Clear Creek, Arkansas through Cogswell

CLEAR CREEK, ARKANSAS, January 22, 1864. U. S. Troops under Captain Charles Galloway. This was an engagement between some 500 Federal cavalry, consisting of detachments of the 1st and 2nd Arkansas and the 8th cavalry, Missouri State militia, and the Confederate cavalry posted in a narrow gap on Clear creek. The latter were soon driven out with the loss of several wounded, and the Federal command proceeded to Tomahawk crossing, where the enemy was posted on a high bluff, firing on the Union advance as it entered the ravine. The 8th Missouri moved to a steep hillside on the opposite side of the ravine and opened fire, while the 1st. Arkansas dismounted and moved to get in the enemy's rear. The Confederates, finding their position untenable, mounted their horses and retreated, after having lost 3 killed and a number wounded. The Federal loss was 2 wounded. Clear Creek, Arkansas, February 11, 1865.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 290.


CLEAR CREEK, MISSISSIPPI, June 14, 1862. 3d Michigan Cavalry. The regiment, commanded by Colonel R. H. G. Minty, met a Confederate force under Colonel Lay on Clear creek, and, notwithstanding he was vastly outnumbered, Minty charged with such vigor that the enemy was driven in confusion back toward Baldwyn. The casualties were not reported. Minty and his men were congratulated by General Rosecrans for their gallantry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 290.


CLEAR CREEK, MISSOURI, August 2, 1862. Detachment of 1st Iowa Cavalry. Captains Caldwell and Heath with 135 men started after a band of between 400 and 500 guerrillas. At Gordon's farm on Clear creek, not far from Taberville, they came up with the enemy strongly posted. Caldwell made a movement on their front and Heath moved around to get to their flank, but fell into an ambuscade. Caldwell's men were under cover behind a stone fence. Heath, hearing firing in his rear, moved back to secure his horses. On finding them safe he returned to attack the enemy, but found that he had retreated. The Federal loss was 4 killed and 9 wounded. The Confederate casualties were not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 290-291.


CLEAR CREEK, MISSOURI, August 19, 1862.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEAR CREEK, MISSOURI, August 8, 1863. Detachment 3d Wisconsin Cavalry. This detachment started in the morning from Ball Town to reconnoiter along Clear creek. Toward dusk the advance came upon 5 of the enemy, and immediately fired upon them. Two were killed and the other 3 escaped. sas Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEAR FORK, MISSOURI, September —, 1862. Detachment of Loyal Militia of Missouri. Forty men of this command attacked a force of 70 Confederates at Clear Fork, 12 miles southeast of Warrensburg. The Federal troops were not aware of the presence of the enemy until they had received a volley from ambush. They succeeded, however, in routing the enemy, killing 4 and wounding several. (The exact date of the affair cannot be ascertained from the official reports.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEAR FORK, MISSOURI, August 26, 1863. Scout from the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Captain R. L. Ferguson, commanding, reports that he came upon a body of 30 Confederates at the head of Clear Fork about evening. He attacked them, and they fled precipitately, leaving 3 dead and several wounded. Lieutenant G. W. McGuire, of the same company, pursued them for 5 or 6 miles with a small detachment, killed 3 more and wounded 3. The Federal forces suffered no casualties. Some 6 or 7 guns, 8 horses, a number of blankets, etc., were taken.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEAR FORK, MISSOURI, July 16, 1864. Detachment of 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Brigadier-General E. B. Brown reports under date of July 17, 1864: "I have the honor to report that Captain Turley, 7th Missouri state militia (cavalry), with a scout of 25 men, attacked Hutchins' and Steward's band of guerrillas on Clear Fork yesterday, killing 5 of them." This is the only mention of the affair.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEAR LAKE, ARKANSAS, March 11, 1865. 3d Wisconsin Cavalry. Colonel James M. True, reporting from Pine Bluff on March 13, 1865, states: "Seven men of the Third Wisconsin cavalry have just come in who state that they left Little Rock on Friday last, with Captain Giesler, on a scout. That they were surprised and scattered on Saturday near Clear Lake by a force of rebels numbering near 200, and that a large portion of this party were killed or captured. These men will be sent to Little Rock by first boat."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEAR SPRING, MARYLAND, July 10, 1863. 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 29th Pennsylvania State Militia and 74th Regiment, New York National Guard. The cavalry of this command became engaged with 500 Confederate cavalry about 10 a. m. Captain Payne, commanding, asked reinforcements and Colonel Joseph Hawley with the Pennsylvania infantry and Colonel Watson A. Fox with the 74th New York (National Guard) moved to his assistance. Upon their arrival the enemy fled precipitately. The casualties were not reported. This engagement was an incident of the Gettysburg campaign.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEAR SPRING, MARYLAND, July 29, 1864. Pickets 6th U. S. Cavalry. On this date the pickets of this regiment were driven from McCoy's ferry and Cherry run to Clear Spring by the advance of Brigadier-General Bradley T. Johnson's command. From Clear Spring they were obliged to fall back toward Hagerstown. No casualties were reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 291.


CLEBURNE (clebborn), Patrick Ronayne, soldier, born in county Cork, Ireland, 17 March, 1828; killed in the battle of Franklin, Tennessee, 30 November, 1864. He was a descendant of William Cleyborne, the colonial secretary of Virginia in 1626. His mother was a daughter of Pat rick Ronayne of Annebrook, County Cork, descended from that Maurice Ronayne who obtained from King Henry IV, "a grant of the rights of Englishmen." He was intended for the profession of medicine, but becoming discouraged while a student at Trinity College he ran away and enlisted in the 41st Regiment of foot After three years’ service he came to the United States, settled at Helena, Arkansas, where he studied law, and was in successful practice at the beginning of the Civil War. He joined the Confederate Army as a private, planned the capture of the U.S. Arsenal in Arkansas in March, 1861, was made captain, and soon afterward promoted to colonel. In March, 1862, he was made a brigadier-general, and at Shiloh commanded the 2d Brigade of the 3d Corps, and was commended for valor and ability. He was wounded at the battle of Perryville, and was made a major-general in December, 1862. He commanded a division of the right wing at Murfreesboro and at Chickamauga, and distinguished himself in command of the rear-guard at Missionary Ridge, in November, 1863, and received the thanks of the Confederate Congress for his defence of Ringgold Gap. He distinguished himself in numerous engagements. At Jonesboro he covered the retreat of Hood's defeated army, and commanded a Corps at Franklin, where he was killed after two lines of the National works had been carried by the troops under his command. He was a favorite with the Irish Brigade, and was called “the Stonewall of the West.” He instituted the Order of the Southern Cross, and was among the first to advise the use of colored troops in the armies of the Confederacy. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 647-648.


CLEMENS, Jeremiah, statesman, born in Huntsville, Alabama, 28 December, 1814; died there, 21 May, 1865. He was educated at La Grange College and the University of Alabama, where he was graduated in 1833, studied law at Transylvania, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1838 he was appointed U. S. marshal for the northern District of Alabama, and in 1839, 1840, and 1841 was elected to the state legislature. In 1842 he went to Texas as lieutenant-colonel, having raised a company of volunteer riflemen. On his return, he again served in the legislature in 1843–4, and in the latter year as presidential elector. He was appointed major of the 13th U. S. Infantry, 3 March, 1847, made lieutenant-colonel of the 9th U.S. Infantry, 16 July, and discharged 20 July, 1848. He was then appointed chief of the depot of purchases in Mexico. From 1849 till 1853 he represented Alabama in the U. S. Senate, and was again a presidential elector in 1856. He moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and became editor of the Memphis “Eagle and Enquirer” in 1859. He was a member of the secession Convention in Alabama, but protested against its action; yet he subsequently gave way to the popular tide, and accepted office under the Confederacy. In 1864, however, he had returned to his former allegiance, advocated the re-election of Mr. Lincoln, and defended his policy. Mr. Clemens attained eminence at the bar while still young, and in the Senate took high rank as an able and eloquent debater. He was the author of novels, which passed through several editions, entitled Bernard Lyle (Philadelphia, 1853); “Mustang Gray” (1857): “The Rivals, a Tale of the Times of Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton" (1859); and “Tobias Wilson, a Tale of the Great Rebellion” (1865). He was engaged in the preparation of a history of the war, giving an insight into the character, causes, and conduct of the war in northern Alabama, but it was left unfinished at his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 648.


CLEMENS, Samuel Langhorne, author (better known under his pen-name, Mark Twain), born in Florida, Monroe County, Missouri, 30 November, 1835. He was educated only in the village school at Hannibal, Missouri, was apprenticed to a printer at the age of thirteen, and worked at his trade in St. Louis, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, and New York. In 1851 he became a pilot on Mississippi River steamboats, and in 1861 went to Nevada as private secretary to his brother, who had been appointed secretary of the territory. Afterward he undertook mining in Nevada, and became in 1862 city editor of the Virginia City “Enterprise.” In reporting legislative proceedings from Carson he signed his letters “Mark Twain,” a name suggested by the technical phraseology of Mississippi navigation, where, in sounding a depth of two fathoms, the leadsman calls out to “mark twain!” In 1865 he went to San Francisco, and was for five months a reporter on the “Morning Call,” then tried gold-mining in the placers of Calaveras County, and, having no success, returned to San Francisco and resumed newspaper work. He spent six months in the Hawaiian Islands in 1866. After his return he delivered humorous lectures in California and Nevada, and then returned to the east and published “The Jumping Frog, and other Sketches” (New York, 1867). The same year he went with a party of tourists to the Mediterranean, Egypt, and Palestine, and on his return published an amusing journal of the excursion, entitled “The Innocents Abroad” (Hartford, 1869), of which 125,000 copies were sold in three years. He next edited the Buffalo, New York, “Express.” After his marriage he settled in Hartford, Connecticut He delivered witty lectures in various cities, contributed sketches to the “Galaxy” and other magazines, and in 1872 went to England on a lecturing trip. While he was there, a London publisher issued an unauthorized collection of his writings in four volumes, in which were included papers attributed to him that he never wrote. The same year appeared in Hartford, Connecticut, “Roughing It,” containing sketches of Nevada, Utah, California, and the Sandwich Islands; and in 1873, in conjunction with Charles Dudley Warner, a story entitled “The Gilded Age,” which was dramatized and produced in New York in 1874. This comedy, with John T. Raymond in the leading part, Colonel Mulberry Sellers, had an extraordinary success. Mr. Clemens subsequently published “Sketches, Old and New”; “Adventures of Tom Sawyer,” a story of boy-life in Missouri (1876); “Punch, Brothers, Punch” (1878); “A Tramp Abroad” (Hartford, 1880); “The Stolen White Elephant” (Boston, 1882); “The Prince and the Pauper” (1882); and “Life on the Mississippi” (1883). In 1884 he established in New York the publishing-house of C. L. Webster & Co., which issued in 1885 a new story entitled “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,” a sequel to “Tom Sawyer,” and brought out in that and the following year General U. S. Grant's “Memoirs,” the share in the profits accruing to Mrs. Grant from which publication, under a contract signed with General Grant before his death, amounted, in October, 1886, to $350,000, which was paid to her in two checks, of $200,000 and $150,000. Mark Twain's works have been republished in England, and translations of the principal ones in Germany. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. pp.648-649.


CLERKS. Whenever suitable non-commissioned officers or privates cannot be procured from the line of the army, paymasters, with the approbation of the Secretary of War, may employ citizens to perform the duties of clerks at $700 per year; (Acts July 5, 1838; and Aug. 12, 1848.) One ration per day allowed when on duty at their station; (Act Aug. 31, 1852.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 160-161).


CLEVELAND, Channcey Fitch, lawyer and statesman, born in Hampton, Connecticut, 16 February, 1799. He received a common-school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1819. He was elected to the legislature in 1826, and served four terms, again elected in 1832, and was state attorney the same year; again sat in the legislature in 1830-'6, of which body he was twice chosen speaker. He was elected governor of Connecticut in 1842, and re-elected in 1843. He returned to the legislature for the eleventh time in 1847, and in 1849 was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and re-elected in 1851. He was a presidential elector on the Republican ticket in 1860, and at two or three other elections, and was a member of the Peace Congress of 1861.—His brother, Mason, died in 1855, was state senator, comptroller, and commissioner of the school fund of Connecticut.—Edward Spicer, son of Mason, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Connecticut in 1886. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 651.


CLEVELAND, Grover, twenty-second and twenty-fourth president of the United States, was born in Caldwell, Essex County, New Jersey, 18 March, 1837. On the paternal side he is of English origin. Moses Cleveland emigrated from Ipswich, county of Suffolk, England, in 1635, and settled at Woburn, Massachusetts, where he died in 1701. His grandson was Aaron, whose son, Aaron, was great-great-grandfather of Grover. The second Aaron's grandson, William, was a silversmith and watchmaker at Norwich, Connecticut His son, Richard Falley Cleveland, was graduated at Yale in 1824, was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1829, and in the same year married Anne Neal, daughter of a Baltimore merchant of Irish birth. These two were the parents of Grover Cleveland. The Presbyterian parsonage at Caldwell, where Mr. Cleveland was born, was first occupied by the Reverend Stephen Grover, in whose honor the boy was named; but the first name was early dropped, and he has been known as Grover Cleveland. When he was four years old his father accepted a call to Fayetteville, near Syracuse, New York, where the son had an academy schooling, and afterward was a clerk in a country store. The removal of the family to Clinton, Oneida County, gave Grover additional educational advantages in the academy there. In his seventeenth year he became a clerk and an assistant teacher in the New York institution for the blind in New York City, in which his elder brother, William, an alumnus of Hamilton College, now a Presbyterian clergyman at Forest Port, New York, was then a teacher. In 1855 Grover left Holland Patent, in Oneida County, where his mother then resided, to go to the west in search of employment. On his way he stopped at Black Rock, now a part of Buffalo, where his uncle, Lewis F. Allen, induced him to remain and aid him in the compilation of a volume of the “American Herd-Book,” receiving for six weeks' service $60. He afterward assisted in the preparation of several other volumes of this work, and the preface to the fifth volume (1861) acknowledges his services. In August, 1855, he secured a place as clerk and copyist for the law firm of Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, in Buffalo, began to read Blackstone, and in the autumn of that year was receiving four dollars a week for his work. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, but for three years longer he remained with the firm that first employed him, acting as managing clerk at a salary of $600, soon advanced to $1,000, a part of which he devoted to the support of his widowed mother, who died in 1882. He was appointed assistant district-attorney of Erie County, 1 January, 1863, and held the office for three years. At this time strenuous efforts were being made to bring the Civil War to a close. Two of Cleveland's brothers were in the army, and his mother and sisters were dependent largely upon him for support. Unable to enlist, he borrowed money to send a substitute, and it was not till long after the war that he was able to repay the loan. In 1865, at the age of twenty-eight, he was the Democratic candidate for district attorney, but was defeated by the Republican candidate, his intimate friend, Lyman K. Bass. He then became a law partner of Isaac V. Vanderpool, and in 1869 became a member of the firm of Lanning, Cleveland & Folsom. He continued a successful practice till 1870, when he was elected sheriff of Erie County At the expiration of his three years' term he formed a law partnership with his personal friend and political antagonist, Lyman K. Bass, the firm being Bass, Cleveland & Bissell, and, after the forced retirement from failing health of Mr. Bass, Cleveland & Bissell. The firm was prosperous, and Cleveland attained high rank as a lawyer, by the simplicity and directness of his logic and expression and thorough mastery of his cases.








