Cabin Creek, Indian Territory through Capture

CABIN CREEK, INDIAN TERRITORY, July 1-2, 1863. Detachment of the 3d Wisconsin, 2nd Colorado, 9th and 14th Kansas Cavalry, 1st Kansas (Colored) Infantry, 3d Indian Home Guards and the 2nd Kansas Battery. On June 26 the detachment, under the command of Colonel J. M. Williams, of the colored regiment, left Baxter Springs, Kansas, with a supply train for Fort Blunt, in the Indian Territory. Upon reaching Cabin creek, about noon on July 1, the enemy was found strongly posted in a thicket on the opposite side of the stream in a position commanding the approach to the ford. This force, consisting of McIntosh’s and Stand Watie's Cherokee and Creek regiments, with about 600 Texas rangers, numbered from 1,600 to 1,800 men. One of the howitzers was ordered forward and a brisk fire of shell and canister poured into the thicket, but without effect. Owing to recent rains the creek was too high to risk crossing with the train, and Williams withdrew a short distance to wait until the next morning. The plan of attack on the 2nd was to place 2 pieces of artillery on the extreme left, 2 in the center and 1 on the right, and attempt to cross under the fire of the guns. The Indian home guards were deployed on the right and left of the ford and the main body placed in the center. For a half hour the artillery shelled the woods on the opposite bank, the enemy at first responding with a brisk fire, which gradually grew less, when the main column moved forward across the creek, quickly formed on the other side and by a vigorous charge drove the enemy from his position. The Kansas cavalry, under Captain Stewart, followed for some distance and succeeded in taking 9 prisoners. The Union loss was 3 killed and 30 wounded. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was not learned.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 200.


CABIN CREEK, INDIAN TERRITORY, July 20, 1863. Cabin Creek, Indian Territory, September 19, 1864. 2nd, 6th and 14th Kansas Cavalry and 1st and 3d Indian Home Guards. On the 12th a supply train left Fort Scott, Kansas, with an escort of 260 men, commanded by Major Henry Hopkins, of the 2nd Kansas cavalry. The train consisted of 205 government wagons, 91 sutler wagons and 4 ambulances, the destination being Fort Gibson, Indian Territory On the afternoon of the 18th Cabin creek was reached and Hopkins halted, having received a dispatch from the commander at Fort Gibson instructing him to wait there for further orders to move the train. A scout of 25 men was sent out to ascertain the position and strength of the enemy, which was known to be in the vicinity. About 3 miles south of the station at Cabin creek a large body of the enemy was found in a hollow in the prairie. In the meantime the escort had received reinforcements that brought the number up to about 600 men. Hopkins placed a strong picket and arranged his train in the best possible position to resist an attack. About midnight the pickets were driven in and an hour later the enemy, about 2,000 or 2,500 strong, opened fire with his artillery in front and on the right. The escort put up a brave resistance and held them in check until after daylight, when the artillery was moved up to within 100 yards of the Union position and Hopkins ordered a retreat. At the first fire the teamsters stampeded, taking one or more mules from each team, which made it impossible to save the train, except a few wagons and an ambulance. The rest of the train fell into the hands of the enemy, who took over 1,200 mules and about 100 wagons, and destroyed the rest. The Union loss was about 35 men in killed, wounded and missing. That of the enemy was not learned.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 200-201.


CABIN POINT, VIRGINIA, August 5, 1864. 1st U. S. Colored Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 201.


CABLE, George Washington, author, born in New Orleans, Louisiana, 12 October, 1844. On his father's side he springs from an old family of colonial Virginia. The Cabells originally spelled the name Cable, and their ancient coats of arms introduce the cable as an accessory. His mother was of old New England stock. The family moved to New Orleans soon after the financial crisis of 1837, and for a time the father prospered in business. In 1859 he failed, and died shortly afterward, leaving the family in such straitened circumstances that the son was obliged to leave school and seek employment as a clerk. He was thus engaged until 1863, when, though very slight and youthful in his appearance and but nineteen years of age, he volunteered in the Confederate service, joining the 4th Mississippi Cavalry. He employed the leisure of camp-life in study, but saw his share of active service, and is described as a good and daring soldier. He was wounded in the left arm, and narrowly escaped with his life. Returning penniless to New Orleans, after the over-throw of the Confederacy, he began to earn a living as an errand-boy in a mercantile house, and varying fortune sent him to Kosciusko, Miss., and subsequently, after he had studied civil-engineering, to the Têche Country, where he was attached to a surveying expedition on the levees of the Atchafalaya. There he caught the malarial fever peculiar to the region, and did not fully recover for two years. During this time he collected material that has since done good literary service. He began writing for the New Orleans “Picayune” over the pen-name of “Drop Shot,” contributing critical and humorous papers and occasionally a poem, and he was soon regularly attached to the editorial staff, which connection was abruptly ended on his refusal, from conscientious motives, to write a theatrical criticism. Once more he became a clerk and accountant, this time for a cotton-dealer, and retained his place until 1879, when the sudden death of the head of the house threw him out of employment. But in the meantime his sketches of creole life, published in “Scribner's Monthly” (now the “Century") proved so successful that he determined to give all his time to literature. He has opened a new field in fiction, introducing to the outside world a phase of American life hitherto unsuspected save by those that have seen it. His rendering of the creole dialect, with its French and Spanish variants, is full of originality, and his keen powers of observation have enabled him to depict the social life of the Louisiana lowlands, creole and Negro, so vividly that he has given serious offence to those whose portraits he has drawn. He has been the means through his publications of effecting reforms in the contract system of convict labor in the southern states. He has successfully entered the lecture-field, reading selections from his own writings, and unaffectedly singing to northern audiences the strange, wild melodies current among the French-speaking Negroes of the lower Mississippi. Mr. Cable's published works are “Old Creole Days” (New York, 1879); “The Grandissimes” (1880); “Madame Delphine” (1881); “Dr. Sevier” (Boston, 1883); “The Creoles of Louisiana” (New York, 1884): “The Silent South ” (1885). He has also £ for the government elaborate reports on the condition of the inhabitants of the Têche and Attakapas country in western Louisiana.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 490.


CACAPON BRIDGE, Virginia, September 6, 1862. 1st New York Cavalry. Cacapon Mountain, West Virginia, August 6, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 201.


CACHE RIVER BRIDGE, Arkansas, May 28, 1862. 9th Illinois Cavalry. Five companies of the regiment were sent out on a scouting expedition, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel H. F. Sickles. At Cache river he came upon a considerable force of Confederates and was soon engaged in a lively skirmish. The enemy had partially destroyed the bridge, which made it difficult for a time to cross the stream. But some worked while others held the enemy at bay and in time the bridge was sufficiently repaired for the troops to cross. In this skirmish the Union loss was 2 men wounded. That of the Confederates was 3 killed, 4 wounded and 1 captured. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 201.


CACHE VALLEY, UTAH TERRITORY, November 23, 1862. 2nd Cavalry California Volunteers. A detachment of the regiment, under Major Edward McGarry, left Camp Douglas on the 20th for Cache valley, to rescue a prisoner from the hands of the Indians. Upon arriving in the valley late on the evening of the 22nd, McGarry learned the location of the Indian camp and disposed his forces for a surprise and attack at daybreak. During the night the Indians all left, with the exception of two squaws and one man, who were captured. About 8 o'clock some 30 or 40 mounted Indians appeared at the mouth of a canon and began to make warlike demonstrations. McGarry accepted the challenge, divided his men into three parties for an attack on both flanks and in the center, and issued orders to kill, every Indian that could be seen. After about two hours' fighting Chief Bear Hunter raised a flag of truce and a little while later surrendered over 20 of his men. The Indians lost 3 men killed and 1 wounded. The prisoner was recovered.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 201.


CACKLEYTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA, November 4-5, 1864. 14th Pennsylvania cavalry, 2nd, 3d and 8th West Virginia Mounted Infantry, and Swing's Battery. The 14th Pennsylvania and the 3d West Virginia, commanded by Colonel J. N. Schoonmaker of the former, left Huntersville a little while before noon, with instructions to intercept a Confederate force lying at Marling's bottom. The enemy got wind of the arrival of the Federal troops at Huntersville, however, and moved out on the Lewisburg pike. At the junction of that road and the one leading to Cackleytown a strong picket was posted to blockade the latter and check any pursuit likely to be made. When Schoonmaker reached this point he took in the situation, skirmished with the enemy until he secured an advantageous position and then cleared the road, which he held until the next morning, sending up rockets to announce the result .of his action. At the break of day on the 5th the Confederates, reinforced by 2 pieces of artillery, returned to the attack. Seeing that he was greatly outnumbered, Schoonmaker ordered his men to fall back to a more sheltered position. The enemy, thinking this was a retreat, began a charge with his infantry, but just at this juncture Oley arrived on the scene with the 8th West Virginia mounted infantry and a section of Ewing's battery. The Union lines were quickly reformed and a general advance made, which forced the Confederates to abandon the fight and retire toward Lewisburg. No report of the casualties on either side.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 201.


