Carbine through Certificate

CARBINE. A cavalry weapon intermediate in weight and length between rifle and pistol, and usually breech-loading. (For PISTOL-CARBINE, see ARMS.) Carbines for the United States' service have been obtained from the following manufactories: Samuel Colt's, Hartford, Conn. Colt's Revolving Pistols, Rifles, and Carbines; Sharpe's Arms-Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Conn., for Sharpe's Carbines and Rifles; Charles Jackson, Providence, R. I., for Burnside's Carbines; and Maynard's Arms Company, Washington, D. C., for Maynard's Rifles and Carbines. The breech-loading arms of the foregoing manufactories have been tried more or less in service, and favorably reported upon by boards of officers. They are considered good cavalry arms, but neither have yet been pronounced the best by the ordnance department. (See ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.)

The distinguishing feature of a breech-loading arm is the method of closing the breech. One of the most serious defects of these arms was the escape of gas through the joint. This defect has been removed by closing the joint at the moment of discharge by the action of the gas itself. This operation, called packing the joint, is accomplished: 1st. By the use of cartridge cases of sheet brass, India rubber, or other material; or, 2d. By the use of a thin, elastic ring of steel, which overlies the joint. By the first method the case is permanently distended, (but may be safely used for several fires,) and some arrangement is required to remove it from the chamber. In the second method, the ring or gas check is a part of the arm; and its elasticity causes it to return to its original form after the discharge.

Burnside's Carbine is an example of the first method; it has a movable chamber which opens by turning on a hinge. A brass cartridge case is used which packs the joint and cuts off the escape of the gas. The advantages of this arm are: its strength, water-proof cartridges, perfectly tight joint, and working machinery. Its disadvantages are the cost, and difficulty of getting the cartridges.

Sharpe’s Carbine has a fixed chamber, and the breech is closed by a slide which moves nearly at right angles to the axis of the barrel. By boring a recess into the face of the slide, opposite to the chamber, and inserting a tightly-fitting ring into it, so that the inner rim is pressed against the end of the barrel at the instant of discharge, the escape of gas is prevented.

Maynard's Carbine has a fixed chambered piece, with the joint closed by a metallic cartridge case. (Consult BENTON.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145-147).


CARCASS. Combustible composition enclosed in globes, formed with iron hoops, canvas, and cord, generally of an oblong shape, and thrown from mortars or stone mortars; it is used in bombardments, firing shipping, &c. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 147).


CARLETON, James Henry, soldier, born in Maine in 1814; died in San Antonio, Texas, 7 January, 1873. He was a lieutenant of Maine volunteers during what was known as the Aroostook war, relative to the northeastern boundary of the United States, and in February, 1839, after the conclusion of that controversy, was commissioned second lieutenant of the 1st U. S. Dragoons. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 17 March, 1845, and was assistant commissary of subsistence of Kearny's expedition to the Rocky mountains in 1846. He served on General Wool's staff in Mexico, became captain on 16 February, 1847, and was brevetted major on the 23d of that month for gallantry at Buena Vista. After the Mexican War he was engaged principally on exploring expeditions and against hostile Indians. On 7 September, 1861, he was commissioned major of the 6th U.S. Cavalry and ordered to southern California. In the spring of 1862 he raised a body of troops known as the "California Column," and marched with them across the Yuma and Gila deserts to Mesilla on the Rio Grande. On 28 April he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers and ordered to relieve General Canby as commander of the Department of New Mexico, where he remained for several years, taking part in several engagements. On 13 March, 1865, he was raised by brevet through all ranks up to brigadier-general in the regular army for his services in New Mexico, and brevetted major-general, U. S. Army, for his conduct during the war. On 31 July, 1866, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 4th U.S. Cavalry, and in June, 1868, promoted to colonel of the 2d U.S. Cavalry and ordered with his regiment soon after to Texas. General Carleton published " The Battle of Buena Vista, with the Operations of the Army of Occupation for one Month" (New York, 1848), and occasionally contributed to military periodicals. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 526.


CARLILE, John Snyder, senator, born in Winchester, Virginia, 16 December 1817; died in Clarksburg, West Virginia, 24 October, 1878. He was educated by his mother until he was fourteen years old, when he became salesman in a store, and at the age of seventeen went into business on his own account. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and began practice in Beverly, Virginia He was a state senator from 1847 till 1851, a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850, and in 1855 elected to Congress as a unionist, and served one term. Mr. Carlile was a prominent union member of the Virginia Convention of 1861, and did all in his power to prevent the secession opposing any action by which Virginia should place herself in an attitude of hostility to the general government. After the passage of the secession ordinance he was a leader in the union movement in western Virginia. He was one of those that issued a union address to the people of West Virginia on 22 May, and was prominent in the Wheeling Convention of June, 1861. He was averse, however, to the formation of a new state, preferring that Congress should recognize the unionist government at Wheeling as the true state government of Virginia. He was again chosen to Congress in 1861, but kept his seat in the house only rom 4 July till 13 July, when he was elected U. S. Senator and served until 1865. In the Senate he was uniformly in favor of a strict construction of the constitution, opposing all measures recognizing that there existed a rebellion of states instead of individuals, and denying the right of Congress to interfere in any way with the slaves. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 526.


CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, born in Rich Woods, Greene County, Illinois, 24 November, 1829. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1850, and, after serving on garrison duty, became first lieutenant in the 6th U.S. Infantry, 8 March, 1855, and took part in General Harney's Sioux expedition of that year. He commanded a company in Colonel Sumner's expedition of 1857 against the Cheyennes, and took part in the Utah Expedition of 1858. He was in California from 1858 till 1860, and, having been promoted to captain, 2 March, 1861, served on recruiting duty. On 15 August, 1861, he became colonel of the 38th Illinois Volunteers, and defeated General Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Missouri, 21 October, 1861. He commanded the District of south-eastern Missouri from November, 1861, till March, 1862, led a brigade under General Steele in the Arkansas Expedition, and joined Pope's army in season to aid in the pursuit of Beauregard from Corinth. He distinguished himself at Perryville, Kentucky, 8 October, 1862, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers 29 November He defeated Wharton's Confederate cavalry in the skirmish at Knob Gap, near Nolansville, 26 December, 1862, and his brigade bore a prominent part in the battle of Stone River, 31 December, 1862, as is shown by its heavy losses' in that conflict. He was in the Tullahoma Campaign, the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel, 24 November, 1863, for his services in the battle of Chattanooga. After a month's leave of absence he became major of the 16th U. S. Infantry, 8 February, 1864, and took part in the invasion of Georgia, being in the actions at Buzzard's Roost and Resaca, the pursuit of the enemy with almost daily fighting during May and June, 1864, and the siege and capture of Atlanta. He commanded a division in the assault on the intrenchments at Jonesboro, 1 September, 1864, and was brevetted colonel in the regular army for his services on that day. He participated in the march to the sea and through the Carolinas, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general for services at Bentonville, North Carolina, and major-general for services during the war. From 1867 till 1868 he was assistant commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau in Tennessee. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 17th  U.S. Infantry, 1 January, 1872, commanded at various posts, and became colonel of the 4th U.S. Infantry, 11 April, 1882. See Wilson's "Sketches of Illinois Officers" (Chicago, 1863). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 527.


CARLISLE, John Griffin, statesman, born in Campbell (now Kenton) county, Kentucky, 5 September, 1835. He was the youngest son in a large family, received a common-school education, studied law, taught for a time in Covington and elsewhere, and was admitted to the bar of Kentucky in 1858. He served several terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives, acquiring, in the meantime, an extensive and lucrative law practice. During the Civil War he was opposed to secession. In 1866 and 1869 he was a member of the state senate. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention held in New York in 1868, was lieutenant-governor of Kentucky from 1871 till 1875, and in 1876 was a presidential elector. The same year he was elected to Congress, taking his seat in March, 1877, and has been five times reelected. He soon became prominent as a Democratic leader, was appointed a member of the committee of ways and means, and attracted attention by an able speech on revenue reform. This and the revival of American shipping he regards as the most important questions before the country. On the organization of Congress in December, 1883, he was elected speaker of the House of Representatives, to which office he was re-elected in 1885 Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 527-528


CARLISLE, PENNSYLVANIA, July 1, 1863. 1st Division, Department of the Susquehanna. Ewen's command occupied Carlisle early in the day. Captain Boyd, with the 1st New York cavalry, and Colonel Brisbane, with the Pennsylvania brigade, came in during the forenoon, but the main body of the division, under Brigadier-General W. F. Smith, did not reach the town until about sunset. Soon after Smith's arrival Fitzhugh Lee's brigade of Confederate cavalry appeared before the town and demanded an unconditional surrender. This was twice refused, and a battery began shelling the place. The bombardment was continued until about 1 a. m., when the Confederates withdrew and marched in the direction of Gettysburg, where Lee was concentrating his forces. General J. E. B. Stuart, in his report says: "Our rations were entirely out. * * * I disliked to subject the town to the consequences of an attack; at the same time it was essential to us to procure rations." As it turned out his attempt to secure rations by the means of the bombardment was a failure.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 223.


CARMEL CHURCH, VIRGINIA, July 23, 1862. Detachment of Kilpatrick's Cavalry. General Kilpatrick, with 390 men of the 3d Indiana, 14th Brooklyn, and Harris light cavalry, left Fredericksburg at 4 p. m. on the 22nd, his object being the breaking up of a Confederate camp, supposed to be in the neighborhood of Carmel Church. By a night march he reached the church at daybreak, to find that the enemy had left a day or two before. Learning that a scouting party was in the habit of coming to the church every morning, he placed Captain Seymour with his company in ambush and withdrew a short distance to await developments. Seymour sent out as a decoy a few of his men, who were attacked by about 50 of the enemy. Kilpatrick moved to Seymour's assistance and drove the attacking party back across the river. Lieutenant Kimball, with a small detachment, crossed the river in pursuit, but soon returned and reported the camp in sight on the other side, with the Confederates in position. Kilpatrick then ordered up his reserves and reconnoitered the Confederate position, after which he decided to attack. Leaving part of his forces to guard the ford, he deployed the Harris light cavalry on both sides of the road, and ordered Major Chapman to proceed up the road in column of platoons and charge. At the same time the skirmishers were rapidly advanced, forcing the enemy back to avoid being struck on the right flank. Under Chapman's charge the Confederates broke and fled, and were pursued about five miles. The tents, stores, 7 carloads of grain and all the camp equipage were burned. About this time a large force of Stuart's cavalry suddenly appeared on the right. Kilpatrick quickly formed his men, who had been marching and fighting almost constantly for 24 hours, and repulsed this force, although superior to his own. He then recrossed the river (the North Anna), took up a strong position near the church, and went into camp for the night. Next day he returned to Fredericksburg. Not a man was hurt, though several horses were killed or wounded. The Confederate loss was not ascertained.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 223.


CARNEGIE, Andrew, manufacturer, born in Dunfermline, Scotland, 25 November, 1835. His father was a weaver, in humble circumstances, whose ambition to raise himself and family, joined to his ardent republicanism, led to his coming to the United States in 1845. The family settled in Pittsburgh, and two years later Andrew began his career by attending a small stationary engine. This work was unsatisfactory, and he became a telegraph messenger with the Atlantic and Ohio company, and subsequently an operator. He was one of the first to read telegraphic signals by sound. Later he was sent to the Pittsburgh office of the Pennsylvania Railroad, as clerk to the superintendent and manager of the telegraph-lines. While in this position he met Mr. Woodruff, inventor of the sleeping-car. Mr. Carnegie immediately recognized the great merit of the invention, and readily joined in the effort to have it adopted. The success of this venture gave him the nucleus of his wealth. He was promoted to be superintendent of the Pittsburgh division of the Pennsylvania Railroad; and about this time he was one of a syndicate who purchased the Storey Farm, on Oil creek, which cost 140,000, and yielded in one year over $1,000,000 in cash dividends. Mr. Carnegie was subsequently associated with others in establishing a rolling-mill, and from this has grown the most extensive and complete system of iron and steel industries ever controlled by an individual, embracing the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & Co.), the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Prick Coke Company, and the Scotia Ore Mines. The capacity of these works approximates 2,000 tons of pig-metal a day, and he is the largest manufacturer of pig-iron, steel-rails, and coke in the world. Besides directing these great iron industries, he long owned eighteen English newspapers, which he controlled in the interests of radicalism. He has devoted large sums of money to benevolent and educational purposes. In 1879 he erected commodious swimming-baths for the use of the people of 1'unfermline, Scotland, and in the following year gave 140.000 for the establishment there of a free library, which has since received other large donations. In 1884 he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medical College to found a histological laboratory called Carnegie Laboratory; in 1885, $500,000 to Pittsburgh for a public library, and in 1886, $250,000 to Allegheny City for a music hall and library, and $250,000 to Edinburgh. Scotland, for a free library. He has also established free library’s at Braddock, Pennsylvania, and at other places, for the benefit of his employes. Mr. Carnegie is a frequent contributor to periodicals on the labor questions and  similar topics, and has published in book-form "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain (New York, 1883); "Round the World " (1884); and "Triumphant Democracy: or, Fifty Years' March of the Republic" (1880), the last being a review of American progress under popular institutions—His brother, Thomas M., born in Dunfermline, Scotland, 2 October, 1843; died in Homewood, Pennsylvania, 19 October, 1886, was associated with Andrew in his business enterprises. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 529.


CARNIFIX FERRY, VIRGINIA, September 10, 1861. Rosecrans' Army of Occupation. The Confederate forces at Carnifix ferry, on the Gauley river, were under the command of Brigadier-General John B. Floyd and numbered, according to an estimate of General Wise, 5,800 men, with several pieces of artillery. Anticipating an attack from Rosecrans, Floyd had intrenched himself in a strong position, so shielded by dense timber that his works could not be seen more than 300 yards. The attack was commenced about 3 p. m. by Benham's brigade and soon became general. A series of charges were made, but the enemy could not be driven from his position. The fight lasted until dark, when the Federal forces withdrew behind some ridges, directly in front of the Confederate works, and there bivouacked for the night, resting on their arms. During the night Floyd abandoned his works, crossed the Gauley, destroyed the bridge and ferry-boat, and retired in the direction of Dogwood gap. Next morning the Union troops took possession of the abandoned camp, capturing a few prisoners, 2 stands of colors, a considerable quantity of arms, quartermaster's stores and camp equipage. In the engagement on the 10th the Federal loss was 17 killed and 141 wounded. Colonel Lowe, of the 12th Ohio, was among the killed, and Colonel Lytle, of the 10th Ohio, was severely wounded, gaining promotion for his gallantry-Floyd himself was slightly wounded. He reported his total casualties at 20 wounded. Carriers Ford, West Virginia, July 13, 1861. U. S. Forces under General T. A. Morris. As the Confederates under General Garnett retreated from Laurel mountain they were closely pursued by the Federals. About 4 a. m. on the 13th the advance guard left camp near Leadsville and moved toward the Cheat river, but a few hours behind Garnett. This advance consisted of the 7th and 9th Indiana and 14th Ohio Infantry and 3 guns of Barnett's battery, under the command of Captain H. W. Benham, chief engineer of the Department of the Ohio. Garnett reached Carrick's ford on the Cheat river about noon to find the stream very much swollen by recent rains. This caused some delay in crossing the train, which enabled Benham to close up and attack. Taliaferro's regiment, the 27th Virginia, had already crossed and was posted on a high bank on the opposite side. This regiment, with a section of artillery, opened a lively fire on Benham's advancing forces. Barnett was ordered up with his guns and commenced shelling the Confederate position. Seeing a good opportunity to turn the enemy's left, Benham ordered six companies of Colonel Dumont's regiment, the 7th Indiana, to cross the river some 300 yards above, pass obliquely up the hill and strike Taliaferro in the rear. Dumont was compelled to go further up the stream to find a good crossing place, which caused some delay in the execution of the movement. As this flanking party reached the road, having passed along the entire Confederate front under the river bank, the firing ceased and the enemy fled in some confusion, closely followed by Dumont, who skirmished with the rear-guard for about a half a mile. There another ford was reached, and while Garnett was personally directing the location of skirmishers he was instantly killed by a rifle ball. The loss of their leader somewhat disconcerted the Confederates and the retreat was hastened, Colonel Ramsey taking command. Owing to the tired condition of his men Benham did not press the pursuit further. He reported his loss as 2 killed and 6 or 7 wounded, 1 dangerously. Besides General Garnett the Confederates lost about 20 in killed and wounded and nearly 50 prisoners. About 40 loaded wagons and teams were captured, being the greater part of their baggage train, including a large supply of clothing, camp equipage and stores, 2 stands of colors, headquarters papers, etc. A fine piece of rifled artillery was also taken. Carrion Crow Bayou, Louisiana, October 15, 1863. 19th Army Corps. The itinerary of the corps for this date says: "Enemy deployed on our front at daylight; skirmish; enemy driven from the grounds. Our loss was 7 killed and wounded."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 223-224.


