, on an informal ballot, and on the first formal ballot Frémont was unanimously nominated. In his letter of acceptance, dated 8 July, 1856, he expressed himself strongly against the extension of slavery and in favor of free labor. A few days after the Philadelphia Convention adjourned, a National American Convention at New York also nominated him for the presidency. He accepted their support in a letter dated 30 June, in which he referred them for an exposition of his views to his forthcoming letter accepting the Republican nomination. After a spirited and exciting contest, the presidential election resulted in the choice of Mr. Buchanan by 174 electoral votes from nineteen states, while Frémont received 114 votes from eleven states, including the six New England states, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Maryland gave her eight electoral votes for Mr. Fillmore. The popular vote for Frémont was 1,341,000; for Buchanan, 1,838,000; for Fillmore, 874,000. In 1858 Frémont went to California, where he resided for some time. In 1860 he visited Europe. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War he was made a major-general of the regular army and assigned to the command of the newly created Western Department. After purchasing arms for the U. S. government, in Europe, he returned; he arrived in St. Louis on 26 July, 1861, and made his headquarters there, fortifying the city, and placing Cairo in security by a demonstration with 4,000 troops. After the battle of Wilson's Creek, on 10 August, where General Nathaniel Lyon was slain, Frémont proclaimed martial law, arrested active secessionists, and suspended the publication of papers charged with disloyalty. On 31 August he issued a proclamation assuming the government of the state, and announcing that he would emancipate the slaves of those in arms against the United States. President Lincoln wrote to him, approving all of the proclamation except the emancipation clause, which he considered premature. He asked Frémont to withdraw it, which he declined, and the president annulled it himself in a public order. In the autumn Frémont moved his army from the Missouri River in pursuit of the enemy. Meanwhile many complaints had been made of his administration, it being alleged that it was inefficient, though arbitrary and extravagant, and after an investigation by the Secretary of War he was, on 2 November, 1861, relieved from his command just as he had overtaken the Confederates at Springfield. It is claimed by Frémont's friends that this was the result of a political intrigue against him. On leaving his army, he went to St. Louis, where he was enthusiastically received by the citizens. In March, 1862, he was given the command of the newly created “mountain district” of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In the early part of June his army engaged a superior force under General Jackson for eight days, with constant sharp skirmishing, the enemy retreating slowly and destroying culverts and bridges to cause delay. The pursuit was terminated with a severe engagement on the evening of 6 June, in which Jackson's chief of cavalry, General Ashby, was killed, and by the battle of Cross-Keys on 8 June. It is claimed by General Frémont that if McDowell's force had joined him, as promised by the president, Jackson's retreat would have been cut off; as it was, the latter made good his escape, having accomplished his purpose of delaying re-enforcements to McClellan. On 26 June the president issued an order creating the “Army of Virginia,” to include Frémont's corps, and giving the command of it to General Pope. Thereupon Frémont asked to be relieved, on the ground that he could not serve under General Pope, for sufficient personal reasons. His request having been granted, he went to New York to await further orders, but received no other command during the war, though, as he says, one was constantly promised him. On 31 May, 1864, a convention of Republicans, dissatisfied with Mr. Lincoln, met at Cleveland and tendered to General Frémont a nomination for president, which, he accepted. In the following September a committee of Republicans representing the administration waited on him and urged his withdrawal, as “vital to the success of the party.” After considering the matter for a week, he acceded to their request, saying in his letter of withdrawal that he did so “not to aid in the triumph of Mr. Lincoln, but to do my part toward preventing the election of the Democratic candidate.”