CADDO GAP, ARKANSAS, November 11, 1863. Detachment First Brigade, Cavalry Division. The detachment left Benton, Arkansas, on the morning of the 10th, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Henry C. Caldwell, of the 3d la. cavalry, and marched through Clark county to Murfreesboro. Here Caldwell learned that Major Witherspoon, with part of his command, was encamped at Caddo gap. Selecting 125 men of the 1st Missouri cavalry Caldwell sent them forward, with orders to charge the camp before the enemy had time to form or offer any resistance. The orders were carried out, the pickets run down and, guided by the camp fires, the men charged right into the camp, capturing Witherspoon with 13 of his men, all the horses and camp equipage, arms, equipments, etc. The attack was so sudden and unexpected that many of the Confederates took to the woods with nothing on but their shirts, but the darkness and underbrush precluded pursuit.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 201.


CADDO GAP AND SCOTT'S FARM, ARKANSAS, February 12, 1864. 2nd Kansas Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 202.


CADDO MILL, ARKANSAS, December 14, 1863. Scout of the 2nd Kansas Cavalry. The scouting party of 40 men was sent out from Waldron on the 13th, under Lieuts. Cosgrove and Mitchell. About sunset on the 14th they reached Farrar's mill and there learned that a party of Confederates was at Caddo mill, 7 miles distant. Pushing on they came upon the camp about half a mile from the mill. A charge was ordered and the enemy was completely routed, with a loss of 2 killed and several wounded. One man was taken prisoner, with 8 negroes, 3 wagons, 6 mules and 6 horses.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 202.


CADET. A warrant officer; students at the West Point Military Academy are cadets of the Engineer Corps. The number of cadets by appointments hereafter to be made shall be limited to the number of representatives and delegates in Congress and one for the District of Columbia; and each Congressional District, Territory, and District of Columbia shall be entitled to have one cadet at said Academy; nothing in this section shall prevent the appointment of an additional number of cadets, not exceeding ten, to be appointed at large, without being confined to a selection by Congressional Districts; (Act March 1, 1843, Sec. 2). Pay $30 per month. (See ACADEMY.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 130).


CADWALADER, George, soldier, born in Philadelphia, in 1804; died there, 3 February, 1879. He was a son of General Thomas Cadwalader. His boyhood was passed in Philadelphia, where he attended school, read law, was admitted to the bar, and practised his profession until 1846, when war with Mexico was declared, and he was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He was present at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, and for gallantry in the latter engagement was brevetted major-general. Resuming his law practice in Philadelphia, he followed it until 1861, when the governor appointed him major-general of state volunteers. In May of that year he was placed in command of the City of Baltimore, then in a state of semi-revolt against the national government. He accompanied General Patterson as his second in command in the expedition against Winchester (June, 1861). On 25 April, 1862, he was commissioned major-general of volunteers, and in December of the same year appointed one of a board to revise the military laws and regulations of the United States. He was the author of “Services in the Mexican Campaign of 1847” (Philadelphia, 1848). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 493-484.


CADY, Albemarle, soldier, born in New Hampshire, about 1809. He was graduated at the U.S. Military Academy in 1829. Joining the 6th Infantry, he served on garrison and frontier duty until 1838, when he served against the Indians in Florida until 1842, being promoted captain 7 July, 1838. In the war with Mexico he was at the siege of Vera Cruz and in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey. In this last engagement he was wounded, and for his conduct was brevetted major. He accompanied the expedition against the Sioux Indians in 1855, and was in the action at Blue-Water, Dakota, 3 September of that year. On 27 January, 1857, he was promoted major. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on duty on the Pacific Coast, and remained there until 1864, when he was for a time in command of the draft rendezvous at New Haven, Connecticut. He was retired 18 May, 1864, for disability resulting from long and faithful service, and received the brevet of brigadier-general U.S.A., 13 March, 1865. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 494.


CAHAWBA RIVER, ALABAMA, April 7, 1865. (See Fike's Ferry.) Cainsville, Tennessee, February 15, 1863. 123d Illinois Volunteers and part of the 5th Tennessee Cavalry. Colonel James Monroe left Murfreesboro on the 12th with 240 infantry and 20 cavalry for a scouting expedition between Lebanon and Sparta turnpikes. On the 15th, when about 3 miles from Cainsville, he discovered that he was being followed by from 300 to 500 of Colonel Adam Johnson's cavalry. Turning to the right he gained the top of an elevation known as Pierce's hill, where he took a position overlooking a narrow, muddy lane. A few mounted men were sent out into the valley as decoys. In a short time they were fired upon and retreated toward the hill, hotly pursued by the whole force of the enemy. When they were within about 60 yards of the infantry the latter opened fire. The Confederates whirled their horses and in endeavoring to retreat became jammed in the lane, where a murderous fire was poured in upon their flanks. In a little while muskets, carbines, saddles, blankets and loose horses were everywhere. Some of the Confederates spurred over the hills toward Cainsville. The loss of the enemy was estimated at 50 in killed and wounded and 6 men were taken prisoners, together with 22 horses, 5 mules, 17 saddles and bridles, 10 carbines and 5 muskets. The casualties on the Union side were 3 men slightly wounded. Cairo Station, West Virginia, May 7, 1863. This was an incident of the raid made by Brigadier-General W. E. Jones, of the Confederate army, on the Northwestern railroad. Part of his command, under Lieutenant-Colonel White, reached Cairo on the 7th to find a small guard of Federal soldiers. White surrounded the town and was making preparations to charge, when the guard surrendered without resistance.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 202.


CAISSON. The number of rounds of ammunition carried by each caisson and its limber are for 6-pounder guns 150 rounds; 12 pounder guns, 96 rounds; 12-pounder howitzers, 117 rounds; 24-pounder howitzer 69 rounds, and 32-pounder howitzers 45 rounds. The number of caissons with field-batteries are: with a battery of 12-pounders, 8 caissons for guns, and 4 for howitzers; and with a battery of 6-pounders, 4 for guns, and 2 for howitzers. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 130).


CAJOUDE ARIVAYPO, NEW MEXICO, May 7, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 202.


CALDWELL, Alexander, senator, born in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, 1 March, 1830. He received a common-school education, and in 1847 enlisted for the Mexican War in a company commanded by his father, who was killed at one of the gates of the city of Mexico. He returned in 1848, became teller of a bank in Columbia, Pennsylvania, and afterward entered business. He went to Kansas in 1861, and was engaged in transporting supplies to various military posts on the plains, afterward becoming interested in the building of railways and bridges. He was elected U. S. Senator as a Republican in 1871, and served till 24 March, 1873, when he resigned.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 496.


CALDWELL, Charles Henry Bromedge, naval officer, born in Hingham, Massachusetts, 11 June, 1823; died in Waltham, Massachusetts, 30 November, 1877. He entered the U.S. Navy as midshipman 27 February, 1838, and became lieutenant 4 September, 1852. With a detachment from the “Vandalia,” he defeated a tribe of cannibals at Wega, one of the Feejee Islands, and burned their town, 11 October, 1858. In 1862 he commanded the gun-boat “Itasca,” of the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron and took part in the bombardment of orts Jackson and St. Philip. On the night of 20 April his gun-boat, with the “Pinola,” was sent on an expedition under the command of Fleet-Captain Bell, to make a for the fleet through the chain obstructions near the forts. Lieutenant Caldwell and his party boarded one of the hulks that held the chains, and succeeded in detaching the latter, in spite of the heavy fire to which they were subjected. The “Itasca” was then swept on shore by the current, in full sight of the forts, and it was half an hour before she was afloat again. She was unable to pass the forts with the rest of the fleet, owing to a shot that penetrated her boiler. Lieutenant Caldwell was in the action at Grand Gulf, 9 June, 1862, and was promoted to commander on 16 July. He commanded the iron-clad “Essex,” of the Mississippi Squadron in 1862-’3, and took part in the operations at Port Hudson, from March to July of the latter year, in command of the “Essex” and the mortar flotilla. He commanded the “Glaucus" of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron from 1863 till 1864, and the “R. R. Cuyler,” of the same squadron, from 1864 till 1865. He became captain, 12 December, 1867, chief of staff of the North Atlantic fleet in 1870, and commodore on 14 June, 1874. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 496.