CARPENTER, Matthew Hale, senator, born in Moretown, Vermont, 22 December, 1824; died in Washington, D. C., 24 February, 1881. He entered the U.S. Military Academy in 1843, and two years later he returned to Vermont and studied law with Paul Dillingham (subsequently governor), whose daughter he married. At the age of sixteen he tried a suit in a justice's court in Moretown, against his grandfather, and gained it. He received a gold ring valued at five dollars as his first fee. In November, 1847, he was admitted to the bar of Vermont, and, attracted by the splendor of Rufus Choate's fame, set out at once for Boston, to enter his office. Early in 1848 he left Boston and settled in Beloit, Wis. He soon became prominent, and first attracted attention by a land suit involving several millions of dollars, which he tried against James R. Doolittle, Daniel Cady, and Abraham Lincoln. His appearance in the quo-warranto proceedings that moved William A. Barstow from the gubernatorial chair of Wisconsin, in January, 1856, added materially to his reputation, and he then settled in Milwaukee. At the beginning of the Civil War he left his law practice and espoused the cause of the Union as a war Democrat, making recruiting speeches throughout the west. He was also appointed judge advocate-general of Wisconsin. In March, 1868, by invitation of Secretary of War Stanton, Carpenter represented, with Lyman Trumbull, the government in the McCardle case, brought to try the validity of the Reconstruction Act of 7 March, 1867, for the government of the states lately in rebellion. This, up to that time, was the most important case, not excepting that of Dred Scott, that had ever come before the U.S. Supreme Court. Carpenter gained it, though Jeremiah S. Black was on the other side; and, when he completed his argument, Stanton clasped him in his arms and exclaimed, “Carpenter, you have saved us.” Later he was spoken of by Judge Black as “the finest constitutional lawyer in the United States.” His success in this case led to an appeal to the Republicans in Wisconsin by Stanton and Grant, advocating his election to the U.S. Senate. The advice was taken, and he served from 4 March, 1869, till 3 March, 1875, during which time he was a member of the committees on judiciary, patents, and revision of laws, also becoming president pro tem. At the end of his term he received the caucus nomination for re-election, but was defeated in the legislature by a coalition of a “bolting” minority with the Democrats. He then returned to his law practice, which had become very great. Among other important cases, he appeared as counsel for William Belknap, then late Secretary of War, who was charged by the House of Representatives with “high crimes and misdemeanors.” Belknap's acquittal was due to Carpenter's masterly management and great ability, as a political campaign was pending and the secretary's sacrifice was demanded to apply the cry of corruption. In February, 1877, he appeared before the electoral commission as counsel for Samuel J. Tilden, although he had been partially engaged by Zachariah Chandler to represent the other side, and would have done so had not the Republican managers failed to complete their arrangement within the period agreed upon. In 1879 he was again chosen to the U.S. Senate, and served from 4 March until his death. His greatest speeches in the Senate are those on the French arms case; his defence of President Grant against the attack of Charles Sumner; on so-called loyal claimants in the south; on the ku-klux act; on Charles Sumner's second civil-rights bill; on Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation; on the bill to restore Fitz John Porter; on the iron-clad oath; and on consular courts. For logic, that on Porter stands foremost; while for eloquence and passion, that on Grant against Sumner is considered the greatest. Senator Carpenter opposed the Fugitive Slave-Law, and, although a Democrat, was an advocate of emancipation in 1861. In 1864 he declared that the slaves must be enfranchised, and up to his death insisted that they must be protected at every cost. As early as 1865 he advocated state and government control of railway and semi-public corporations, and he had the satisfaction of seeing all his theories in that direction finally affirmed by the highest courts and recognized as settled law. He was christened Decatur Merritt Hammond, but, his initials having frequently led to the belief that his name was Matthew Hale, he adopted that form about 1852. See the “Life of  Hale Carpenter.” by Frank A. Flower (Madison, Wisconsin, 1883). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 531.


CARPENTER, William Lewis, soldier, born in Dunkirk, New York, 13 January, 1844. He received a public-school education in his native city, and in 1864 enlisted as a private in the artillery of the Army of the Potomac. In 1867 he was promoted to a second lieutenancy in the 9th Infantry, U.S. Army, and in 1873 to the rank of first lieutenant. His attention was directed to natural history, and he became in 1873 naturalist to the U.S. Geological Survey, and two years later was called to a similar office on the Geographical Survey. In connection with this work he furnished valuable reports, which were published by the government in the annual reports of the surveys during the years mentioned. In 1877 he was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 532


CARPENTRY. An assemblage of pieces of timber connected by framing or letting them into each other, as are the pieces of a roof, floor, centre of a bridge, &c. It is distinguished from joiners' work, by being put together without using other tools than the axe, adze, saw, and chisel. Troops frequently are obliged to hut themselves, make bridges, &c., and some knowledge of rough carpentry is essential in roofing and centring. The obvious mode of covering a building is to place two sloping rafters upon two walls, meeting in the apex, where we will suppose them connected. (Fig. 100.) It is plain that the weight of this rafter will tend to thrust the walls from its vertical line. This is prevented by tying together the feet of the rafters, by means of another beam called a tie beam. Beyond certain lengths or spans, however, it is apparent that the tie beam will itself have a tendency to bend or sag in the middle, and accordingly it becomes necessary to resort to another contrivance called a king post, but more properly a king piece, as it performs the office of tying up the tie beam to prevent it from bending. If the rafters be so long as to be liable to bend, two pieces called struts are introduced, which have their footing against the sides of the king post, and act as posts to strut up the rafters Fig. at their weakest point. This piece of framing thus contrived is called a truss. It is obvious that, by means of the upper joints of the struts, we can obtain more points of support or rather suspension. It is not, however, necessary to truss all, but only the principal rafters of a building. These principal rafters must never be more than ten feet apart, and by the intervention of a pur line they are made to bear the smaller rafters, the latter being notched down on the purline. These common rafters are received by or pitch upon a plate called a pole plate, and the principal rafters which pitch upon the tie beam, are ultimately borne by a wall plate. When beams in either roofs or floors are so long that they cannot be procured in one piece, two pieces to form the required length are scarfed together, by indenting them at their joints, and bolting them together thus: (Fig. 101.)

The following simple manner of putting up balloon frames, that is, frames without tenons or mortises, is given in the language of a builder in our western country: The best size for a small house is 16 by 32 feet, divided into three rooms and only one story high, unless roofing is very expensive. For such a building six pieces of scantling are required, cut 2 by 8, or 21 by 10 inches, 16 feet long for sills, and seventeen pieces for sleepers, with seventeen pieces of same size, 18 feet long, for upper floor joists. The studs must be 2 by 4, or 2 by 5 inches, and 8, 9 or 10 feet long, as you wish the height of your ceiling. The end studs may be longer, so as to run up to the rafters; but this is not important, since studs may be spliced anywhere by simply butting the ends together and nailing strips of boards upon each side, or the timbers may lap by each other and be held in place by a few nails till the siding is nailed on. But to begin at the foundation: Lay down two of the sixteen feet timbers flatwise upon blocks or stones, if you can get them, and make them level all around. Nail on strips where the ends of the sills butt together, and halve on the end sills and nail them together at the corners, and put on the sleepers, with a stout nail toed-in upon each side to hold them in place. Cut all your side studs of an exact length and square at each end, and set up one at each corner exactly plumb and fasten them with stay-laths on the inside. Now measure off for your doors and windows on the sides of the house, and set up. studs for them. You are now ready to put on the plates, which are nothing but strips of inch board, just the width of your studs, spliced in length just as directed for splicing studs. The next step is to put up the rest of the studs, nailing through the plate into their tops, and toeing nails through the bottoms into the sills. Hands may now commence at once to nail the sheathing-boards upon the sides, while others are putting up the joists, which should be 18 feet long and either 2 by 8 or 2 by 10 inches, according to the strength of the timber. Pine and poplar should always be of the larger dimensions. Cut notches one inch deep in the lower edge of the joists, so that they will lock on to the plate, and project over the sides one foot at each end. Nail up through the plate into the joists with stout nails, having just as many joists as pairs of rafters, the feet of which are to stand on and be nailed to the joists, which project the eaves a foot beyond the sides. This, however, may be dispensed with, if short eaves are preferred, or if timber cannot be got long enough. The end studs will be nailed both to the sill and end sleeper and to the end joists, and to the rafter if long enough to reach up, and if not splice them as before directed. Finish sheathing the sides and ends before you put on the roof. The siding may be afterward put on at your leisure. Boards three-fourths of an inch thick make good sheathing; and the best plan is to put them on without any regard to fitting the edges, and batten all the cracks on the inside with waste pieces of boards or shingles. When shingles are inexpensive they make a better siding and cheaper than sawed clap-boards. You will find it a great saving of labor to lay the upper floor before you put on the roof. If you wish to make your house one and a half or two stories high, the following is the way the chamber floor joists are supported: Take a strip of board one inch thick and five inches wide, and let it into the face of the studs on the inside and nail it fast and set your joists on this and nail them to the studs, and also notch your floor boards in between all the studs and nail fast; and you will find, when done, that no old-fashioned frame with its heavy oak timbers and months of mortising, with all its braces, was ever stiffer than your “ balloon,” which two men can frame and raise, and cover and lay the floors, and get ready to move into in one week's time. There is no difficulty in making a balloon frame-house of any other size desired, by putting in the partitions before you put on the upper joists, so as to rest them upon the caps in the same way as upon the sides. For a house, say thirty-two feet wide, the upper joists would be the same length as for a house sixteen feet, the inner ends resting upon the cap of a centre partition, where they would be strongly spliced, as we have directed, by nailing strips upon each side. The rafters of such a wide roof should be stayed in the middle by strips nailed upon the sides of rafters and joists, to prevent sagging; as it is always to be borne in mind that all the timbers of such a building are to be as light as possible; the strength being obtained by nailing all fast together. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 147-150).


CARR, Eugene A., soldier, born in Erie county, New York, 20 March, 1830. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1850, and entered the mounted rifles. In 1852–3 he accompanied expeditions to the Rocky mountains. In a skirmish with the Mescalero Apaches, near Diablo Mountain, 10 October, 1854, he was severely wounded, and for his gallantry was promoted first lieutenant. He took part in the Sioux Expedition of 1855, was engaged in suppressing the Kansas border disturbances in 1856, and was in the Utah Expedition of 1858, receiving promotion as captain on 11 June, 1858. In 1860 he took part in skirmishes with the Kiowa and Comanche Indians, and in May, 1861, marched from Fort Washita to Fort Leavenworth, and at once entered upon active service in the field in General Lyon's campaign in southwestern Missouri. He was engaged at Dug Springs and in the battle of Wilson's Creek, where he won the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallantry. In September, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 3d Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, was an acting brigadier-general in Frémont's hundred days' Campaign, served under Generals Hunter, Halleck, and Curtis, was assigned, February, 1862, to the command of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Southwest, and participated in the pursuit of the enemy into Arkansas, holding the rank of brigadier-general, having received his commission on 7 March, 1862. At Pea Ridge he deployed his division on the extreme right in the second day's battle, and, though thrice wounded, held his position for seven hours, contributing, in a large measure, to the victory of the day. For his gallantry he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, dating from 7 March, and was assigned a command under General Curtis. He participated in the operations against Little Rock, and in the march to Helena during the summer of 1862, was promoted major in the regular army 17 July, and during the autumn of 1862 commanded the Army of the Southwest. During the Vicksburg Campaign of 1863 he commanded a division and led the attack at Magnolia Church and at Port Gibson. At Big Black River his division led the column, and opened and closed the engagement, for which he was brevetted colonel, U.S. Army. He led the assault on Vicksburg on 18 May, and on the 22d his division was the first to effect a lodgment in the enemy's works. During the autumn of 1863 he commanded at Corinth the left wing of the 16th Corps, was transferred in December to the Army of Arkansas, was engaged in the expedition into Camden and in the action at the Little Red River, was in command at Poison Spring and took part in the engagements at Prairie D'Ane and Jenkins's Ferry. He was engaged at Clarendon, 20 June, 1865, and distinguished himself at the siege of Spanish Fort. He was brevetted brigadier-general in the U.S. Army for gallantry at Little Rock, and major-general for services during the war. He took the field against the hostile Sioux and Cheyennes in October, 1868, and on 18 October defeated a large party of Cheyennes on Beaver Creek, Kansas; routed them on Solomon River on 25 October, and drove them out of Kansas; commanded an expedition to the Canadian River in the winter of 1868–'9, and one to Republican River in June and July, 1869, defeating Tall Bull at Summit Springs, Colonel, on 11 July, 1869, and securing a lasting peace to the frontier. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 17 June, 1873, participated in a campaign against the Sioux in 1876, afterward to the Black Hills District, and was chief officer of the Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition in the autumn of that year. He was promoted colonel of the 6th U.S. Cavalry, to date from 29 April, 1879, directed the field operations against the hostile Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico in 1880, and commanded the expedition to Old Mexico during the Victorio Campaign. In August, 1881, he conducted with great skill the defence of his command against an attempted massacre by the White mountain Apaches at Cibicu Creek. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 533.


CARR, Joseph B., soldier, born in Albany, New York, 16 August, 1828. He was educated in the public schools, was apprenticed to a tobacconist, entered the militia in 1849, and rose to be colonel. In April, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and in May colonel, of the 2d New York Volunteers. His regiment was the first to encamp on the soil of Virginia, participated in the battle of Big Bethel, and in May, 1862, went to the front and fought through McClellan's Peninsula Campaign, being attached to General Hooker's command. Colonel Carr was acting brigadier-general in the engagements of the Orchards, Glendale, and Malvern Hill, and was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, 7 September, 1862, for services in the field, especially at Malvern Hill on 2 July. He fought with conspicuous gallantry at Bristow Station and Chantilly, and participated in the battle of Fredericksburg. In January, 1863, he commanded an expedition that severed the communications of the enemy at Rappahannock Bridge. At Chancellorsville, 3 May, 1863, he took command of the division after the fall of General Berry, and acted as division commander till 1 June. At Gettysburg his horse was killed under him and he was injured by the fall, but refused to leave the field and held his troops together, though two thirds of them were killed or wounded. On 4 October, 1863, he was assigned to the command of the 3d Division of the 4th Corps, participated in the actions at Brandy Station, Locust Grove, and Mine Run, and was then transferred to the 4th Division in the 2d (Hancock's) Corps. On 2 May, owing to a resolution of the Senate that caused him to rank below some of the brigade commanders of his division, he was ordered to report to General Butler, and was placed by him in the outer line of defence of the Peninsula. He afterward commanded divisions in the 1st Corps, had charge of the defences of James River, and on 1 June, 1865, was brevetted major-general for gallantry and meritorious services during the war. Before he was mustered out, on 24 August, 1865, he was nominated as Secretary of State of New York by the Democratic Party. He took a prominent part in the politics ''' York, being elected Secretary of State in 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1885 he was the Republican candidate for lieutenant-governor. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 533-534.


CARRIAGES. A gun carriage is designed to support its piece when fired, and also to transport cannon from one point to another. Field, mountain, and siege artillery have also limbers, which form when united with the carriage a four-wheeled vehicle. Sea-coast carriages are divided into barbette, casemate, and flank defence carriages, depending upon the part of the work in which they are mounted. They are now made of wrought iron and found to possess lightness, great strength, and stiffness. The sea-coast carriages are made in a similar manner, and one carriage can be altered to fit another piece by changing the trunnion-plates and transom straps. The carriage consists of two cheeks of thick sheet-iron, each one of which is strengthened by three flanged iron-plates bolted to the cheeks. Along the bottom of each cheek, an iron shoe is fixed with the end bent upwards. In front, this bent end is bolted to the flange of the front strengthening plate. In rear the bent portion is longer, and terminated at top by another bend, which serves as a point of application for a lever on a wheel, when running to and from battery. The trunnion-plates fit over the top ends of the strengthening plates, which meet around the bed, and are fastened to the flanges of the latter by movable bolts and nuts. The cheeks are joined together by transoms made of bar-iron. The front of the carriage is mounted on an axle-tree, with truck wheels similar to the wooden casemate carriages. The elevating screws are of two kinds: one for low angles of elevation, and the second for columbiads where great angles of elevation are required. The elevating arc is made of brass and attached to the upper edge of the right cheek, and may be folded down. It is employed to measure the elevation of the piece. ROBERTS & BENTON. (See CHASSIS; COLUMBIAD.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 150).


CARRINGTON, Henry Beebee, soldier, born in Wallingford, Connecticut, 2 March, 1824. He was graduated at Yale in 1845, was a teacher of chemistry and Greek in Irving Institute, New York, in 1846–’7, studied in the law-school at New Haven, and was for some time a teacher in the New Haven ladies' collegiate Institute. In 1848 he began the practice of law in Columbus, Ohio, and was active in the anti-slavery agitation. He was a member of the convention that organized the Democratic Party on 13 July, 1854, and chairman of the committee a pointed to correspond with other states and make the movement national. As judge-advocate-general, on the staff of Governor Chase, he aided in the organization of the state militia in 1857, in anticipation of a Civil War. He was afterward appointed inspector-general, and was adjutant-general of Ohio when the war began. When President Lincoln issued the first call for troops he organized and placed in western Virginia nine regiments of militia before the muster of the three-months' volunteers. On 14 May, 1861, he received an appointment in the regular army as colonel of the 18th U.S. Infantry. He commanded the camp of instruction at Camp Thomas, Ohio, took a brigade into the field at Lebanon, Kentucky, served as chief muster-officer in Indiana in 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 29 November, 1862, and on the occasion of Morgan's raid returned to Indiana, commanded the militia of that state, aided in raising the siege of Frankfort, Kentucky, and afterward exposed the “Sons of liberty.” He was mustered out of the volunteer service in September, 1865, and in November was president of a military commission to try guerillas at Louisville, Kentucky. Joining his regiment on the plains, he commanded Fort Kearny, Nebraska, and in May, 1866, opened a road to Montana, amid harassing attacks from the hostile Sioux. He conducted military operations in Colorado till the close of 1869, and on 11 December, 1870, was retired from active service on account of wounds and exposure in the line of duty. From the beginning of 1870 till 1873 he was professor of military science and tactics at Wabash College, Indiana, and after that devoted himself to literary labor. He published, in 1849, “Russia as a Nation ” and “American Classics, or Incidents of Revolutionary Suffering.” Before the assault on Fort Sumter he delivered an address on “The Hour, the Peril, and the Duty,” which was published, with two other orations on the war, in a volume entitled “Crisis Thoughts” (Philadelphia, 1878). He published, in 1868, “Ab-sa-ra-ka, Land of Massacre,” embodying his wife's experience on the plains, extended in later editions so as to embrace an account of Indian wars and treaties between 1865 and 1879, and in 1876 published a work on the “Battles of the American Revolution” (New York). The forty large maps accompanying the work were drawn by the author, who, in 1881, published separately “Battle-Maps and Charts of the American Revolution.” General Carrington has given much time to a work that will appear under the title “Battles of the Bible.” Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 536.