Since 1864 General Frémont has taken little part in public affairs, but has been active in railway matters. He procured from the Texas legislature a grant of state land in the interest of the Memphis and El Paso Railway, which was to be part of a proposed trans-continental road from Norfolk to San Diego and San Francisco. The French agents employed to place the land-grant bonds of this road on the market made the false declaration that they were guaranteed by the United States. In 1869 the Senate passed a bill giving Frémont's road the right of way through the territories, an attempt to defeat it by fixing on him the onus of the misstatement in Paris having been unsuccessful. In 1873 he was prosecuted by the French government for fraud in connection with this misstatement. He did not appear in person, and was sentenced by default to fine and imprisonment, no judgment being given on the merits of the case. In 1878-'81 General Frémont was governor of Arizona. He has published “Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Oregon and North California in 1843-'4” (Washington, 1845; New York, 1846; London, 1849); “Colonel J. C. Frémont's Explorations,” an account of all five of his expeditions (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1859); and “Memoirs of my Life” (New York, 1880). See also the campaign biographies by John Bigelow (New York, 1856), and Charles W. Upham (Boston, 1856). His wife, Jessie Benton, born in Virginia in 1824, has published “Story of the Guard; a Chronicle of the War,” with a German translation (Boston, 1863); a sketch of her father, Thomas H. Benton, prefixed to her husband's memoirs (1880); and “Souvenirs of my Time” (Boston, 1887). [Appleton’s 1900]

FREMONT'S ORCHARD, COLONEL, April 12, 1864. Detachment of 1st Colorado Cavalry. Word was received at Camp Sanborn that a band of Indians had been making depredations on the ranchmen in the vicinity, and Lieutenant Clark Dunn with two companies of cavalry was sent out in pursuit. About 3 miles from Fremont's orchard the force came up with the Indians, who began firing at the troops and driving the stolen stock up into the mountain. The troops followed until dark, but were unable to come up with the Indians. Two members of the troop were mortally and 2 slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 450.


FRENCH, Mansfield, clergyman, born in Manchester, Vermont, 21 February, 1810; died at Pearsall's. Long Island, March, 1876. In his youth he studied at the Bennington Seminary, and at twenty began theological studies at the divinity-school of Kenyon College, Ohio. He was the founder of Marietta College, Granville Female Seminary, and principal of Circleville Female College. Ohio. In 1845 he united with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and entered the itinerant ministry in the North Ohio conference. During the next three years he was president of the Xenia, Ohio, female college, and agent for Wesleyan University. He was afterward agent for Wilberforce University, the first college opened to the Negro race in America. In 1858 he moved to New York City with a religious monthly, of which he was editor and proprietor, called "The Beauty of Holiness." There he became a strong anti-slavery agitator, and after the capture of Port Royal, at the earnest solicitation of Lewis Tappan and other abolitionists, he went to Washington and laid before President Lincoln his views of the nation's duty toward "contraband" slaves. In June. 1862, he visited, Port Royal, inspected the condition of the Negroes, and resolved to return to the north and induce teachers to go back with him. On 10 February, 1862, he organized a large meeting at Cooper Institute, New York City, where his account of the need of instruction among the colored people excited such interest and sympathy that at once the "National Freedman's Relief Association" was formed, and he was elected general agent. In March, 1863, he again sailed for Port Royal, this time accompanied by a large corps of teachers. He next attempted to have the Negroes placed on the abandoned plantations, and taught methodical farming under white superintendents. In this plan he met with much military and civil opposition, but finally met with partial success. Mr. French was the personal friend of President Lincoln, of Secretary of War Stanton, and Salmon P. Chase. At one period during the Civil War Mr. French organized an expedition to intercept telegraphic communications between the Confederate forces, and delivered their messages at Washington. He was popularly known as "Chaplain French."  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 548-549.


FRENCH, Robert, 1802-1882, politician, abolitionist, Temperance activist.  Mayor of New Bedford, Massachusetts.  Massachusetts State Senator.  Co-founder and President of the New Bedford Young Man’s Anti-Slavery Society.  Member of the Whig and Free Soil parties.  Opposed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and successfully passed legislation to oppose it in New Bedford.