CALDWELL, Henry Clay, jurist, born in Marshall County, West Virginia, 4 September, 1835. He was educated in the common schools of Iowa, where his father had moved in 1837, studied law in Keosauque, Iowa, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. He was prosecuting attorney of Van Buren County, Iowa, from 1856 till 1858, and a member of the legislature from 1859 till 1861. He enlisted in the 3d Iowa Volunteer Cavalry in the latter year, and became successively major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of his regiment. He was in active military service from 1861 till 4 June, 1864, when he resigned his commission, having been appointed U. S. Judge for the Eastern District of Arkansas. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 497.


CALDWELL, John Curtis, soldier, born in Lowell, Vermont, 17 April, 1833. He was graduated at Amherst in 1855. At the beginning of the Civil War he became colonel of the 11th Main Volunteers. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers 28 April, 1862, and brevetted major-general 19 August, 1865. General Caldwell was in every action of the Army of the Potomac, from its organization till General Grant took command, and during the last year of the war he was president of an advisory board of the War Department. He was a member of the Maine Senate, adjutant-general of the state in 1867, and in 1869 was U. S. Consul at Valparaiso, Chili.  From 1873 till 1882 he was minister to Uruguay and Paraguay, and in 1885, having moved to Kansas, was president of the board of pardons of that state. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 497.


CALEDONIA, LOUISIANA, May 10, 1863. Detachment 16th Wisconsin Infantry and 1st Kansas Mounted Infantry. On the 8th Captain Zesch, with six companies of the 1st Kansas, made a reconnaissance to Bayou Macon and sent about 20 men across on a raft near Caledonia. These shortly returned with the report that the enemy was too strongly posted to risk an attack, and Zesch fell back to Old river to wait for reinforcements. Major Roberts, of the 1st Kansas, was then sent to Zesch's assistance with loo men of the ist Wisconsin During the day and night of the 9th a bridge was thrown across the bayou and on the morning of the 10th the entire force crossed over, charged the enemy, drove them from their position and pursued them to Pin Hook, where they found shelter in some log houses. Seeing that they could not be dislodged without artillery Roberts withdrew his forces, recrossed the bayou and destroyed the bridge. The Union loss was 1 killed, 8 wounded and 3 missing. One man was drowned while trying to cross a bayou as a bearer of despatches. Of the enemy 4 were left dead on the field and it is known that a number were wounded. Caledonia, Missouri, September 12, 1864. 14 men from the 3d Missouri State Militia Cavalry. The squad, commanded by Sergt. Warfield, was attacked by some 30 or 40 guerrillas, but they were repulsed with a loss of 1 man killed and several wounded. Warfield had 2 men wounded. Caledonia, Missouri, September 28, 1864. Ewing's Brigade, 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps. During Price's Missouri expedition Captain Hills of the 10th Kansas was sent with 10 men from the Potosi road to Mineral Point, to notify the command there of General Ewing's approach. At Caledonia a party of 25 Confederates was encountered by Hills, charged and routed with a loss of 1 man killed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 202-203.


Caledonia Iron Works, Pennsylvania, July 5, 1863. The skirmish at Caledonia irons works (or Stevens' furnace) on this date was an incident of the pursuit of the Confederate army from Gettysburg. No detailed report of the action appears in the official records of the war.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 203.


CALFKILLER CREEK, TENNESSEE, August 17, 1863. ist Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division. Colonel Robert G. Minty, commanding the brigade, after driving in the enemy's pickets near Sparta, sent the 7th Pennsylvania and 4th Michigan up the east side of Calfkiller creek to Sperry's mill, where they met Dibrell's brigade of Confederate cavalry and after a spirited skirmish drove it across the creek. Minty, with the 3d Indiana and 4th regulars, moved up the west side of the creek with the intention of cutting off the retreat, but owing to the uneven surface of the ground was unable to accomplish his purpose. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 203.


CALFKILLER CREEK, TENNESSEE, February 22, 1864. Two Companies 5th Tennessee Cavalry. The two companies, which had been on a scouting expedition, were returning to camp at Sparta, when they were attacked by about 300 Confederates on Calfkiller creek, and after fighting for some time were surrounded and overwhelmed. The officers, with 45 men, managed to cut their way through the lines and finally reached camp by a circuitous route through the hills.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 203.


CALFKILLER CREEK, TENNESSEE, March 11, 1864. Detachment 5th Tennessee Cavalry. Colonel William B. Stokes, commanding the regiment, learning that the enemy was on Calfkiller creek, sent out a scout of 80 men under Captains Blackburn and Waters to ascertain the strength and position of the party. About 10 miles from Sparta they came upon 150 Confederates in a strong position. A skirmish ensued, which lasted one hour, at the end of which time the enemy was driven into the mountains with a loss of 1 killed and several wounded. The Federal loss was 1 killed and 4 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 203.


CALHOUN, John C., statesman, born in Ninety-six District, South Carolina, 18 March, 1782; died in Washington, D. C., 31 March, 1850. His grandfather, James Calhoun, emigrated from Donegal, Ireland, to Pennsylvania in 1733, bringing with him a family of children, of whom Patrick Calhoun was one, a boy six years old. The family moved to western Virginia, again moved farther south, and in 1756 established the “Calhoun settlement” in the upper part of South Carolina. This was near the frontier of the Cherokee Indians; conflicts between them and the whites were frequent and bloody, and the Calhoun family suffered severe loss. Patrick Calhoun was distinguished for his undaunted courage and perseverance in these struggles, and was placed in command of provincial rangers raised for the defence of the frontier. His resolute and active character gave him credit among his people, and he was called to important service during the revolutionary war, in support of American independence. By profession he was a surveyor, and gained success by his skill. He was a man of studious and thoughtful habits, and well versed in English literature. His father was a Presbyterian, and he adhered to the religion of his fathers. In 1770 he married Martha Caldwell, a native of Virginia, daughter of an Irish Presbyterian immigrant, whose family was devoted to the American cause, and some of whom were badly treated by the tories. By heredity, John Caldwell Calhoun was therefore entitled to manhood from his race, to vigorous convictions in faith, and to patriotic devotion to liberty and right. He was early taught to read the Bible, and trained in Calvinistic doctrines; and it is said that he was also devoted to history and metaphysics, but was compelled to desist from study because of impaired health.

His father was a member for many years, during and after the revolution, of the legislature of his state, and his counsels made a deep impression on his son, though he died when the latter was thirteen years of age. The son remembered hearing the father say that “that government was best which allowed the largest amount of individual liberty compatible with social order,” and that the improvements in political science would consist in throwing off many restraints then deemed necessary to an organized society. Until Mr. Calhoun was ready for college, he was under the instruction of his brother-in-law, the Reverend Dr. Waddell, a Presbyterian clergyman, and went to Yale in 1802. He evinced great originality of thought, devotion to study, and a lofty ambition, which won him the honors of his class, and the prophetic approval of President Dwight in the declaration, after an earnest dispute with him on the rightful source of political power, that he would reach the greatest eminence in life, and might attain the presidency. He studied law with H. W. Desaussure, of South Carolina, for a time, but was graduated at Litchfield, Connecticut, and was admitted to the bar in 1807. He took part in a meeting of the people denouncing the British outrage on the frigate “Chesapeake,” and was soon elected to the legislature, and entered the House of Representatives in November, 1811, in his thirtieth year. Few men were better trained for the career before him. Simple and sincere in his tastes, habits, and manners, strict and pure in his morals, and incorruptible in his integrity, severe and logical in his style, analytic in his studies, and thorough in his investigations, with a genius to perceive and comprehend the mass of elements that entered into the solution of the problems of our political life, and with a capacity for philosophic generalization of principles unequalled by any contemporary, he began, continued, and ended his life, in the manifestation of the highest qualities for debate, for disquisitions upon constitutional government and free institutions, for discussions on foreign relations, for the investigation of political and social economy, and for the conduct with ability of the general affairs and even for the details of departmental administration.