CARRION CROW BAYOU, LOUISIANA, October 18, 1863. 1st Cavalry Brigade, 19th Army Corps. The "Record of Events" of the cavalry division during the operations of the corps in the Teche country, says: "The 1st Texas and 1st Louisiana cavalry, then composing the 1st brigade, Colonel E. J. Davis commanding, and a portion of the 2nd brigade, formed the advance under Major-General Franklin, moving up Bayou Teche to Bayou Bourbeau. At Vermillion bayou and Carrion Crow bayou sharp engagements took place between the cavalry force of the enemy, numerically much superior to Colonel Davis' command, resulting in slight loss to our force. Forty prisoners were captured in these affairs." This is the only official mention of the actions. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 224.


CARRION CROW BAYOU, LOUISIANA November 2, 1863. Cavalry, 13th Army Corps. Major-General Washburn reported a determined attack on his cavalry at Carrion Crow bayou, in which 1 man was killed and 2 wounded. Brigadier-General Burbridge, of the 4th division, immediately went in pursuit, and soon overtook a force of some 1,000 Confederates. The enemy formed in line of battle, but was soon driven from his position and compelled to seek shelter in an adjacent woods. After maneuvering for some time to draw them out, Burbridge began to fall back. Then the enemy, who had been reinforced by about 500 additional troops, formed on the Federal left and tried to charge, but was beaten back by an effectual artillery fire. A second attempt was defeated in the same way, and the enemy withdrew. Washburn, believing the attack was merely a demonstration to develop his strength, exposed no more of his force than was necessary.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 225.


CARRION CROW BAYOU, LOUISIANA, November 3, 1863. (See Bayou Bourbeau.)


CARRION CROW BAYOU, LOUISIANA, November 11, 1863. 1st Brigade, 3d Division, and Cavalry Division, 19th Army Corps. Pursuant to orders from General Franklin, the cavalry division, Brigadier-General A. L. Lee commanding, moved out at daylight on the Opelousas road north of Vermillion, Fonda's brigade in advance. A squadron of the 2nd Illinois was sent forward as an advance guard and another squadron of the same regiment was thrown to the right, with orders to move on that flank about half a mile from the main column. The enemy's pickets were soon encountered and the skirmishing continued to within 2 miles of Carrion Crow bayou, when Fonda was directed to halt, and soon afterward was ordered to fall back. The movement was scarcely under way when the Confederates appeared in force on Fonda's rear and Colonel Lew Benedict, commanding the 1st brigade, 3d division, was ordered to the support of the cavalry. He selected a good position, where his men were concealed, and waited. The cavalry fell back through his line, and when the enemy advanced to the mouth of a road opening on the plain Benedict opened with his artillery. This effectually checked the pursuit and in 20 minutes not a Confederate was in sight. The Union loss was 5 killed, 12 wounded and 31 missing. The enemy's loss was not learned.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 225.


CARRION CROW BAYOU, LOUISIANA, November 18, 1863. 6th Missouri Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 225.


CARROL, Samuel Sprigg, soldier, born in Washington, D.C, 21 September, 1832. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1856. Entering the 10th U.S. Infantry, he became captain on 1 November, 1861. He was appointed colonel of the 8th Ohio Volunteers on 15 December, 1861, and served in the operations in Western Virginia from 7 December, 1861 till 23 May, 1862. From 24 May till 14 August 1862, he commanded a brigade of General Shields's division, taking part in the pursuit of the Confederate forces up the Shenandoah in May and June, 1862, and in the battle of Cedar Mountain on 9 August On 14 August he was wounded in a skirmish on the Rapidan. He took part in the Maryland Campaign, and in the Rappahannock Campaign from December, 1862, till June, 1863, being engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and receiving the brevet of major for bravery in the latter action. In the Pennsylvania Campaign he was present at the battle of Gettysburg, where he earned the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. In the battle of the Wilderness he won the brevet of colonel, and in the engagements near Spottsylvania was twice wounded and disabled for service in the field during the rest of the war. He was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 May, 1864, and on 13 March, 1865, received the brevet of brigadier-general, U. S. A, for gallantry at Spottsylvania, and that of major-general for services during the rebellion. On 22 January, 1867, he became a lieutenant-colonel in the regular army. In 1868 he was acting inspector-general of the Division of the Atlantic, and on 9 June, 1869, retired as major-general for disability from wounds received in battle. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 539.


CARROLL, William H., soldier, born about 1820. He commanded a brigade in General Albert Sidney Johnston's Confederate Army, and was stationed at Memphis when General Zollicoffer was repelled at Wild Cat. Anticipating a general revolt against the Confederacy in Tennessee. General Johnston ordered Carroll to march with his brigade into the eastern part of the state to the support of Zollicoffer. The Unionists rose in scattered bands, but dispersed at the approach of the southern troops. On 14 November, 1862, General Carroll, commanding at Knoxville, proclaimed martial law, but on the 24th rescinded the order. In the rout at Fishing Creek, otherwise called the battle of Logan's Cross-Roads, or of Mill Spring, where Zollicoffer fell, Carroll's brigade formed the Confederate rear, and retreated with comparatively slight losses, but abandoned its guns and supplies, he resigned in February, 1863.   Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 539.


CARROLL COUNTY, MISSOURI, April 1-2, 1863. Detachment of the 1st Arkansas Cavalry. Two companies of this regiment, under Captain Worthington, made a scout through Carroll county and returned to Fayetteville, Arkansas, on the 3d, having dispersed McFarlane's band of bushwhackers, killing 22 of them and taking 7 prisoners. McFarlane himself was reported as being among those killed. Worthington's loss was 1 man slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 225.


CARROLL'S MILL, LOUISIANA, April 7-8, 1864. (See Bayou de Paul.)


CARROLL STATION, TENNESSEE, December 19, 1862. (See Forrest's Expedition into West Tennessee.)

CARROLLTON, ARKANSAS, January 10, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 225.


CARROLLTON, ARKANSAS, March 13, 1864.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 225.


CARROLLTON, ARKANSAS, August 15, 1864. Arkansas Militia. Captain Edy's company attacked Wilson's guerrillas, 50 strong, at Carrollton, and killed Wilson and 3 of his men. Edy's loss was 1 man mortally wounded. Carrollton, Missouri, August 1, 1862.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 225.


CARROLLTON, MISSOURI, October 17, 1864. Detachment of Enrolled Missouri Militia. This affair was the surrender of the garrison at Carrollton, commanded by Major George Deagle, of the 65th regiment. Early on the morning of the 17th the pickets north of town retired before they had been relieved and Deagle ordered out new pickets. Before they had reached their posts a considerable force of the enemy made its appearance and an unconditional surrender of the town was demanded. This was refused and about this time the pickets south of the town came in with the report that a large force of the enemy was approaching from that direction. A consultation was then held, in which Deagle agreed to surrender, provided that his men were paroled and allowed to return to their homes; the officers to retain their horses and side arms; and all private property was to be protected. After the terms had been agreed upon the Union men were marched to the court-house, where the officers were paroled, but Major Cravens, the Confederate paroling officer, informed Deagle that the men would have to be marched to Shelby's headquarters at Waverly before they could be paroled. Nor was this the only feature of the agreement that was violated by the Confederates. The town was plundered, the officers deprived of their horses and side arms and several private citizens were arrested. Deagle went with the enemy to Waverly to see that the men were paroled, but Shelby had left that place before Cravens' party arrived. Cravens then paroled all the men except 6, who were turned over to Anderson's guerrilla gang and were shot. At the time the attack was made on Carrollton the garrison numbered 160 men and was short of ammunition. The strength of the enemy was estimated at 800.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 225-226.


CARROLTON STORE, VIRGINIA, March 13, 1864. 1st New York Mounted Rifles and 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 223.

CARRSVILLE, VIRGINIA, November 17, 1862. Major-General John J. Peck reported that Major Wetherill, with 150 men, came upon 400 Confederate cavalry about noon, half-way between Carrsville and Holland's corners, but retired fighting toward the former place. No casualties reported. Carrsville, Virginia, January 30 1863. (See Deserted House.) Carrsville, Virginia, May 15, 1863. Detachment of the 7th Army Corps. Colonel R. S. Foster was sent out with a body of troops to cover the work of constructing a railroad from Suffolk to Blackwater. On the 15th a sharp skirmish occurred at Holland's house, near Carrsville, in which the Union loss was 9 men wounded, 1 horse killed, and a caisson belonging to Davis' battery riddled. The enemy tried to force the picket line, but failed to do so. Between 5 and 7 p. m. he fired about sixty shot and shell down the railroad. He then advanced within canister range, when he was driven back with heavy loss. Foster remained on duty from the 12th to the 26th, during which time 36 miles of railroad were completed.


CARRSVILLE, VIRGINIA, May 18, 1863. 170th New York Volunteers.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 226.


CARSON, Christopher, better known as “Kit Carson,” soldier, born in Madison County, Kentucky, 24 December, 1809; died at Fort Lynn, Colorado, 23 May, 1868. While he was an infant his parents emigrated to what is now Howard County, Missouri, but was then a wilderness. At the # of fifteen he was apprenticed to a saddler, with whom he continued two years, and then he joined a hunting expedition, thus beginning the adventurous life that made him one of the most picturesque figures of western history. For eight years he was on the plains, leading the life of a trapper, until he was appointed hunter for the garrison at Bent's Fort, where he remained eight years more. After a short visit to his family he met, for the first time, General (then Lieutenant) John C. Frémont, by whom his experience in the backwoods was at once appreciated, and by whom, also, he was engaged as guide in his subsequent explorations. In this capacity he was eminently useful, and to him is probably due much of the success of those explorations. He was perhaps better known to a larger number of Indian tribes than any other white man, and from his long life among them learned their habits and customs, understood their mode of warfare, and spoke their language as his mother tongue. No one man did more than he in furthering the settlement of the northwestern wilderness. In 1847 Carson was sent to Washington as bearer of despatches, and was then appointed second lieutenant in the mounted rifles, U. S. Army. This appointment, however, was negatived by the Senate. In 1853 he drove 6,500 sheep over the mountains to California, a hazardous undertaking at that time, and, on his  return to Laos, was appointed Indian agent in New Mexico. Under this appointment he was largely instrumental in bringing about the treaties between the United States and the Indians. He was an instinctive judge of character and knowing the  Indians so thoroughly, his cool judgment and wisdom in dealing with them, even under the most trying circumstances, enabled him to render important services to the U. S. Government. During the Civil War he repeatedly rendered great service to the government in New Mexico, Colorado, and the Indian Territory, and was brevetted brigadier-general for his meritorious conduct. At its close, he resumed his duties as Indian agent. In this relation to the Indians he visited Washington, in the winter and early spring of 1868, in company with a deputation of their men, and made a tour of several of the northern and eastern states. Unlike most of the trappers and guides, General Carson was a man of remarkable modesty, and in conversation never boasted of his own achievements. See “Life of Kit Carson, the Great Western Hunter,” by Charles Burdett (Philadelphia, 1869). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p 540.


CARTE BLANCHE. A blank paper sent to a person, to fill up with such conditions as he may think proper to insert. In the general acceptation of the term, it implies an authority to act at discretion. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 150).


CARTEL. An agreement between two hostile powers for a mutual exchange of prisoners. (See WAR.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p.150 ).


CARTER, John C., naval officer, born in Virginia in 1805; died in Brooklyn, New York, 24 November, 1870. He was appointed to the naval service from Kentucky, 1 March, 1825, served on the sloop "Lexington" in 1827, and on the frigate "Delaware," of the Mediterranean Squadron, in 1829-'30, was promoted passed midshipman, 4 June, 1831, and commissioned as lieutenant, 9 February, 1837. He served on the steamer " Mississippi," of the Home Squadron, during the Mexican War. On 14 September, 1855, he was made commander. In 1862 he commanded the steamer "Michigan " on the lakes. After the war he was placed in command of the receiving ship " Vermont" and of the naval rendezvous at San Francisco. He was commissioned as commodore on the retired list on 4 April, 1867. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 541.


CARTER, Robert, 1819-1879, Albany, New York, newspaper editor.  Member and active in the Free Soil Party.  Edited the Boston Commonwealth, a paper of the Free Soilers.  Early member of the Democratic Party.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 541-542)

CARTER, Robert, editor, born in Albany, New York, 5 February, 1819; died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 15 February, 1879. He received a common-school education, and passed one term in the Jesuit College of Chambly, Canada. In his fifteenth year he was appointed assistant librarian in the state library at Albany, where he remained till 1838. At this time he began to publish poems and sketches in the daily papers, his first contribution being a long poem, which he dropped stealthily into the editor's letterbox, and which appeared the next day with flattering comments, but so frightfully misprinted that he hardly knew it. This experience and a natural aptitude led him to acquire proof-reading as an accomplishment, at which he became very expert. In 1841 he went to Boston, where he formed a life-long friendship with James Russell Lowell, and together they began “The Pioneer,” a literary monthly magazine, which Duyckinck says was “of too fine a cast to be successful.” Nevertheless, it’s want of success was due, not to the editors, but to the publisher, who mismanaged it and failed when but three numbers had been issued. Among the contributors were Poe, Hawthorne, Whittier, Neal, Miss Barrett (afterward Mrs. Browning), and the sculptor Story. Mr. Carter began in its pages a serial novel entitled “The Armenian's Daughter.” He next spent two years in editing statistical and geographical works, and writing for periodicals. His story, “The Great Tower of Tarudant,” ran through several numbers of the “Broadway Journal,” then edited by Poe. In 1845 he became a clerk in the post-office at Cambridge, and in 1847-'8 was private secretary to Prescott the historian. His elaborate article on the character and habits of Prescott, written for the New York “Tribune” just after the historian's death in 1859, was re-published in the memorial volume issued by the Massachusetts Historical Society. Mr. Carter joined the Free-Soil Party in 1848, and in 1850 wrote for the Boston “Atlas” a series of brilliant articles in reply to Francis Bowen's attack on the Hungarian revolutionists. These articles were re-published in a pamphlet, “The Hungarian Controversy” (Boston, 1852), and are said to have caused the rejection of Mr. Bowen's nomination as professor of history at Harvard. At the same time Carter edited, with Kossuth's approval, a large volume entitled “Kossuth in New England” (Boston, 1852). In 1851-'2 he edited, at first as assistant of John G. Palfrey and afterward alone, the Boston “Commonwealth,” the chief exponent of the Free-Soilers. For two years he was secretary of the state committee of the Free-Soil Party, and in the summer of 1854 he obtained the consent of the committee to call a convention, which he did without assistance, sending out thousands of circulars to men whose names were on the committee's books. The convention met in Worcester, 20 July, was so large that no hall could contain it, and held its session in the open air. A short platform drawn up by him was adopted, together with the name “Republican,” and on his motion a committee of six was appointed to organize the new party, John A. Andrew being made its chairman. In 1855 Carter edited the Boston “Telegraph,” in conjunction with W. S. Robinson and Hildreth the historian; in 1856 he edited the “Atlas”; and in 1857-'9 he was Washington correspondent of the New York “Tribune.” His next work was with Messrs. Ripley and Dana on the first edition of the “American Cyclopædia” (1859-'63), in which many important articles were from his pen, including “Egypt,” “Hindostan,” “Mormons,” and the history of the United States. In January, 1864, he was appointed private secretary of the treasury agent whose headquarters were at Beaufort, South Carolina; and from July of that year till October, 1869, he edited the Rochester, New York, “Democrat,” doing such work for it as was seldom done on any but metropolitan journals. When news came of the assassination of President Lincoln, he wrote, without consulting any book or memoranda, an article giving a brief but circumstantial account, with dates, of every celebrated case of regicide. He was editor of “Appletons’ Journal” in 1870-'3, and then became associate editor for the revision of the “American Cyclopædia.” But in 1874 impaired health compelled him to discontinue his literary work, and in the next three years he made three tours in Europe. He was the author of “A Summer Cruise on the Coast of New England” (Boston, 1864), which passed through several editions; and he left unpublished memoirs, of which only the first volume was complete in manuscript.—His first wife, Ann Augusta Gray, was a successful writer of poems and tales for the young.—His second wife, Susan Nichols, is principal of the female art school in Cooper Institute, New York, and has published hand-books of art and contributed largely to periodicals.  Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888. Vol. I,  pp. 541-542.