FRENCH, William Henry, soldier, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 13 January, 1815; died there, 20 May, 1881. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1837, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant of artillery. He served in the Seminole War in Florida and on the Canada border in 1837-'8. During the Mexican War he was aide-de-camp to General Franklin Pierce, and on the staff of General Patterson, was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, in the battles of Churubusco and Contreras, and brevetted major for gallantry at the capture of the city of Mexico. Between 1850 and 1852 he again served against the Seminole Indians in Florida, and was on garrison and frontier duty till 1861, when he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and served in the Army of the Potomac during the Peninsular Campaign. He was engaged at the battles of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Oakgrove, Gaines's Mill, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. In the Maryland Campaign he commanded a division of Sumner's corps at the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, September, 1862, and in the next month was appointed major-general of volunteers. He served in the Rappahannock Campaign, in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, commanded the 3d Army Corps in its operations at Mine Run, from November, 1863, till May, 1864, when he was mustered out of volunteer service. He commanded the 2d U.S. Artillery on the Pacific Coast from 1865 till 1872, and in 1875, having passed through the successive military grades, was appointed lieutenant-colonel, in command at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. In July, 1880. at his own request, being over sixty- two years of age, he was retired.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 549.


FRICTION PRIMER FOR CANNON consists of a tube charged with gunpowder, to the top of which is fastened a cup containing friction powder, composed of two parts of chlorate of potassa, and one of sul. of antimony, which is exploded by means of a slider pulled out with a lanyard. The tube, cup, and slider are made of sheet brass. The lanyard, for pulling off the primer, is a piece of strong cod line (about .2 in. thick) 12 feet long; to one end is attached a small iron hook, with an eye for the line, and to the other end a wooden toggel, .75 in. diameter, and 4 in. long. If injured by moisture, the primers become serviceable again when dried, and they have the great advantage of portability and certainty of fire. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 319).


FROG BAYOU, ARKANSAS, March 19. 1863. Reconnaissance under Captain John Whiteford. A reconnoitering party consisting of Whiteford and 9 men was attacked at Young's place on Frog bayou by 20 Confederates. The result was the repulse of the enemy with a loss of 10 killed and wounded. The Union casualties, if any, were not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 450.


FRONT ROYAL, VIRGINIA, May 23. 1862. U. S. Troops under Colonel John R. Kenly. The Federal force at Front Royal, consisted of detachments of the 1st Maryland and 29th Pennsylvania infantry, Knap's Pennsylvania battery, 5th New York cavalry and Captain Mapes' pioneer corps, a total of 1.063 men, under command of Colonel Kenly. An attack was made by about 8,000 Confederates on the afternoon of the 23d, but Kenly deployed his men so as to make the appearance of greater strength than he really had. The Union left was driven back and Kenly received word that a body of Confederate cavalry was gaining his rear on the farther side of the river. He immediately withdrew from his position and started for Meadowville, burning the bridges after crossing. Knap managed to keep the enemy at bay for a while with his battery, but the Confederate cavalry had little trouble in crossing and soon gained Kenly's flank. At the same time the rear-guard was attacked and a fearful fight ensued, resulting in the capture of the larger part of the Federal force. The Confederate loss was 26 killed and wounded. The Union casualties were never reported, but a week later only about 150 of the 1,000 men engaged had reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 450-451.


FRONT ROYAL, VIRGINIA, May 30, 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of the Rappahannock. Brigadier-General Nathan Kimball with this brigade left Rectortown at 6 p. m. of the 29th and approached Front Royal at 11:30 a. m. the next day. The brigade was divided, a portion of it occupying the hills to the south and southwest and two regiments the hills to the north and northeast. While the troops were taking these positions they were discovered by the enemy in the town, who immediately set fire to the railroad depot buildings and several cars of grain and left the place on the Winchester road. A small body of New Hampshire cavalry was sent in pursuit and the enemy was overtaken 2 miles from the village, where the cavalry charged with good results. The Federal loss was 8 killed and 7 wounded, all in the New Hampshire cavalry. The Confederate loss in killed and wounded was not reported, but 155 were taken prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 451.


FRONT ROYAL, VIRGINIA, August 16, 1864. (See Cedarville.)


FRONT ROYAL, VIRGINIA, September 21, 1864. 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Shenandoah. At daybreak the main body of the division, commanded by Brigadier-General James H. Wilson, crossed the Shenandoah and attacked the Confederates at Front Royal. At the same time two regiments,—the 1st Vermont and 1st New Hampshire—moved up the south fork, crossed at Kendrick's ford and came in on the flank. The enemy was driven up the Luray valley in confusion to Gooney run, where the pursuit was taken up by Custer's brigade of the 1st division the next morning. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 451.