In 1881 he was nominated as Democratic candidate for mayor of Buffalo, and was elected by the largest majority ever given to a candidate in that city prior to that time. In the same election the Republican state ticket was carried in Buffalo by an average majority of over 1,600; but Cleveland had a partial Republican, independent, and “reform” movement support. He entered upon the office, 1 January, 1882. He soon became known as the “veto mayor,” using that prerogative fearlessly in checking unwise, illegal, or extravagant expenditure of the public money, and enforcing strict compliance with the requirements of the state constitution and the city charter. By vetoing extravagant appropriations he saved the city nearly $1,000,000 in the first six months of his administration. He opposed giving $500 of the taxpayers' money to the Firemen's Benevolent Society, on the ground that such appropriation was not permissible under the terms of the state constitution and the charter of the city. He vetoed a resolution diverting $500 from the Fourth of July appropriation to the observance of Memorial day for the same reason, and immediately subscribed one tenth of the sum wanted for the purpose. His admirable, impartial, and courageous administration won tributes to his integrity and ability from the press and the people irrespective of party.

On the second day of the Democratic state Convention at Syracuse, 22 September, 1882, on the third ballot, by a vote of 211 out of 382, Grover Cleveland was nominated for governor, in opposition to Charles J. Folger, then secretary of the U. S. treasury, nominated for the same office three days before by the Republican state Convention at Saratoga. In his letter accepting this nomination Mr. Cleveland wrote: “Public officers are the servants and agents of the people, to execute the laws which the people have made, and within the limits of a constitution which they have established. . . . We may, I think, reduce to quite simple elements the duty which public servants owe, by constantly bearing in mind that they are put in place to protect the rights of the people, to answer their needs as they arise, and to expend for their benefit the money drawn from them by taxation.”

In the canvass that followed, Cleveland had the advantage of a united Democratic Party, and in addition the support of the entire independent press of the state. The election in November was the most remarkable in the political annals of New York. Both gubernatorial candidates were men of character and of unimpeachable public record. Judge Folger had honorably filled high state and federal offices. But there was a wide-spread disaffection in the Republican ranks largely due to the belief that the nomination of Folger (nowise obnoxious in itself) was accomplished by means of improper and fraudulent practices in the nominating convention and by the interference of the federal administration. What were called the “half-breeds” largely stayed away from the polls, and in a total vote of 918,894 Cleveland received a plurality of 192,854 over Folger, and a majority over all, including greenback, prohibition, and scattering, of 151,742. He entered upon his office 1 January, 1883, in the words of his inaugural address, “fully appreciating his relations to the people, and determined to serve them faithfully and well.” With very limited private means, Governor Cleveland lived upon and within his official salary, simply and unostentatiously, keeping no carriage, and daily walking to and from his duties at the capitol.

Among the salient acts of his administration were his approval of a bill to submit to the people a proposition to abolish contract labor in the prisons, which they adopted by an overwhelming majority; his veto of a bill that permitted wide latitude in the investments of savings banks; and the veto of a similar bill allowing like latitude in the investment of securities of fire insurance companies. He vetoed a bill that was a bold effort to establish a monopoly by limiting the right to construct certain street railways to companies heretofore organized, to the exclusion of such as should hereafter obtain the consent of property-owners and local authorities. His much-criticised veto of the “five-cent-fare” bill, which proposed to reduce the rates of fare on the elevated roads in New York City from ten cents to five cents for all hours in the day, was simply and solely because he considered the enactment illegal and a breach of the plighted faith of the state. The general railroad law of 1850 provides for an examination by state officers into the earnings of railroads before the rates of fare can be reduced, and as this imperative condition had not been complied with previous to the passage of the bill, he vetoed it. He vetoed the Buffalo fire department bill because he believed its provisions would prevent the “economical and efficient administration of an important department in a large city,” and subject it to partisan and personal influences. In the second year of his administration he approved the bill enacting important reforms in the appointment and administration of certain local offices in New York City. His state administration was only an expansion of the fundamental principles that controlled his official action while mayor of Buffalo. Its integrity, ability, and success made him a prominent candidate for president.

The Democratic National Convention met at Chicago, 8 July, 1884. Three days were devoted to organization, platform, and speeches in favor of candidates. In the evening of 10 July a vote was taken, in which, out of 820 votes, Grover Cleveland received 392. A two-third vote (557) was necessary to a nomination. On the following morning, in the first ballot, Cleveland received 683 votes, and, on motion of Thomas A. Hendricks (subsequently nominated for the vice-presidency), the vote was made unanimous. He was officially notified of his nomination by the convention committee at Albany, 29 July, and made a modest response, promising soon to signify in a more formal manner his acceptance of the nomination, which he did by letter on 18 August, 1884. In it he said, among other things:

“When an election to office shall be the selection by the voters of one of their number to assume for a time a public trust, instead of his dedication to the profession of politics; when the holders of the ballot, quickened by a sense of duty, shall avenge truth betrayed and pledges broken, and when the suffrage shall be altogether free and uncorrupted, the full realization of a government by the people will be at hand. And of the means to this end, not one would, in my judgment, be more effective than an amendment to the constitution disqualifying the president from re-election. . . .

“A true American sentiment recognizes the dignity of labor, and the fact that honor lies in honest toil. Contented labor is an element of national prosperity. Ability to work constitutes the capital and the wage of labor, the income of a vast number of our population, and this interest should be jealously protected. Our working-men are not asking unreasonable indulgence, but, as intelligent and manly citizens, they seek the same consideration which those demand who have other interests at stake. They should receive their full share of the care and attention of those who make and execute the laws, to the end that the wants and needs of the employers and the employed should alike be subserved, and the prosperity of the country, the common heritage of both, be advanced. As related to this subject, while we should not discourage the immigration of those who come to acknowledge allegiance to our government, and add to our citizen population, yet, as a means of protection to our working-men, a different rule should prevail concerning those who, if they come or are brought to our land, do not intend to become Americans, but will injuriously compete with those justly entitled to our field of labor. . . .

“In a free country the curtailment of the absolute rights of the individual should only be such as is essential to the peace and good order of the community. The limit between the proper subjects of governmental control, and those which can be more fittingly left to the moral sense and self-imposed restraint of the citizen, should be carefully kept in view. Thus, laws unnecessarily interfering with the habits and customs of any of our people which are not offensive to the moral sentiments of the civilized world, and which are consistent with good citizenship and the public welfare, are unwise and vexatious. The commerce of a nation to a great extent determines its supremacy. Cheap and easy transportation should therefore be liberally fostered. Within the limits of the constitution, the general government should so improve and protect its natural water-ways as will enable the producers of the country to reach a profitable market. . . . If I should be called to the chief magistracy of the nation by the suffrages of my fellow-citizens, I will assume the duties of that high office with a solemn determination to dedicate every effort to the country's good, and with a humble reliance upon the favor and support of the Supreme Being, who I believe will always bless honest human endeavor in the conscientious discharge of public duty.”

The canvass that followed was more remarkable for the discussion of the personal characters and qualifications of the candidates than for the prominent presentation of political issues. In the election (4 November) four candidates were in the field, viz.: Grover Cleveland, of New York, Democratic; James G. Blaine, of Maine, Republican; Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, labor and greenback; John P. St. John, of Kansas, prohibition. The total popular vote was 10,067,610, divided as follows: Cleveland, 4,874,986; Blaine, 4,851,981; Butler, 175,370; St. John, 150,369; blank, defective, and scattering, 14,904. Of the 401 electoral votes, Cleveland received 219, and Blaine, 182.

In December the Executive Committee of the national civil service reform league addressed a letter to President-elect Cleveland commending to his care the interest of civil-service reform. In his reply, dated 25 December, he declared that “a practical reform in the civil service was demanded”; that to it he was pledged by his “conception of true democratic faith and public duty,” as well as by his past utterances. He added: “There is a class of government positions which are not within the letter of the civil-service statute, but which are so disconnected with the policy of an administration that the removal therefrom of present incumbents, in my opinion, should not be made during the terms for which they were appointed, solely on partisan grounds, and for the purpose of putting in their places those who are in political accord with the appointing power. But many now holding such positions have forfeited all just claim to retention, because they have used their places for party purposes in disregard of their duty to the people, and because, instead of being decent public servants, they have proved themselves offensive partisans and unscrupulous manipulators of local party management. The lessons of the past should be unlearned, and such officials, as well as their successors, should be taught that efficiency, fitness, and devotion to public duty are the conditions of their continuance in public place, and that the quiet and unobtrusive exercise of individual political rights is the reasonable measure of their party service. . . . Selections for office not embraced within the civil-service rules will be based upon sufficient inquiry as to fitness, instituted by those charged with that duty, rather than upon persistent importunity or self-solicited recommendations on behalf of candidates for appointment.”

When the New York legislature assembled, 6 January, 1885, Mr. Cleveland resigned the governorship of the state. On 27 February was published a letter of the president-elect in answer to one signed by several members of Congress, in which he indicated his opposition to an increased coinage of silver, and suggested a suspension of the purchase and coinage of that metal as a measure of safety, in order to prevent a financial crisis and the ultimate expulsion of gold by silver. His inaugural address was written during the ten days previous to his setting out for Washington. On 4 March he went to the capital in company with President Arthur, and after the usual preliminaries had been completed he delivered his inaugural address from the eastern steps of the capitol. in the presence of a vast concourse. At its conclusion the oath of office was administered by Chief-Justice Waite. He then reviewed from the White House the inaugural parade, a procession numbering more than 100,000 men. In the address he urged the people of all parties to lay aside political animosities in order to sustain the government. He declared his approval of the Monroe doctrine as a guide in foreign relations, of strict economy in the administration of the finances, of the protection of the Indians and their elevation to citizenship, of the security of the freedmen in their rights, and of the laws against Mormon polygamy and the importation of a servile class of foreign laborers. In respect to appointments to office, he said that the people demand the application of business principles to public affairs, and also that the people have a right to protection from the incompetency of public employees, who hold their places solely as a reward for partisan service, and those who worthily seek public employment have a right to insist that merit and competency shall be recognized instead of party subserviency or the surrender of honest political belief. On the following day he sent to the Senate the nominations for his cabinet officers as follows: Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware; secretary of the treasury, Daniel Manning, of New York; Secretary of War, William C. Endicott, of Massachusetts; secretary of the Navy, William C. Whitney, of New York; postmaster-general, William F. Vilas, of Wisconsin; attorney-general, Augustus H. Garland, of Arkansas; secretary of the interior, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi. The nominations were promptly confirmed. On 12 March, 1885, President Cleveland withdrew from the Senate, which met in extra session to take action on appointments and other business connected with the new administration, the Spanish reciprocity and Nicaragua Canal treaties, in order that they might be considered by the new executive. On 13 March he issued a proclamation announcing the intention of the government to remove from the Oklahoma country, in Indian territory, the white intruders who sought to settle there, which was done shortly afterward by a detachment of soldiers. By his refusal at once to remove certain officials for the purpose of putting in their place members of his own party, he came into conflict with many influential men, who advocated the speedy removal of Republican office-holders and the appointment of Democrats, in order to strengthen the party as a political organization. At the same time the Republicans and some of the civil-service reformers complained of other appointments as not being in accord with the professions of the president. “Offensive partisanship” was declared by the president to be a ground for removal, and numerous Republican functionaries were displaced under that rule, while the term became a common phrase in political nomenclature. When disturbances threatened to break out between the Cheyennes and the Arapahoes in Indian territory, General Sheridan, at the request of the president, visited that country in order to study the cause of the troubles. He reported that the threatened outbreak was the result of the occupation of Indian lands by cattle-owners who leased vast areas from the Indians at a merely nominal rental. The legal officers of the government decided that these leases were contrary to law and invalid. The president thereupon issued a proclamation warning all cattle companies and ranchmen to remove their herds from Indian territory within forty days, and enforced the order, notwithstanding their strenuous objection.

In his message at the opening of the first session of the 49th Congress on 8 December, 1885, President Cleveland recommended increased appropriations for the consular and diplomatic service, the abolition of duties on works of art, the reduction of the tariff on necessaries of life, the suspension of compulsory silver coinage, the improvement of the navy, the appointment of six general Indian commissioners, reform in the laws under which titles to the public lands are required from the government, more stringent laws for the suppression of polygamy in Utah, an act to prohibit the immigration of Mormons, the extension of the principle of civil-service reform, and an increase in the salaries of the commissioners, and the passage of a law to determine the order of presidential succession in the event of a vacancy. The Senate, sitting in secret session for the consideration of the president's appointments, called for the papers on file in the departments relating to the causes for which certain officers had been removed. Upon the refusal of the president to submit the documents to their inspection, a dispute ensued, and threats were uttered by Republican senators that no appointments should be confirmed unless their right to inspect papers on the official files was conceded. On 1 March, 1886, he sent a long message to the Senate, in which he took the ground that under the constitution the right of removal or suspension from office lay entirely within the power and discretion of the president; that sections of the tenure-of-office act requiring him to report to the Senate reasons for suspending officers had been repealed; and that the papers that the Senate demanded to see were not official, but were of a personal and private nature. Eventually most of the appointments of the president were ratified. During the first fiscal year of his administration the proportion of postmasters throughout the country removed or suspended was but little larger than had often followed a change of administration in the same political party.

In his second annual message he called the attention of Congress to the large excess of the revenues of the country beyond the needs of the government, and urged such a reduction as would release to the people the increasing and unnecessary surplus of national income, by such an amendment of the revenue laws as would cheapen the price of the necessaries of life and give freer entrance, to such imported materials as could be manufactured by American labor into marketable commodities. He recommended the erection of coast defences on land, and the construction of modern ships of war for the navy; argued for the civilization of the Indians by the dissolution of tribal relations, the settlement of their reservations in severalty, and the correction of abuses in the disposition of the public lands. He urged the adoption of liberal general pension laws to meet all possible cases, and protested against special legislation for a favored few, as an injustice to the many who were equally deserving.