When Calhoun entered Congress, war with Great Britain was imminent. He was a member of the committee on foreign affairs. He drew a report which placed before the country the issue of war, or submission to wrong. He urged a declaration of war, and upheld the cause of his country with an eloquence that inspired patriotic enthusiasm, and with a logical force that gave fortitude and zeal to the army and navy as well as to the people. At the close of the war in 1815 the country was confronted with questions of currency, finance, commercial policy, and internal development, which offered to the genius of Calhoun fruitful subjects for his original and patriotic study. He pressed upon Congress the bank bill, the tariff of 1816, and a system of roads and canals. On these questions he afterward modified his views very greatly, but defended his real consistency of thought, under the appearance of inconsistency, by saying that the remedies proper for one condition of things were improper for others. A question arose in the discussion of the act to carry into effect the treaty of peace, as to the relation of the treaty-making authority to the powers of Congress. He maintained the supremacy of the treaty power; that it prevailed over a law of Congress; and that Congress was bound to pass a law to carry a treaty into effect. The celebrated William Pinkney, then in the zenith of his fame, declared that Mr. Calhoun had brought into the debate “the strong power of genius from a higher sphere than that of argument.” Its power was undoubted, though the truth of his theory may well be questioned.

In 1817 Mr. Monroe called Mr. Calhoun to the war department, which he filled until 1825. In this new field he won real fame; to this day the department, by the testimony of recent secretaries, feels the impress of his genius for organization and for the methodical adjustment of the functions of its various branches to each other and to its head. In his report to Congress in 1823 he truly said that in a large disbursement of public money through a great number of disbursing agents, there had been no defalcation nor loss of a cent to the government; that he had reduced the expenses of the army from $451 to $287 per man, with no loss of efficiency or comfort. He organized the department by a bill that he drew for the purpose; and, under rules prescribed by him, introduced order and accountability in every branch of service, and established a system that has survived, in a large degree, to this day. Mr. Clay, in his eulogy on Mr. Calhoun, said: “Such was the high estimate I formed of his transcendent talents, that if, at the end of his service in the executive department under Mr. Monroe's administration, the duties of which he performed with such signal ability, he had been called to the highest office in the government, I should have felt perfectly assured that, under his auspices, the honor, the prosperity, and the glory of our country would have been safely placed.” During his service in the department, contention arose between him and General Jackson as to the conduct of the latter in the Seminole War, which was the chief cause of the breach between them during Jackson's administration.
In 1824 there were four candidates for the presidency, which resulted in the election of John Q. Adams by the House of Representatives. Mr. Calhoun was elected vice-president by a large majority. His vice-presidency marks the beginning of Mr. Calhoun's life as a constitutional statesman. He said in 1837: “The station, from its leisure, gave me a good opportunity to study the genius of the prominent measure of the day, called then the American system, by which I profited.” From that time he by profound study mastered the principles of our constitutional system, and may be said to have founded a school of political philosophy, of which the doctrines are maintained in his speeches, reports, and public writings. Mr. Clay's American system, to which Mr. Calhoun referred, was in full success. The bank, the protective policy, the internal improvement system, and the “general welfare” rule for constitutional construction, composed this celebrated policy. In 1828 General Jackson was elected president and Mr. Calhoun re-elected vice-president. The Jackson administration was the period during which the Democratic Party under Jackson and the Whig Party under Clay were organized for their great struggle for ascendency.

Mr. Calhoun took from the beginning the most prominent part in the attitude assumed by South Carolina against the protective system, which had reached its climax in the tariff law of 1828. In December, 1828, he drew up the “Exposition,” which, with amendments, was adopted by the legislature of South Carolina; also an address, 26 July, 1831, on the relations of the states to the general government; also a report for the legislature in November, 1831; also an address to the people of the state at the close of that session; also a letter to Governor Hamilton on state interposition, 28 August, 1832; also an address to the people of the United States by the Convention of South Carolina in November, 1832. In these papers he maintained the doctrine of state interposition, or “nullification.” During Jackson's first term, the influence of Mr. Van Buren became paramount with the president, and the alienation between the latter and Mr. Calhoun became irreconcilable. Mr. Van Buren was elected vice-president in 1832. The South Carolina Convention in November, 1832, passed the ordinance nullifying the tariff laws of 1828 and 1832, and Mr. Calhoun was elected to the Senate and took his seat in December, having resigned the vice-presidency. He appeared as the champion of his state, and defender of its ordinance of nullification, standing alone, but firm and undaunted. Both parties were opposed to him, and the administration menacingly so. A man of less intellect or less courage would have shrunk from the conflict. But he was courageous in conviction, and fearless of personal consequences. He gave up the second and surrendered all hope of the first, office in the country, to defend his state in her solitary attitude of opposition to the protective policy. The president's proclamation of November, 1802, was followed by the proposed “force bill.” Mr. Calhoun, in February, 1833, made an elaborate speech against it. To this Mr. Webster replied with great fulness upon certain resolutions proposed by Mr. Calhoun on the general question, whereupon Mr. Calhoun called up his resolutions, and made, 26 February, 1833, a speech of extraordinary force, to which Mr. Webster never replied. The issue in this debate of the giants was on the first resolution, as follows:

“That the people of the several states comprising these United States are united as parties to a constitutional compact, to which the people of each state acceded, as a separate and sovereign community, each binding itself by its own particular ratification; and that the union, of which the said compact is the bond, is a union between the states ratifying the same.” Mr. Webster denied the “compact” theory, and is said to have made use of much of the materials gathered by Judge Story in the preparation of the first volume of his commentaries on the constitution, published in 1833. Almost all of the Democratic Party, and many of the Whigs, held that the constitution was a compact, but denied the right of nullification by a state; and some of these denied the right of secession to a state, holding the indissolubility of the union of these states because bound by a perpetual compact. They admitted Mr. Calhoun's premise of “compact,” but denied his conclusions. Mr. Webster denied his premise, and therefore his conclusion. Many, also, who believed in the right of secession, denied the right of nullification. Mr. Calhoun stood, therefore, alone in the Senate, maintaining the premise of a “constitutional compact,” and his conclusion of the right of a state to nullify a law while remaining in the union, or to secede from the union entirely. The true nature of the doctrine of nullification was this: 1. It was claimed as a remedy within the union, reserved to the state according to the constitution; a remedy for evils in the union; and to save, but not to dissolve, it. 2. It was claimed for the state, as a party to the compact, to declare when it was violated, and to pronounce void an unconstitutional law; not to annul a valid law, but to declare void an unconstitutional law. 3. Its effect was (as claimed) to make wholly inoperative the law so declared void, because unconstitutional, within the state, and it seems that the United States should, according to the doctrine, thereupon suspend its operation elsewhere, and appeal to the states to amend the constitution by a new grant of power to make valid the law so declared void by the state. 4. This declaration of nullity of a law could not be made by the government of a state, but only by a convention of its people; that is, that the people of a state in convention, which had ratified in convention the constitution originally, should have power to declare unconstitutional an act done by the government created by that constitution. The genius of Mr. Calhoun was equal to the plausible and powerful support of this theory, which, however inconclusive from his premise of the constitutional compact, can not impair the truth of that premise, which, with transcendent ability and accurate historic research, he established on an impregnable foundation. The discussion had valuable results. Mr. Clay introduced his “compromise tariff” of 1833, which was passed before the session closed, with the support of Mr. Calhoun. It provided for a gradual reduction of duties during ten years, after which duties should be laid on a revenue basis. This issue ended, the re-charter of the bank of the United States, and the removal of the deposits therefrom by President Jackson, and the general question of currency, became prominent. Executive patronage also came into the debates of the last term of President Jackson. On all these questions Mr. Calhoun acted with the Whig Party. He preferred the bank of the United States to what was called the “pet bank system” of the executive. He condemned what he deemed executive usurpation, and denounced the influence of patronage as tending to the organization of parties upon the principle “of the cohesive power of public plunder.” He claimed to belong to neither party, but to lead the band of “state-rights” men, whose course was directed by principle, and not by the motives of party triumph or personal ambition. He took no part in the presidential election of 1836; but on the accession of Mr. Van Buren to the presidency, and in the extra session called by him in 1837, to consider the financial panic of that year, he took ground for a total separation of the government from a bank or banks, favored the constitutional treasury plan, and acted generally with the Democratic Party, General Harrison was elected president in 1840, but died 4 April, 1841, and was succeeded by Vice-President John Tyler. An extra session of Congress was called in the summer of 1841, when the struggle of Mr. Clay for the restoration of his American system — including a bank, protective tariff, internal improvements, and a distribution of the proceeds of the public lands — brought on a memorable discussion, in which Mr. Calhoun was a leader, and facile princeps, of the Democratic Party. If the student of our history will consult the speeches of Mr. Calhoun in the Senate, on the bank question generally, and on currency, from 1837 till 1842, he will find how thorough his analysis of these abstruse questions was, and how broad were his generalizations of principles. When the tariff question came up again in 1842, the compromise of 1833 was rudely overthrown, and the protective system placed in the ascendent. Mr. Calhoun discussed the question in several able speeches, but delivered one 5 August, 1842, of comprehensive force, in which he discriminated with analytic precision between a revenue and a protective duty, holding a tariff for revenue only to be constitutional and right. He discussed the question of wages, and closed his speech with an animation not to be forgotten by one, who heard him utter these sentences: “The great popular party is already rallied almost en masse around the banner which is leading the party to its final triumph. The few that still lag will soon be rallied under its ample folds. On that banner is inscribed: Free trade; low duties; no debt; separation from banks; economy; retrenchment, and strict adherence to the constitution. Victory in such a cause will be great and glorious; and long will it perpetuate the liberty and prosperity of the country.” The hostility of President Tyler to the American system made its restoration during his administration only partial; but questions of deeper import came before the country, from which results of great consequence have followed. Mr. Tyler had frequently resorted to the veto power to defeat Mr. Clay's measures. Mr. Clay proposed an amendment of the constitution for the abrogation of the veto power, and on 28 February, 1842, Mr. Calhoun delivered a speech against this proposition. He vindicated and sustained the veto as an essential part of “the beautiful and profound system established by the constitution.” The proposition never came to a vote.