FRONTIER. (See DEFENCE, NATIONAL.)


FROTHINGHAM, Octavius Brooks, 1822-1895, Boston, Massachusetts, author, clergyman, orator, anti-slavery leader and activist.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 556)

FROTHINGHAM, Octavius Brooks, author, born in Boston, 26 Nov., 1822, was graduated at Harvard in 1843, and, after three years in the divinity school, was ordained pastor of the North Church (Unitarian) at Salem, Massachusetts, 10 March, 1847. He preached in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1855-'9, then moved to New York, and became pastor of a congregation that in 1860 was organized as the “Third Unitarian Congregational Church,” and represented the most radical branch of his denomination. He dissolved this society in 1879 and went to Europe, and on his return in 1881 formally withdrew from specific connection with any church, and devoted himself to literature in Boston. He has been a leader in the movement that has for its object the promotion of rationalist ideas in theology, and has contributed largely to various journals and reviews. In 1867 he became first president of the Free Religious Association. He was for a time art-critic of the “New York Tribune.” Mr. Frothingham has published more than 150 sermons, and is the author of the following works: “Stories from the Lips of the Teacher” (Boston, 1863); “Stories from the Old Testament” (1864); “Child's Book of Religion” (1866); “The Religion of Humanity” (New York, 1873); “Life of Theodore Parker” (Boston, 1874); “Transcendentalism in New England” (New York, 1876); “The Cradle of the Christ” (1877); “Life of Gerrit Smith” (1878); “Life of George Ripley” (Boston, 1882); and “Memoir of William Henry Channing” (1886).—Nathaniel Langdon's daughter, Ellen, born in Boston, 25 March, 1835, has devoted herself to German literature, and has translated Lessing's “Nathan der Weise” (1868); Goethe's “Hermann und Dorothea” (1870); Lessing's “Laokoon” (1874); and Grillparzer’s “Sappho” (1876). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II p. 556


FRY, Cary Harrison, soldier, born in Garrard County, Kentucky, 20 August, 1813; died in San Francisco, California, 5 March, 1873. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1834, and served in the 3d U.S. Infantry at Fort Towson, Indian Territory, but resigned on 31 October, 1836, studied medicine, and practised in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1845-'6. In the Mexican War he served as major in the 2d Kentucky Volunteers, commanding the regiment after the fall of its colonel and lieutenant-colonel in the battle of Buena Vista, where he distinguished himself. He practised medicine in Danville and Louisville, Kentucky, in 1847-53, and on 7 February of the latter year re-entered the regular army as paymaster, with the staff rank of major. During the Civil War he served at Washington, being acting pay-master-general in 1862, and becoming deputy pay-master-general in 1866. He was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. Army, on 15 October, 1867, and from 1869 till his death was chief paymaster of various military divisions. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 557.


FRY, Speed Smith, soldier, born in Mercer (now Boyle) county, Kentucky, 9 September, 1817, after studying at Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, completed his education at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana. He organized a company of the 2d Kentucky Volunteer Infantry in 1846, commanded it during the Mexican War, and after his return was county judge of Boyle County, 1857-'61. At the beginning of the Civil War he organized the 4th Kentucky Regiment in the National Army, and served as its colonel till 21 March, 1862, when he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers. He was mustered out of service on 24 August, 1865, and in 1869-'72 was a supervisor of internal revenue in his native state.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 557.