He approved a bill to regulate the questions arising between the railroads and the people, and appointed an interstate commerce commission under its provisions. A number of bills providing for the erection of public buildings in various parts of the country were vetoed, on the ground that they were not required by the public business; and while he approved 186 private pension bills, he vetoed 42 for various reasons; some being covered by general laws, others were to his mind unworthy and fraudulent, and others were not so favorable to the claimant as the general laws already passed. A dependent pension bill, permitting a pension of $12 per month to all soldiers and sailors who served in the war for the Union, upon the ground of service and present disability alone, whether incurred in the service or since, was vetoed, on the ground that a sufficient time had not elapsed since the war to justify a general service pension; that its terms were too uncertain and yielding to insure its just and impartial execution; that the honest soldiers of the country would prefer not to be regarded as objects of charity, as was proposed; and that its enactment would put a wholly uncalled-for and enormous annual burden upon the country for very many years to come. The veto was sustained by Congress. Vetoing an appropriation for the distribution of seeds to drought-stricken counties of Texas, he said:

“I can find no warrant for such an appropriation in the constitution; and I do not believe that the power and duty of the general government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering which in no manner properly related to the public service or benefit. A prevalent tendency to disregard the limited mission of this power and duty should, I think, be steadfastly resisted, to the end that the lesson should be constantly enforced that though the people support the government, the government should not support the people.”

As he had done while governor, so now as president, Mr. Cleveland exercised the veto power with great freedom. This was particularly true during the session of Congress which ended 5 August, 1886, when of 987 bills which passed both houses he vetoed 115.

In October, 1886, accompanied by Mrs. Cleveland and several personal friends, the president made a tour of the west and south in response to invitations from those sections, which involved about 5,000 miles of railroad travel and occupied three weeks. He was enthusiastically received by the people, and made speeches at Indianapolis, St. Louis, Chicago, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Atlanta, and other cities. In December, 1887, departing from custom, he devoted his annual message to the presentation of a single subject, namely, the reduction of the tariff. He advocated a radical modification of the existing policy by the adoption of a law framed with a view to the ultimate establishment of the principles of free trade. The Republicans immediately took up the issue thus presented, and the question at once became a predominant issue of the canvass. Cleveland was unanimously renominated by the National Democratic Convention in St. Louis on 5 June, 1888. The efforts of both parties were directed chiefly to the doubtful states of Indiana, New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Cleveland carried all the southern states, and in the north New Jersey and Connecticut, while of the doubtful states General Harrison received the votes of New York and Indiana. Of the electoral votes Harrison received 233, Cleveland 168. The popular vote for Cleveland numbered 5,540,329, that for Harrison 5,439,8??.

At the close of his administration, on 4 March, 1889, Mr. Cleveland retired to New York City, where he re-entered upon the practice of his profession. As a private citizen he continued to exert a powerful influence upon his party and public sentiment by frequent expression of his opinions on important public questions. These expressions were always based upon an implicit belief that the integrity and justice of the people would not tolerate demagogism, but demanded of any leader the truth fearlessly spoken. Conscious of a strong public demand that he should again be the Democratic candidate for president, and of the personal consequence to him of his every word and act, he constantly stated his views with the courage and candor which had characterized his whole public life. A notable instance of this was his famous letter of 10 February, 1891, addressed to a public meeting in New York City, which had been called to protest against a bill then pending in Congress for the free and unlimited coinage of silver. There was grave danger that the bill would be enacted. Behind it was a strong public sentiment, including probably a majority in Congress of his own party. His opposition insured, it was believed, the failure of the bill, but also of all chance for his renomination. Yet, impelled by a sense of public duty which would not consider personal consequences, he declared his belief “that the greatest peril would be invited by the adoption of the scheme”; and he denounced “the dangerous and reckless experiment of free, unlimited and independent silver coinage.” The bill was defeated. Notwithstanding the opposition and predictions of many leaders of his party, the demand for his renomination steadily increased. The great cause of tariff reform, which as president he had championed and which had carried the country in the elections of 1890, was evidently to be the principal issue in the campaign of 1892, and he was the natural and logical leader. At the National Democratic Convention which met in Chicago, 22 June, 1892, he was nominated on the first ballot, receiving more than two-thirds of the votes of the convention, though bitterly and unanimously opposed by the delegation from his own state. In his speech of acceptance delivered to a great audience in Madison Square Garden, New York, and later in his formal letter of acceptance of 26 September, 1892, he emphasized the need of tariff reform, and made it the leading issue between the parties. In his letter he said:

“Tariff reform is still our purpose. Though we oppose the theory that tariff laws may be passed having for their object the granting of discriminating and unfair governmental aid to private ventures, we wage no exterminating war against any American interests. We believe a readjustment can be accomplished, in accordance with the principles we profess, without disaster or demolition. We believe that the advantages of freer raw material should be accorded to our manufacturers, and we contemplate a fair and careful distribution of necessary tariff burdens, rather than the precipitation of free trade.”

He denounced “the attempt of the opponents of democracy to interfere with and control the suffrage of the states through federal agencies” as “a design, which no explanation can mitigate, to reverse the fundamental and safe relations between the people and their government.” He advocated “sound and honest money,” declaring: “Whatever may be the form of the people's currency, national or state whether gold, silver, or paper it should be so regulated and guarded by governmental action, or by wise and careful laws, that no one can be deluded as to the certainty and stability of its value. Every dollar put into the hands of the people should be of the same intrinsic value or purchasing power. With this condition absolutely guaranteed, both gold and silver can safely be utilized upon equal terms in the adjustment of our currency.” He also urged “an honest adherence to the letter and spirit of civil service reform,” “liberal consideration for our worthy veteran soldiers and for the families of those who have died,” but insisting that “your pension roll should be a roll of honor, uncontaminated by ill desert and unvitiated by demagogic use.”

After a most vigorous campaign and a thorough discussion of important principles and measures, the Democratic Party won an overwhelming victory, reversing the electoral vote of 1888 and largely increasing its popular plurality, and carrying both the Senate and House of Representatives. The ticket carried twenty-three states, including the doubtful states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana, and for the first time in years in a presidential contest Illinois and Wisconsin. The popular vote was 5,553,142 for Cleveland, 5,186,931 for Harrison, 1,030,128 for Weaver, of the “people's party,” and 268,361 for Bidwell, the prohibitionist. In the Electoral College Mr. Cleveland received 276 votes. General Harrison 145, and Mr. Weaver 23. On 4 March, 1893, Mr. Cleveland was for a second time inaugurated president, being the first instance in this country of a president re-elected after an interim. He immediately nominated, and the Senate promptly confirmed as his cabinet Walter Q. Gresham, of Indiana, Secretary of State; John G. Carlisle, of Kentucky, secretary of the treasury; Daniel S. Lament, of New York, Secretary of War; Richard Olney, of Massachusetts, attorney-general; Wilson S. Bissell, of New York, postmaster-general; Hilary A. Herbert, of Alabama, secretary of the Navy; Hoke Smith, of Georgia, secretary of the interior; and J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska, secretary of agriculture. Judge Gresham died on 28 May, 1895, having held office but a few months, and was succeeded by the attorney-general, Mr. Olney, whose place was taken by Judson Harmon, of Ohio. A little later postmaster-general Bissell resigned and was succeeded by William L. Wilson, of Virginia. In August, 1896, Secretary Smith resigned and the president appointed in his place David R. Francis, of Missouri.





Grave and difficult questions at once confronted his administration. A treaty for the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the territory of the United States had, on 14 February, 1893, been concluded between President Harrison and commissioners representing a provisional government of the islands, and had been transmitted to the Senate on the day following, but had not yet been acted upon. The provisional government had been established on 17 January, 1893, by the overthrow of the constitutional ruler of the islands. Serious doubts existed as to the authority and validity of the provisional government and as to the part taken by our government, through our ministers and troops, in aiding its establishment. President Harrison, in his message to the Senate submitting the treaty, declared that “the overthrow of the monarchy was not in any way promoted by this government.” On the other hand, the queen and her ministers filed with the treaty a protest, asserting that when she yielded to the provisional government she had yielded to the superior force of the United States. In order that this vital question of fact might be impartially investigated and determined, President Cleveland at once withdrew the treaty from the Senate and despatched James H. Blount, of Georgia, as a special commissioner to make full examination and report.

On 18 December, 1893, in a special message to Congress, he transmitted the report of the commissioner with all the evidence and papers connected with the case. In his message, after reviewing all the facts and confirming the finding of the commissioner, he declared that he believed “that a candid and thorough examination of the facts will force the conviction that the provisional government owes its existence to an armed invasion by the United States. . . . The lawful government of Hawaii was overthrown without the drawing of a sword or the firing of a shot, by a process every step of which, it may safely be asserted, is directly traceable to and dependent for its success upon the agency of the United States acting through its diplomatic and naval representatives.”

Referring to the principles which should govern the case, he said: “I suppose that right and justice should determine the path to be followed in treating this subject. If national honesty is to be disregarded and a desire for territorial extension or dissatisfaction with a form of government not our own ought to regulate our conduct, I have entirely misapprehended the mission and character of our government and the behaviour which the conscience of our people demands of their public servants. . . .

“ A man of true honor protects the unwritten word which binds his conscience more scrupulously, if possible, than he does the bond, a breach of which subjects him to legal liabilities; and the United States, in aiming to maintain itself as one of the most enlightened of nations, would do its citizens gross injustice if it applied to its international relations any other than a high standard of honor and morality. On that ground the United States cannot properly be put in the position of countenancing a wrong after its commission any more than in that of consenting to it in advance. On that ground it cannot allow itself to refuse to redress an injury inflicted through an abuse of power by officers clothed with its authority and wearing its uniform; and on the same ground, if a feeble but friendly state is in danger of being robbed of its independence and its sovereignty by a misuse of the name and power of the United States, the United States cannot fail to vindicate its honor and its sense of justice by an earnest effort to make all possible reparation. . . .

“These principles apply to the present case with irresistible force when the special conditions of the queen's surrender of her sovereignty are recalled. She surrendered not to the provisional government, but to the United States. She surrendered not absolutely and permanently, but temporarily and conditionally until such time as the facts can be considered by the United States. . . .

“ By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people require we should endeavor to repair.”

He concluded by informing Congress that he should not again submit the treaty of annexation to the Senate; that he had instructed our minister “to advise the queen and her supporters of his desire to aid in the restoration of the status existing before the lawless landing of the U. S. forces at Honolulu on 16 January last, if such restoration could be effected upon terms providing for clemency as well as justice to all parties concerned”; and he commended the subject “to the extended powers and wide discretion of Congress” for a solution “consistent with American honor, integrity, and morality.”

These proposals of the president met with strong opposition in Congress, and in February, 1894, the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations made a report upholding Minister Stevens in his course with relation to the revolution. Previous to this, in December, 1893, Mr. Willis, the U. S. minister, had formally announced the president's policy to President Dole, who had returned a formal refusal to give up the government in accordance with that policy, at the same time denying the right of Mr. Cleveland to interfere. On 7 February, 1894, the House of Representatives passed by a vote of 177 to 75 a resolution upholding Mr. Cleveland's course and condemning annexation, but a similar resolution was tabled in the Senate, 36 to 18, on 29 May, and on 31 May a resolution was adopted against interference by the United States. On 4 July, 1894, the constitution of the republic of Hawaii was formally proclaimed by the revolutionary government, and Mr. Dole was declared president until December, 1900. The U. S. Senate passed a resolution favoring the recognition of the new republic, and thus the matter practically passed out of Mr. Cleveland's hands.

This was not the only question of foreign policy that was forced upon the administration. Early in 1895 an insurrection broke out on the island of Cuba. Mr. Cleveland at once took measures against violation of the neutrality laws, and in his message in December he appealed for the observation of strict neutrality as a “plain duty.” Sympathy with the insurgents was wide-spread, however, and it became increasingly difficult to detect filibustering expeditions, and still more so to indict and convict those guilty of violations of neutrality. The administration was blamed in Spain for supposed failure to enforce the law, and in the United States for attempting to enforce it too stringently. Strong efforts were made to induce the administration to recognize the insurgents as belligerents, and in April, 1896, a resolution in favor of such recognition passed both houses of Congress. Mr. Cleveland disregarded these resolutions as being an attempt to invade the prerogative of the executive, and Secretary Olney stated publicly that the administration regarded them merely as “an expression of opinion on the part of a number of eminent gentlemen.” Besides the resolutions just referred to others were introduced at various times providing for intervention, for special investigation, and for recognition of the Cuban republic. On 3 June, 1896, Mr. Cleveland sent Fitzhugh Lee to Havana as consul-general in place of Ramon O. Williams, and it was generally believed that General Lee was expected to act in some sense as a special commissioner of the president, to report to him on the state of affairs in the island. Many expected that the appointment would be only a preliminary to intervention, but the administration, though instructing General Lee to guard the rights of American residents, continued to watch for filibustering expeditions and to intercept them when this was possible; and in July, 1890, the president issued a second proclamation of neutrality, repeating in more explicit terms the one that had been put forth in 1895. Relations with Spain continued to require delicate management during the whole of the administration, the more notable events being the firing on the American steamer “Allianca” by a Spanish gunboat, for which apology was ultimately made by Spain, the condemnation to death of the crew of the alleged filibustering schooner “Competitor,” which was finally suspended upon representation that the prisoners had not received the trial by civil tribunal to which they were entitled by treaty, and the settlement by Spain, on 14 September, 1895, of the long-standing claim of 1,500,000 pesos, as indemnity for the condemnation to death, in 1870, of Antonio Mora, a naturalized American citizen, and the confiscation of his estates. It was charged by the enemies of the administration that this payment was made in pursuance of a secret agreement by which the United States bound itself to vigilant action in the suppression of filibustering.

But the most conspicuous event in the relations of the administration with foreign countries was undoubtedly President Cleveland's Venezuela message, the act most highly praised as well as the most severely condemned of his whole public career. In his message to Congress on 2 December, 1895, Mr. Cleveland called attention to the long-standing boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela, and to the efforts of the U. S. government to induce the disputants to settle it by arbitration. Previously, in July, Secretary Olney, in a despatch to the American ambassador in London, had called attention to the peculiar interest of the United States in the dispute, owing to the relation of that dispute to the Monroe doctrine, and again urging arbitration. On 26 November Lord Salisbury returned an answer in which he denied that the interests of the United States were necessarily concerned in such disputes, and refused to arbitrate except in regard to territory lying to the west of the Schomburgh line a line surveyed by Great Britain in 1841-'4.

These despatches were sent to Congress on 17 December together with a special message in which Mr. Cleveland stated that, as Great Britain had refused to arbitrate the dispute, it now became the duty of the United States to determine the boundary line by diligent inquiry, and asked for a special appropriation to defray the expenses of a commission to be appointed by the executive for that purpose. This commission was to report without delay. “When such report is made and accepted,” the message went on, “it will, in my opinion, be the duty of the United States to resist by every means in its power, as a willful aggression upon its rights and interests, the appropriation by Great Britain of any lands or the exercise of governmental jurisdiction over any territory which, after investigation, we have determined of right to belong to Venezuela.”