CARTER, Samuel Powhatan, naval officer and soldier, born in Elizabethtown, Carter County, Tennessee, 6 August, 1819. He was educated at Princeton, but was never graduated, and on 14 February, 1840, became a midshipman in the U.S. Navy. He was promoted to passed midshipman, 11 July, 1846, assigned to the "Ohio," and served on the eastern coast of Mexico during the Mexican War, being present at the capture of Vera Cruz. From 1851 till 1853 he was assistant instructor of infantry tactics at the Naval Academy. He was made lieutenant 18 April, 1855, assisted in the capture of the Barrier Forts near Canton, China, in 1856, and was complimented for gallantry on that occasion. He was ordered again to the Annapolis naval school as assistant instructor of seamanship in 1857. On 11 July. 1861, he was temporarily transferred to the war Department, for the special duty of organizing troops from east Tennessee. He was appoint colonel of the 2d Tennessee Volunteers, was given the appointment of acting brigadier-general of volunteers in September, and received his full commission 1 May, 1862. He was at Zollicoffers repulse at Wild Cat, Kentucky in October, 1861, at Mill Spring in January, 1862, commanded in the operations against Cumberland Gap, and was at its capture, on 17 June, 1862. In December, 1862, he commanded a cavalry expedition which cut the east Tennessee Railroad, destroying nearly 100 miles of the track, besides inflicting other damage, and received the thanks of the general-in-chief of the army. He commanded the division of central Kentucky in March, 1863, was assigned to the command of the cavalry division, 23d Army Corps, July, 1863, and had the advance when Burnside occupied East Tennessee. He defeated Morgan, 28 August, 1863, and Smith, 29 August, and was present, at the siege of Knoxville, December, 1863. He commanded a division under Scofield in the Carolina Campaign of 1865, and was brevet major-general on 13 March. He was mustered out of the army in January, 1866, and returned to the U.S. Navy, becoming commander 23 June, 1865,  as commandant of the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis from 1869 till 1872, being promoted to captain 28 October, 1870; was a member of the light-house board from 1876 till 1880, was commissioned commodore 13 November, 1878, and retired 6 August, 1881. On 18 May, 1882, he was made a rear-admiral.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 542-543.


CARTER COUNTY, Kentucky, August 27, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 226.


CARTER CREEK PIKE, Tennessee, April 2, 1863. Cavalry, Army of Kentucky. Major-General Gordon Granger, commanding the Army of Kentucky, reported to General Rosecrans on this date the capture of 2 lieutenants and 8 privates killed by a scouting party sent out on the Carter creek pike. Union loss 2 killed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 226.


CARTER CREEK PIKE, Tennessee, April 27, 1863. Detachment of Granger's Cavalry. About 1 a. m. General Granger, who was encamped at Franklin, pushed out his cavalry between the Columbia and Carter creek pikes to surprise and capture the Texas legion, camped about 8 miles from the town. The camp was reached and surrounded about daybreak, capturing the entire force, consisting of 9 commissioned officers and 112 men, together with 300 horses and mules, 8 wagons, all their arms, ammunition, camp and garrison equipments, etc. The capture was made within a mile of General Van Dorn's main body. Several of the enemy were killed and wounded in the encounter, but the Union force did not meet with any casualty.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 226.


CARTER'S DEPOT, TENNESSEE, September 21-23, 1863. (See Carter's Station.)


CARTER'S FARM, VIRGINIA, July 20, 1864. Detached Troops, Army of West Virginia. Brigadier-General W. W. Averell, commanding the 2nd cavalry division, with 1,000 cavalry, Duval's infantry brigade, 1,350 strong, and two batteries, left Parkersburg, West Virginia, on the 15th for Martinsburg. On the morning of the 20th he sent all the 14th Pennsylvania cavalry but 200 men to attack the enemy at Berryville. About the same time he was joined by some 300 cavalry from Martinsburg, and with his whole force moved forward. At Carter's farm, about 3 miles north of Winchester, the enemy opened fire from 4 guns concealed in the timber, and at the same time moved a brigade of cavalry on each of Averell's flanks. Averell hurried his artillery into position and' the infantry was formed in line of battle, the cavalry being thrown to the flanks to repel the attacks there. The concentrated fire from 12 guns and the steady advance of the infantry proved too much for the Confederates, who were thrown into confusion, when the Union troops pressed forward and drove them toward Winchester. Averell's loss was 53 killed, 155 wounded and 6 missing. The enemy lost 73 killed, 130 wounded and 250 captured. Four cannon were abandoned by the Confederates in their flight. Carter's Run, Virginia, September 6, 1863. 2nd Division Cavalry Corps. The pickets of the 1st brigade were attacked about 10 a. m. The sentinel left his post without giving any notice, thus giving the enemy an opportunity to surprise the picket. In the skirmish the Federals lost 2 men killed and 5 captured, together with 20 horses and 3 mules. The officer in charge was Lieutenant Lyon, of the 1st Pennsylvania cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 227.


CARTER'S STATION, TENNESSEE, September 21-23, 1863. 3d and 4th Divisions, 23d Army Corps. In the East Tennessee campaign Cameron's brigade— 2nd brigade, 3d division—moved on the 21st from Jonesboro to Carter's station, or depot, skirmishing with the enemy along the line of march. The next day he was joined by Colonel Gilbert with the 1st brigade. General S. P. Carter, commanding the 4th division, also arrived on the ground that day after a four hours' fight with the Confederate forces under Milton A. Haynes. On the 23d the enemy evacuated Carter's station and the 3d division moved back to Jonesboro, followed by the 4th on the 24th.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 227.


CARTER'S STATION, TENNESSEE, September 30, 1864. 4th Division, 23d Army Corps. This was an incident of the raid into southwestern Virginia. The division, under command of Brigadier-General Jacob Ammen, left Bull's gap, Tennessee, with 2,450 men on the 27th and marched to Greeneville. The next day the advance met a small body of Confederates near Rheatown and killed 3 of them in a skirmish. On the 29th a small force was encountered at Jonesboro and another skirmish followed. Later in the day the 15th Pennsylvania cavalry met another party and drove them over the Watauga river on the Duvall's ferry road, and on the 30th the division marched to Carter's station. Here the enemy was found in some force and driven across the river, where he took up a strong position. Night coming on before the artillery could be brought into position to dislodge him, further operations were postponed until next morning. On October 1, the guns were placed and by noon the Confederates were shelled from their position, retreating in the direction of Zollicoffer.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 227.


CARTERSVILLE, GEORGIA, May 20, 1864. 3d Division, 23d Army Corps. In the Atlanta campaign the division, commanded by Brigadier-General J. D. Cox, on this date advanced from Cassville to Cartersville, meeting stubborn resistance all the way. Reilly's brigade was deployed on the left of the road, Hurt's on the right, and the rest of the command followed in column. The Confederates were driven through Cartersville and across the Etowah river, but they managed to destroy the railroad bridge in their retreat. As an act of retaliation the Federals destroyed the Etowah mills a day or two later. No casualties reported. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 227.


CARTERSVILLE, GEORGIA, July 24, 1864. Cartersville, Georgia, September 20, 1864. Carthage, Arkansas, November 27, 1862. 2nd Kansas Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 228.


CARTHAGE, MISSOURI, July 5, 1861. Missouri State Troops. All the men engaged in this fight, on both sides, were Missourians. The Union forces, commanded by General Franz Sigel, consisted of 550 men of the 3d regiment, 400 of the 5th, and two batteries of 4 guns each, numbering in all about 1,500 men. Opposed to this force were about 4,000 infantry and cavalry and two batteries, under the command of Governor Jackson. On the evening of the 4th Sigel encamped on Spring river southeast of Carthage. The next morning he resumed his march and about halfway between Dry Fork creek and Carthage he found the enemy drawn up in line of battle—probably 3,500 men—with a strong reserve in the rear. The Union advance was soon engaged and Sigel disposed his forces as follows: Two companies of the 3d regiment and 2 pieces of artillery were sent to the assistance of the advance guard; one company of the same regiment and a piece of artillery were left to guard the train; the 2nd battalion of the 3d was placed on the left; next to this were 4 pieces of artillery; the 5th regiment, in two battalions, in the center; then the remaining three guns, and on the right the 1st battalion of the 3d regiment. When his line was thus formed the entire body was advanced a few hundred yards, when the whole seven pieces of artillery opened on the Confederate center. Under this direct attack the enemy's lines began to waver, but before Sigel could press his advantage he discovered that two detachments of mounted troops were making efforts to gain both his right and left flanks, which caused him to change his tactics and assume the defensive in order to save his train. Part of the troops were therefore ordered behind Dry Fork creek, while two battalions and the 4 guns of Wilkin's battery were hurried to the defense of the train. At Dry Fork Essig's battery took a position behind the ford, where, assisted by one company of the 5th and two companies of the 3d regiment, he held the enemy in check for two hours and inflicted severe losses. This enabled Sigel to reach Carthage, where he sent the train safely out of the way of capture and took a position on the heights north of the town. Sending detachments to keep open . his communication with Springfield and Mount Vernon, Sigel now took possession of the town long enough to give his troops a brief rest, after which he commenced his retreat toward Sarcoxie, under protection of the artillery, pausing now and then long enough to fire a few shots at the advancing enemy. The Confederates soon tired of the sport and withdrew the pursuit. The Union loss for the day was 13 killed and 31 wounded. The Confederates reported a loss of 40 or 50 killed and 120 wounded, but it was probably greater. This engagement brought Sigel into notice as a master in conducting a running fight against almost overwhelming odds.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 228.


CARTHAGE, MISSOURI, March 19-20, 1862. 5th Kansas Cavalry. The expedition against Carthage, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Powell Clayton, left camp at Dry Wood about 2 p. m. on the 19th and marched 8 miles, when Clayton sent Captain Creitz, with a portion of his company, to occupy Lamar and march to Carthage on the following day. The main body moved to Carthage on the 20th by a different route. Creitz reached the place first, dashed into town, captured 15 or 20 of the leading Confederate sympathizers, and took possession of Johnson's mill with a large quantity of wheat. While on the march the main body's advance was fired upon by some guerrillas from ambush and 3 men were wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 228.


CARTHAGE, MISSOURI, November 27, 1862, January 13, May 16, June 27-28, and October 2, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 228.


CARTHAGE, MISSOURI, May 26, 1863. 2nd Kansas Cavalry. A scouting party Page 229 of this regiment, under command of Colonel W. F. Cloud, overtook a party of some 100 Confederates near Carthage and attacked them about daylight. The enemy fled at the first fire and Cloud spent some time in scouring the woods in pursuit. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 228-229.

CARTHAGE, MISSOURI, July 21, 1864. Detachment of the 7th Enrolled Missouri Militia. Lieutenant Henry, with 25 men, was attacked within a short distance of Carthage by about 125 Confederates under Captain Rusk. Henry and 8 of his men were killed at the first fire and several others were missing. The company in the fort at Carthage offered Henry no assistance, .deeming the enemy too strong. Carthage, Missouri, September 22, 1864. Missouri State Militia. Major Milton Burch, commanding the post at Neosho, reported to General Sanborn on the 23d that the town of Carthage had been burned by guerrillas the day before. Troops sent from Neosho had a fight with the guerrillas, but at the time Burch made his report the particulars of the engagement had not been learned, except that the enemy had been driven from the town. No further mention of the affair occurs in the official reports of the war. Carthage, Tennessee, January 23, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 229.


CARTHAGE, TENNESSEE, March 8, 1863. Detachment, 11th Ohio Infantry. Captain George Johnson, with 55 men, was escorting a forage train to Carthage. When near his destination he was attacked by 140 Confederate cavalry, surrounded and captured, with his entire company. The enemy fired but once, wounding 3 men slightly and 1 seriously. Carthage Road, Tennessee, November 28, 1862. 2nd Indiana Cavalry. On the morning of the 28th a forage train of 10 wagons was sent out from the camp under an escort of 40 men, in charge of Lieutenant Brush. When about 2 miles from Hartsville, on the Carthage road, the train was attacked in both front and rear by some 200 Confederates, commanded by Colonel Bennett, and the train was surrendered without resistance. A few of the men escaped and brought the news to Major Hill, who promptly ordered out the regiment and started in pursuit. At the Cumberland river, near Rome, he found Bennett's party encamped. Hill halted to wait for the main body of his men to come up, but the Confederates beginning to make demonstrations, he ordered a charge with the 90 men at hand. The charge was successfully executed, the men firing their revolvers at the enemy at short range and throwing him into confusion. The Confederates then massed at the farther end of the bridge to dispute the passage. Hill dismounted some of his men, the main body having in the meantime arrived on the scene, and opened fire on the enemy, who again broke in confusion. A charge was then made across the bridge, those in the camp dispersed, 7 of the wagons and 8 of the prisoners recaptured. Hill then pursued the fleeing Confederates for 10 or 12 miles, when they were reinforced and he returned to camp, bringing off the recaptured property and a wagon belonging to Bennett. The Federal loss in the affair was 37 men missing and 3 men who were killed while prisoners. The loss of the enemy was not definitely learned, though 12 were seen lying dead in the road near the bridge.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 229.


CARTRIDGE. Bullets for small arms are made by pressure. To prepare the lead for the press, it is cast into cylinders or drawn out into wires somewhat less in diameter than the bullet. One press can make 3,000 bullets in an hour. Bullets may also be cast in moulds and afterwards swaged in a die to proper size and shape.

Table of dimensions for formers for making cartridges with elongated expanding bullets. (The dimensions are referred to the plate by means of the letters placed opposite to them.)

Altered musket. New rifle musket. Pistol carbine. Inches. Inches. Inches.  Outer wrapper.  Cylinder case. Cylinder wrapper.

The diameters of the round sticks on which the powder cases are formed should be .69 inch for the old, and .58 inch for the new calibre. This will make the exterior diameter of the case somewhat larger than the bullet, and will prevent the outer wrapping from binding around its base when the cartridge is broken. The outer wrapper should not be made of too strong paper: that prescribed in the Ordnance Manual for blank cartridges, and designated as No. 3, will answer a better purpose for these cartridges than that designated as No. 1. The cylinder case should be made of stiff rocket paper, No. 4; and its wrapper may be made of paper No. 1, 2, or 3. Before enveloping the bullets in the cartridges, their cylindrical parts should be covered with a melted composition of one part beeswax and three parts tallow. It should be applied hot, in which case the superfluous part would run off; care should be taken to remove all of the grease from the bottom of the bullet, lest by coming in contact with the bottom of the case it penetrate the paper and injure the powder. The bullets being thus prepared, and the grease allowed to cool, the cartridges are made up as follows, viz.: place the rectangular piece of rocket paper, called the cylinder case, on the trapezoidal piece, called the cylinder wrapper, as shown by the broken lines of Fig. 102, and roll them tightly round the former stick, allowing a portion of the wrapper to project beyond both case and stick. Close the end of the case by folding in this projecting part of the wrapper. To prevent the powder from sifting through the bottom, paste the folds, and press them on to the end of the stick, which is made slightly concave to give the bottom a form of greater strength and stiffness. After the paste is allowed to dry, the former stick is inserted in the case, and laid upon the outer wrapper, (the oblique edge from the operative, the longer vertical edge towards his left hand,) and snugly rolled up. The bullet is then inserted in the open end of the cartridge, the base resting on the cylinder case, the paper neatly choked around the point FIG 103 of the bullet, and fastened by two half hitches of cartridge thread. The former stick is then withdrawn, the powder is poured into the case, and the mouth of the cartridge is “pinched “or folded in the usual way. To use this cartridge, tear the fold and pour out the powder; then seize the bullet end firmly between the thumb and fore finger of the right hand and strike the cylinder a smart blow across the muzzle of the piece; this breaks the cartridge and exposes the bottom of the bullet; a slight pressure of the thumb and forefingers forces the bullet into the bore clear of all cartridge paper. In striking the cartridge the cylinder should be held square across, or at right angles to the muzzle; otherwise, a blow given in an oblique direction would only bend the cartridge without rupturing it. Cartridges constructed on these principles present a neat and convenient form for carrying the powder and bullet attached to each other, and they obviate two important defects of the elongated bullet cartridges in common use, viz.: the reversed position of the bullet in the cartridge, and the use of the paper wrapper as a patch. (Fig. 103.)

Cartridge-bags for field-pieces should be made of wild-bore, merino or bombazette, composed entirely of wool, free from any mixture of thread or cotton, which would be apt to retain fire in the piece. The texture and sewing should be close enough to prevent the powder sifting through. Untwilled stuff is to be preferred. Flannel may be used when other materials cannot be obtained. The bag is of two rectangular pieces, which forms the cylinder, and a circular piece for the bottom. As the stuff does not stretch in the direction of its length, the long side of the rectangle should be taken in that direction, otherwise the cartridge might become too large for convenient use.

Blank-cartridge Bags, or those intended for immediate use, may be made of two rectangular pieces with semicircular ends sewed together. The pieces are marked out with stamps made of one-inch board with a handle in the middle of one side, and on the other two projecting rims of copper or tin, parallel to each other and half an inch apart.

Siege and Garrison Cartridges consist of the charge of powder in a bag, and the projectile always separate from the cartridge.

The Cartridge-bags are usually made of woollen stuff. They are made of two pieces, in the form of a rectangle with semicircular end, which are marked out with stamps and sewed together as described for making blank-cartridge bags for the field service, and are filled, preserved, and packed in the same way.

Paper Bags. Bags for heavy ordnance may be made entirely of paper. The bottom is circular, and one end of the cylindrical part is cut into slips about one inch long, which are pasted over the paper bottom on a cylindrical former. When a paper bag is filled, the open end is folded down about three-fourths of an inch wide, and this fold is rolled on itself down to the powder, and the part which projects beyond the cylinder is turned in on the top of it. The bags are apt to leave paper burning in the gun, for which reason those made of woollen stuff are preferable. Bags are sometimes made of both paper and woollen stuff, by forming the cylindrical part of paper, and sewing to it a bottom of woollen stuff made of two semicircular pieces. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 150-153).