FRY, James Barnet, soldier, born in Carrollton, Greene County, Illinois, 22 February, 1827. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1847, and assigned to the 3d U.S. Artillery . After serving for a short time as assistant instructor of artillery at West Point, he joined his regiment at the city of Mexico, where he remained in 1847-'8. After doing frontier and garrison duty at various posts, he was again instructor at West Point in 1853-'4, and adjutant of the academy in 1854-'9. He was made assistant adjutant-general on 16 March, 1861, was chief of staff to General Irwin McDowell in that year, and to General Don Carlos Buell in 1861—'2, taking part in the battles of Bull Run. Shiloh, and Corinth, the movement to Louisville, Kentucky, and the pursuit of General Bragg through the southeastern part of that state. He was made provost-marshal-general of the United States, with headquarters at Washington, on 17 March, 1863, and given the staff rank of brigadier-general, 21 April, 1864. Both these commissions expired on the abolition of the office of provost-marshal-general on 30 August, 1866: during that time General Fry put in the army 1,120,621 men, arrested 76,502 deserters, collected $26,306,316.78, and made an exact enrolment of the National forces. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted major-general, U. S. Army, for " faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services." He was adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, of the Division of the Pacific in 1866-'9, the South in 1869-'71, the Missouri in 1871-3, and the Atlantic from 1873 till 1 June, 1881, when he was retired from active service at his own request. He is now (1887) a resident of New York City. General Fry's "Final Report of the Operations of the Bureau of the Provost-Marshal-General in 1863-'6" was issued as a Congressional document (2 parts, Washington, 1866). He has also published "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, U. S. Army, from 1775 to 1875 " (New York, 1875); "History and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their Origin, in 1692, to the Present Time" (1877); "Army Sacrifices," illustrating army life on the frontier (1879); "McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run" (1884); "Operations of the Army under Buell" (1884); and "New York and Conscription " (1885).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 557


FRY, Joseph, naval officer, born in Louisiana about 1828; died in Santiago de Cuba, 7 November, 1873. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman in 1841, and became passed midshipman, 10 August, 1847. In that year he fought a duel with Midshipman Brown, of Mississippi, near Washington, in which, after drawing his antagonist's fire, he refused to return it. He was promoted to master, 14 September, 1855, to lieutenant on the following day, and resigned, 1 February, 1861, after the secession of his native state. He was unable to secure a commission in the Confederate Navy owing to its limited size, and was given a command in the army. After serving in the southwest through the war, he moved to Albany, New York He accepted the command of the filibustering steamer " Virginius" in 1873, and with thirty-six of his crew was shot as a pirate by the authorities in Cuba, after the capture of his vessel by a Spanish man-of-war.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 557.


FRYING PAN, VIRGINIA, June 4, 1863. Detachment of 5th Michigan Cavalry, commanded by Captain Gray.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 451.


FULLER, John E., Boston, Massachusetts, New England Anti-Slavery Society, Counsellor and co-founder, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Counsellor, 1835-39


FULLER, Lydia, Boston, Massachusetts, Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS).  (Yellin, 1994, p. 61)


FULLER, John Wallace, soldier, born in Cambridge, England, 28 July, 1827. He came to New York in 1833 with his father, a Baptist clergyman, and became a bookseller, first in Utica, New York, and then in Toledo, Ohio. He was treasurer of the former city in 1852-'4, and in May, 1861, was appointed assistant adjutant-general of Ohio. He became colonel of the 27th Ohio Regiment in August of that year, served under Pope at New Madrid and Island Number Ten, and commanded the "Ohio brigade" at Iuka and at Corinth in October, 1862, where he distinguished himself. He was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers on 5 January, 1864, captured Decatur, Alabama, in March, and commanded a brigade in the Atlanta Campaign, doing brilliant service at the Chattahoochee River on 21 July. His division opened the battle of Atlanta, and won the approbation of General McPherson. He fought Hood at Snake Creek Gap in October, commanded the 1st Division of the 17th Corps in Sherman's march to the sea, and was present at Johnston's surrender. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. and resigned on 15 August General Fuller was appointed collector of the port of Toledo, Ohio, by President Grant in 1874, and reappointed in 1878. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, p. 560.