In February, 1844, the unfortunate explosion of a gun on the deck of the “Princeton,” near Washington, robbed the country of two members of President Tyler's cabinet. The vacancy in the State Department occasioned by the death of Judge Upshur was filled by Mr. Calhoun, who had ceased to be senator, in March, 1843. Two questions of great importance were considered by the new secretary. At that time the union had no Pacific population, California had not been acquired, and Oregon was not yet within our grasp. Great Britain had an adverse claim to Oregon. Our title rested on discovery and the French treaty of 1803. Access to it there was none but by sea around Cape Horn or across the isthmus. Mr. Calhoun vindicated our rights in a diplomatic correspondence upon grounds on which it was finally adjusted by treaty in 1846. In his speech on the Oregon question, 16 March, 1846, he spoke of the physical elements of civilization steam and electricity. As to the latter (when the telegraph was in its infancy) with wonderful prevision he said: “Magic wires are stretching themselves in all directions over the earth, and, when their mystic meshes shall have been united and perfected, our globe itself will become endowed with sensitiveness, so that whatever touches on any one point will be instantly felt on every other.” Again: “Peace is preëminently our policy. . . . Providence has given us an inheritance stretching across the entire continent from ocean to ocean. . . . Our great mission, as a people, is to occupy this vast domain; to replenish it with an intelligent, virtuous, and industrious population; to convert the forests into cultivated fields; to drain the swamps and morasses, and cover them with rich harvests; to build up cities, towns, and villages in every direction, and to unite the whole by the most rapid intercourse between all the parts. . . . Secure peace, and time, under the guidance of a sagacious and cautious policy, 'a wise and masterly inactivity,' will speedily accomplish the whole. . . . War can make us great; but let it never be forgotten that peace only can make us both great and free.”

Another question, the annexation of Texas, occupied his mind, and gave full scope to his fertile genius. To our internal concerns it was as important as to our foreign relations. It can only be fully comprehended by considering the slavery question, with which it became involved in the act of annexation and in its consequences. In the federal Convention of 1787 the diversity of industries growing up in states where slavery did and did not exist was clearly foreseen. This difference was marked by the terms northern and southern, slaveholding and non-slaveholding, commercial and agricultural states. The well-known antipathy of people, among whom slavery does not exist, to that form of labor gave rise to strong feelings in the northern states for its abolition. Among southern people there was much of regret that it had ever been established; but how to deal with it was to them a practical question for their most serious consideration. As has been well said, “We had the wolf by the ears — to hold on, was a great evil; to let go, who could estimate the consequences?” It was important as a question of property, but of far greater moment as a social and political problem. What relations, social and political, should exist between these diverse races, when both were free and equal in citizenship? One thing the south felt most strongly. The solution of this difficult problem should be left to those who were personally interested in the continuance of slavery, and involved in the consequences of its abolition. Accordingly, the federal constitution left it for the states to deal with, threw around it interstate guarantees, and put it beyond the reach of the federal government. Without these guarantees, the union could not have been formed. The two sections watched their respective growth in population, and their settlement of our territories, as bearing on their related powers in the federal government. The north had a large majority in the House of Representatives, and in the Electoral College. In the Senate, by a species of common law, an equilibrium was maintained between the sections, one free state being admitted with one slave state for nearly fifty years of our history. In 1820-'1 the Missouri agitation arose, which was quieted for the moment by an agreement that no state should be admitted north of lat. 36° 30' which allowed slavery, while south of that line they might be admitted with or without slavery, as the people of the state should decide. The constitutionality of this Missouri compromise was always denied by many constitutional lawyers, though it is said Mr. Calhoun admitted its constitutionality, when applied to the territories, but not as to a state. With a Senate equally divided between the sections, the southern states felt secure against action hostile to slavery by the government. But the equilibrium of the sections in that body being overthrown, they would be subject to the will of a northern majority in both houses, limited only by its interpretation of its constitutional power over slavery. In 1835, Texas, peopled by emigrants from the union, but chiefly from the southern states, carrying their slaves with them, won its independence at San Jacinto, which was acknowledged by the United States in 1836. The territory had once been ours; its people were of our own flesh and blood; emigration pressed into its fields from the south; the government of Great Britain was threatening to keep Texas independent, and, by procuring the abolition of slavery there, to operate to stop slavery extension toward the southwest, and place an abolition frontier upon the borders of Louisiana and Arkansas. Mr. Calhoun was too sagacious not to see the hostile policy of England. In a series of papers he exposed the scheme, and negotiated a treaty with Texas for her incorporation into the union. The treaty failed, but the annexation of Texas became a pivotal question in the presidential election of 1844, and Mr. Polk was elected chiefly upon that issue. Many people looked upon it as an increase of the slave power in the union, but the admission of Texas was made subject, as to any new states to be formed out of it, to the provisions of the Missouri compromise. Mr. Calhoun was elected to the Senate on retiring from the State Department, and did all he could for the peaceable adjustment of the Oregon question, and also to prevent war with Mexico. He deprecated the war with Mexico, and in strong terms declared it was unnecessary. When it was finally determined on, he was greatly disturbed, and predicted evils, which even he could not see. He said: “It has dropped a curtain between the present and the future, which to me is impenetrable; and, for the first time since I have been in public life, I am unable to see the future. It has closed the first volume of our political history under the constitution, and opened the second, and no mortal can tell what will be written in it.” In his speech on the “three-million bill” (9 February, 1847) he explained that what constituted this “impenetrable curtain” was the acquisition of territory as the result of the war, and the slavery question, which would be involved in the legislation respecting it. The slavery question, during the administrations of Jackson and Van Buren, had been agitated in many forms. Abolition petitions had poured in upon Congress, and the power of Congress had been invoked to prevent the transmission through the mails of abolition documents. On this point Mr. Calhoun differed with President Jackson; the former maintaining in an able report (February, 1836) that the mail could not be the instrument for incendiary purposes against the laws of the states, but that Congress had no power to decide what should be transmitted and what not, without state action.

Soon after the Mexican War began, the acquisition of territory from Mexico was strongly insisted on; and at once the anti-slavery party proposed what was known as the Wilmot proviso, by which it was declared that slavery should never be allowed in any Mexican territory acquired by treaty. The agitation convulsed the country. On 19 February, 1847, Mr. Calhoun set forth his views in certain resolutions, of which the substance is in the first two: “That the territories of the United States belong to the several states composing the union, and are held by them as their joint and common property; that Congress, as the joint agent and representative of the states of the union, has no right to make any law or do any act whatever that shall, directly or by its effects, make any discrimination between the states of this union by which any of them shall be deprived of its full and equal right in any territory of the United States acquired or to be acquired.” Chief-Justice Taney, delivering the opinion of the court, held the same doctrine in the Dred Scott decision in 1857, in which six of the nine judges concurred. The agitation continued until the session of 1849-'50, when the compromise measures were proposed and passed. Mr. Calhoun made his last speech (read for him by Senator Mason, of Virginia) upon this subject, 4 March, 1850. With the exception of a few remarks made afterward in reply to Mr. Foote and to Mr. Webster, he never again addressed the Senate.