This message caused great excitement both in this country and Great Britain, being regarded as equivalent to a threat of war. The president's course, however, was almost unanimously upheld by both parties in Congress, which immediately authorized the appointment of a boundary commission, and this commission was immediately constituted by the appointment of Justice David J. Brewer, of the U. S. supreme court; Chief-Justice Alvey, of the court of appeals of the District of Columbia; Andrew D. White, of New York; Frederick R. Coudert, of New York; and Daniel C. Gilman, president of Johns Hopkins University.

The commission began at once to take testimony and accumulated a vast amount of data, but before it was prepared to make its formal report, the excitement due to the message had subsided on both sides of the Atlantic, and an agreement was reached through diplomatic channels by which Great Britain bound herself to arbitrate her dispute with Venezuela, thus terminating the incident. The conclusion of this controversy was widely regarded as the first formal acquiescence by a European power in the Monroe doctrine, or, at any rate, in the application of that doctrine to warrant the exercise by the United States of virtual protection over the smaller American states. The Venezuelan arbitration treaty was signed at Washington by Sir Julian Pauncefote for England and Minister Andrade for Venezuela, on 2 February According to its provisions, President Cleveland designated as arbitrator, on behalf of the United States, Justice Brewer, of the supreme court, while the Venezuelan government named Chief-Justice Fuller, and Great Britain appointed Lord Herschell and Justice Collins.

Some minor events in the relations of the administration with foreign governments were as follows: In 1896 great sympathy was excited throughout the country by the Armenian massacres, and in Congress many efforts were made to bring about the active interference of the United States in Turkish affairs, either on broad humanitarian grounds or because of specific cases of injuries suffered by American missionaries. It was believed also that the United States should have a war ship at Constantinople, and when Turkey refused to grant to this country the privilege of sending an armed ship through the Dardanelles, there were many rumors of an impending attempt at a forcible passage. The administration, however, continually denied any such intention, and, although the “Bancroft,” a small war vessel, originally intended for a practice-ship, was sent to the Mediterranean, as was believed, that she might be in readiness to act as a guardship should she be required to do so, no occasion arose for her use, the American Squadron in Turkish waters, larger than for many years previous, being such as to compel proper treatment of American citizens.


Owing to the repeated efforts, especially in the Pacific states, to restrict Chinese immigration, laws had been passed by Congress, which were agreed to by China in a special treaty concluded at Washington, 17 March, 1894. By this treaty Chinese laborers were prohibited entering the country, and those already residing in the United States were required to be registered. On 3 May, 1894, the time fixed by Congress for this registration expired. There was great objection to this feature of the law, and large numbers of Chinese had failed to register. The law provided that all such should be deported, but finally the administration decided that as no means had been provided for this purpose no steps should be taken to carry out the deportation clause.

The seal-fishery question, which it had been hoped was settled by the Paris tribunal, continued to come in different forms before the administration. President Cleveland had urged in one of his messages that Congress should sanction the payment of $425,000, agreed upon between Secretary Gresham and the British minister as compensation for Canadian vessels seized unlawfully by the U. S. authorities, but Congress failed to appropriate the amount, and the claims remained unsettled. The customary yearly proclamations against poaching were issued, but, owing to the inadequacy of the provisions for its prevention adopted by the Paris tribunal, the seal herd continued to decrease.

To pass from foreign to domestic affairs, the unsettled financial state of the country during a large part of Mr. Cleveland's second term first demands notice. On 8 August, 1893, the president convened Congress in special session because, as stated in his message of that date, of “the existence of an alarming and extraordinary business situation, involving the welfare and prosperity of all our people,” and to the end that “through a wise and patriotic exercise of the legislative duties . . . present evils may be mitigated and dangers threatening the future may be averted.” The country was in the midst of a financial crisis, largely due, it was believed, to past unsound legislation, under which the gold reserve had been diminishing, silver accumulating, and expenditures exceeding revenue. Confidence had become impaired and credit shaken. Business interests and the conservative sentiment of the country demanded the repeal of the provisions of the Act of14 July, 1890 (popularly known as the Sherman act), which required the monthly purchase of four and one-half million ounces of silver and the issue of treasury notes in payment therefor. Such repeal the president strongly recommended, declaring that “our unfortunate financial plight is not the result of untoward events, nor of conditions related to our natural resources; nor is it traceable to any of the afflictions which frequently check natural growth and prosperity,” but is “principally chargeable to Congressional legislation touching the purchase and coinage of silver by the general government.” Reviewing such legislation, he said: “The knowledge in business circles among our own people that our government cannot make its fiat equivalent to intrinsic value, nor keep inferior money on a parity with superior money by its own independent efforts, has resulted in such a lack of confidence at home in the stability of currency values that capital refuses its aid to new enterprises, while millions are actually withdrawn from the channels of trade and commerce, to become idle and unproductive in the hands of timid owners. Foreign investors, equally alert, not only decline to purchase American securities, but make haste to sacrifice those which they already have.” He insisted that “the people of the United States are entitled to a sound and stable currency, and to money recognized as such on every exchange and in every market of the world. Their government has no right to injure them by financial experiments opposed to the policy and practice of other civilized states, nor is it justified in permitting an exaggerated and unreasonable reliance on our national strength and ability to jeopardize the soundness of the people's money.”

The house promptly, and by a large majority, repealed the obnoxious provisions. In the Senate a strong and determined minority resisted the repeal, and, taking advantage of the unlimited debate there permitted, delayed action for many weeks. In the heat of the contest a compromise was practically agreed upon in the Senate, which was defeated only by the firm opposition of the president. He insisted upon unconditional repeal, which was finally enacted 1 November, 1893.

Soon after, one of the suggested measures of compromise, which provided among other things for the immediate coinage of so much of the silver bullion in the treasury as represented the seigniorage (declared to be $55,156,681), was embodied in a bill which passed both houses of Congress. This bill the president vetoed as “ill-advised and dangerous.” He said: “Sound finance does not commend a further infusion of silver into our currency at this time unaccompanied by further adequate provision for the maintenance in our treasury of a safe gold reserve.”

At the first regular session of the fifty-third Congress, opened 4 December, 1893, the question of tariff revision was at once considered. In his message of that date the president, after reviewing the work and needs of the various departments of government, dwelt with special emphasis on the necessity of immediately undertaking this important reform.

“Manifestly, if we are to aid the people directly through tariff reform, one of its most obvious features should be a reduction in present tariff charges upon the necessaries of life. The benefits of such a reduction would be palpable and substantial, seen and felt by thousands who would be better fed and better clothed and better sheltered. . . .

“Not less closely related to our people's prosperity and well-being is the removal of restrictions upon the importation of the raw materials necessary to our manufactures. The world should be open to our national ingenuity and enterprise. This cannot be while federal legislation, through the imposition of high tariff, forbids to American manufacturers as cheap materials as those used by their competitors.”

A tariff bill, substantially following the lines suggested by the president and providing among other things for free wool, coal, iron ore, and lumber, was framed by the committee on ways and means, and, with the addition of free sugar and an income tax, passed the house on 1 February, 1894. In the Senate the bill was amended in many items, and generally in the direction of higher duties. After five months of prolonged discussion the bill, as amended, passed the Senate by a small majority, all the Democrats voting for it except Senator Hill, of New York. It was then referred to a conference committee of both houses to adjust the differences between them. A long and determined contest was there waged, principally over the duties upon coal, iron ore, and sugar. It was understood that a small group of Democratic senators had, contrary to the express wishes and pledges of their party and by threats of defeating the bill, forced higher duties in important schedules. While the bill was pending before the conference committee the president, in a letter to Mr. Wilson, the chairman of the ways and means committee, which later was read to the house, strongly urged adherence to the position which the house had taken.

The house, however, finally receded from its position in the belief that any other course would defeat or long delay any reduction of the tariff, and that the business interests of the country demanded an end to the conflict. The bill, as amended, passed both houses, and at midnight of 27 August, 1894, became a law without the signature of the president. In a published letter of the same date he gave his reasons for withholding his approval. While he believed the bill was a vast improvement over existing conditions, and would certainly lighten many tariff burdens which rested heavily on the people, he said: “I take my place with the rank and file of the Democratic Party who believe in tariff reform and well know what it is, who refuse to accept the results embodied in this bill as the close of the war, who are not blinded to the fact that the livery of democratic tariff reform has been stolen and worn in the service of republican protection, and who have marked the places where the deadly blight of treason has blasted the councils of the brave in their hour of might. The trusts and combinations the communism of pelf whose machinations have prevented us from reaching the success we deserve, should not be forgotten nor forgiven.”

The close of the year 1894 was marked by financial depression, by a larger deficit than had been expected, and by a decline in the revenue. Although the Sherman act had been repealed, no progress had been made with the scheme presented by Secretary Carlisle for reducing the paper currency and providing for an adequate reserve. The reserve was threatened twice, and the president was obliged to make use of the power given under the resumption acts, by issuing $50,000,000 worth of five-per-cent ten-year bonds for the purchase of gold. In his message to the last session of the 53d Congress he stated that he should employ his borrowing power “whenever and as often as it becomes necessary to maintain a sufficient gold reserve and in abundant time to save the credit of our country and make good the financial declarations of our government.”

In February, 1895, the gold reserve had fallen to $41,000,000, and Mr. Cleveland asked Congress for permission to issue three-per-cent bonds payable in gold. This being denied him, he issued four-per-cent thirty-year bonds redeemable in coin, to the amount of $62,000,000. In June, 1895, the supreme court decided by a majority of one that the income tax that had been imposed by the Wilson bill was unconstitutional, and the treasury thus lost a source of revenue that it had been estimated would yield $30,000,000 yearly. In his message of December, 1895, the president recommended a general reform of the banking and currency laws, including the retirement and cancellation of the greenbacks and treasury coin notes by exchange for low-interest U. S. bonds; but Congress failed to act on this recommendation. Gold exports continued, and in January preparations were made for a new loan. An invitation was issued asking applications for $50 thirty-year four-per-cent bonds to the amount of $100,000,000 before 6 February. European bankers held back, a free-coinage bill having been meanwhile reported favorably in the Senate, but Americans subscribed freely, and the treasury obtained $111,000,000 in this way. This success was contrasted by Mr. Cleveland's opponents with his policy in the loan of 1895, which was made by contract with a syndicate of bankers; but it was pointed out in favor of that policy that it was the only course possible in a sudden emergency, and that such an emergency did not exist in 1896.

On 29 May the president vetoed a river and harbor bill that provided for the immediate expenditure of $17,000,000, and authorized contracts for $62,000,000 more, but it was passed over his veto.

In July, 1894, serious labor troubles arose in Illinois and other states of the west, beginning with a strike of the employees of the Pullman palace car Company, and spreading over many of the railroads centering in Chicago. Travel was interrupted, the mails delayed, and interstate commerce obstructed. So wide-spread became the trouble, involving constant acts of violence and lawlessness, and so grave was the crisis, that military force was necessary, especially in Chicago, to preserve the peace, enforce the laws, and protect property. The president, with commendable firmness and promptness, fully met the emergency. Acting under authority vested in him by law, he ordered a large force of U. S. troops to Chicago to remove obstructions to the mails and interstate commerce, and to enforce the laws of the United States and the process of the federal courts; and on 8 and 9 July issued proclamations commanding the dispersion of all unlawful assemblages within the disturbed states. The governor of Illinois objected to the presence of the troops without his sanction or request. In answer to his protest the president telegraphed: “Federal troops were sent to Chicago in strict accordance with the constitution and laws of the United States upon the demand of the post-office department that obstruction of the mails should be removed, and upon the representations of the judicial officers of the United States that process of the federal courts could not be executed through the ordinary means, and upon abundant proof that conspiracies existed against commerce between the states. To meet these conditions, which are clearly within the province of federal authority, the presence of federal troops in the city of Chicago was deemed not only proper, but necessary, and there has been no intention of thereby interfering with the plain duty of the local authorities to preserve the peace of the city.”

To a farther protest and argument of the governor the president replied: “While I am still persuaded that I have transcended neither my authority nor duty in the emergency that confronts us, it seems to me that in this hour of danger and public distress discussion may well give way to active effort on the part of the authorities to restore obedience to the law and to protect life and property.”

The decisive action of the president restored order, ended the strike, and received the commendation of both houses of Congress and of the people generally. The president then appointed a commission to investigate the causes of the strike. It is interesting to note in this connection that by special message to Congress of 22 April, 1886, President Cleveland had strongly recommended legislation which should provide for the settlement by arbitration of controversies of this character.

Early in May, 1896, Mr. Cleveland issued an order by which 30,000 additional posts in the civil service were placed on the list of those requiring a certificate from the civil-service commissioners, thus raising the number on this list to 86,000. When he first became president there were only 13,000 appointments out of 130,000 for which any test of the kind was required.

In Mr. Cleveland's last annual message, after declaring that the agreement between Great Britain and the United States regarding the Venezuela boundary question had practically removed that question from the field of controversy, he added that “negotiations for a treaty of general arbitration for all differences between Great Britain and the United States are far advanced and promise to reach a successful consummation at an early date.” On 11 January, 1897, a treaty between Great Britain and the United States for the establishment by the two countries of such an international tribunal of general arbitration was signed by Secretary Olney and Sir Julian Pauncefote at Washington, and sent by President Cleveland to the Senate. This treaty was hailed with great satisfaction by all friends of arbitration. The preamble stated that the articles of the treaty were agreed to and concluded because the two countries concerned are “desirous of consolidating the relations of amity which so happily exist, between them and of consecrating by treaty the principle of international arbitration.” No reservation was made regarding the subject-matter of disputes to be arbitrated. Matters involving pecuniary claims amounting to $500,000 or less were to be settled by three arbitrators, consisting of two jurists of repute and an umpire, the latter to be appointed by the king of Sweden in case the arbitrators should not agree upon one. All other claims, except those involving territory, were to go first before such a tribunal, but in case the decision should not be unanimous it was to be reviewed before a similar tribunal of five. Boundary questions were to go to a special court of six members three U. S. judges and three British judges. The treaty was to continue in force for five years, and thereafter until twelve months after either of the contracting parties should give notice to the other of a desire to terminate it.

On 1 February the foreign relations committee of the Senate reported favorably on this treaty with amendments that were regarded by the friends of the treaty as making it practically of no effect. Even in this form the treaty, on 5 May, failed to receive the two-thirds majority necessary for confirmation, the vote being 43 to 26. It was generally believed that personal hostility to Mr. Cleveland had much to do with the rejection. There had been for some time a feeling in the Senate that the president and his Secretary of State had not deferred sufficiently to the rights of that body in matters of foreign policy. Mr. Olney's statement in the Cuban matter, noticed above, had much to do with strengthening this feeling, and although the secretary's position in this matter was generally sustained by constitutional lawyers it doubtless had its effect in still further estranging many senators from the administration. Another difference of opinion of the same kind occurred in the case of certain extradition treaties negotiated by Secretary Olney with the Argentine Republic and the Orange Free State. In these treaties, by the president's desire, as was understood, a clause was incorporated providing for the surrender of American citizens to the authorities of a foreign country provided such citizens have been guilty of crime within the jurisdiction of the country that demands their return. This was intended to prevent this country from becoming an asylum for European criminals, who had been granted naturalization papers here and who should attempt to make their naturalization protect them from the consequences of their past criminal acts. But this plan has never been adopted by any other country, and the attempt to cause the United States to initiate it was not in accordance with public opinion. On 28 January, 1897, the Senate ratified both treaties, but with amendments conferring discretionary power on the surrendering government in the matter of giving up its own citizens.