FULLER, Sarah Margaret, 1810-1850, author, reformer, women’s rights advocate, opponent of slavery.  Daughter of anti-slavery Congressman Timothy Fuller.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 561-562)

FULLER, Sarah Margaret, Marchioness Ossoli, author, born in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, 23 May, 1810; died off Fire Island beach, 16 July, 1850, was the eldest of eight children. She derived her first teaching from her father, studied Latin at the age of six, and injured her health by over-application. At thirteen she was a pupil at the famous school of Dr. Park, in Boston, where she began the study of Greek. Thence she went to a school in Groton, kept by the Misses Prescott. On the sudden death of her father, Margaret vowed that she would do her whole duty toward her brothers and sisters, and she faithfully kept the vow, teaching school in Boston and Providence, and afterward taking private pupils, for whom she was paid at the rate of two dollars an hour. During the transcendental period she knew intimately the leading minds of the time—Emerson, Hawthorne, Ripley, Channing, Clarke, Hedge—and in the company of such was very brilliant, meeting them as equals. She first met Emerson in 1835, and the next year visited him at Concord. She went occasionally to Brook Farm, though never fully believing in the success of that experiment, and never living there. She held conversations in Boston, conducted the “Dial,” translated from the German, projected works, and wrote the “Summer on the Lakes,” the record of a season spent in travelling from June to September, 1843. In December, 1844, she went to New York as literary critic of the “Tribune,” then under the management of Horace Greeley, in whose household she at first lived. While in New York, she visited the prisons, penitentiaries, asylums, theatres, opera-houses, music-halls, picture-galleries, and lecture-rooms, writing about everything in the “Tribune,” and doing much to move the level of thought on philanthropic, literary, and artistic matters. Her intimacies here were mainly with practical, honest, striving people. Even William H. Channing was a minister at large, C. P. Cranch received boarders, and Lydia Maria Child was connected with the press. This she called her “business life,” and she pursued it unremittingly for about twenty months, after which, having saved a little money, she went to Europe on the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Francis Spring. This was in 1846. In Europe she saw the foremost people in the literary, social, political, and reformatory world, spent the late summer and autumn in travelling, established herself for a time at Rome in the spring of 1847, passed that summer in Switzerland and the more northern Italian cities, and returned to Rome in October. She was married in December to Giovanni Angelo, Marquis Ossoli, was a mother in 1848, and entered with zeal into the Italian struggle for independence in 1849. Her conduct during the siege of the city by the French was of the most heroic, disinterested, humane, and tender kind. Her service in the hospitals won the heartiest praise. She was a friend of Mazzini. Though racked with anxiety for her husband and child, she appeared entirely oblivious of herself. On the capture of Rome by the French in June, 1849, and the consequent dispersal of the leaders in the defence, she and her husband took refuge in Rieti, a village in the mountains of Abruzzi, where the child had been left in charge of a confidential nurse, and after some months moved to Florence, which, after a delightful sojourn, they left for Leghorn, whence passage for America was taken on the “Elizabeth,” a merchant vessel that sailed 17 May, 1850. Horace Sumner, a younger brother of Charles Sumner, and Celeste Paolini, a young Italian girl, were the only other passengers. The voyage began disastrously. The captain died of small-pox, and was buried at sea in the waters off Gibraltar. Head winds kept them there a week. The boy was dangerously seized with small-pox soon afterward. As the voyage neared its ending, a violent southeast wind became in the evening a gale, by midnight a hurricane, and the vessel was driven on the shore at Fire Island in the early morning at four o'clock. The wreck was complete. A great wave swept the deck, and carried all before it. The boy was drowned in the arms of the steward while the latter was trying to reach the land, and the lifeless body was carried on the beach. Neither mother nor father was heard of more. Of Ossoli little is known. It is not strange that to most people he should be a name only, for he was married but a short time, he was not seen out of his native country, and there was known but slightly save to a small number of friends, while his inability to speak any language except his own naturally prevented his mingling with Americans. But he was a gentleman, sincere, true, and self-respecting. All we know of him is to his credit. He was sufficiently educated for his rank in society. That he was a devoted husband is certain, ready to share his wife's fortune whatever it might be, and in all respects thoughtful of her happiness, believing in her entirely. His future in this country would have been melancholy. He must have been dependent on the efforts of his wife, and those efforts, even though incessant and reasonably successful, might not have availed to support a family. It will be seen that her career naturally fell into three divisions. The first period lasted till her life in New York in 1844. The second included her experience there. The third embraced her activity in Rome. The first, which may be called the transcendental epoch, could not be repeated. It was extremely interesting, exciting, stimulating to the mind. She was under stimulating influences. Self-culture was then the key-note of her endeavor. The third could not be reproduced. That extraordinary episode, with its raptures of self-devotion, was as exceptional, in its way, as the first. The second epoch—that of literary production—was still open to her, enlarged and simplified. She was essentially a critic. She was not a reformer, and could not have been, had her means been ever so ample. She lived by her pen, and her livelihood must have been precarious—so much so that some of her admirers looked on the final catastrophe as a deliverance for her. What she might have become if she had lived, it is useless to conjecture. She possessed brilliant gifts of many kinds. She had a warm heart, but her natural talent was for literature. She wrote a great deal for magazines, various papers, a complete account of which may be found in Higginson's “Life.” Her collected works, including “Summer on the Lakes” (1843), “Woman in the Nineteenth Century” (1844), and “Papers on Literature and Art” (1846), were edited by her brother, Reverend Arthur B. Fuller (Boston, 1855). Her book on the Roman republic was lost with her. The life of Margaret Fuller has been written by Emerson, Clarke, and Channing, edited for the most part by William Henry Channing (1852). This is strongest on the transcendental side. There is also a memoir of her by Julia Ward Howe, in the “Eminent Women” series (Boston, 1883), and one by Thomas Wentworth Higginson in the “American Men of Letters” series (Boston, 1884). The last is the most complete, though somewhat warped by the author's idea that Margaret Fuller’s career culminated in philanthropy.  Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 561-562.