In the last years of his life he prepared two works, the one “A Disquisition on Government,” and the other “A Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States,” both comprehended in a volume of 400 pages. These methodical treatises on the science of government and the federal constitution place him in the highest position among original thinkers upon political philosophy. In estimating Mr. Calhoun's position absolutely and relatively, he is liable to a less favorable verdict than his merits demand. He represented a southern state, defended her slave institutions, belonged to a minority section, and his views have been condemned by the majority section of the country. The newspaper and periodical press, therefore, will deny him the pre-eminence which we claim for him as a broad and philosophic statesman, as a constitutional lawyer, and as a leader of thought in the field of political philosophy. His fame results from the possession of an ardent, sincere, and intense soul which gave impulse and motive to a mind endowed with extraordinary analytic force, acute and subtile in its insight, fertile in suggestion, full of resources, careful, laborious, and profound in research and comprehensive in its deduction of general principles. He had a largo imagination, though he displayed little fancy. His vigorous, compact, and clean-cleaving logic put the objects of his creative power into sharply defined shapes, arranged in perspicuous order, with a severe, trenchant, and condensed rhetoric.

In his reply on 10 March, 1838, to Mr. Clay's personal attack he seems to have defined his own characteristics while he denied them to his great opponent. He said: “I cannot retort on the senator the charge of being metaphysical. I cannot accuse him of possessing the powers of analysis and generalization, those higher faculties of the mind (called metaphysical by those who do not possess them) which decompose and resolve into their elements the complex masses of ideas that exist in the world of mind, as chemistry does the bodies that surround us in the material world, and without which these deep and hidden causes which are in constant action and producing such mighty changes in the condition of society would operate unseen and undetected. . . . Throughout the whole of my service I have never followed events, but have taken my stand in advance, openly and freely avowing my opinions on all questions, and leaving it to time and experience to condemn or approve my course.” He believed the constitution to be a “beautiful and profound system,” and the union under it an inestimable blessing. His “Disquisition” and “Discourse” were devoted to showing how the true philosophy of government was realized in that constitution. An epitome of his philosophy may be attempted, though it will fail to do it justice. He believed in the rights of the individual man, for whose benefit society and government exist — “society being primary, to preserve and perfect our race; and government secondary and subordinate, to preserve and perfect society. Both are, however, necessary to the existence and well-being of our race and equally of divine ordination.” But government ordained to protect may, if not guarded, be made a means of oppression. “That by which this is prevented, by whatever name called, is what is meant by constitution. . . . Constitution stands to government as government stands to society. . . . Constitution is the contrivance of man, while government is of divine ordination. Man is left to perfect what the wisdom of the Infinite ordained as necessary to preserve the race.” He then takes up the question, How shall government be constituted so as by its own organism to resist the tendency to abuse of power? The first device is the responsibility of rulers through suffrage to the ruled under proper guards and with sufficient enlightenment of the voters to understand their rights and their duty. This secures those who elect against abuse by those who are elected. But this is far from all that is needed. When society is homogeneous in interests this may suffice, for it insures a control of no man's right by any other than himself and those who have common interest with him. But where, as is generally the case, society has diverse and inimical interests, then suffrage is no security, for each representative speaks the will of each constituency, and constituencies, through representation, may war on each other, and the majority interests may devour those of the minority through their representatives. Suffrage thus only transfers the propensity to abuse power from constituencies to representatives, and despotism is secured through that suffrage which was devised to prevent it. The remedy for this evil is to be found in such an organism as will give to each of the diverse interests a separate voice and permit the majority of each to speak in a separate branch of the organism, and not take the voice of the majority of the whole community as the only expression of the people's will. To do the last bases government on the numerical or absolute majority; to do the first is to base it on the “concurrent constitutional majority.” The latter is a government of the whole people; the former only of a majority of them. This principle is illustrated by all the so-called checks and balances in all constitutional governments, and by the concurrent majority of numbers in the House of Representatives and of states in the Senate in our own federal system. This principle, established with scientific precision, is the fruitful source of all of Mr. Calhoun's doctrines. His vindication of the veto power was against the claim for the numerical majority. His nullification was the requirement of the concurrent majority of the several states to a law of doubtful constitutionality. His proposed amendment of the constitution by a dual executive, through which each section would have a distinct representation, was an application of the same principle; and his intense opposition to the admission of California, by which the Senate was to be controlled by a northern majority, was his protest against the overthrow of the concurrent consent of the south, through an equipoised Senate, to the legislative action of Congress. Mr. Calhoun saw the south in a minority in all branches of the government, and he desired, by giving to the south a concurrent and distinct voice in the organism of our system, to secure her against invasion of her rights by a hostile majority, and thus to make her safe in the union. When the abolition party was small in numbers and weak in organization, and public men treated its menaces with contempt, Mr. Calhoun saw the cloud like a man's hand which was to overspread our political heavens. His prophetic eye saw the danger and his voice proclaimed it. In looking at the growth of the abolition feeling in 1836, he predicted that Mr. Webster “would, however reluctant, be compelled to yield to that doctrine or be driven into obscurity.” He said, further: “Be assured that emancipation itself would not satisfy these fanatics. That gained, the next step would be to raise the Negroes to a social and political equality with the whites.” In 1849 he wrote the “Address to the People of the South,” and, with a precision that is startling, drew the following picture of the results of abolition: “If it [emancipation] ever should be effected, it will be through the agency of the federal government, controlled by the dominant power of the northern states of the confederacy against the resistance and struggle of the southern. It can then only be effected by the prostration of the white race, and that would necessarily engender the bitterest feelings of hostility between them and the north; but the reverse would be the case between the blacks of the south and the people of the north. Owing their emancipation to them, they would regard them as friends, guardians, and patrons, and centre accordingly all their sympathy in them. The people of the north would not fail to reciprocate, and to favor them instead of the whites. Under the influence of such feelings, and impelled by fanaticism and love of power, they would not stop at emancipation. Another step would be taken, to raise them to a political and social equality with their former owners by giving them the right of voting and holding public offices under the federal government. . . . But when once raised to an equality they would become the fast political associates of the north, acting and voting with them on all questions, and by this political union between them holding the south in complete subjection. The blacks and the profligate whites that might unite with them would become the principal recipients of federal offices and patronage, and would in consequence be raised above the whites in the south in the political and social scale. We would, in a word, change conditions with them a degradation greater than has ever yet fallen to the lot of a free and enlightened people, and one from which we could not escape but by fleeing the homes of ourselves and ancestors, and by abandoning our country to our former slaves, to become the permanent abode of disorder, anarchy, poverty, misery, and wretchedness.”

The estimate we have placed upon the genius of this remarkable man is confirmed by the touching tributes of his great rivals at the time of his death. Henry Clay, after paying a tribute to his private character and to his patriotism and public honor, said: “He possessed an elevated genius of the highest order. In felicity of generalization of the subjects of which his mind treated I have seen him surpassed by no one, and the charm and captivating influence of his colloquial powers have been felt by all who have conversed with him.” Daniel Webster, his chief competitor in constitutional debate, said: “He was a man of undoubted genius and of commanding talent. All the country and all the world admit that. . . . I think there is not one of us but felt, when he last addressed us from his seat in the Senate, his form still erect, with clear tones, and an impressive and, I may say, an imposing manner, who did not feel that he might imagine that we saw before us a senator of Rome when Rome survived. . . . He had the basis, the indispensable basis of all high character, and that was unspotted integrity, unimpeached honor, and character. If he had aspirations, they were high and honorable and noble. . . . Firm in his purpose, perfectly patriotic and honest, aside from that large regard for that species of distinction that conducted him to eminent stations for the benefit of the republic, I do not believe he had a selfish motive or selfish feeling.” Mr. Everett once said: “Calhoun, Clay, Webster! I name them in alphabetical order. What other precedence can be assigned them?” Clay the great leader, Webster the great orator, Calhoun the great thinker. John Stuart Mill speaks of the great ability of his posthumous work, and of its author as “a man who has displayed powers as a speculative political thinker superior to any who has appeared in American politics since the authors of 'The Federalist.'” It has been said that Calhoun labored to destroy the Union, that he might be the chief of a southern confederacy because he could not be president of the Union. The writer remembers an interview that he witnessed between Calhoun and a friend within a month of his death, when the hopes and strifes of his ambition were soon, as he knew, to be laid in the grave. The friend asked him if nothing could be done to save the Union. “Will not the Missouri compromise do it?” He replied, the light in his great eyes expressing an intense solemnity of feeling that can never be forgotten, “With my constitutional objections I could not vote for it, but I would acquiesce in it to save this Union!”