As the time for the meeting of the National Democratic Convention of 1896 drew nigh it became apparent that the advocates of the free coinage of silver would have a majority of the delegates. On 16 June Mr. Cleveland, in a published letter, condemned the free-silver movement, and called upon its opponents to do all in their power to defeat it. The convention was clearly opposed to Mr. Cleveland. Its platform was in effect a condemnation of his policy in the matters of the currency, the preservation of public order, civil-service reform, and Cuban policy. It declared for the free coinage of silver and nominated a pronounced free-silver advocate. In the canvass that followed Mr. Cleveland was favorable to the gold-standard wing of the party, which under the name of the national Democrats held a separate convention and nominated Senator Palmer for the presidency.

One of the president's last official acts was his appearance at the sesquicentennial celebration of Princeton University, where he delivered an address that was widely praised. Soon afterward it was announced that he had purchased a house in the town of Princeton, and after the inauguration of his successor he moved thither with his family. There his son was born, 28 October, 1897. The picture on page 654 represents Mr. Cleveland's summer home at Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts

Mr. Cleveland is as distinguished for forcible speech as for forcible action. His many addresses, both while in and out of office, are marked by clearness of thought and directness of expression, which, with his courage and ability, have always appealed to the best sentiments of the people, and have formed and led a healthy public opinion. He is notable for being the first public man in the United States to be nominated for the presidency thrice in succession. Equally remarkable is the fact that he has received this recognition although often at variance with his own party. His final withdrawal from public office was marked, as has been already said, by a general estrangement between him and many of those who had been once his followers, and despite this the popular feeling toward him throughout the country continued to be one of respect and esteem. Several campaign lives of Mr. Cleveland appeared during his three presidential contests. See also “President Cleveland,” by J. Lowry Whittle, in the “Public Men of the Day” series (1896).

President Cleveland married, in the White House (see illustration, page 652), on 2 June, 1886, Frances Folsom, daughter of his deceased friend and partner, Oscar Folsom, of the Buffalo bar. Except the wife of Madison, Mrs. Cleveland is the youngest of the many mistresses of the White House, having been born in Buffalo, New York, in 1864. She is also the first wife of a president married in the White House, and the first to give birth to a child there, their second daughter having been born in the executive mansion in 1893. — His youngest sister, Rose Elizabeth, born in Fayetteville, New York, in 1846, moved in 1853 to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian Church, and where he died the same year. She was educated at Houghton seminary, became a teacher in that school, and later assumed charge of the collegiate Institute in Lafayette, Indiana She taught for a time in a private school in Pennsylvania, and then prepared a course of historical lectures, which she delivered before the students of Houghton seminary and in other schools. When not employed in this manner, she devoted herself to her aged mother in the homestead at Holland Patent, New York, until her mother's death in 1882. On the inauguration of the president she became the mistress of the White House, and after her brother's marriage she associated herself as part owner and instructor in an established institution in New York City. Miss Cleveland has published a volume of lectures and essays under the title “George Eliot's Poetry, and other Studies” (New York, 1885), and “The Long Run,” a novel (1886). [Appleton’s 1900]


CLEVELAND, TENNESSEE, September 18, 1863. Scouts of the 1st Brigade, 4th Division, 23d Army Corps. Five miles from Calhoun on the Cleveland road the scouts of this command encountered a body of the enemy. The Federal troops drove them some distance when they were reinforced and compelled the Union force to fall back to within 3 miles of Calhoun.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p.  292.


CLEVELAND, TENNESSEE, November 27, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of the Cumberland. As an incident of the raid on the East Tennessee & Georgia railroad, the cavalry was attacked by the Confederates under Brigadier-General J. H. Kelly. The attacking force consisted of a brigade of cavalry and 2 pieces of artillery. Colonel Eli Long, commanding the Federal brigade, immediately started his command back on the Harrisonburg road, retiring slowly until past Candy's creek, when the enemy gave up the pursuit. The Federal loss during the action was 2 killed, 14 wounded and 13 missing. The Confederate loss, although not reported, was undoubtedly heavier.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLEVELAND, TENNESSEE, October 9 and December 29, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLEVELAND, TENNESSEE, December 22, 1863. Detachment of 4th Michigan Cavalry. A party of Wheeler's Confederate cavalry, numbering about 75, attacked a small party of the 4th Michigan cavalry, stationed at Cleveland. The Federal loss was 1 or 2 captured, and some property, consisting of overcoats, saddles, etc., but the enemy was finally driven off.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLEVELAND, TENNESSEE, April 2, 1864. 1st Wisconsin Cavalry. Cleveland, Tennessee, April 13, 1864. (See Mink Springs.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLEVELAND, TENNESSEE, August 17, 1864. 6th Ohio Heavy Artillery.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLIFFORD, Nathan, jurist, born in Rumney, New Hampshire, 18 August, 1803; died in Cornish, Me, 25 July, 1881. He received his early education at the Haverhill, New Hampshire, Academy, and later supported himself while studying at the Hampton literary institution. After graduation he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and settled in York county, Maine, in 1827. From 1830 till 1834 he was a member of the Maine legislature, and during the last two years was speaker. He was a member of the Democratic Party and was considered one of its ablest leaders. In 1834 he was appointed attorney-general of Maine, an office which he filled until 1838, when he was elected to Congress and served for two terms, from 2 December, 1839, till 3 March, 1843. During the presidential canvass of 1840 he advocated the re-election of Martin Van Buren, and met in public discussion many of the most distinguished Whig orators, gaining for himself the reputation of being one of the most eloquent champions of the democracy. In 1846 Mr. Clifford became attorney-general in President Polk's cabinet. In arranging the terms of peace between Mexico and the United States, he went to Mexico as the U. S. commissioner, with the powers of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary; and through him the treaty was arranged with the Mexican government, by which California became a part of the United States. He served from 18 March, 1848, till 6 September, 1849, after which he returned to Maine and resumed his law practice. In 1858 he was nominated as an associate justice of the Supreme Court by President Buchanan. To the people of Maine this appointment gave great satisfaction, as he was not only the first cabinet officer from that state, but also the only representative she ever had in the supreme court. In 1877, as the oldest associate judge, he became president of the electoral commission convened early in that year. Although a firm believer in Mr. Tilden's election he conducted the proceedings with perfect impartiality. Subsequent to the inauguration of President Hayes he refrained from visiting the executive mansion. In October, 1880, he was attacked with a serious illness, a complication of disorders arose, and it became necessary to amputate one of his feet in consequence of gang-greene. From this illness he never recovered. He of partiality in the performance of his public duties published “United States Circuit Court Reports” (2 vols., Boston, 1869). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 657-658.


CLIFTON, TENNESSEE, January 1-3, 1863. (See Forrest's Expedition into West Tennessee.) Clinch Mountain, Tennessee, December 6, 1863. Cavalry, Army of the Ohio.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLINCH MOUNTAIN, TENNESSEE, October 1, 1864. Detachment of U. S. Troops of District of Kentucky. This was a rather heavy skirmish between the advance of an expedition into southwestern Virginia and Confederate troops under Colonel Giltner. The Federal force was successful. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLINCH MOUNTAIN, TENNESSEE, January 30, 1865. Detachment of the 10th Michigan Cavalry and 2nd Ohio Heavy Artillery. The detachment, under Lieutenant Don A. Dodge, while scouting on Clinch mountain from the direction of Strawberry plains encountered a body of Confederates and a running fight ensued, in which 2 of the enemy were killed and 1 was wounded. Although Dodge and his party were hotly pursued for some distance no one was hurt. Clinch River, Tennessee, December 21, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLINCH VALLEY, TENNESSEE, October 21, 1864. 8th and 9th Tennessee Cavalry. Late on the afternoon of the 20th the Union forces commanded by Brigadier-General A. C. Gillem reached Bean's station and found the Confederate force under Major Day holding the gap. As it was too late to attempt to dislodge them that night, Gillem ordered an assault for 4 o'clock the next morning, but before the attack could be made the enemy moved off up the valley, pursued by Major Sawyers with a battalion of the 8th Tennessee Gillem had previously sent Colonel Parsons with the 9th Tennessee by way of Flat gap to gain the enemy's rear. A little after 7 o'clock the Confederates met Parsons and about the same time Sawyers came up and attacked the enemy in the rear. Thus assailed on two sides, Day was routed and driven back through Sneedville with a loss of 15 killed, several wounded and 8 captured, together with 17 horses and 43 stands of arms. No Union casualties were reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 292.


CLINGMAN, Thomas Lanier, senator, born in Huntsville, North Carolina, 27 July, 1812. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1832 with high honors, after which he studied law and was elected a member of the legislature. He settled in Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina, in 1836, and was sent to the state senate in 1840. Later he was elected as a Whig to Congress, and served continuously from 4 December, 1843, till 14 June, 1858, with the exception of the 29th Congress. During his long career in the house, extending over thirteen years, he participated in nearly all of the important debates, and as chairman of the committee on foreign affairs acquitted himself with ability. His first week in Congress was marked by an encounter with Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, in which he displayed great readiness and self-possession. His speech against the so-called “21st rule” was extensively published, and his reply to Duncan's “coon speech” made a decided impression. Later his speech on the causes of Henry Clay's defeat led to a duel between himself and William L. Yancey, of Alabama. He also made important speeches on the slavery question, on General Scott's conduct in Mexico, the tariff, against commercial restrictions, on mediation in the eastern war, Texas debts, British policy in Cuba, and especially against the Clayton and Bulwer treaty. It is said that while a member of Congress he attended every day's session of the house without a single exception. He was originally a Whig, but subsequently joined the Democratic Party. In 1858, on the appointment of Asa Biggs as U.S. Judge for the District of North Carolina, Mr. Clingman was selected by the governor of that state to fill the vacancy in the Senate, and subsequently elected for six years after 4 March, 1861; but he withdrew with the southern members on 21 January, 1861. In May of that year he was sent as a commissioner to the Confederate Congress, to give assurances that North Carolina would co-operate with the Confederate states, and was invited to participate in the discussions of that body. In July he was expelled from the U.S. Senate with those who neglected to send in their resignations. He entered the Confederate Army as colonel, and on 17 May, 1862, was appointed a brigadier-general in command of the 8th, 31st, 51st, and 61st North Carolina Infantry. He served through the war, surrendering with General Joseph E. Johnston in April, 1865. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention held in 1868. In 1855 he measured and made known through the Smithsonian Institution the highest point of the Black mountain, since designated as “Clingman's peak,” and in 1858 he determined the highest point of the Smoky mountain, designated on the maps of the coast survey as “Clingman's dome. He also made known the existence in North Carolina of the diamond, ruby, platinum, corundum, and many other rare minerals, and the important mica-mines in Mitchell and Yancey Counties were first opened by him. Since the close of the war General Clingman has devoted his attention to mining and to scientific and literary pursuits. He has published a volume of his speeches (1878) and minor works, including “Follies of the Positive Philosophers” (Raleigh, 1878). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 658-659.


CLINTON, GEORGIA, July 30, 1864. (See Stoneman's Raid to Macon.) Clinton, Georgia, November 20, 1864. 92nd Illinois Mounted Infantry Volunteers. At noon the cavalry division moved out from Clinton, the 2nd brigade in advance. About 4 miles out the 92nd Illinois mounted infantry encountered a brigade of Confederate cavalry posted behind barricades. A part of the Illinois regiment was dismounted and received a charge of the enemy, repulsing and countercharging in turn, the enemy scattering through the woods. Clinton, Georgia, November 21-23, 1864. Detachments of the 2nd Division, 15th Army Corps. On the march to the sea Corse's division had charge of the pontoon train and about 4,000 head of beef cattle. His march was therefore necessarily slow and Hazen's division was ordered to cover the roads over which Corse must move. The 1st brigade, commanded by Colonel Theodore Jones, was posted at Clinton on the 21st, with instructions to hold the place until after Corse had passed through. On the 22nd an attempt was made by a body of Confederate cavalry to enter Clinton on the Macon road, but it was met and repulsed by the 37th Ohio and 15th Michigan, which Hazen had sent to picket the road. Jones was constantly annoyed by the enemy's cavalry, but he threw up temporary works and held his position. Corse passed through Clinton on the 22nd and the next day Jones withdrew his brigade and followed the corps on the road to Gordon. No casualties reported in any of the skirmishes.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 293.


CLINTON, KENTUCKY, July 10, 1864. U. S. Troops of the District of Columbus. The Confederate forces under Outlaw and Ketterson were advancing on Clinton to attack a force of Federal cavalry there under Lieutenant Cleary. A reinforcement left Columbus at 7 p. m. of the 9th and marched all night. Early the next morning the infantry was concealed in the woods while the cavalry advanced toward Clinton to engage the enemy. The plan was for the latter to retire slowly before the enemy until opposite the infantry, when a joint attack of infantry and cavalry was to be made. The plan did not wholly succeed because of the cavalry being obliged to retreat too rapidly, but the infantry force under Colonel Moore of the 34th New Jersey carried out its part of the program and succeeded in killing 3 and wounding 5 of the enemy. Four members of Moore's command were wounded. Clinton, Louisiana, December 28, 1862. Troops not given.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 293


CLINTON, LOUISIANA, June 3, 1863. U. S. Troops under Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson. This expedition, composed of the 6th and 7th Illinois, the 2nd Massachusetts, two companies of the 1st Louisiana cavalry, four companies of the 4th Wisconsin mounted infantry, and a section of Nims' battery, about 1,200 men in all, left the Federal camp before Port Hudson at 5 a. m. and took the Jackson road to within 5 miles of that city. The Confederate pickets were encountered 6 miles from Clinton and driven in after having had 1 man and 6 horses captured. At the Comite river, one mile from Clinton, the enemy was driven from an ambush, and pursued to Pretty creek, where a strong force was posted. Grierson dismounted the 4th Wisconsin and the 7th Illinois, deployed them along the banks of the stream, and threw out portions of the 2nd Massachusetts and the 7th Illinois to guard the flanks. The last mentioned force was obliged to fall back after firing a few volleys because of lack of ammunition, and were relieved by the two companies of the 1st Louisiana It soon became evident that the Confederates were attempting to turn the Federal flanks, and Grierson withdrew to a hill a mile in the rear of his first position. For some unaccountable reason Godfrey's company of the Louisiana cavalry had not mounted when the order to withdraw was given. It was charged by a superior force of the enemy, driven in confusion and a number of the men captured. The charge was resisted along the rest of the line and a good position taken, the 6th Illinois forming a rear-guard. A second desperate charge was made by the Confederates but it was also repulsed by the artillery and dismounted cavalry, and Grierson withdrew to camp without further molestation. The Federal loss was 8 killed, 28 wounded and 15 missing; that of the enemy, according to Grierson's report, was between 20 and 30 killed, over 60 wounded and about 20 taken prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 294.