CARTS AND KITCHEN CART. A system of army transportation proposed by Colonel Cavalli. (See AMBULANCE; WAGON.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 153).


CARTWRIGHT, Peter, 1785-1872, born in Virginia, went to Kentucky in 1790, then to Illinois in 1824, state senator in Ohio (Dumond, 1961, p. 93; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 544-545; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. II, Pt. 1, p. 546)

CARTWRIGHT, Peter, clergyman, born in Amherst County, Virginia, 1 September, 1785; died near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon County, Illinois, 25 September, 1872. His father was a soldier in the revolutionary war, and about 1790 moved with his family to Logan County, Kentucky. At that time, according to his own account, there was not a newspaper printed south of Green River, no schools worth the name, and no mills within forty miles. Clothing was home-made from the cotton and flax, and imported tea, coffee, and sugar were unknown. Methodist preachers had just begun to ride “circuits” in that section, and the Reverend John Lurton obtained permission to hold public services in Mr. Cartwright's cabin when in the neighborhood. After a few years a conference was formed, known as the western conference, the seventh then in the United States. In 1801 a camp-meeting was held at Cane Ridge, at which nearly 2,000 persons were converted. Peter was then a wild boy of sixteen, fond of horse-racing, card-playing, and dancing. He was soon awakened to a sense of his sinfulness, but fought against his convictions for some time, plunging more recklessly than ever into his dissipations, until, after a night's dance and debauch at a wedding some miles from his father's house, he fell under conviction of sin, and began to pray. He sold a favorite race-horse, burned his cards, gave up gambling, to which he was greatly addicted, and, after three months' earnest seeking was converted. He immediately began to preach as a “local,” but in 1803 was received into the regular ministry, and ordained an elder in 1806 by Bishop Asbury. In 1823 Mr. Cartwright moved from the Cumberland District and sought a home in Illinois, settling the year following in Sangamon County, then peopled only by a few hardy and enterprising pioneers. After a few years he was elected to the legislature, wherein his rough-and-ready wit and his unflinching courage made him the victor in many debates. He attended annual conferences with almost unfailing regularity for a series of years, and was always a conspicuous member. Year after year he attended camp-meetings, finding his greatest happiness in them. He was a delegate to numerous general conferences, and retained his interest in religion to the last. From a very early period he was a zealous opponent of slavery, and was rejoiced when the Methodist Episcopal Church was rid of all complicity with it by the division in 1844. Nevertheless, he retained his allegiance to the Democratic Party, and was its candidate for Congress in 1846, in opposition to Abraham Lincoln, who defeated him by a majority of 1,500. For more than fifty years he was presiding elder in the church, which he saw rise, from 72,874 members when he joined it, to about 1,750,000 when he was called away. He was a powerful preacher and a tireless worker. His quaint and eccentric habits, and his exhaustless fund of stories, drawn largely from personal experience, gained favor and popularity wherever he went. Numerous stories are told of his personal prowess in dealing with the rough characters of the frontier, who often sought to interrupt his meetings, and whom, if report be true, he invariably vanquished by moral suasion if possible, or, failing that, by the arm of flesh. In conference meetings he was loved, revered, and dreaded, for he hesitated not to arraign the house of bishops to their face; but his influence was powerful, and his strong good sense often shaped the policy of the whole denomination. He published several pamphlets, of which his “Controversy with the Devil” (1853) was perhaps the most famous. “The Autobiography of the Reverend Peter Cartwright” (New York, 1856) was edited by William P. Strickland. See also Dr. Abel Stevens' “Observations on Dr. Cartwright,” and his many books treating of the history of Methodism, and “The Backwoods Preacher” (London, 1869). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 545-546.


CARUTHERSVILLE, MISSOURI, July 8, 1864. Detachment, 1st Missouri State Militia and 18th U. S. Colored Infantry. Captain Kelling, with 75 men, embarked on board the gunboat Huntress, No. 58, at New Madrid on the 6th, to go in pursuit of a party of guerrillas. Leaving the boat at Quigley's, near the Arkansas line, the next morning, Kelling marched into what was known as the Cowskin Settlement, where he had a skirmish with a small party. On the next day he moved northeast, having several brushes with the enemy during the day and encamped that night at Caruthersville. Kelling reported 8 of the enemy killed in the various skirmishes of the day. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 229.


CARUTHERSVILLE, MISSOURI, December 30, 1864. Detachment of the 2nd Missouri State Militia Cavalry. A party of guerrillas made their appearance in the vicinity of Caruthersville on this date and were pursued by a detachment from that place. The guerrillas lost 1 man killed and 2 horses captured. The noise of the horses' hoofs on the frozen ground, as the Union force approached at a rapid gait, gave the alarm or the entire party could have been captured. Cass Station, Georgia, May 24th, 1864. 1st and 11th Kentucky Cavalry and 50th Ohio Infantry. Wheeler's cavalry made an attack on a wagon train between Cass station and Cassville, capturing about half the wagons and burning the rest. The Union loss was 20 men killed and wounded; Confederate loss not ascertained. Wheeler's force reported at 5,000 to 7,000. Cassville, Georgia, May 19-22, 1864. 4th, 14th and 20th Army Corps. Stanley's division of the 4th corps (Howard's) reached Kingston at 8 a. m. and moved from there in the direction of Cassville. When about half-way to that place the enemy was found posted on high ground at Two-Run creek, and as soon as the head of the Federal column appeared opened fire from a 6-gun battery. Stanley ordered up his artillery, which quickly silenced the enemy's guns, when the division again moved forward some 4 miles to an old mill, where the Confederate infantry was discovered drawn up in two lines and advancing. Three divisions were here formed for action; Wood's on the right, Newton's on the left, and Stanley's in the center. The engagement was opened by artillery from different points, and the enemy again gave way, falling back toward Cassville. The 4th corps then occupied the works abandoned by the Confederates and formed a junction with the 20th corps (Hooker's), but almost immediately the order was received to move at once, straight on to Cassville. Palmer's corps (the 14th) now came up on Howard's right and there was skirmishing all along the line. Johnston's army occupied a strong position at Cassville. Hood's, Polk's and half of Hardee's corps were formed in double lines extending from north to south, while the rest of Hardee's corps was drawn up beyond the railroad and extending toward the river. For several days he had been maneuvering for a position where he could successfully give battle to the advancing Federal forces. His men confidently expected the battle at Cassville. Hood and Polk expressed their opinion very positively on the night of the 19th that neither of them could hold their position next day, because a part of each was enfiladed by artillery. Hardee was for making a stand and giving battle. During the night Johnston withdrew his forces across the Etowah, destroying the railroad bridge in his retreat. The Federal army rested at Cassville until the 23d, an occasional skirmish taking place between detachments of the two armies. Cassville, Missouri, September 21, 1862. 1st Arkansas Cavalry. Cassville, Missouri, June 11, 1862. 37th Illinois Volunteers. Two wagons belonging to this regiment, accompanied by 5 men, were fired on from ambush about 7 miles from Cassville, with the result that 1 man was killed and 2 wounded. The bushwhackers captured 1 prisoner and 4 horses. The number of the attacking party was not ascertained. Cassville, Missouri, July 27, 1863. Detachment of the 2nd Missouri Infantry. A scouting party encountered about 20 Confederates southeast of Cassville, killed 4 and wounded 4, with a loss of 3 men missing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 230.


CARY, Lott, 1780-1828, Charles City County, Virginia, formerly enslaved individual.  Vice President, American Colonization Society, in 1828.  (Burin, 2005, pp. 16-17, 67, 68; Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 548; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 2, Pt. 1, p. 555)

CARY, Lott, Negro slave, born in Charles City County, Virginia, in 1780; died in Monrovia, Africa, 8 November, 1828. In 1804 he was sent to Richmond, and hired out as a common laborer. Gifted with a high order of native intelligence, he soon taught himself. with slight assistance, to read and write, and, having a remarkable memory and sense of order, he became one of the best shipping-clerks in the Richmond tobacco warehouses. Until 1807 he was an unbeliever, but during that year became converted to Christianity, and was ever afterward a leader among the Baptists of his own color. In 1813 he purchased his own freedom and that of his two children for $850. As a freeman he maintained his habits of industry and economy, and when the colonization scheme was organized had accumulated a sum sufficiently large to enable him to pay his own expenses as a member of the colony sent out to the African coast in 1822. He was with the colony during its early wars with the barbarous natives, and rendered invaluable services as a counsellor, physician, and pastor. He was elected vice-agent of the Colonization Society in 1826, and during the absence of Mr. Ashmun, the agent, acted in his place. On the evening of 8 November, 1828, he was making cartridges in anticipation of an attack from slave-traders, when an accidental explosion fatally injured him and seven of his companions. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 548


CARY, Mary Ann Shadd, 1823-1893, African American, abolitionist leader. (Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 446-447; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 2, p. 596)


CASE, Augustus Ludlow, naval officer, born in Newburg, New York, 3 February, 1813. He entered U.S. Navy as midshipman, 1 April, 1828, and became passed midshipman, 14 June, 1834. From 1837 till 842 he was engaged in the South Sea Surveying and Exploring Expedition, and was promoted to lieutenant, 25 February, 1841. He served in the Gulf of Mexico from 1846 till 1848 during the Mexican War, and was present at the capture of Vera Cruz, Alvarado, and Tabasco, superintending the landing of men, ordnance, and stores for the siege of Vera Cruz. After the capture of Laguna he was sent with twenty-five men up the Palisada River to capture the town of the same name in the hope of intercepting General Santa Anna. The town was taken and held for two weeks against a large body of cavalry. Lieutenant Case commanded the sloop-of-war “Warren” in 1852–3, and was light-house inspector at New York from 1853 till 1857. He was promoted, 14 Sept: 1855, and commanded the steamer “Caledonia" on the Paraguay Expedition in 1859. At the beginning of the Civil War Commander Case was appointed fleet-captain of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, took part in the capture of Forts Clarke and Hatteras, 28 and 29 August, 1861, and was specially named by flag-officer Stringham in his report of 2 September At Hampton Roads he rendered valuable assistance to Flag-Officer Goldsborough in manning and equipping the many vessels sent to him in an unprepared condition, and was commended in a report, together with Commander Rowan, for “marked ability and sound sense.” He took part in all the operations of the North Atlantic till January, 1863, when he was assigned to the “Iroquois,” which was fitted to look after the “Alabama.” He had charge of the blockade of New Inlet, North Carolina, in 1863, and in August of that year, aided by the steamers “James Adger” and “Mount Vernon,” cut out the steamer “Kate ” from under Fort Fisher and the other batteries at New Inlet. He became captain, 2 January, 1863, and in 1865-6 was fleet-captain of the European Squadron. He was made commodore, 8 December, 1867, was chief of the ordnance bureau from 1869 till 1873, and promoted to rear-admiral, 24 May, 1872. In 1874 he commanded the combined European, North Atlantic, and South Atlantic fleets assembled at Key West at the time of the “Virinius” difficulties with Spain. On 3 February, 1875, he was placed on the retired list, and has since resided in Newport, Rhode Island.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 549-550.


CASCABLE is the part of the gun in rear of the base ring; it is composed generally of the following parts: the knob, the neck, the fillet, and the base of the breech. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 153).


CASEMATE. Vaulted chamber with embrasures for guns. It is necessary that they should be bomb-proof and distributed along the faces and flanks of the bastion, to serve as quarters and hospital to the garrison in war; but such subterranean barracks are always unwholesome. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 153).


CASE SHOT are small balls enclosed in a case or envelope, which, when broken by the shock of the discharge in the piece, or by a charge of powder within the case, exploding during the flight of the case, scatters the balls. The kinds of case shot in use are GRAPE, CANISTER, and SPHERICAL CASE. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 154).


CASEY, Silas, soldier, born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, 12 July, 1807; died in Brooklyn, New York, 22 January, 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1826, and, entering the 2d U.S. Infantry, served on frontier and garrison duty till 1836, becoming first lieutenant on 28 June of that year. He distinguished himself under Worth in the Seminole War of 1837-'42, and was made captain 1 July, 1839. In the Mexican War he was brevetted major, 20 August, 1847, for his gallant conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, and was at Molino del Rey and the storming of Chapultepec, where he was severely wounded while leading the assaulting column. For his conduct here he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, 13 September, 1847, and he was thanked by the Rhode Island legislature for his services during the war. After this he was engaged on frontier and recruiting service most of the time till the Civil War. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 9th U.S. Infantry, 3 March, 1855, was a member of the board for examining breech-loading arms in 1854–5, and commanded Puget Sound District, Washington Territory, from 1856 till 1857. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 31 August, 1861, and charged with organizing and disciplining the volunteers in and near the capital. He was afterward assigned a division in General Keyes's Corps of the Army of the Potomac, and, occupying with it the extreme advance before Richmond, received the first attack of the enemy at Fair Oaks, 31 May, 1862, for which he was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. Army, and made major-general of volunteers. From 1863 till 1865 he was president of the board for the examination of candidates for officers of colored troops, and on 13 March, 1865, was brevetted major-general in the regular army. In 1867 he again received the thanks of the Rhode Island Legislature for his services in the rebellion, and especially for his bravery, skill, and energy at the battle of Fair Oaks. In 1862 the southern papers published a letter from General Casey to Secretary Stanton, said to have been found in the former's tent at Fair Oaks, and proposing a plan for the permanent military occupation of the south by an army of 160,000 men after the rebellion should be over. He was retired from active service on 8 July, 1868, and served on the retiring board, New York City, till 26 April, 1869. He published " System of Infantry Tactics" (2 vols., New York, 1861) and " Infantry Tactics for Colored Troops " (1863). —His son, Silas, born in Rhode Island, 11 September, 1841, was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1860, became master in 1861, lieutenant in 1862, lieutenant-commander in 1866, and commander in 1874. He was attached to the steamer "Wissahickon" in 1861, and was in the first attack on Fort Sumter and various engagements with the batteries in Charleston Harbor. He was equipment officer at the Washington U.S. Navy- yard in 1882-'4, light-house inspector in 1885, and in 1886 commanded the receiving-ship " Dale." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 550-551.


CASHIERED. When an officer is sentenced by a court-martial, to be dismissed the service, he is said to be cashiered. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 154).


CASS, Lewis, statesman, born in Exeter. New Hampshire, 9 October, 1782; died in Detroit, Michigan, 17 June, 1866. He was the eldest son of