Mr. Calhoun in his private life as husband, father, friend, neighbor, and citizen, was pure, upright, sincere, honest, and beyond reproach. He was simple and unpretending in manners, rigid and strict in his morals, temperate and discreet in his habits; genial, earnest, and fascinating in conversation, and magnanimous in his public and private relations. He was beloved by his family and friends, honored and almost idolized by his state, and died as he had lived, respected and revered for his genius and his honorable life by his contemporaries of all parties. He was stainless in private and public life, as a man, a patriot, and a philosopher, and his fame is a noble heritage to his country and to mankind. The view on page 500 represents the summer residence and office of Mr. Calhoun at Fort Hill, to which during his career many men of distinction repaired to enjoy his society and his liberal hospitality. Calhoun's works were collected and edited by Richard K. Cralle (6 vols., New York, 1853-'4).  [Appleton’s 1900] pp. 498-504.


CALHOUN, GEORGIA, May 16, 1864. 4th Army Corps. After the evacuation of Resaca by the Confederates there was a general southward movement by the Army of the Tennessee, with almost constant skirmishing. As the 4th corps approached Calhoun on the 16th a deserter came into the Union lines with the information that the enemy was drawn up in line of battle about one and a half miles in front, and that the force consisted of three brigades of infantry. The advance proceeded with some caution and reached a point about half a mile from Calhoun a little before 7 o'clock in the evening. Here a sharp skirmish occurred with a regiment of infantry and the rear-guard of cavalry, the Confederate retreat having already begun. After the enemy was driven off the corps went into bivouac for the night. Newton's division lost 2 men killed and 5 or 6 wounded in the skirmish. No other casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 203-204.


CALHOUN, GEORGIA, June 10, 1864. Detachment, 3d Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. A small patrol guard of cavalry belonging to the 3d division was attacked by about 300 Confederate cavalry, who succeeded in throwing a train from the track and burning 6 cars. Colonel W. W. Lowe, commanding the division, immediately sent reinforcements, reopened traffic on the railroad and pursued the attacking party for some distance, but without overtaking it.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 204.


CALHOUN, KENTUCKY, November 25, 1862.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 204.

CALHOUN, MISSISSIPPI, July 12, 1863. Bussey's Cavalry Division, 9th Army Corps. This was an incident of the Jackson campaign. Bussey reached Calhoun about 6 a. m., burned 2 locomotives, 25 cars, the depot, which contained 100 bales of cotton, and destroyed the track for about half a mile, afterward moving on toward Canton, skirmishing with the enemy along the road.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 204.


CALHOUN, MISSOURI, January 4, 1862. Organization not recorded. Calhoun,' Missouri, June 12, 1864. Citizens' Guard. Brigadier-General Egbert B. Brown, commanding the district of central Missouri, reports under date of June 15: "* * * on the evening of the 12th instant a party of 20 guerrillas made a dash into Calhoun, burnt one church, one tavern, two dwelling-houses, and robbed two stores. The leader, Dr. Beck, a notorious character, was killed by Lieutenant Sallee, of the citizens' guard; 3 of the guards were wounded."  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 204.


CALHOUN, TENNESSEE, September 18, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 204.


CALHOUN, TENNESSEE, September 25, 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, 23d Army Corps. Colonel Robert K. Byrd, commanding the brigade, sent out scouting parties on the Cleveland, Dalton and Chatata roads, to learn the strength and position of the enemy. About 9 a. m. Captain Humphrey, who had gone out on the Cleveland road, reported that he had been attacked by a large force and compelled to fall back. Byrd immediately sent part of the 112th Illinois mounted infantry to the assistance of Humphrey and began taking measures to defend the town against an attack. About this time word came from the Dalton road that the enemy was advancing in force from that direction. The remainder of the 112th was hurried to the ford to occupy some rifle-pits there, and the battery was placed to command the approach to the ford. Hardly had these arrangements been made when a despatch was received that a large force was approaching over the Chatata road. Byrd then recalled all his pickets on the opposite side of the river to prevent their being cut off, sent the 8th Michigan cavalry, dismounted, to the bank of the river, and placed the 1st East Tennessee to support the battery. As soon as the enemy made his appearance Byrd opened with his artillery, which checked the advance for a time, but the Confederates soon got some heavy rifled guns on a bluff overlooking Byrd's position and began shelling. The fight lasted for two hours, when the enemy succeeded in getting flanking parties across the river, both above and below, and Byrd was forced to retire toward Athens, which he did in good order, the 8th Michigan cavalry acting as rear-guard and holding the enemy in check. The Union forces in this engagement numbered about 1,200 men, while the strength of the enemy was estimated at 8,000.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 204.


CALHOUN, OR HAGUEWOOD PRAIRIE, TENNESSEE, September 26, 1863. Calhoun, Tennessee, November 26, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. In connection with the Chattanooga-Ringgold Page 205 campaign this brigade, commanded by Colonel Eli Long, of the 4th Ohio cavalry, made a raid on the East Tennessee & Georgia railroad. On the 26th, while the command was at Cleveland, Long sent out a detachment, under Colonel Seidel of the 3d Ohio, with instructions to proceed as far as the Hiawassee river if possible, learn the strength of the enemy at Charleston, and tear up the railroad. At Calhoun Seidel encountered Kelly's brigade, with several pieces of artillery, but succeeded in driving the Confederates across the river. The 98th Illinois mounted infantry then tore up the track at several points between Calhoun and Cleveland. Seidel lost 1 man wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 204-205.


CALHOUN, TENNESSEE, December 28, 1863. (See Charleston, same date.) Calhoun County, West Virginia, September 8, 1863. Calico Rock, Arkansas, May 26, 1862. California, Missouri, October 9, 1864. Sanborn's Cavalry Division and Batteries H and L, 2nd Missouri Artillery. This was an incident of Price's Missouri expedition. When the head of the Federal column emerged from the timber upon the open prairie, a mile from California, about 5 p: m., Marmaduke's division was found drawn up to dispute entrance to the town, while a large force was engaged in tearing up the railroad. The 1st brigade, consisting of the 1st, 4th, and 7th Missouri and the 1st la. cavalry and commanded by Colonel John F. Philips, was in the advance. The 4th was immediately dismounted and deployed; the 7th was also dismounted and moved rapidly to the left, with instructions to charge the enemy's right; the other Missouri regiment formed the center, and the 1st la. was stationed in reserve. The enemy opened with his artillery. Wachsman's battery was ordered up and soon began a telling fire upon the Confederate center, the whole line advancing under the fire. The 7th Missouri moved at the double-quick, drove in the skirmishers, and with a yell charged the enemy's right with such impetuosity that it gave way. The center, which had begun to waver under the shelling of Wachsman's battery, also broke and retreated to the north side of the railroad, leaving their artillery unprotected. The officer in charge of the battery saw this, however, in time to withdraw his guns and save them from being captured. The 7th Missouri was the first to enter the town, and soon swept it of the last straggling Confederates. Fagan's division formed Price's advance and commenced to retreat as soon as the fight began. The ammunition train was placed between this and Marmaduke's division, thus preventing its capture or destruction. The Union loss was reported as 3 men wounded. That of the enemy was much greater, as the citizens told Philips that large numbers of wounded were carried away.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 205.


CALIFORNIA HOUSE, MISSOURI, August 29, 1862. 13th Missouri Militia Cavalry. A body of Confederates, about 300 strong, while moving through Pulaski county, was fired upon by Federal pickets at the California House, 7 miles from Waynesville. The firing was unexpected and the enemy, not knowing the size of the party who did it, scattered in different directions. The pickets brought in 2 prisoners, 9 horses and several guns that some of the men threw away in their flight. Captains Long and Murphy went in pursuit, killed 7 and wounded several, with a loss of 1 man killed and 3 wounded. Murphy continued the chase for about 18 miles, forcing 29 of them to surrender to a militia company in Osage county. He also sent 9 prisoners to Jefferson City and destroyed all the skiffs at McKerk landing, where the party intended to cross the river. California House, Missouri, October 18, 1862. 13th Missouri Militia Cavalry. Colonel Albert Sigel, commanding the post at Waynesville, received word on the evening of the 17th that a force of 200 Confederates had crossed the Missouri river at Portland the night before. He sent out Captain Murphy with 75 men, toward the Gasconade river, and held a larger party in readiness to strike, whenever the enemy could be located. About 10 o'clock on the 18th a report was received from Murphy that he was in hot pursuit, and that the Confederates were going in a southwesterly direction. Sigel immediately started for the California House, 7 miles west, and upon arriving there had barely time to get into position when his advance guard was driven in. The Union forces were so disposed that the attack was made from all sides and in a few minutes the enemy broke and fled. Sigel had 1 man slightly wounded. The number of the enemy killed was estimated at 20, about as many more were wounded and 3 captured.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 205-206.