CLINTON, LOUISIANA, May 1, 1864. Troops not stated. Clinton, Louisiana, November 15, 1864. Expedition commanded by General A. L. Lee. Clinton, Louisiana, March 5, 1865. 4th Wisconsin Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 294.


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, July 8, 1863. Cavalry forces of Expeditionary Army. On the evening of this date the cavalry was ordered forward .on the road to Clinton. It had proceeded about 2 miles when the advance guard (3d la. cavalry) encountered and charged the enemy, driving him 3 or 4 miles. When within 3 miles of Clinton the Confederates were again discovered in force, posted in the woods behind a fence. Two companies, one from the 3d la. and one from the 5th Illinois, moved to the right of the road to flank the enemy while the advance charged the front. The move was entirely successful, the Confederates retired about a mile, where they again formed in line of battle, but were again obliged to retire. About a mile from Clinton General Whitfield's brigade of Jackson's cavalry division was discovered strongly posted in line of battle, but it was driven back. It being nearly dark the Federal forces did not pursue. The casualties were not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 294.


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, July 9, 1863. Detachment of 9th Division, 13th Army Corps. During the Jackson campaign the division commanded by Brigadier- General P. J. Osterhaus moved from its encampment at 3 a. m. and passed through Clinton at 5:30. When about a mile out on the Jackson road the Confederate cavalry was encountered in open field and was dislodged by the Federal cavalry after a brisk skirmish. Just beyond the field was a stretch of timber, through which the Union cavalry drove the enemy, and after passing through the woods a superior force of the enemy was discovered. The mountain howitzers could make no impression upon this force, which did some damage to the Union force with 12-pounder guns. A section of the 7th Michigan battery was ordered to the support of the cavalry, while the infantry and the remainder of the battery were advanced to within supporting distance. Meantime the 2nd Illinois cavalry made a feint toward the Raymond road. The move was entirely successful and the enemy retired. The casualties were not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 294.


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, July 16, 1863. 78th Ohio Infantry. At 3:45 a. m. a Confederate lieutenant and 5 men attempted to capture the Federal outposts at Clinton, but were in turn all captured and brought into camp. The enemy, not knowing of their capture, advanced in force on the picket line and drove it in. A company was immediately despatched to help check the Confederate advance, and the enemy on being foiled on the front attempted to turn the left. Company G was sent to sustain that point, while the rest of the command moved forward to support the front. Fearing that the pickets' on the Vicksburg road would be captured, Captain Wilson with Company A went to their support. After fighting for three-quarters of an hour the skirmish line was advanced and the original position of the pickets regained. The Confederates then cut the telegraph lines and retired. Their loss was 2 killed. The Union garrison, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel G. F. Wiles, suffered no casualties.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 294.


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, October 16, 1863. (See Treadwells.)


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, October 18, 1863. (See Livingston Road.)


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, February 5, 1864. Detachment of 17th Army Corps. As soon as it was daylight this command was put in motion from its camp at the junction of the Clinton, Bolton and Raymond roads. Leggett's division, having the advance, was deployed and under cover of artillery fire attacked the enemy, driving him into and through Clinton. At the same time the cavalry under Winslow entered the town by the Raymond road. No casualties were reported. Clinton, Mississippi, March 26, and April 3. 1864.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 295.


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, July 4, 1864. 2nd Wisconsin Cavalry, during expedition to Jackson.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 295.


CLINTON, MISSISSIPPI, July 7, 1864. (See Jackson.) Clinton, Missouri, March 30, 1862. Detachment of 1st Iowa Cavalry. Major-General H. W. Halleck, reporting to Hon. E. M. Stanton, secretary of war, under date of April 6, states: "Detachment of First Iowa Cavalry, sent out from Clinton, Missouri, had a skirmish with rebels on the 30th. Captured 19 prisoners, 8 wagons, and a number of horses, mules, etc., belonging to Price's army. One rebel killed and 7 wounded. Our loss 1 man seriously wounded." Clinton, Missouri, July 9, 1862. Organizations not recorded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 295.


CLINTON, MISSOURI, October 25, 1864. Militia, Citizens and Negroes. This was an attack of 250 Confederates on Clinton. Some 70 militia, citizens and negroes defended the place successfully, taking 1 of the enemy prisoner, and severely wounding 5 others. None of the defending force was injured.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 295.


CLINTON, NORTH CAROLINA, May 19, 1862. Organizations not recorded. Clinton Ferry, Tennessee, July 25, 1862. The only report of this affair is that of Asst. Adjt.-General H. L. Clay, C. S. A., who says: "Captain Blalock, commanding company of cavalry at Clinton, reports that at sunrise this morning his pickets at the ferry were fired upon by the enemy. He sent reinforcements, when a skirmish occurred, resulting in the wounding of one man. Believing he was about to be surrounded he retreated." There is no way of ascertaining what Union troops participated. Clintonville, Missouri, October 12, 1861. Brigadier-General M. M. Parsons, commanding 6th division. Missouri State guard (Confederate), in a report under date of October 14, says: "General Harris' division and my own camped on Smith's farm, 5 miles from Clintonville, about 12 o'clock on Saturday last. About 3 o'clock in the afternoon of that day the pickets of General Harris were fired upon by a few jayhawkers in ambush. who killed 1 man and wounded 3 others. The cavalry was immediately sent out in force, and scoured the country for miles around, bringing in 5 prisoners." This is the only mention of the affair, so that there is no way of ascertaining what Union troops participated.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 295.


CLITZ, John Mellen Brady, naval officer, born in Sacketts Harbor, New York, 1 December, 1821. His father, Captain John Clitz, distinguished himself at Fort Erie, 17 September, 1814, and died in command of Fort Mackinac, 6 November, 1836. The son entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman in 1837, became passed midshipman in 1843, and was on the bomb-brig "Hecla" at the capitulation of Vera Cruz and the capture of Tuxpan in the Mexican War. He was made lieutenant, 6 April, 1851; commander. 16 July, 1863, and commanded at different times the blockading steamers " Penobscot," "Juniata," and "Osceola. He was in both attacks on Fort Fisher, and was recommended for promotion in Admiral Porter's commendatory despatch of 28 January, 1865. He was commissioned captain, 25 July, 1866 did ordnance duty at the Brooklyn U.S. Navy-yard in 1870. and was "made commodore on 28 December, 1872. He was promoted to rear-admiral, 13 March, 1880, commanded the Asiatic station, and was placed on the retired list in 1884. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 662.


CLITZ, Henry Boynton, soldier, born in Sacketts Harbor, N Y., 4 July, 1824, was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1845. He entered the 7th U.S. Infantry, served during the war with Mexico and was brevetted first lieutenant for gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo. From 1848 till 1855 he was assistant instructor of infantry tactics at West Point. He then served on various frontier posts until the beginning of the Civil War. having been made captain in the 3d U.S. Infantry, 6 December, 1858 While on leave in 1859 and 1860 he travelled extensively in Europe. He took part in the defence of  Fort Pickens, Florida, in 1861. He became major on 14 May of 1861, and was engaged in the Peninsular Campaign at Yorktown, where he was wounded, and in the battle of Gaines's Mills he was twice wounded and taken prisoner. He was brevetted  lieutenant-colonel, 27 June, 1862, for his gallantry at Gaines's Mills, and after a month in Libby prison, was exchanged, and made commandant at West Point, where he remained till 1864, afterward doing garrison duty till the close of the war. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 6th U.S. Infantry, 4 November, 1863, and brevetted colonel and brigadier-general, 13 March, 1865, for his services during the war. After that time he commanded at various posts. He was made colonel of the 10th U.S. Infantry, 22 February. 1869, and placed on the retired list, 1 July, 1885, at his own request, having been in the service forty years. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 662.


CLOTHING. The President of the United States is authorized to prescribe the kind and quality of clothing to be issued annually to the troops of the United States. The manner of issuing and accounting for clothing shall be established by general regulations of the War Department. But whenever more than the authorized quantity is required, the value of the extra articles shall be deducted from the soldiers' pay; and, in like manner, the soldiers shall receive pay according to the annual estimated value for such authorized articles of uniform as shall not have been issued to them in each year. And when a soldier is discharged, it is the duty of the paymaster-general to pay him for clothing not drawn; (Act April 24, 1816.) The quartermaster's department distributes to the army the clothing, camp and garrison equipage required for the use of the troops. Every commander of a company, detachment, or recruiting station, or other officer receiving clothing, &c., renders quarterly returns of clothing according to prescribed forms to the quartermaster-general. All officers charged with the issue of clothing to make good any loss or damage, unless they can show to the satisfaction of the Secretary of War, by one or more depositions, that the deficiency was occasioned by unavoidable accident, or was lost in actual service, without any fault on their part; or, in case of damage, that it did not result from neglect; (Act May 18, 1826.) Purchasing clothing from a soldier prohibited under penalty of three hundred dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding one year; (Act March 16, 1802, and Jan. 11, 1812.)

The French system of making up clothing is as follows: Officers commanding regiments make their requisitions for the regulated quantities of cloth and other materials necessary for the clothing of the number of men under their command. The intendant having checked this demand gives an order for the issue, and the materials are made up by soldiers in the regimental workshops under the direction of the clothing captain, an officer holding an appointment in some respects analogous to that of our quartermasters; a fixed rate being paid for each article. Organized as the European armies are, those troops have always a large proportion of skilled workmen undergoing their term of military service; but it is not so with us. Still there are many points in the European system of clothing the troops which might, with advantage to the soldier and with economy to the public, be adapted to the wants of our service. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 161-162).

STATEMENT of the cost of Clothing, Camp and Garrison Equipage for the Army of the United States, furnished by the Quartermaster's Department, during the year commencing July 1, 1859, with the allowance of clothing to each soldier during his enlistment, and his proportion for each year respectively.

Mounted men may, at their option, receive one pair of "boots" and two pairs of "bootees," instead of four pairs of Booties.

NOTE. Metallic Eagles, Castles, Shell and flame, Crossed Sabres, Trumpets, Crossed Cannon, Bugles, Letters, Numbers, Tulips, Plates, Shoulder Scales, Kings, the Cap cord and tassels, and the hair Plume of the Light Artillery, the Sashes, Knapsacks and Straps, Haversacks, Canteens, Straps of all kinds, and the will not be issued to the soldiers, but will be borne on the Return as company property while n't for service. They will be charged on the Muster Rolls against the person in whose use they were when lost or destroyed by his fault.

CAMP AND GARRISON EQUIPAGE.

Bedsack, single $1 02  double 1 13 Mosquito bars 113 Axe 85 " helve 10 " sling 70 Hatchet 29 " helve 03 " sling 40 Spade 58 Pickaxe 56 " helve 10 Camp kettle 50 Mess pan 18 Iron pot 1 23 Garrison flag 36 66 " " halliard. 3 00 Storm flag 12 35 Recruiting flag 8 77 " " halliard 20 Guidon 5 28 Camp color 1 2 National color, Artillery 35 48 " " Infantry 35 48 Regimental color, Artillery 42 60 " " Infantry 47 60 Standard for Mounted Regiments 20 87 Trumpet 3 88 Bugle, with extra mouth-piece 3 12 Cord and tassels for Trumpets and Bugles 75 Fife, B 47 " C 41 Drum, complete, Artillery or Infantry. 5 90 Drum head batter: 60 " " snare 19 " sling 45 " sticks, pairs 23 " " carnage 64 " cord 20 " snares, sets 17 Drum case Wall tent $17 86 * ' fly 5 04 " " poles,  " " pins, sets 72 Sibley tent $32 80 " " poles and tripod 4 72 " " sets 48 $20 24 80 " " stove Hospital tent $64 13 " fly 23 50 " " poles, sets 5 60 " pins, sets 1 28 Servant's tent $6 62 " " poles, sets 110 " pins, sets 28 Tent pin, large size, hospital " wall " small size, common Regimental book, order $2 25 " general order. . 2 25 " " letter 350 " " index 1 75 " descriptive.... 225 Post book, morning report $2 00 " " guard 2 00 " " order 1 15 " " letter 1 15 37 50 4 00 9451 12 00 Company book, clothing $2 50 " " descriptive 1 80 " order 1 70 " morning report.  2 00 Record book, for target practice 6 30 8 00 60

The tunic of the French infantry soldier lasts three years and a half, the shell jacket two years, the great coat three years, and the trowsers one year. In the Sardinian and Belgian armies the great coat is intended to last eight years. Those governments credit every man on his enlistment with about eight dollars as outfit money, which is about the annual cost of the clothing of each soldier, and a daily allowance of 10 centimes is given for repairs. Regimental master-tailors are required to make all repairs at a fixed annual contribution from the soldiers' pay. This does not often exceed 80 centimes; and the surplus, after the soldier has paid the cost of his clothing, is handed to him at the end of the year. By this means the soldier is taught economy, but if at any time an article of dress is found to be unfit for use, captains of companies may order it to be renewed at the cost of the soldier. The great durability of the clothing of European armies is attributable to the precautions taken to insure good materials from the manufacturers by whom the cloth is supplied. Not only is every yard of cloth, when delivered into store, subjected to several distinct and minute examinations by boards of officers assisted by experts, who weigh it, shrink it, and view it inch by inch against a strong light, so that the slightest flaw may be detected; but they likewise apply chemical tests to detect the quality of the dye, and the manufactories are at all times open to inspectors, who watch the fabrication at every stage. When clothing has once been manufactured, it is hardly possible with any degree of accuracy to ascertain the quality of the material.


CLOUD'S HOUSE, SOUTH CAROLINA, February 27, 1865. 79th Pennsylvania Infantry. This engagement was a dash upon a picket of the Federal command by Confederate cavalry. Before the attack was repulsed several men had been captured by the enemy.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 295

CLOUTIERVILLE, LOUISIANA, March 29-30. 1864. (See Monett's Ferry.)


CLOUTIERVILLE, LOUISIANA, April 22-24. 1864. (See Cane River Crossing, April 23. 1864.)


CLOVER HILL, VIRGINIA, April 9, 1865. (See Appomattox Court House.)