FULTON, MISSOURI, July 17, 1861. 3d Missouri Reserves (400 men). Funkstown, Maryland, July 7, 1863. 6th United States Cavalry. After the battle of Gettysburg this regiment was ordered to make a reconnaissance in the direction of Funkstown. The enemy's pickets just outside the town were driven in, and the Federals proceeded into the town, where the Confederate cavalry attacked the regiment in force, and drove it slowly back to Mechanicstown, keeping up a running fight of about 5 miles. The Union loss was 59 men killed, wounded and missing. The Confederate casualties were not reported.


FUMIGATION. To correct and purify an infectious or confined atmosphere, such as is often found in transports, fumigations are necessary. The materials recommended for the purpose are brimstone with sawdust; or nitre with vitriolic acid; or common salt with the same acid. One fluid ounce of sulphuric acid mixed with two fluid ounces of water, and then poured over four ounces of common salt, and one ounce of oxide of manganese in powder, these latter ingredients being previously placed in hot sand, are also recommended. Burning charcoal is also a good disinfectant. (See SANITARY PRECAUTIONS.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 319).


FUNERALS. Army Regulations prescribe the honors to be paid at funerals. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 319).


FUNKSTOWN, MARYLAND, July 10, 1863. 1st Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. After having driven the enemy along the Hagerstown road from Beaver creek on the 9th, this division, commanded by Brigadier-General John Buford, advanced again on the morning of the 10th. The reserve brigade was on the right, the 1st brigade in the center and the 2nd brigade on the left. The Confederates retreated into Funkstown, where Longstreet had posted his reserve. Buford took possession of the hills overlooking the town, the bridges on the roads leading into it and the 1st brigade held a suburb. An attempt of the enemy to dislodge Gamble's brigade was repulsed with loss. Toward evening the ammunition gave out and the division retired, leaving a detachment of the 6th corps guarding the bridges. The Union losses here and at Boonsboro were 12 killed, 54 wounded and 34 missing. The Confederate losses were not reported. Fussell's Mill, Virginia—For engagements at Fussell's mill on July 28, and August 18, 1864, see the articles on Deep Bottom.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 451.


FURLOUGHS. The term is usually applied to the absence with leave of non-commissioned officers and soldiers. (See ABSENCE WITH LEAVE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 319).


FURNESS, William Henry, 1802-1896, Unitarian clergyman, abolitionist, reformer.  Supported rights for African Americans and Jews.  Opposed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.  (Sinha, 2016, pp. 447, 449, 488, 501; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 565-566; The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. II. New York: James T. White, 1892, p. 316.