Jonathan Cass, who at the age of nineteen entered the Continental Army, and served throughout the revolution, attaining the rank of captain. After the conclusion of peace he received a commission in the army as major, and was assigned to duty under General Wayne in the territory northwest of the Ohio, his family remaining at Exeter. During this time Lewis was attending the academy in his native town. In 1799 the family moved to Wilmington, Delaware, where Major Cass was temporarily stationed, and where Lewis became a school-teacher. The next year the family migrated westward, travelling partly on foot and partly by boat, and reaching Marietta, the pioneer town of southern Ohio, in October. Major Cass settled upon a tract of land, granted him by the government for his military services, on Muskingum River, near Zanesville, while Lewis remained at Marietta to study law in the office of Governor Meigs. In 1803 he was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Zanesville. His abilities as a jurist and pleader were speedily manifest, and soon secured him a lucrative business and a wide reputation in the thinly settled district north of the Ohio. Becoming well established in his profession, in 1806 he married Elizabeth Spencer, of Virginia, and shortly afterward entered upon his public career as a member of the Ohio legislature. Being placed on the committee instituted to inquire into the supposed treasonable movements of Aaron Burr, he framed the law that enabled the authorities to arrest the men and boats provided for the expedition down the river. He also drew up the official communication to the president embodying the views of the Ohio legislature on the subject. The marked ability of this document attracted Mr. Jefferson's attention, and in 1807 Mr. Cass was appointed marshal of the state, a place which he filled until 1813. At the beginning of the second war with England he joined the forces at Dayton under General Hull, and was made colonel of the 3d Ohio Volunteers, he commanded the advanced guard when the army crossed from Detroit into Canada, drew up the proclamation addressed by the general to the inhabitants, and commanded the detachment that drove in the British outposts at the bridge of Aux Canards. Shortly after this Colonel Cass was included in the capitulation known as Hull's surrender, and, being paroled, hastened to Washington, full of indignation against  Hull, and made the first report of the affair to the U. S. government. After being exchanged he was appointed to the 27th Regiment of Infantry, and was shortly promoted to brigadier-general. He took part in the defeat of the British under General Proctor, at the battle of the Thames in Canada, 5 October, 1813. At the close of the war he was left in command of Michigan, with his headquarters at Detroit, and almost immediately was appointed civil governor of the territory. In 1814 he was associated with General Harrison in a commission to treat with the Indians, who had been hostile to the United States during the war. The number of white inhabitants in the territory was scarcely 6,000; no land had been sold by the United States, and the interior was a vast wilderness, the abode, it was estimated, of 40,000 savages. Settlers could not obtain sure titles to their locations, no surveys had been made, no roads opened inland, and the savages were relentless in their hostility to the whites. Under these discouraging circumstances Cass assumed the responsibilities of governor, and ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs, his jurisdiction extending over the whole territory. During eighteen years his management of Indian and was governed by remarkable wisdom and prudence. He negotiated twenty-two distinct treaties, securing the cession to the United States, by the various tribes, of the immense regions of the northwest, instituted surveys, constructed roads, established military works, built light-houses along the lake shore, organized counties and townships, and, in short, created and set in motion all the machinery of civilized government. In the administration of the extensive financial trusts incident to his position, Governor Cass displayed the most '' honesty, never permitting even the small sum allowed him by the government for contingent expenses to be transferred to his private account until the vouchers had been formally signed and transmitted to Washington. As yet the northwestern territory was imperfectly known, and at his suggestion and was planned in 1820, in which he himself bore a conspicuous part. Accompanied by the ethnologist, Schoolcraft, and six other gentlemen, with Indian guides, they left Detroit in three canoes, for the exploration of the upper lakes and the head-waters of the Mississippi, and traversed 5,000 miles before their return. The results of this and subsequent expeditions were published in the “North American Review” in 1828–'9, and added not a little to the fame of the author. In 1831, when President Jackson reconstructed his cabinet, Cass was appointed Secretary of War, and cordially approved all the distinctive features of that administration. During his incumbency the Black Hawk war occurred, and was vigorously suppressed. The Indian question, too, passed £ a dangerous crisis in the removal of the Cherokees from their hereditary lands in Georgia and Mississippi. In the nullification troubles of 1832, the nullifiers derived no benefit from his presence in the war Department. In 1836 General Cass submitted a celebrated report to Congress upon the military and naval defences of the '' States, embracing an elaborate summary of existing resources, both offensive and defensive. He recommended the erection of a strong chain of coast fortifications, and the maintenance of a powerful navy. Shortly after this, finding his health impaired, he resigned his secretaryship, and was appointed U. S. minister to France. The diplomatic relations between the two countries were at that time in a critical condition, owing to complications regarding the spoliation claims. General Cass temporarily settled the matter by payment of interest. His most important act as minister was his vigorous protest against the quintuple treaty, whereby Britain sought to maintain the right of search on the high seas. Mainly owing to his representations, France refused to ratify the treaty. The protest, in '' form, had an enormous circulation, and the English were greatly incensed. Lord Brougham assailed him in parliament, and Cass replied very effectively in the Senate. During an interval of his diplomatic duties he made a £ voyage in the U.S. frigate “Constitution,” visiting Constantinople and the Mediterranean ports. Finishing his mission to France, he returned home in 1842, and was given a public welcome at New York and Philadelphia. The country was greatly excited over the annexation of Texas. He had been talked of as a Democratic candidate for the presidency, and his opinions upon the important questions of the day were eagerly sought. In the Democratic National Convention of 1844, James K. Polk received the nomination, and was elected to the presidency in the following November, Mr. Cass cordially supporting him throughout the canvass. In January, 1845, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, which place he resigned on his nomination, in May, 1848, as Democratic candidate for the presidency. After the election of his opponent, General Taylor, he was, in 1849, re-elected to the Senate for the unexpired portion of his original term of six years. Here he wielded a powerful influence. He was a strong advocate of compromise, became the chief ally of Henry Clay, and opposed both the southern-rights dogmas and the Wilmot proviso. The latter of these he had been instructed by the legislature to support; but he declared in the Senate that he should resign his seat in case of a direct conflict between his duty and his principles. Originally General Cass was the most prominent candidate for the chairmanship of the committee of thirteen, but himself u the appointment of Mr. Clay to that place. e passage of the resolution constituting that committee was, by the testimony of its mover, Henry S. Foote, chiefly due to his prompting and assistance. He supported the various measures that it originated. save the fugitive-slave law, on the of which, in the Senate, he declined to vote, though resent in his seat. Being re-elected a senator from Michigan for a second term of six years from March, 1851, he still continued a prominent Democratic candidate for the presidency, but, in 1852, as in 1844, he was unsuccessful. This defeat terminated General Cass's aspirations for the chief magistracy, and he remained a member of the Senate until the expiration of his term. In 1857, when Mr. Buchanan entered upon his administration, General Cass accepted the office of Secretary of State. In the secession movements that followed Mr. Lincoln's election, he was, as in 1850, a friend of compromise, sustaining what were then known as the Crittenden resolutions. President Buchanan's message, '' the existence of any power in the constitution by which the general government can coerce a state, was not openly disapproved by Mr. Cass in the cabinet meeting where it was first read. Eight days afterward, however, he re-asserted the Jacksonian principles of 1832-’3, and, when Mr. Buchanan refused to re-enforce Major Anderson and reprovision Fort Sumter, he promptly resigned. His resignation terminated a public career of fifty-six years duration. After that period he mingled little in society, save in the exercise of the hospitalities of his own home. During the Civil War his sympathies were with the national army, and it was a great satisfaction to him that his life was spared to see the ultimate triumph of the government over a rebellion that for a time threatened its existence. General Cass was a man of great natural abilities, a prudent, cautious legislator, a scholar of fine attainments, of the purest integrity, temperate in all his habits, and personally popular throughout the country. His wealth was largely the result of his fortunate original investment in real estate; but the steady increase of his property in value was also due to" able management. His published works are "Inquiries concerning the History, Traditions, and Languages of the Indians living within the United States " (Detroit, 1828); "France, its King, Court, and Government" (New York, 1840). See "Lewis Cass, Outlines of his Life and Character," by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft (Albany, 1848); "Sketches of the Life and Public Services of Lewis Cass," by William T. Young (Detroit, 1852); ' Life and Times of Lewis Cass," by W. L. G. Smith (New York. 1850); and a memorial volume (Detroit, I860.)—His son, Lewis, was appointed charge d'affaires to the papal states in 1849, and in 1854 was promoted to be U. S. minister resident in Italy, where he remained until 1858 Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 551-553.


CASSVILLE, WEST VIRGINIA, September 23, 1861.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 230.


CASTING AWAY Arms and Ammunition. Punishable with death or other punishment, according to the nature of the offence, by the sentence of a general court-martial; (ART. 52.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p.154 ).

CASTLEMAN'S FERRY, VIRGINIA, November 2, 1862. Confederate General McGowan reported that as McClellan was pursuing Lee, after the battle of Antietam, Gregg's and Thomas' brigades, with a battery of artillery, were thrown forward to Castleman's ferry to prevent the Federals from crossing the Shenandoah river at that point. He says: "Gregg's brigade took position, and, under a light fire of artillery, awaited the approach of the enemy, who never reached our side of the ford. In this affair the brigade lost 3 wounded, 1 mortally." Union reports do not mention the engagement. Caston's Plantation, South Carolina, October 22, 1862. (See Brannan's Expedition from Hilton Head.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 230-231.


CASTOR RIVER, MISSOURI, April 29, 1863. (See Bloomfield, same date.)


CASTOR RIVER, MISSOURI, August 1, 1863. (See Round Ponds.)


CASTRAMETATION. The art of encampment. (See CAMP.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 154).


CASUALTIES. A word comprehending all men who die, desert, or are discharged. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 154).


CATAWBA MOUNTAIN, VIRGINIA, June 21, 1864. Army of West Virginia. In the Lynchburg campaign there was considerable skirmishing on this date in the vicinity of Catawba mountain and on the New Castle road. Early in the morning Brigadier-General Duffie, commanding the division, was ordered to proceed to Catawba Mountain gap, clear out the blockade there, and hold the pass until the train had passed through. Duffie executed the order successfully, and after the train had passed sent a regiment to the summit of the mountain to assist the artillery under Captain Carlin, but it arrived too late to be of service, two batteries having already been captured, the guns spiked and the carriages disabled. The cavalry dispersed the enemy, killing and wounding about 30 of them, and the guns were recaptured, but owing to the lack of horses to transport them they were abandoned. Meantime the 2nd division, commanded by Brigadier-General Averell, had been attacked by the Confederate cavalry on the Fincastle road, but the attack was repulsed. That night the army moved to New Castle, and the next day proceeded in the direction of Lewisburg.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 231.


CATAWBA RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA, April 17, 1865. Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee. This engagement was an incident of the expedition planned by Major-General Stoneman, commanding the district, into western North Carolina. When the division reached the Catawba, a short distance east of Morganton, the floor of the bridge was found to be gone and the ford guarded by General McCown, with about 300 men and 1 piece of artillery. General Gillem, commanding the division, sent a detachment of the 8th Tennessee cavalry, under Major Kenner, to cross the river some distance above and gain McCown's rear. Another battalion of the same regiment was dismounted and pushed forward toward the bridge as far as shelter could be found, with orders to engage the enemy until Kenner could get into position. The Confederates opened fire with their cannon. Gillem brought up his battery of 4 guns and replied. The second shot disabled the enemy's gun, and a few more shells drove them from their rifle-pits. The dismounted Tennesseeans then charged over on the sleepers of the bridge and drove the enemy from the ford, killing several and capturing about 50 prisoners. The disabled gun was repaired and brought off.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 231.


CATLETT'S GAP, GEORGIA, September 14-18, 1863. 4th Division, 14th Army Corps. Just before the battle of Chickamauga Major-General George H. Thomas, commanding the 14th corps, was maneuvering for position and sending out reconnaissances to develop the enemy's strength. On the 14th General Turchin, commanding the 3d brigade, 4th division, sent the 97th Illinois mounted infantry on a reconnaissance to Catlett's gap in Pigeon mountain. The regiment met with some opposition from the Confederate pickets all the way from Chickamauga creek to the mouth of the gap, where the reserve was found drawn up and a long line of skirmishers deployed to the right of the road. Turchin's orders were to avoid bringing on an engagement and the regiment was withdrawn. On the 16th another reconnaissance was made and Cleburne's division (Confederate) was found posted in the road with a battery of artillery in position. The next day General Reynolds, commanding the 4th division, sent. Company E, 92nd Illinois, from the camp at Pond Spring to open communication with Turchin's brigade. This company skirmished with the enemy, losing 1 man killed, 1 wounded, and 1 missing. General Wheeler, in his report for this date, mentions a fight of several hours, in which he drove the Federals back some distance, developing too large a force to attack, etc. This was probably the skirmish with the company above mentioned, and which was a slight affair. Turchin was relieved at the gap on the 17th and the following day the entire corps moved along Chickamauga creek to Crawfish Spring, and during the night took up a position at Kelly's farm, where it remained until the beginning of the battle of Chickamauga on the 19th.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 231-232.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, August 22, 1862. 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Rifles, Purnell Legion. An attempt was made by a detachment of Stuart's cavalry (Confederate), under cover of darkness and a severe storm, to capture General Pope and his staff and destroy the railroad bridge over Cedar creek at Catlett's station. The Federal pickets were overpowered without alarm, and, guided by a negro, the Confederates made a dash for Pope's headquarters. The general escaped capture, though several prisoners and considerable property fell into the hands of the enemy. They next attacked the Purnell legion, which was guarding the railroad bridge, and the train belonging to General McDowell's command, but were driven off by Colonel Kane, with his rifle regiment. Kane's loss was 5 wounded and his picket guard captured.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 232.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, October 24, 1862. Detachment of 3d West Virginia Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, January 10, 1863. Organizations not specified. Catlett's Station, Virginia, October 6, 1863. 3d Pennsylvania Cavalry. A patrol of this regiment was attacked by a party of about 20 mounted Confederates, who wounded 1 man and carried 2 into captivity. General Terry sent a party in pursuit and the enemy was chased as far as Bristoe Station, but without being overtaken.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 232.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, October 14, 1863. 3d Division, 2nd Army Corps. In the Bristoe campaign the division, Brigadier-General Alexander Hays commanding, crossed Kettle run at Auburn at daybreak and took the road to Catlett's station, on the Orange & Alexandria railroad. Soon after crossing the stream, Owen's brigade, which was in advance, was attacked by a strong force of cavalry and artillery. A light skirmish line was thrown forward, but it was quickly repulsed. The skirmishers were reinforced by the 126th New York, supported by the 12th New Jersey, of Smyth's brigade. Seeing that the Confederates were not disposed to attack, Owen then advanced his whole brigade, when the enemy retired precipitately, leaving 28 prisoners and 7 horses in the hands of the Federals. Among the prisoners was Colonel Ruffin, of the 1st North Carolina cavalry, mortally wounded. Owen's loss was 7 killed and 17 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 232.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, October 19, 30; November 1, 27, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 232.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, November 3, 1863. Detachment of Kilpatrick's Cavalry. Major John S. Mosby, of the Confederate army, in a report dated November 6, says: "I returned yesterday from a scout in the neighborhood of Catlett's. I was accompanied by Captain Smith and 2 men of my command. We killed Kilpatrick's division commissary, captured an adjutant, 4 men, 6 horses, etc." The commissary mentioned by Mosby was Lieutenant Timothy Hedges, of the 2nd New York cavalry, but he was only wounded, and this was the only casualty mentioned in the Federal reports.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 232.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, December 14, 1863. Pennsylvania Reserves. Brigadier-General Crawford reported that a small party of guerrillas, wearing Federal uniforms, made an attack on this date on Colonel M. D. Hardin and some of his officers, while they were examining the vicinity of their camp at Catlett's station for means of additional defense. Hardin was shot through the arm and his horse killed. Colonel Gustin was shot in the hand and his horse wounded. The guerrillas fled in the direction of Warrenton, with a detachment of cavalry in hot pursuit.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 232-233.


CATLETT'S STATION, VIRGINIA, April 16, 1864. Confederate General Stuart, in a report dated April 20, states that a scout of the 4th Virginia cavalry attacked 5 Federals near Catlett's station on the 16th, killing 4, the other escaping. Federal reports make no mention of such an affair.

CATO, KANSAS, November 8, 1862.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 233.


CATOCTIN MOUNTAIN, MARYLAND, September 13, 1862. Pleasonton's Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. The main body of the division moved at daylight from Frederick on the Hagerstown turnpike. Upon arriving at the Catoctin range of the Blue Ridge the Confederates under Wade Hampton opened fire on the advance with artillery. Pleasanton ordered up 2 sections of Robertson's and Hains' batteries, dismounted the 3d Indiana and 8th Illinois and sent them up the mountain to the right as skirmishers, holding the rest of his command in readiness to advance as soon as the enemy showed signs of weakening. After some sharp fighting with both carbines and artillery the Confederates retreated hastily toward Middletown. On the east side of that town they made another stand, when Gibson's battery was brought up and by a few well-directed shots again drove them from their position. Farnsworth's brigade pursued, but a short distance from the town they again took up a position to defend. Gibson's battery routed them again and they fled precipitately to Turner's gap of South mountain, blowing up the bridge over Catoctin creek as they went. Farnsworth followed, but at the foot of the mountain found the enemy in too strong a position to be carried. (See South Mountain.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 233.


CATOCTIN MOUNTAIN, MARYLAND, July 7, 1864. (See Hager's Mountain.)


CATOOSA STATION, GEORGIA, February 23, 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 14th Army Corps, and 39th Indiana Mounted Infantry. The corps left Ringgold in the morning with the 39th Indiana, commanded by Colonel T. J. Harrison, in advance. A feeble stand was made by the Confederate cavalry at Catoosa station, but were driven in the direction of Tunnel Hill, Harrison pursuing. About 2 miles beyond the station the enemy was reinforced by a large body of cavalry under Wheeler, and Harrison was compelled to retire. At this juncture the 1st brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General W. P. Carlin, was hurried to Harrison's support. Finding himself thus supported Harrison reformed his line and attacked the enemy directly in front, while Carlin deployed his command on both sides of the road and steadily advanced. In a little while the Confederates began to fall back and were closely pressed for about 2 miles, when they made a stand behind a barricade of rails. Colonel Briant, with the 88th Indiana, was sent to occupy a hill to the right and rear of the enemy and thus cut off his retreat. The movement was discovered by Wheeler, who abandoned his position and fled precipitately toward Tunnel Hill.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 233.

CATOOSA SPRINGS, GEORGIA, May 3, 1864. McCook's Cavalry. As the 4th corps, under Major-General O. O. Howard, moved from Cleveland to Catoosa Springs the left wing was covered by McCook's cavalry. A short distance east of the springs a detachment of McCook's command met and routed a body of Confederate cavalry in a slight skirmish. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 233.


CATTO, Octavius Valentine, 1839-1871, African American educator, activist, soldier.  Opposed slavery.  Recruited Black soldiers for the Union Army.  Established Union League Association.  Served as a Major in the Army. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 2, p. 611)


CAVALIER is a term applied to a work of more than ordinary height. It is sometimes constructed upon the terre-plein of the bastion, with faces and flanks parallel to those of the bastion which it commands. Cavaliers are not confined to bastions, but are placed wherever a great command of fire is required, and are sometimes traced straight, on other occasions curved. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 154).


CAVALRY. There are two regiments of dragoons, one of mounted riflemen, and two styled cavalry in our army. It has been recommended that these regiments should all be called regiments of cavalry. (See ARMY for their organization.) Cavalry is usually divided into heavy and light cavalry. Heavy cavalry acts in heavy masses. Its essential condition is united ranks. It finds its true type in the mailed chivalry of the middle ages, but it is believed that the general introduction into service of rifled muskets will render heavy cavalry entirely useless in war. Formerly cavalry could move against infantry in columns of squadrons first at a trot, then at a gallop, and finally at full speed from a position taken up within 400 yards of infantry. But now that the cavalry comes within range of the rifle at 1,000 yards, the infantry must be greatly demoralized before cavalry can have the least chance of success in a charge. Accordingly at the camp of Chalons, where all arms of the service were supposed to be represented, heavy cavalry were not seen. Light cavalry on the contrary is intended rather to envelop an enemy. Quickness and agility are its primary conditions. Indefatigable and careless of repose it ought to occupy an enemy during entire hours, harass and fatigue him. If he lays himself open pierce him with the quickness of lightning, and cut him to pieces with the sabre. The cavalry soldier must consider his horse as part of himself, and the perfect management of the horse cannot be learned either in schools, or in a few weeks of practice. If daily exercises are dispensed with, both horse and man return to their natural state, and such mounted men cease to be efficient. The main body in all campaigns against Indians should be infantry. But a small mounted force, kept in high condition, would add much to the efficiency of such a main body. The horses should be well fed; and upon long marches in uninhabited districts this is impossible. The idea of employing such a force as a main body, in order to make rapid marches, is also untenable; for upon long marches of many days, infantry will improve every day, accomplish a greater distance in many successive days, and have at the opportune moment greater vigor than a large cavalry force, necessarily with broken-down horses from want of food; whereas a small cavalry force might be held in hand and maintained in the highest state of efficiency. Cavalry is indispensable in time of war. It will always take a leading part in pursuing a retreating enemy; it is the proper arm in ordinary reconnoissances; it will always serve as eclaireurs, and as escorts, and should, in the present state of the art of war, carry carbines and be prepared for service on foot. It is weakened and destroyed when in a country without forage. Its first cost, its constant maintenance, the defects of its employment, and the system of providing horses make it expensive; but it ought nevertheless to be maintained in a complete state, for its art can only be exercised by men and horses that are properly instructed.