CLOYD'S MOUNTAIN, VIRGINIA, May 9, 1864. 2nd Infantry Division in Expedition against Virginia & Tennessee railroad. On reaching the summit of this mountain Brigadier-General George Crook, commanding the expedition, discovered the enemy on a wooded spur commanding the point where the road debouched from the mountain. The 2nd brigade was sent to turn the enemy's flank, the 1st brigade formed on the right of the 2nd, and the 3d on the right of the 1st. As soon as the 2nd brigade had reached its position and engaged the enemy the other two brigades charged. There was an open field of about half or two-thirds of a mile in width and across this the Federal force had to advance, the Confederates in the meantime pouring a most galling fire upon the approaching lines. At the foot of the slope upon which the enemy was posted was a muddy stream waist deep, through which the charging troops waded, and after taking breath ascended the ridge, wavering in spots under the heavy fire, but on the whole keeping in good order. When close to the enemy's breastworks the whole Federal line rushed forward with a yell, and the impetuosity of the attack completely routed the Confederates behind the abatis. A portion of the Union command followed, dispersing also a party of 500 of Morgan's men who were coming to the enemy's assistance. The Union loss was 108 killed, 508 wounded and 72 captured or missing. The Confederates lost less heavily, having had 76 killed, 262 wounded and 300 captured or missing. Coahoma County, Mississippi, August 2, 1862. 11th Wisconsin Infantry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 296.


CLUSERET, Gustave Paul, soldier, born in Paris, France, 13 June, 1823. He entered the military school of St. Cyr in 1841, became lieutenant in January, 1848, and was made a chevalier of the legion of honor for bravery in suppressing the insurrection of June, 1848. A few months after the coup d'etat he was retired for political reasons, and opened a painter's studio in Paris, but was shortly afterward replaced and served in Algeria and the Crimean war, being promoted to captain in 1855. He resigned his commission in 1858, joined Garibaldi in 1860, and commanded the French legion in his army, receiving the brevet of colonel in November of that year for gallantry at the siege of Capua, where he was wounded. He came to the United States in January, 1862, entered the National Army, and was appointed aide-de-camp to General McClellan, with the rank of colonel. He was soon afterward assigned to General Fremont, who placed him in command of the advanced guard. He was in several engagements, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 14 October, 1862, for gallantry in the battle of Cross Keys. After some further service in the Shenandoah valley, he resigned on 2 March, 1863, and in 1864 edited in New York City the " New Nation," a weekly journal advocating Fremont for the presidency, and vehemently opposing the renomination of Lincoln. General Cluseret returned to Europe in 1867, took part in the Fenian agitation of that year, and was accused by the journals of leading, under an assumed name, the attack on Chester castle. In the same year Cluseret wrote for the "Courrier Francais" a series of articles on "The Situation in the United States." In 1868 an obnoxious article in "L'Art," a journal founded by him, caused his imprisonment for two months, and in 1869, on account of his violent attacks on the organization of the army, he was again arrested, but pleaded that he was a naturalized American citizen, and was given up to Minister Washburne, who sent him out of the country. He returned to Paris on the fall of the second empire, which he had predicted, and began to assail the provisional government, but soon afterward engaged in attempts at insurrection in Lyons and Marseilles. In the following spring he became minister of war under the commune, and for a time was at the head of all its military operations. He was arrested on suspicion of treachery on 1 May, 1871. but escaped to England, and after a short visit to this country settled near Geneva. Switzerland, in 1872. He was condemned to death in his absence by a council of war. on 30 August of that year. Cluseret has published a pamphlet on "Mexico and the Solidarity of Nations " (1866); "L'Armee et la Democratie " (1869); and assisted to prepare the "Dietionnaire historique et geographique de l'Algerie." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 663.


COAL HILL, OHIO, July 20, 1863. Coal Hill is about 25 miles southeast of Zanesville. In the Morgan raid the Confederates were defeated at Buffington island on the 19th and those who escaped broke up into small squads and scattered. One of these detachments reached Coal Hill the next day and a slight skirmish occurred there, but no detailed report of the affair is to be found in the official records.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 296.


COAL RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA, September 12, 1861.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 296.


COAL RUN, KENTUCKY, July 2, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 296.


COALSMOUTH, WEST VIRGINIA, September 30, 1864. U. S. Troops of Kanawha Valley forces. Brigadier-General J. C. Sullivan reporting under date of October 1, 1864, says: "A force of the enemy, 150 strong, attacked the post at Coalsmouth at 9 o'clock last night. They were driven off; their loss was five wounded and one killed. The force from Winfield pursued and captured one prisoner." Cobb's Point, North Carolina, February 10, 1862. This action was the destruction of the Confederate fleet under Com. Lynch. For a full account see Roanoke Island, Elizabeth City, and the Naval Volume for the operations of the South Atlantic squadron on this date. Cockletown, Virginia, April 4, 1862. 2nd Brigade, Porter's Division, 3d Army Corps. In the advance on Yorktown at the beginning of the Peninsular campaign, General Porter sent forward the 2nd brigade, Griffin's battery and a squadron of cavalry to hold the junction of the roads at Cockletown, thus cutting off the Confederate garrison at Ship's Point. As the detachment approached Howard s bridge over the Poquosin river Brigadier-General G. W. Morell, commanding, threw forward part of the 14th New York and some sharpshooters to reconnoiter. When within a few hundred yards of the intrenchments the enemy opened fire. The balance of the 14th New York and the 4th Michigan were deployed on the right, after which the whole line steadily advanced, driving the Confederates from their works. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 296.


COATES, Lindley, 1794-1856, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Society of Friends, Quaker.  Manager, 1833-1840, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833.  Ardent abolitionist who helped escaped slaves.  Member of the Underground Railroad.  Petitioned Congress on November 19, 1835, to “Secure the rights of freedom to every human being residing within the constitutional jurisdiction of Congress, and [to] prohibit every species of traffic in the persons of men [i.e., the internal slave trade], which is as inconsistent in principle and inhuman in practice as the foreign slave trade.” (Drake, 1950, pp. 146, 149; Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833)


COBB, Amasa, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


COBB, George T., Congressman, born in Morristown, New Jersey, in October, 1813; died 6 August, 1870. He was employed in the iron-works at Dover, New Jersey, and, subsequently establishing himself in the iron business, rapidly made a fortune, from which he gave generously to both public and private objects. The Evergreen Cemetery in Morristown was one of his gifts to his native town, and he also gave $15,000 for a school-house, and $75,000 for a church. Mr. Cobb was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1860, and first sat in the extra session, called by President Lincoln in July, 1861, to provide means for suppressing the rebellion. Mr. Cobb at once gave the administration his hearty support, and his course offended many of his Democratic friends at home. The next nominating convention of his district passed resolutions condemning the war. Mr. Cobb refused a renomination, and Andrew J. Rogers succeeded him. Mr. Cobb finally separated from the Democracy, and in 1865 was elected by the Republicans of Morris County as state senator, and was re-elected in 1868. In 1869 he lost the Republican nomination for U.S. Senator by three votes. He was killed in an accident on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 667.


COBB, Howell, statesman, born in Cherry Hill, Jefferson County, Georgia, 7 September, 1815; died in New York City, 9 October, 1868. He was graduated at Franklin College, Athens, in 1834, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and chosen an elector on the Van Buren ticket the same year. He was appointed by the legislature solicitor-general of the western circuit of Georgia in 1837, held the office for three years, and during that period obtained an extensive practice. He entered Congress as a Democrat in 1843, and served by successive reelections till 1851, distinguishing himself by his familiarity with the rules, his skill as a debater, his vehement professions of love for the Union, and his equally earnest advocacy of state rights. His imperiousness, and his bold championship of slavery, made him the leader of the southern party in the house in 1847, and he was elected speaker in 1849, after a long and close contest He demanded the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico by Federal authority, and advocated the compromise measures of 1850. An issue being taken on this latter question by the southern rights extremists of Georgia, he was nominated for governor by the Union Party in 1851, and after a violent contest was elected by a large majority. At the expiration of his term of service as governor, in 1853, he resumed the Practice of law, and still took an active part in politics. He was again elected to Congress in 1855, advocated Mr. Buchanan's election throughout the northern states in 1856, and in 1857 became his secretary of the treasury. He found the treasury full, and the bonds representing the national debt at a premium of sixteen to eighteen per cent. He used the surplus funds in the treasury in purchasing this indebtedness at this high premium, but the approach of the Civil War so affected the national credit that he was compelled to attempt to borrow at an exorbitant discount the money necessary to defray the ordinary expenses of the government. On 10 December 1860, he resigned, giving as his reason that the state of Georgia (then about to secede) required his services. On his return to Georgia, he addressed the people of the state, urging forward the secession movement. He was one of the delegates from Georgia to the provisional Congress which prepared and adopted the constitution of the Confederacy, and presided over each of its four sessions. Of the first Confederate Congress, that assembled 18 February, 1862, Mr. Cobb was not a member; but, having done his utmost to organize the opposition, he was withdrawn from civil office, not being a favorite with Jefferson Davis. On the demand of the Georgian members, the Confederate Congress appointed him brigadier-general, and subsequently promoted him to a major-generalship, but he took little part in military movements. At the close of the war he strongly opposed the reconstruction measures as calculated to retard the restoration of the south to the Union, keep back its prosperity, and destroy the Negro race. See a memorial volume edited by Samuel Boykin (Philadelphia, 1869).—His brother, Thomas R. R., lawyer, born in Cherry Hill, Jefferson COUNTY, Georgia, 10 April, 1823; killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, 13 December, 1862, was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1841, standing at the head of his class, was admitted to the bar, and was reporter of the supreme court of Georgia from 1849 till 1857, when he resigned. He was a trustee of the university, was active in the cause of education in his native state, and had a high reputation and large practice as a lawyer. He was an able and eloquent member of the Confederate Congress, in which he served as chairman of the committee on military affairs, and afterward became a general in the Confederate Army. Mr. Cobb was a Presbyterian, took much interest in religious and educational matters, and gave largely to the Lucy Cobb Institute. He published "Digest of the Laws of Georgia" (1851); "Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States" (Philadelphia, 1858); "Historical Sketch of Slavery, from the Earliest Periods" (Philadelphia, 1859); and several essays in behalf of a state system of education. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 666-667.


COBB, Jonathan Holmes, manufacturer, born in Sharon, Massachusetts, 8 July, 1799; died in Dedham, Massachusetts, 12 March, 1882. He was graduated at Harvard in 1817, and numbered among his classmates George Bancroft, Caleb Cushing, and Stephen H. Tyng. Mr. Cobb was one of the first to interest himself in the cultivation and manufacture of silk in the United States. In 1825 the annual importations of this material amounted to $10,250,000, in consequence of which Congress adopted measures directing public attention to the desirability of producing silk at home. Meanwhile Mr. Cobb succeeded in raising the silk-worm in Dedham, and in 1829 called the attention of the Massachusetts legislature to the fact. This body directed that a work be prepared on the subject, appropriating $600 for the purpose, and Mr. Cobb was asked to write the book. Of his "Manual of the Mulberry-Tree and the Culture of Silk "(Boston, 1831),-numerous copies were distributed by the members of the Massachusetts legislature. In 1833 the printing of 2,000 copies was ordered by Congress, which were circulated throughout the United States by the members of that body. The New England silk Company, under the superintendence of Mr. Cobb, began operations about 1835, with a capital of $50,000. It employed sixteen sewing-silk machines, and, under the protective duty of forty per cent, on sewing-silk, made arrangements to manufacture 200 pounds a week. A factory was erected, which at that time was the largest building in the town, but it was destroyed by fire in 1844. From these efforts has come the silk industry of to-day, which produces in the United States annually more than $25,000,000 worth of silken fabrics, "of so excellent quality that they are frequently sold as of foreign manufacture. In 1820 Mr. Cobb established the "Village Register," and in 1831 was instrumental in founding the Dedham institution for savings, of which, for many years, he was secretary. For forty-five years he was register of probate and for twenty-eight town-clerk. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 667.


COBB, Stephen Alonzo, born in Madison, Maine, 17 June, 1833; died in August, 1878. He went with his father to Minnesota in 1850, where he engaged in the lumber business, meanwhile preparing for college. After two years in Beloit College he went to Brown, where he graduated in 1858, and in 1859 moved to Wyandotte, Kansas, and began the practice of law. In 1862 he was a state senator, but entered the army, served through the war, and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1869 he again became a member of the state senate. In 1871 he was elected to the house, in 1872 was speaker of that body, and mayor of Wyandotte in 1862 and 1868. He was elected to Congress in 1872, and served on the committees on post-roads and the State Department. He was renominated in 1874, but was defeated. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 668.


COBB, Sylvanus, 1798-1866, Norway, Maine, clergyman, newspaper editor, temperance and anti-slavery leader.  Editor of the Christian Freeman for 20 years.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p.668; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 2, Pt. 2, p. 245)

COBB, Sylvanus, clergyman, born in Norway, Maine, in July, 1799; died in East Boston, 31 October, 1866. In 1828 he was settled over Universalist Churches at Malden and Waltham, Massachusetts, and in 1838 took charge of the “Christian Freeman,” which he edited for more than twenty years. He was for many years a leader in the anti-slavery and temperance movements. Dr. Cobb's published works include “The New Testament, with Explanatory Notes” (Boston, 1864); “Compend of Divinity” and “Discussions.” Appletons’ Cylcopædia of American Biography, 1888.


COBURN, John P., 1811-1873, African American, abolitionist, businessman. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 3, p. 146)


COCHRANE, Clark B., 1817-1867, New Boston, New Hampshire. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 671.

COCHRANE, Clark B., lawyer, born in New Boston. New Hampshire, in 1817; died in Albany, New York, 5 March, 1867. He was graduated at Union, and devoted himself to the study of law. In 1844 he was chosen a member of the assembly, on the Democratic ticket, from Montgomery county. He was one of the primitive barnburners, supported Van Buren and Adams in 1848, and in 1854 vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill, after which he acted with the Democratic Party. In 1856 he was elected to Congress from the Schenectady District, and in 1858 was re-elected. The following year, his health becoming affected by the excitement of Congressional life, he was obliged to return home for temporary rest, and after the expiration of his term resided in Albany, devoting himself to his profession. In 1865 he accepted a nomination for the legislature. He was the acknowledged leader of the house, and his tact in quieting angry debate gave him the title of “The Great Pacificator.” Appletons’ Cylcopædia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 671.


COCHRAN, John, lawyer, born in Palatine, Montgomery County, New York, 27 August, 1813, studied first at Union, but was graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in 1831. he studied law and was admitted to the bar of New York in 1834. From 1853 till 1857 he was Surveyor of the port of New York, and from 1857 till 1861 a representative from that city in Congress. On 4 July, 1858, he was deputed by the Common Council of the City of New York to convey to his native state of Virginia the remains of President James Monroe, who had died in New York and been buried there. On 11 June, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 1st U. S. Chasseurs, which he commanded at Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, and other battles of the Peninsular Campaign. He became brigadier-general of volunteers on 17 July, 1862, and was assigned a brigade in Couch's division of the Army of the Potomac. He was with the reserve at the battle of Antietam, and afterward pursued the retreating enemy, resigning from the army on 27 February, 1862, in consequence of serious physical disability. In 1864 he was nominated at Cleveland, Ohio, by the Convention of independent Republicans, for vice-president of the United States on the ticket with General John C. Fremont for president. In 1863-'5 he was attorney-general of the state of New York, and in 1869 tendered the mission to Paraguay and Uruguay, which he declined. In 1872 he was one of the New York Delegation to the Convention of the Liberal Democratic Party that met at Cincinnati, and was chiefly instrumental in securing the nomination of Horace Greeley for the presidency. In 1872 he was a member of the Common Council of the City of New York and president of the board, and was acting mayor during the temporary retirement of Mayor Hall in the midst of the Tweed ring disclosures, and again a member of the council in 1883. General Cochran is a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 671.