FURNESS, William Henry (fur'-ness), clergyman, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 20 April, 1802. He was graduated at Harvard in 1820, and completed his theological studies at Cambridge in 1823. In January, 1825, he was ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational Unitarian Church in Philadelphia, where he remained until he retired from the ministry, in 1875. He received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in 1847, and that of Doctor of Letters from Columbia at its centennial anniversary in 1887. The theological position of Dr. Furness is peculiar, belonging as he does to the extreme humanitarian school, as distinguished from that of Canning, Peabody, and Norton. He accepts, for the most part, the miraculous facts of the New Testament, yet accounts for them by the moral and spiritual forces resulting from the pre-eminent character of the Saviour, who, in his view, is an exalted form of humanity. One of his constant labors as a preacher and an author has been to ascertain the historical truth and develop the spiritual ideas of the records of the life of Christ. His books reveal a highly cultivated intellect, impelled by enthusiastic ardor, and enriched by a glowing fancy. “Æsthetic considerations,” remarks a writer of his own denomination, “weigh more with him than historical proofs, and vividness of conception than demonstration.” In the anti-slavery movement Dr. Furness took an intense interest, preaching frequently on the subject. From 1845 till 1847 he edited an annual entitled “The Diadem.” Besides many occasional sermons he is the author of “Remarks on the Four Gospels” (Philadelphia, 1835; London, 1837); “Jesus and His Biographers” (Philadelphia, 1838); “Domestic Worship,” a volume of prayers (1842; 2d ed., Boston, 1850); “A History of Jesus” (Philadelphia and London, 1850; new ed., Boston; 1853); “Discourses” (Philadelphia, 1855); “Thoughts on the Life and Character of Jesus of Nazareth " (Boston, 1 859); “The Veil partly Lifted and Jesus becoming Visible” (Boston, 1864); “The Unconscious Truth of the Four Gospels” (Philadelphia, 1868); “Jesus” (1871); “The Power of Spirit Manifest in Jesus of Nazareth” (1877); “The Story of the Resurrection Told Once More” (1885); and “Verses: Translations and Hymns” (Boston, 1886). He has also translated from the German Schubert's “Mirror of Nature” (1849); “Gems of German Verse” (1851); “Julius and Other Tales” (1856; enlarged ed., 1859); and translated and edited Dr. Daniel Schenkel's “Characterbild Jesu,” an elaborate essay written as a reply to Renan's work, under the title of “Character of Jesus Portrayed” (2 vols., Boston, 1866). His version of Schiller's “Song of the Bell” is considered the best that has been made. Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. II, pp. 565-566.


FUZE is the means used to ignite the bursting charge of shells. They are classified as Time, Concussion, and Percussion Fuzes. The time fuze is composed of a case of paper, wood, or metal, inclosing a burning composition. It is cut or bored to a length proportioned to the intended range of the shell, so that it shall burn down and explode the bursting charge, just as the shell strikes the ground, or earlier if desirable, instead of driving the fuze composition into a wooden tube as formerly, and requiring a saw to give the fuze its proper length according to range, the shell is now supplied with a plug of hard wood or metal, having a hole reaped out exactly the size of a paper case containing the composition. By varying this composition, the same length suffices for all the ranges or times of burning required. And these having the different compositions in paper cases of as many different colors, the cannoneer at a field-piece may, in an instant, insert into the plug the colored fuze required for the desired range. Similar fuzes have been adopted for the columbiads, the plugs being of bronze instead of wood. Three kinds of time fuzes arc employed in the United States Service, viz., the Mortar Fuze, the Borman Fuze, and the sea-coast fuze. The best and simplest form of the percussion fuze is the ordinary percussion cap placed on a cone affixed to the point of the projectile. The arrangement should be protected by a safety cap to prevent the percussion cap taking fire by the discharge of the piece.

“Bickford's fuze” is a small tube of gunpowder, sewed round with tarred twine, and then pitched over. It is not injured by damp, and when well made, will burn under water, and is used for firing the charges of mines, &c. The Gomez Patent Electric Safety train or fuze is made in the form of a tape, inclosing a chemical compound that burns at the rate of one mile in four seconds; it may be used like the Bickford fuze. (See RIFLED ORDNANCE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 319-320).