Cavalry Tactics. The individual instruction of men and horses should be regarded as the most important point of the whole system, and should be as simple as possible; the man should be taught to manage his horse with ease and address over all kinds of ground and at all gaits, to swim rivers, to go through certain gymnastic exercises such as vaulting, cutting heads, to fence, to fire very frequently at a mark, and to handle his weapon with accuracy and effect at all gaits, and in all situations. Individual instruction has been recently made a supplementary instruction in France. Every thing in reference to heavy cavalry, lancers, hussars, &c., should be omitted. Insist upon the sabre being kept sharp in the field, provide the men with means of doing so, and lay it down as a rule that the strength of cavalry is in the “ spurs and sabre.” The instruction on foot should be carried no further than its true object requires that is, to bring the men under discipline, improve their carriage, and enable them to comprehend the movements they are to execute mounted. The formation for review, parade, inspection, &c., to bo: the companies deployed in one line, with intervals of 12 paces, or else in a line of columns of companies by platoons, according to the ground. It should be laid down as a fixed rule that no cavalry force should ever charge without leaving a reserve behind it, and that against civilized antagonists the compact charge in line should be used in preference to that as foragers. Columns to be formed with wheeling distance, and closed in mass; when closed in mass, the file-closers close up to 1 pace from the rank, and the distance between the subdivisions to be just enough to permit each company to wheel by fours. Marching columns to be by file, twos, fours, or platoons; by fours and platoons in preference when the ground permits. Columns of manoeuvre to be by fours, platoons, companies, or in double column; the latter always a regimental column, and to be formed on the two central companies, or platoons, without closing the interval between them. Deployments to be made habitually at a gallop, and the individual oblique to be used as much as possible. The instruction in two lines to be provided for. The Russian tactics give a good basis for the system of skirmishers, and charging as foragers. For the use of the mounted rifles, and cavalry acting as such, a thorough system for dismounting rapidly, and fighting on foot, has already been submitted by Captain Maury, and adopted. (Consult MCCLELLAN.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 154-156).


CAVE CITY, KENTUCKY, May 11, 1862. Colonel John Morgan (Confederate) held up a train on the Louisville & Nashville railroad, and captured Major Coffee, of the 1st Kentucky cavalry, and 6 other soldiers, burned 45 freight cars and blew up a locomotive. The passengers were released and they returned to Louisville. Morgan's object was to capture a train loaded with Confederate prisoners on its way northward, but the train was stopped before it reached Cave City and returned to Nashville. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 233.


CAVE CITY, KENTUCKY, September 18, 1862. The only official mention of an engagement at Cave City on this date is in the report of Confederate General Wheeler, who says: "About daylight the enemy's cavalry in large force moved up rapidly in good order toward Cave City, followed by infantry. * * * After resisting the enemy's advance until late in the day, we finally moved toward Glasgow to collect all detachments on the lower roads and protect some trains at that point."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 234.


CAVE SPRING ROAD, GEORGIA, October 13, 1864. 3d Brigade, 4th Division, 15th Army Corps. On the morning of the 13th the brigade crossed the Etowah river and began the march toward Rome, Company E, 7th Illinois infantry, in advance. After marching about 4 miles the advance drove in a Confederate picket in a slight skirmish, and Lieutenant-Colonel Hurlbut, commanding the brigade, sent forward two more companies of the 7th Illinois armed with Henry rifles. Near the five-mile post skirmishing became very brisk, the rest of the regiment was thrown forward and drove the enemy some distance, when he took up a strong position on the crest of a hill behind a barricade of rails. One section of Battery B, 1st Michigan artillery, was brought up and after three or four rounds the Confederates entirely disappeared. Near the junction of the Cave Spring and Coosaville roads they made another stand in some force, with 2 pieces of artillery. The 7th Illinois and 39th la. were deployed as skirmishers, supported by the 50th and 57th Illinois Here the most severe fighting of the day occurred, the skirmishers having to cross an open field, in some places quite swampy, the enemy all the time pouring a galling fire into their ranks. The men advanced steadily, however, and in a little while forced the enemy to abandon his position. Another stand was made a short distance further on, when Colonel Spencer was moved around to the right to cut off the retreat, but before the movement could be carried out Hurlbut received orders to return to Rome. Casualties 6 men wounded. That of the enemy was much greater, but was not definitely learned.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 234.


CEDAR BAYOU, TEXAS, November 23, 1863. 3d Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of the Gulf. On the night of the 22nd the brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General Ransom, encamped at St. Joseph's island. The next morning it resumed the march and about noon reached Cedar bayou to find it guarded by a detachment of the 8th Texas infantry under Major Hill. The advance guard at once engaged the Confederates and in the skirmish Hill was killed and several of his men wounded. The enemy beat a hasty retreat in the direction of Fort Esperanza. The Union loss was 1 sergeant slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 234.


CEDAR BLUFF, ALABAMA, May 3, 1863. (See Streight's Raid.)


CEDAR BLUFFS, COMPANY, May 3, 1864. One company of the 1st Colorado Cavalry. Major Downing, with the detachment, attacked a camp of Cheyenne Indians at daybreak, killed about 25 and wounded probably 35 or 40 more, captured 100 head of horses and all their camp equipage, etc. His loss was 1 killed and 1 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 234.


CHURCH, KENTUCKY, October 3, 1862. 1st Ohio Cavalry. Pursuant to instructions, Colonel Minor Milliken, commanding the regiment, moved out from Shepherdsville on the Bardstown road early in the morning. When near Cedar Church, 5 miles from Shepherdsville, he found evidences that a party of the enemy had encamped there the night before. He made a reconnaissance in the direction of Woodbridge and on his return learned that a body of cavalry was following him. Dividing his command he sent one part to intercept the enemy and with the rest took up a position at the church. Firing was soon heard and he hastened to the assistance of the intercepting party to find them driving the Confederates toward the church. This placed the enemy between two fires and they surrendered. The company consisted of 2 captains, 1 lieutenant and 19 men. Milliken also captured 23 stand of arms and 22 horses and equipments without the loss of a man.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 234-235.


CEDAR COUNTY, MISSOURI, October 17, 1863. 5th Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia. Major A. J. Pugh, with a detachment of the regiment, attacked a band of guerrillas, killing 5, wounding 2 and capturing 3, with a number of horses, equipments, arms, etc. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 235.


CEDAR CREEK, FLORIDA, March 1, 1864. Henry's Light Brigade. On this date the light brigade, consisting of the 40th Massachusetts mounted infantry, 4th Massachusetts cavalry and Battery B, 1st U. S. artillery, was stationed at Camp Moody, a short distance from Jacksonville, Colonel G. V. Henry commanding. Henry sent out a reconnoitering party, made up of 1 battalion of the 4th, a squadron of the 40th, and 1 piece of artillery, under command of Major Stevens, to ascertain the enemy's position at Ten-mile Station. Before reaching his destination Stevens was attacked by about 100 cavalry and 2 pieces of artillery. They were driven back some distance, when they were reinforced by a regiment of infantry and another gun. Stevens then fell back, fighting as he went, to Cedar creek, where he was reinforced by all the brigade except one squadron of the 40th regiment. Henry assumed command and had scarcely formed his lines when the enemy charged, but in passing a swamp a number of the horses mired down. The men dismounted and fought on foot, pouring a heavy fire into the Union ranks as they advanced. Another party effected a crossing on the right and attacked Henry on the flank with three regiments of infantry and some 300 cavalry. Henry fell back to Three-Mile run, where he took a strong position and the enemy retired. The fight commenced at McGirt's creek, about 10 a. m. and lasted until 3 p. m. The Union loss was 1 killed, 4 wounded and 5 missing. The Confederates acknowledged a loss of 40 or 50 in killed and wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 235.


CEDAR CREEK, FLORIDA, April 2, 1864. Henry's Light Brigade. The cavalry of the brigade, supported by the 75th Ohio and the 169th New York infantry and 4 pieces of artillery, made a reconnaissance in the direction of Cedar creek. The enemy's pickets were driven in and at the creek was found a considerable force, estimated at two regiments of cavalry and two of infantry. The 75th Ohio was thrown forward as skirmishers and soon developed the fact that the enemy occupied a strong position. To attack Henry's men would have to cross an open country, which would have entailed a heavy loss of life. Skirmishing continued for some time, the Union loss being 8 men wounded. The enemy's loss was estimated at 20 or 30 killed and wounded, as that number was seen to tall during the engagement.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 235.


CEDAR CREEK, VIRGINIA, August 13, 1864. 3d Brigade, 1st Division, Sheridan's Cavalry. In the Shenandoah Valley campaign the 1st cavalry division marched via Newtown and Middletown to Cedar creek. Upon arriving there the 3d brigade had a slight skirmish with an outlying detachment of the enemy, in which 14 prisoners were taken.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 235.


CEDAR CREEK, VIRGINIA, October 13, 1864. 1st and 3d Brigades, 1st Division, Army of West Virginia. The two brigades made a reconnaissance on the turnpike between Cedar creek and Strasburg to develop the strength and position of the Confederates. At the bridge over Cedar creek the enemy was found posted in considerable force. Crossing the creek below the bridge the Union troops formed under cover of a wood, the 1st brigade on the left of the pike and the 3d on the right, and moved rapidly forward. As soon as the advance appeared at the top of the hill it was greeted by a discharge of artillery, aimed with great accuracy. The 3d brigade was then moved to the right to get out of line of the fire. Meantime the 1st was moved up under shelter of the wood, made a dash across an open field, and took a position behind a stone wall within a few hundred yards of the enemy. A continuous line was now formed Page 236 with the other brigade and the whole body was soon engaged in a spirited conflict with the Confederate infantry, when the two brigades were ordered to retire. Colonel Wells, commanding the ist, did not receive the order and continued fighting after the other brigade had retired, which gave the enemy an opportunity to pour an enfilading fire into his ranks, compelling him to fall back without orders. On the retreat the Confederates pressed his lines so closely as to throw them into some confusion, but by skillful management he managed to extricate his command from a very hazardous position. The Union loss in this engagement was 22 killed, 110 wounded and 77 missing; Confederate casualties not ascertained.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 235-236.

CEDAR CREEK, VIRGINIA, October 19, 1864. 6th and 19th Army Corps and Army of West Virginia. On the evening of the 18th the Confederate forces under Early occupied a position at Fisher's hill, a short distance south of Strasburg. The Union army was encamped about 5 miles north, on the north bank of Cedar creek, in the vicinity of Middletown. The Army of West Virginia, commanded by General George Crook, lay west of the pike running from Middletown to Strasburg, probably a mile and a half north of the former, Thoburn's division (the ist) occupying the extreme left. Along the pike and extending west from it lay the 19th corps, General William H. Emory commanding, and still further up the creek was the 6th corps, under command of Major-General Horatio G. Wright, who, in the absence of General Sheridan, was the ranking officer. Still farther to the right and up the creek was Torbert's cavalry in three divisions, commanded by Generals Merritt, Powell and Custer, respectively. The Federals had destroyed all the supplies between Cedar creek and Staunton, making it necessary for Early to transport all his rations, feed, etc., from the latter place by wagons—a somewhat difficult task— and for several days the Confederates had been expected to either attack or fall back for supplies. Reconnaissances on the 18th showed no enemy in the immediate front, and it was generally believed that they had retreated up the valley. To make sure, however, Wright issued orders that evening for two brigades to make another reconnaissance the next morning. One of these was to move up the Strasburg pike and the other was to take the Back road, some 3 miles west and nearly parallel to the pike. Both were to move at dawn and to go forward until the enemy was found and strongly felt, in order to learn his intentions. From the signal station at the end of Three-top mountain, which overlooked all of Sheridan's camps, Captain Hotchkiss had on the 17th made a map of the Federal position, and it was from this map that Early planned his attack. At midnight, on the 18th, Kershaw and Wharton marched from Fisher's hill to Strasburg, where they separated, Wharton continuing on up the pike to Hupp's hill, while Kershaw turned to the west along a by-road leading to Bowman's mill. Gordon, Pegram and Ramseur had marched several hours before, moving along the base of Three-top mountain to the North Fork of the Shenandoah at Bowman's ford, where they crossed and gained position on the Union left. Rosser's command was moved by the Back road to attack the cavalry. At the first blush of dawn on the 19th the Federals were aroused from their slumbers by the roar of artillery and the rattle of musketry. The attack was commenced by Kershaw and fell upon Thoburn's division. Before the men had time to form, the Confederates, fired by the prospects of victory, were among them. The division was swept from its position, many of the men and 7 guns being captured. These were immediately turned upon the retreating troops. The corps commanders, Wright, Emory and Crook, exerted themselves to form a line, with Hayes' and Kitching's divisions as a base, west of the pike for the defence of the road. Pursuant to the order of the evening before Molineux's brigade was in line, ready to start upon its reconnaissance. This brigade was ordered by Emory to cross the pike and take position on a wooded ridge, in order to support Crook, while Wright ordered two more brigades to the same locality. Had this movement been carried out it would no doubt have checked the advance of the enemy in the beginning of the engagement. But before the line could be formed Gordon and Ramseur suddenly debouched from the woods west of the pike and struck the divisions of Hayes and Kitching on the flank. These divisions were without intrenchments of any kind and the men, already demoralized by the retreat of Thoburn's division, could not withstand the sudden and unexpected assault. The line broke, thus exposing the 19th corps to an enfilading fire for its entire length. Under the circumstances Wright issued the order for the 6th and 19th corps to fall back. A dense fog prevailed and some confusion resulted in the execution of the movement, but the batteries of the 6th corps finally took a position on the ridge near the cemetery west of Middletown, where they did such effective work that the enemy was compelled to halt and strengthen his lines. About the same time Ramseur and Pegram sent word to Early that they must have reinforcements on the Union left or they would be unable to break through. Wharton's division, the men of which were busy in plundering the evacuated camp of the 19th corps, was rallied and sent to their assistance. Wharton was met by a destructive fire from the infantry of Getty's division, now commanded by Brigadier-General L. A. Grant, before which the whole line recoiled, and while the confusion existed Grant charged and drove Wharton back down the hill. The charge was met by a discharge of artillery, all the enemy's guns being concentrated on the division, which was compelled to fall back. It was in this charge that Brigadier-General Bidwell fell mortally wounded. A little after 8 o'clock the fog lifted and the movement of troops could be directed with more intelligence. In the early part of the engagement the general movement of the Union forces had been toward the left, to confront the enemy in his attack on that portion of the line. In falling back they had maintained a position en echelon, each corps being farther north than the one on its left, and the charge of the 6th corps was well to the Confederate right. To make matters worse for the Confederates the attack of Rosser on the Union cavalry had not been so successful as that of the infantry on the left. Here the order of the previous evening redounded to the advantage of the Federal arms. The 1st and 3d divisions were both stirring before daylight, preparing to send men on the reconnaissance, and when Custer's pickets were driven in the men were promptly ordered into the saddle to repulse the attack that they felt sure was coming. Forming the cavalry on the right of the infantry Torbert sent his trains to the rear, and when Rosser advanced far enough for the cavalry batteries to open on his line he was greeted by a fire that drove him to the shelter of the woods near by, where he remained until the tide of battle was turned in favor of the Union side. In the meantime Powell's division was holding Lomax's cavalry in check at Front Royal, so that the cavalry attack might be characterized as a failure. After the fog lifted Wright ordered all the cavalry to the left. Leaving three regiments to hold Rosser in check, Torbert promptly made the transfer. The 1st brigade, 2nd division, under Colonel Moore, which had been stationed at Burton's ford as a picket, was cut off by Gordon, but rejoined the main body at Middletown, having made a detour around the Confederate right. Seeing the Federals massing their strength in this quarter, Early crowded his troops farther to the eastward to prevent his right wing from becoming enveloped. When the fight commenced General Sheridan was at Winchester, where he had paused on his return from Washington. Reports of the cannonading reached him early in the morning, but not attaching much importance to it he remained at Winchester until two hours later, when it became certain that a battle was in progress. Mounting his horse he started for the scene. On the way he met and turned back many of his men who were straggling to the rear. Inspired by the example of their intrepid commander they hurried back to the front and took their places in line with a determination to do or die. Under Sheridan's orders the line of battle was formed on the prolongation of Getty's line and a temporary breastwork of logs, rails, etc., hastily constructed. Early advanced and attacked, the assault falling principally on the 19th corps, which bravely withstood the shock and after some severe fighting the Confederates were driven back. At 4 p. m. Sheridan ordered a general advance. Early's promised victory became a defeat and the defeat became a rout. Custer's gallant charge with his division of cavalry was closely followed by a combined movement of all the Federal forces and the enemy was forced back across Cedar creek. The difficulties in crossing added to the confusion and all efforts to rally the men were vain. Custer's division and Devin's brigade of Merritt's pursued the routed mass to Fisher's hill, a distance of over 3 miles, the road all the way being covered with abandoned artillery, wagons, caissons and ambulances. The Federal loss was 644 killed, 3,430 wounded and 1,591 missing. Most of the missing men belonged to Thoburn's division and were captured in the first attack. Early stated his casualties as being "about 1,860 killed and wounded, and something over 1,000 prisoners." The 24 cannon lost by the Union troops in the morning were all recaptured, together with 24 pieces that had belonged to the enemy. Scores of wagons were piled up and burned by the Federal cavalry and 56 ambulances fell into Sheridan's hands. This battle broke the Confederate hold upon the Shenandoah Valley. Although Early remained for some time in that part of the state he did not again assume the aggressive until Sheridan withdrew to Kernstown. (See Cedar Creek, November 12, 1864.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 236-238.