COCKE, John Hartwell, 1780-1866, Fluvanna County, Virginia, general, reformer, temperance advocate.  Vice President, 1833-1841, of the American Colonization Party (ACS).  Life member and supporter of the ACS.  President of two ACS auxiliaries in Albemarle and Fluvanna counties in Virginia.  (Burin, 2005, pp. 38, 44, 61, 63, 102; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 672; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 2, p. 253)

COCKE, John Hartwell, born in Surry county, Virginia, 19 September, 1780; died in Fluvanna county, Virginia, 1 July, 1866. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1798, and was general commanding the Virginia troops at Camp Carter and Camp Holly, on the Chickahominy, in 1812 and 1813, in defence of the city of Richmond. He was vice-president of the American Temperance Society and of the American Colonization Society, and a member of the first board of visitors of the University of Virginia. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 672.


COCKE, Philip St. George, soldier, born in Virginia in 1808; died in Powhatan county, Virginia, 26 December 1861. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1832, assigned to the 2d artillery, and served at Charleston, South Carolina during the nullification excitement in 1832-'3. He was adjutant from 1833 till 1834, and resigned on 1 April of the latter year. He then devoted himself to planting in Virginia and Mississippi, and was president of the Virginia State Agricultural Society from 1853 till 1850. He was made a brigadier-general in the Confederate service early in 1861, and commanded the 5th brigade at the first battle of Bull Run. After an eight months' campaign he returned home, shattered in body and mind, and shot himself in a paroxysm of insanity. He published "Plantation and Farm Instruction " (1852). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 672-673.


COCKRALL'S MILL, WEST VIRGINIA, November 26, 1862. Detachment of 2nd Division, 12th Army Corps. During a reconnaissance from Bolivar Heights a Federal force, composed of 600 infantry and 2 pieces of artillery, engaged in a slight skirmish with the enemy's cavalry at  Cockrail's mill on the Shenandoah river. The Confederates were routed and pursued for some distance, several being wounded. A number of prisoners, arms and horses, together with a quantity of flour, were taken. Cockrum's Cross-Roads, Mississippi, September 9, 1862. 6th Illinois Cavalry. As an incident of an expedition to Coldwater and Hernando, the 6th Illinois cavalry, under Colonel B. H. Grierson, encountered the enemy's pickets near the Coldwater river and followed them to within 2 miles of Cockrum's cross-roads, where a large force of cavalry and mounted infantry was strongly posted. The Federals under a galling fire gained the protection of a ditch and poured such a vigorous fire upon the enemy that he wavered and fell back, Grierson following closely. Twice the Confederates attempted to make a stand but both times were scattered by the pursuing cavalry before their line could be formed. The Union loss was 1 killed and 4 wounded. Grierson estimated the Confederate casualties at 100 in killed and wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 296-297.


COCKRELL, Francis Marion, senator, born in Johnson county, Missouri, 1 October, 1834. He was graduated at Chapel Hill, Missouri, in 1853, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in Warrensburg. He entered the Confederate Army, where he rose to be a colonel, commanding the 1st Missouri Brigade under General Bowen, which was routed at Baker's Creek, and he was afterward commissioned a brigadier-general. He never held a public office until elected as a Democratic senator in Congress from Missouri, to succeed Carl Schurz, taking his seat on 4 March, 1875. He was re-elected in 1880 for the term expiring 3 March, 1887. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 673.


CODDING, Ichabod, 1810-1866, born in Bristol, New York, clergyman, weaver, abolitionist, orator.  Anti-slavery agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society, commissioned in 1836.  He traveled on anti-slavery lecture tour from 1838-1843, in New England.  He helped co-found and edit anti-slavery newspapers.  He organized state organizations for the anti-slavery Liberty Party.  After 1843, he lectured in Illinois.  He was active in the Anti-Nebraska Convention, Connecticut, in 1843.  He worked with anti-slavery leaders Owen Lovejoy, William Allan, and others.  Lectured against slavery.  (Blue, 2005, pp. 119, 120; Dumond, 1961, p. 186; Filler, 1960, pp. 152, 232, 247; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 673; Codding papers are in the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library).

CODDING, Ichabod, clergyman, born in Bristol, New York, in 1811; died in Baraboo, Wisconsin, 17 June, 1866. He became a popular temperance lecturer at the age of seventeen, and during his junior year at Middlebury, where he entered in 1834, interested himself so much in the anti-slavery movement that he obtained leave to speak publicly in its behalf. His addresses raised such a storm of opposition that his life was several times in danger, and the college faculty, fearing the popular fury, represented that his absence was without permission. Codding compelled them to retract this statement, and then; leaving the college, served for five years as agent and lecturer of the Anti-slavery Society, speaking continually in New England and New York. It is said that he never lost his self-command, though often assailed by mobs. He moved to the west in 1842, entered the Congregational ministry, and held pastorates in Princeton, Lockport, Joliet, and elsewhere. He also continued to lecture in the west, where he was greatly admired and loved. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 673


CODY, William Frederick, scout, born in Scott county, Iowa, 26 February, 1845. When he was about seven years old his father moved to Kansas, then an unsettled territory, where he was killed in what was known as the “Border war.” When the pony express was established across the plains in the spring of 1860, William became one of the most fearless and daring among its riders. At the beginning of the Civil War he acted as government scout and guide, being chiefly employed in Arkansas and southwestern Missouri. In 1863 he enlisted in the 7th Kansas Cavalry, was promoted, and served with distinction as scout until the close of the war. In 1867 he entered into a contract with the Kansas Pacific Railway in western Kansas, at a monthly compensation of $500, to deliver all the buffalo meat that would be required for food for the army of laborers employed, and in eighteen months he killed 4,280 buffaloes, earning the title of “Buffalo Bill,” by which he was afterward familiarly known. Cody again entered the government service in 1868 as a scout and guide, and after a series of dangerous rides as bearer of important despatches through a country infested with hostile Indians, was appointed by General Sheridan chief scout and guide for the 5th U.S. Cavalry against the Sioux and Cheyennes. He then served with the Canadian River Expedition during 1868-’9, and until the autumn of 1872 was with the army on the western border. In 1872 he was elected a member of the Nebraska Legislature, but, after serving a short time, resigned, and made a successful appearance on the stage in Chicago. At the beginning of the Sioux War in 1876 he discharged his dramatic company, joined the 5th U.S. Cavalry, and was engaged in the battle of Indian Creek, where he killed in a hand-to-hand conflict the Cheyenne chief Yellow-Hand. At the close of the campaign he returned to the stage, and in 1883 organized an exhibition called the “Wild West,” whose object was to give a realistic picture of life on the frontier. His actors included actual Indians, Mexicans, and “cowboys,” and in 1886 he contracted to take his company to Europe during 1887. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 674.


COEHORN MORTAR. Brass 24-pdr. mortar, weighing 164 lbs. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 164).


COFFEEVILLE, MISSISSIPPI, December 5. 1862. Cavalry Division, 13th Army Corps. As an incident of the operations on the Mississippi Central railroad, the cavalry division came up with the enemy's rear about 2 p. m. A small party of Confederates hovering on the right flank of the advancing Federal column was dislodged by Colonel Albert L. Lee's brigade. Flankers were then thrown out on each side of the column and the artillery moved cautiously forward, now and then throwing a shell beyond the advancing skirmishers. About a mile from Coffeeville a few shells were thrown to the front when the enemy suddenly opened at short range with his artillery. Simultaneously his infantry in line opened upon the advance skirmishers with rapid volleys, while heavy skirmishing was in progress on both flanks. From all appearances the enemy's force was too strong to be successfully engaged by the jaded and exhausted Federal troops so Colonel T. L. Dickey, commanding, determined to retire. Hatch's and Mizner's brigades formed successive supporting lines of detachments to cover the retreat of the skirmishers. Several times the Confederate infantry charged, but was each time repulsed by the flankers. When about a mile and a half from the point where the retreat started the fighting ceased. The casualties were not reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 297.


COFFIN, Joshua, 1792-1864, Tyngborough, PA, educator, author, ardent abolitionist, founder of the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832.  He was its co-founder and first recording secretary.  Manager of the American Anti-Slavery Society, 1834-1837. (Coffin, 1860; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, 675)

COFFIN, Joshua, antiquary, born in Newbury, Massachusetts, 12 October, 1792; died there, 24 June, 1864. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1817, and taught for many years, numbering among his pupils the poet Whittier, who addressed to him a poem entitled “To My Old School-Master.” Mr. Coffin was ardent in the cause of emancipation, and was one of the founders of the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832, being its first recording secretary. He published “The History of Ancient Newbury” (Boston, 1845), genealogies of the Woodman, Little, and Toppan families, and magazine articles. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 675.


COFFIN, Levi, 1798-1877, Newport, Indiana, philanthropist, Society of Friends, Quaker, abolitionist, conductor Underground Railroad, established Indiana Yearly Meeting of Anti-Slavery Friends.  Active in Free Labor Movement, which encouraged people not to trade in goods produced by slave labor.  Helped start the Western Freedman’s Aid Commission.  Wrote Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, Reputed President of the Underground Railroad, Cincinnati, OH: Western Tract Society.  Helped three thousands slaves to freedom.  Coffin was a manager of the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS). 

(Drake, 1950, pp. 162, 165, 186, 187, 197; Dumond, 1961, pp. 90, 92; Mabee, 1970, pp. 141, 225, 273, 280, 283; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 75, 231-232, 488, 489; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 675; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 177-178; American National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, Vol. 5, p. 148)

COFFIN, Levi, philanthropist, born near New Garden, North Carolina, 28 October, 1798; died in Avondale, Ohio, 16 September, 1877. His ancestors were natives of Nantucket. He assisted on his father's farm and had but little schooling, yet he became a teacher. The cruel treatment of the Negroes, and the Quakers principles under which he was reared, enlisted his sympathies in favor of the oppressed race, and at the age of fifteen he began to aid in the escape of slaves. Subsequently he organized a Sunday-school for Negroes, and in 1822 opened his first school. In 1826 he settled in Wayne county, Indiana, where he kept a country store. Being prosperous in this undertaking, he soon enlarged his business in various lines, including also the curing of pork. In 1836 he built an oil-mill and began the manufacture of linseed-oil. Meanwhile his interest in the slaves continued, and he was active in the “Underground Railroad,” a secret organization, whose purpose was the transportation of slaves from member to member until a place was reached where the Negro was free. Thousands of escaping slaves were aided on their way to Canada by him, including Eliza Harris, who subsequently became known through “Uncle Tom's Cabin.” The question of using only “free-labor goods” had been for some time agitated throughout the United States, and in 1846 a convention was held in Salem, Indiana, at which Mr. Coffin was chosen to open such a store in Cincinnati. Accordingly he moved to that city in April, 1847. The undertaking proved successful, and he continued to be so occupied for many years. His relations with the “Underground Railroad” were also continued, and he became its president. In 1863 he was associated in the establishment of the freedmen's bureau, and during the following year was sent to Europe as agent for the Western freedmen's aid commission. He held meetings in all of the prominent cities in Great Britain, enlisted much sympathy, and secured funds. Again in 1867 he visited Europe in the same capacity. When the colored people of Cincinnati celebrated the adoption of the fifteenth amendment to the United States constitution, he formally resigned his office of president of the “Underground Railroad,” which he had held for more than thirty years. The story of his life is told in “Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of the Underground Railroad” (Cincinnati, 1876). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 675.


COFFROTH, Alex, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


COGGINS' POINT, VIRGINIA, July 31, 1862. Army of the Potomac. After the battle of Malvern hill, the last of the Seven Days' battles, McClellan's army lay for some time on the north bank of the James, recruiting and waiting for orders from the war department. A Confederate account says that Lee sent General D. H. Hill secretly to Coggins' point, opposite McClellan's camp, and under cover of darkness shelled the camp with 43 pieces of artillery, "doing considerable damage but suffering none, as he retired before an attack could be planned against him." Union reports do not mention the incident.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 297.


COGGINS' POINT, VIRGINIA, September 16, 1864. Detachment of 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry. About 5 a. m. an attack was made by some 5,000 or 6,000 Confederate cavalry upon the camp of the cattle herd at Coggins' point. The guard consisted of 150 men of the 13th Pennsylvania cavalry, who held the enemy in check until nearly surrounded and then retreated. In endeavoring to rally his men, Captain Henry H. Gregg was captured and the command devolved upon Captain James M. Bell. Twice the Union troops made a stand but were each time driven back and the Confederates succeeded in driving off the whole herd, 2,486 head, and capturing 3 wagons and teams. The loss of the Federal troops was 2 killed, 8 wounded and 29 captured or missing of the 13th Pennsylvania and 2 killed, 1 wounded and 13 captured or missing of the herders.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 297.


COGSWELL, Mason Fitch, physician, born in Hartford, Connecticut., 10 November, 1807; died in Albany, New York, 21 January, 1865, was graduated at Yale in 1829, studied medicine, and became a leading physician in Albany. He served as assistant surgeon and surgeon in the volunteer army of the United States during the Civil War. In 1847 he married Lydia, daughter of the Reverend John M. Bradford, a direct descendant from Governor Bradford, of Plymouth colony. She died in 1872.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p 680.


COGSWELL, Milton, soldier, born in Noblesville, Indiana, 4 December, 1825; died in Washington, D. C., 20 November, 1882. He was the first child of American parentage born in Noblesville. After graduation at the U. S. Military Academy in 1849, he joined the army and served almost continuously until he was placed on the retired list in 1871. This period covered the Civil War, in which he became colonel of the 42d New York Volunteers. He was severely wounded, and held a prisoner for nearly a year. After his retirement with the rank of brevet colonel in the regular army for gallant services, he was deputy governor of the Soldier's Home in Washington, and, with the exception of a year's interval, held the office until his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p 680.


COGSWELL, William, lawyer, born in Bradford, Massachusetts, 23 August, 1838. His parents were Dr. George and Abigail Parker Cogswell. He studied in Phillips Andover Academy and in Kimball Union Academy, at Meriden, New Hampshire He entered Dartmouth College, but soon went to sea before the mast, following the example of an elder brother. After his return he was graduated at Harvard law-school in 1860. In 1861 he raised the first company of volunteers for the national cause in Massachusetts. He was regularly promoted until he became colonel of the 2d Massachusetts Infantry, and participated in many of the battles of the Army of the Potomac, for which he was brevetted brigadier-general, 15 December, 1864. After the war he became a prominent officer of the Grand Army of the republic and in the Loyal legion, and he has held several important civil offices in the state. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 680.