CEDAR CREEK, VIRGINIA, November 12, 1864. Sheridan Cavalry Corps. After the battle of Cedar creek on October 19 the Confederate forces under Early retreated to New Market, where they remained inactive for about three weeks. On November 9 Sheridan withdrew to Kernstown and the next day Early advanced down the pike, crossed Cedar creek and took up a position at Middletown. On the 12th Sheridan ordered Powell's division of cavalry to move out on the Winchester and Front Royal pike, while Custer moved via the Middle and Back roads and Merritt on the Valley pike to learn the enemy's intentions. At Nineveh Powell met and routed Lomax's division of cavalry, capturing their 2 pieces of artillery 3 wagons, 50 horses, 2 battle flags and 161 prisoners. The Confederates here lost 20 killed and 35 wounded, Powell's loss being 2 killed and 15 wounded. Custer struck Rosser's cavalry about 4 miles north of Cedar creek and drove him back to the other side with severe losses, several being killed and wounded and 16 captured. Merritt engaged a body of Confederate infantry about dark and skirmished with them until 10 p. m., when he returned to camp. Meantime detachments of infantry were sent out to the support of the cavalry, as it looked like an engagement was imminent the next day, but when morning came it was found that Early had retreated during the night and taken up his old quarters at New Market. Cedar Fort, Utah, April 1, 1863. Detachment of the 2nd California Cavalry. Lieutenant Ethier, with 25 men of Company A, was in pursuit of some Indians, overtook them at Cedar Fort on the afternoon of the 1st, and through false information given him by some Mormons as to the numbers of the savages, attacked them in a strong position. After a volley or two, in which one chief was seen to fall, Ethier was fired on by a large body concealed in ambush, but managed to extricate his men from an unpleasant position without loss. Cedar Glade, Arkansas, March 1, 1864.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 238-239.


CEDAR KEYS, FLORIDA, February 16, 1865. 2nd U. S. Colored troops.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 239.


CEDAR MOUNTAIN, Virginia, August 9, 1862. Parts of the 2nd and 3d Army Corps. Jackson crossed the Rapidan at Barnett's ford on Thursday, August 7, and advanced in heavy force toward Culpeper Court House. At that time the Union forces under Pope occupied the turnpike between Culpeper and Sperryville, ready to concentrate at either place when the enemy's plans became apparent . Brigadier-General Bayard, with part of the cavalry of the 3d corps (McDowell's), was in advance near the Rapidan at the time the Confederates crossed that river. He fell back slowly, harassing the advance all he could and taking some prisoners. On Friday the 1st and 2nd corps, commanded by Sigel and Banks, respectively, and part of the 3d corps were massed at Culpeper, and Crawford's brigade of the 2nd was sent to the support of Bayard. The next day Crawford reported to Pope that the enemy had advanced to Cedar mountain and occupied its slopes. Banks was ordered to move out with his command and occupy the position then held by Crawford. There has been some dispute as to whether Pope's intention was to bring on an engagement, but there is no doubt that Banks obeyed the order, as he understood it. He moved out on the road running to Robertson's ford on the Rapidan, and arrived at the little creek known as Cedar run, about a mile and a half from the mountain, between 1 and 2 p. m., one brigade of Williams' division having reached the field about noon. This brigade (Gordon's) remained on the north side of the run, all the rest of the troops crossing the stream and taking up a position on the plateau on the south side. On the right of the road was Crawford, forming the right of the line; next to him was Geary's, Prince's and Greene's brigades of Augur's division, in the order named. Bayard's cavalry was on the extreme right and the artillery was stationed at advantageous points on the plateau in front of the infantry. The total number of Union troops engaged, including the reinforcements from the 3d corps, which arrived on the field late in the action, has been variously stated, but was probably between 17,000 and 18,000. Jackson's army consisted of his own division, commanded now by General Winder, and the divisions of A. P. Hill and Ewell, numbering in the neighborhood of 25,000 men. In the formation of his line Campbell's brigade confronted Crawford, Taliaferro was in front of Geary, Early in front of Prince, and Hays and Trimble in front of and extending beyond the Union left under Greene. Hill's division, consisting of the brigades of Thomas, Archer, Stafford, Pender, Field and Branch, and the famous "Stonewall" Brigade, commanded by Colonel Ronald, were held in reserve. About noon an artillery duel was commenced and it continued without intermission until 3 p. m. The Confederate line advanced, but they moved very cautiously. Bayard was gradually forced back and about 4 o'clock ,a lively fire was begun on the skirmish lines. At 4:50 Banks wrote a message to Pope, saying: "One regiment of rebel infantry advancing now deployed as skirmishers. I have ordered a regiment on the right, Williams' division, to meet them, and one from the left; Augur to advance on the left and in front." Ten minutes later he added, "They are now approaching each other." This movement was somewhat unexpected by the Confederates and caught them at a temporary disadvantage. Geary and Prince moved forward rapidly, delivering an effective fire as they marched along. The front line of Early's and Taliaferro's brigades broke, and the Federals, sweeping round in the wide gap between those commands and the enemy's right, reached the rear line, which also retired in confusion. A few minutes later Crawford struck Campbell and Taliaferro's left, and for the time it looked as though victory for . the Union arms was certain. But just at this juncture Ronald's brigade reached the field. His men, fresh and hungry for the fray, fell upon the exhausted troops of Crawford, but were at first met with such a withering fire that they were forced back. Hill's division also entered the contest, the broken lines of Campbell's and Taliaferro's brigades were reformed, and a steady advance forced the Federals back across the run. Meantime • Ricketts' division of McDowell's corps had arrived and formed on Crawford's right. The appearance of reinforcements checked the Confederate advance. Jackson undertook to drive them from their position by artillery, but the Union batteries replied with such vigor that he gave it up. The 2nd and 5th Maine batteries especially did effective work, continuing their fire until a late hour. Both armies rested on their arms during the night, but at daylight the Confederates fell back about 2 miles and took a position higher up the mountain. The Federal pickets advanced and occupied the ground, but the battle was not renewed. The Union loss in this engagement was 314 killed, 1,445 wounded and 622 missing. The Confederates lost 241 killed, 1,120 wounded and 4 missing. (Also called Cedar Run and Slaughter's Mountain.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 239-240.


CEDAR POINT, NORTH CAROLINA, December 1, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 240.


CEDAR RUN, VIRGINIA, August 9, 1862. (See Cedar Mountain.) Cedar Run Church, Virginia, October 17, 1864. Picket of Custer's Cavalry. General Rosser (Confederate) left the camp at Fisher's hill on the evening of the 16th with three brigades of cavalry and one brigade of mounted infantry, and by a night march of over 30 miles gained the rear of the Federal cavalry. Just before daylight he surprised one of the pickets and captured Major Marcy and 35 men belonging to the 1st Conn, cavalry. It was no doubt his intention to attack the camp, but after capturing the picket he became alarmed and fell back rapidly.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 240.


CEDARS, TENNESSEE, December 7, 1864. U. S. Troops under General Milroy. Owing to the dense growth of cedars about Murfreesboro, where General Milroy's command was operating in the early part of December, this name is sometimes given to the engagement which occurred near that town on the 7th. (See Murfreesboro.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 240.


CEDARVILLE, VIRGINIA, June 12, 1863. (See Winchester, June 13-15.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 240.


CEDARVILLE, VIRGINIA, August 16, 1864. 1st Cavalry Division, Army of West Virginia. The division, commanded by Brigadier-General Wesley Merritt, and consisting of the 1st, 2nd and reserve brigades, moved on the morning of the 15th to the Front Royal and Winchester pike. The reserve brigade was posted at Stony Point, some 3 miles north of Cedarville, the 1st brigade on the left of the pike at Cedarville, with the 2nd on the opposite side of the road. About 2 p. m. on the 16th the pickets of the 2nd brigade were driven in and almost immediately a strong skirmish line of the enemy appeared advancing toward the camp.  The attack was made by Lomax's and Wickham's brigades of cavalry and Kershaw's division of infantry, with 3 pieces of artillery. Merritt ordered the 2nd brigade, commanded by Colonel Devin, to the front and posted the 1st, under Colonel Kidd, in front of the camp to be ready for any emergency. Soon a brigade of infantry was seen trying to gain the left flank. One regiment was dismounted and thrown forward to a hill overlooking the river. The Confederates waded the river and advanced boldly until they were within short carbine range, when they were met by a murderous fire and fell into confusion. A charge was immediately ordered and the would-be flanking party scattered in all directions. In the charge 2 stands of colors and 290 prisoners were taken. Merritt reported his loss as 60 in killed and wounded and estimated that of the enemy as being nearly 600, including the 290 prisoners already mentioned. (This action is sometimes referred to as Front Royal and Guard Hill.) The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 240.


CEDARVILLE, VIRGINIA, September 20, 1864. 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Shenandoah. The battle of Winchester was fought on the 19th. The next day the 2nd cavalry division, commanded by General Averell, pursued the retreating Confederates across Cedar creek and for 4 miles beyond, driving in their pickets and forming a junction with Torbert's cavalry near Cedarville on the Strasburg pike. The movement was attended by more or less skirmishing, but no casualties were reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241.


CELINA, KENTUCKY, April 20, 1863. 5th Indiana Cavalry. The regiment, commanded by Colonel F. W. Graham, was sent to Celina to break up the Confederate camp there and destroy certain stores. He attacked the camp at 4 p. m., routed Hamilton's men with a loss of 7 killed, and took possession of the town. Graham then destroyed about 100,000 pounds of bacon, 10,000 bushels of wheat, the same quantity of corn, 100 barrels of flour, 100 barrels of whisky, considerable quantities of sugar, coffee, tea, etc., and about 40 boats used in transporting supplies from points on the Cumberland river. Graham's loss was 1 wounded and 1 missing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241.


CELINA, TENNESSEE, December 7, 1863. Detachment of the 13th Kentucky Cavalry.


CELINA, TENNESSEE, March 19-22, 1865.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241.


CENTERVILLE, ALABAMA, April 1-2, 1865, 2nd Brigade, 1st Division Cavalry Corps, Division of the Mississippi. On the 1st the brigade, commanded by Colonel O. H. LaGrange, was ordered to march from Randolph to Scottsville, via Centerville, for the purpose of forming a junction with the 1st brigade, which had been ordered to Tuscaloosa two days before. A battalion of the 1st Wisconsin cavalry, under Major Shipman, was in the advance. At Centerville this battalion encountered a force of about 150 Confederates. They were driven out, 15 being captured, and Shipinan was left with his battalion to guard the bridge, while the rest of the brigade moved on to Scottsville. From prisoners taken between Scottsville and Trion it was learned that the 1st brigade, after a sharp skirmish with the enemy, had fallen back to Elyton and that a considerable force of Confederates was in the vicinity of Trion. General McCook, who accompanied the 2nd brigade, ordered that command back via Centerville to join the main column. On the morning of the 2nd the enemy was encountered near Centerville. A demonstration made by the 2nd and 4th Indiana cavalry developed a force estimated at 3,000, while the entire strength of the brigade did not exceed 1,200 men. In the demonstration the 2nd Indiana became actively engaged and from a strong position inflicted severe punishment on the Confederates. The regiment lost 1 man killed and 8 wounded, 6 of whom fell into the hands of the enemy. Centerville, West Virginia, September 14, 1864. Detachment of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry. Captain Hagans, with 16 men, pursued and overtook a party of 30 bushwhackers who had been stealing horses in the vicinity. Near Centerville he attacked them, killed 4, wounded several and put the rest to flight. Hagan reported his loss as 1 man wounded and 2 horses killed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241.


CENTERVILLE, LOUISIANA, April 12-14, 1863. (See Irish Bend.)


CENTERVILLE, LOUISIANA, May 25, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241.


CENTERVILLE, MISSOURI, December 23, 1863. (See Pulliam's, December 25.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241.


CENTERVILLE, MISSOURI, November 12, 1864. Company K, 5th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. The company, commanded by Lieutenant Storz, engaged in a skirmish with a gang of bushwhackers 12 miles north of the town, killing 3, wounding 3, and capturing 11 horses and 2 rifles. Storz had 1 man killed and 1 slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241.


CENTERVILLE, TENNESSEE, October 29, 1863. Detachment, 5th Tennessee Cavalry.  General R. S. Granger sent Lieutenant-Gol . Shelly, with a detachment of his regiment, in pursuit of Hawkins and other guerrilla chiefs that were infesting the country around Centerville. Shelly came up with Hawkins at Piney Factory and skirmished with him for a little while, when he fled toward Centerville There he made a stand, but was routed and pursued until his gang was entirely dispersed. Hawkins lost 15 or 20 killed and 66 captured. The Union loss was 1 man severely and several slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 241-242.


CENTERVILLE, TENNESSEE, September 29, 1864. 2nd Tennessee Mounted Infantry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 242.


CENTERVILLE, VIRGINIA, August 28, 1862. Centerville, Virginia, October 14, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 242.


CENTERVILLE, VIRGINIA, June. 23-24, 1864. (See Falls Church.) Centralia, Missouri, September 27-28, 1864. Detachment 39th Missouri Volunteers. On the 27th a party of guerrillas, headed by the notorious W. T. Anderson, after terrorizing the citizens of the town held up a train on the North Missouri railroad, robbed the passengers, took 21 soldiers from the train and shot them, then set fire to the coaches and started the train toward Allen. Several detachments from different points were started in pursuit. Anderson left pickets to watch the town and fell back some 2 miles to the timber. The next day Major Johnston, with about 150 men of the 39th, went to Anderson's camp. When within sight his men dismounted, each man holding his own horse. The guerrillas approached and when about 150 yards distant Johnston ordered his men to fire. The volley checked the bushwhackers for a moment, but they rallied and came on. When they were within about 100 yards Johnston's men became panic-stricken and broke. The scene that followed beggars description. The retreating soldiers were shot down as they fled, the bodies afterward being robbed and mutilated. Seventeen were found scalped.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 242.


CENTRE OF THE BASTION is the intersection made by the two demi-gorges. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 156).


CENTRE, ALABAMA, May 2, 1863. (See Streight's Raid.) Centre Creek, Missouri, May 14, 1862. Detachment, 7th and 8th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Major Edward B. Eno, with about 200 men, left Newtonia on the 13th for a scout in the direction of Centre creek, in quest of Livingston's guerrillas. After proceeding a few miles Captain Ballew, with 50 men, was sent toward Shoal creek, with instructions to follow down that stream for 15 miles, then cross over to Turkey creek and encamp that night at the old mines. The next morning the detachment was again divided. Captain Cassairt, with 40 men, was sent down the south side of Centre creek, Captain Henslee, with 35 men, took the north side, each being directed to scour the country some distance from the stream, while Eno was to keep close to it with the remainder of the force. About 3 p. m. the pickets on each side of the stream were driven in and soon afterward Livingston was found strongly posted behind an old log shop in the dense timber near the Centre creek lead mines. The guerrillas were dressed in Federal uniforms, which caused Cassairt's men to mistake them for one of the other parties of Union troops and they were right among the enemy before the mistake was discovered. Captain Henslee's horse became unmanageable and he was carried through the Confederate lines. This left his men without a commander and some confusion resulted, during which the men fell back. Cassairt rallied them and returned to the attack, with the result that Livingston was forced to retreat carrying his dead and wounded with him. Eno did not arrive on the scene until the conflict was over. The Union loss was 4 killed and 2 wounded. The enemy's loss was not definitely ascertained. Parties present at the burial of the dead reported the number killed as being 15 and a number were wounded. Cassairt was sent to Newtonia the next morning with the dead and wounded and Eno followed up the pursuit toward Spring river, finally dispersing the gang. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 242.

CENTRE CREEK, MISSOURI, May 15, 1863. Detachment of Missouri Militia. A report of T. R. Livingston, a major in the Confederate army, states that a scouting party under his command encountered a party of 125 Newtonia militia while passing through the timber near Centre creek. In the skirmish the Confederates were victorious, scattering the Federals after killing 13, wounding 8 (4 of them mortally) and capturing 4. The Confederates had 2 men wounded. (See the preceding article, which gives an idea of what the Federal report of this affair would state.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 243.


CENTRE CREEK, MISSOURI, February 20, 1865.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 243.


CENTRE STAR, ALABAMA, May 15, 1864. 7th Illinois and 9th Ohio Cavalry. The two regiments, commanded by Colonel Richard Rowett of the former, were sent by General Gresham from Athens to Florence on a reconnaissance. At Centre Star they encountered a considerable force of the enemy, under Colonel W. A. Johnson, and drove them across the Tennessee river, capturing 35 prisoners. Johnson had crossed the river to strike the railroad, but hearing of Gresham's approach abandoned the attempt.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 243.


CERTIFICATE. (See MUSTER.)