CALIFORNIA HOUSE, MISSOURI, February 12, 1864. Detachment 8th Cavalry, Missouri State Militia. The westbound stage, escorted by 9 men of the 8th regiment, was attached about 4 miles west of the California House by a company of bushwhackers early in the morning. About 20 of the attacking party were killed, the escort losing but 1 man.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 206.


CALL, Richard Keith, soldier, born near Peters- burg, Virginia, in 1791; died in Tallahassee, Fla,, 14 September, 1862, was appointed first lieutenant in the 44th Infantry, 15 July, 1814; brevet captain. 7 November, 1814; volunteer aide to General Jackson in April, 1818; captain, July, 1818; and resigned, 1 May, 1822. He was a member of the legislative council of Florida in April, 1822; brigadier-general of west Florida militia in January, 1823; delegate to Congress from 1828 till 1825; and receiver of the west Florida land-office in March, 1825. He was governor of Florida from 1835 till 1840, and led the army against the Seminoles from 6 December, 1885, till 6 December, 1836, commanding in the second and third battles of Wahoo Swamp, 18 and 21 November, 1830. It is said that at the battle of Ouithlacooehie Governor Call personally saved General Clinch and his command from being cut to pieces, contrary to the statement made by the latter in his history of the Florida War. A controversy with Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War in Van Buren's cabinet, relative to the misdirection of the war, cost Governor Call his office. He consequently turned Whig, and worked earnestly for Harrison's election, canvassing the northern states in his behalf. President Harrison reappointed him governor of Florida in 1841, and he held the office till 1844, but was an unsuccessful candidate for the governorship in 1845, when the territory became a state. Although he had sacrificed fortune, health, and popularity to protect the citizens of Florida during the Seminole War, they could not forgive him for turning Whig, and he never held political office again in Florida. But he was major-general of state militia from 1 July to 8 December, 1846. Governor Call took great interest in the development of his state. He projected and built the third railroad in the United States, from Tallahassee to St. Marks, and also located the town of Port Leon, which was afterward destroyed by a cyclone. He always considered himself a Jackson Democrat, as opposed to later democracy. Feeling that he had fought at Jackson's side for every inch of ground from Tennessee to the peninsula, he regarded himself as one of the builders of the nation, and during the Civil War was one of the few men in the south that looked on secession as treason. On 12 February. 1861, Governor Call wrote a long letter to John S. Littell, of Pennsylvania, deploring secession, but defending slavery. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 505.


CALLAGHAN'S STATION, VIRGINIA, May 4, 1864.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 206.


CALLAWAY COUNTY, MISSOURI, August 28, 1863. Detachment, 1st Provisional Missouri Enrolled Militia. A scouting party, commanded by Major Lewis P. Miller, came up with a party of Confederates near the old Morse mill and in a skirmish killed 1 and wounded another, without loss. Miller then pursued them for some distance in the direction of Portland.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 206.


CALLENDER, Franklin D., soldier, born in New York about 1817; died in Daysville, Illinois, 13 December 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1839, assigned to duty as brevet second lieutenant of ordnance, and in November of the same year was promoted second lieutenant. Until 1840 he was on duty at Watervliet Arsenal. New York, from 1840 till 1842 served in the Florida War, and was brevetted first lieutenant for "active and highly meritorious services against the Florida Indians." Returning to ordnance duty, he organized a howitzer and rocket battery at Fort Monroe in 1846, and commanded it at the siege of Vera Cruz in the war with Mexico, 1847. He was promoted first lieutenant, 3 March, 1847, participated in the succeeding campaigns, and was twice severely wounded at the battle of Contreras. For his conduct during these campaigns he was brevetted captain of ordnance. In 1858 he was promoted captain of ordnance, having been on continuous duty at different arsenals for fourteen years. During the Civil War he was on foundry and general ordnance duty, and was brevetted major in 1862, receiving his promotion to the full grade, 8 March, 1863. He was engaged in the advance against Corinth. Mississippi, in April and May, 1863, and was afterward chief of ordnance of the Department of Missouri. In 1865 he received successive brevets to include the grade of brevet brigadier-general, and was promoted to the full grades of lieutenant-colonel, 6 April, 1866, and colonel of ordnance, 23 June. 1874. He was retired, 29 May, 1879. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 505.


CALLING FORTH MILITIA. Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; (Constitution, Art. 1, Sec. 8, Clause 15.) By Act of Congress, Feb. 28, 1795, the President is authorized to call forth the militia whenever: 1. “ the United States shall be invaded or be in his judgment in imminent danger of invasion) (from any foreign nation or Indian tribe;) and to issue his orders for that purpose to such officer or officers of militia as he may think proper. 2. In case of an insurrection in any State against the government thereof, on application of the Legislature of such State, or of the Executive, (when the Legislature cannot be convened.) 3. Whenever the laws of the United States shall be opposed, or the execution thereof obstructed in any State, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals; but whenever it may be necessary, in the judgment of the President, to use the military force hereby directed to be called forth in case of insurrection or obstruction to the laws, the President shall forthwith, by proclamation, command such insurgents to disperse, and retire peaceably to their respective abodes within a limited time;” (Act Feb. 28, 1795.) In cases where it is lawful for the President to call forth the militia, it shall be lawful for him to employ for the same purposes, such part of the land or naval forces of the United States as shall be judged necessary, having first observed all the perquisites of the law in that respect; (Act March 3, 1807.) (See INVASION; MARSHAL; OBSTRUCTION; EXECUTION OF LAWS; INSURRECTION.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 130-131).


CAMARGO CROSS-ROADS, MISSISSIPPI, July 13, 1864. Part of the 16th Army Corps. On the 5th an expedition was started from LaGrange, Tennessee, to Tupelo, Mississippi It consisted of the 1st and 3d divisions of the 16th corps, Grierson's cavalry division, the 1st brigade of U. S. Colored troops and 7 batteries of artillery, and was under the command of Major-General Andrew J. Smith. The expedition broke camp at Pontotoc on the morning of the 13th and marched toward Tupelo, 18 miles distant, with Colonel Winslow's cavalry brigade in the front and the colored troops and the 7th Kansas cavalry in the rear. Winslow kept up a running skirmish for nearly 10 miles, with a detachment of the enemy's cavalry, killing 7 and wounding a large number. During this time the rear-guard was called on to repulse three attacks from that quarter. When within about six miles of Tupelo the enemy opened a heavy fire of musketry from ambush at short range. Two guns of Battery E, 1st Illinois light artillery, were quickly wheeled into position and began pouring a rapid fire of canister into the Confederate ranks. About this time a charge was made upon the train by four brigades of cavalry. Colonel Ward's brigade, which had been marching on the right flank, repulsed the attack and captured a stand of colors. The enemy quickly rallied and again attacked the train, this time a short distance from the rear. This attack was promptly met by the 1st brigade of the 1st division, commanded by Colonel W. L. McMillen, who ordered a charge, when the enemy was routed in confusion with severe loss, which put an end to the hostilities for the day. Cambridge, Missouri, September 26, 1862. Company E, 9th Missouri Militia Cavalry. While on a scout near Cambridge, the company, commanded by Lieutenant Pinhard, was fired upon from ambush. Pinhard and 2 others were killed, and 2 were seriously wounded. The remainder of the company immediately gave chase, but the enemy made his escape, leaving 2 horses and 2 guns behind. Camden, Arkansas (Expedition to), March 23-May 3, 1864. Major-General Frederick Steele, commanding the U. S. forces in the Department of Arkansas, left Little Rock with his command on March 23, 1864. His plan was to cooperate with the forces under Major-General Banks for an expedition against Shreveport. Brigadier-General John M. Thayer, commanding the Department of the Frontier, was to move from Fort Smith at the same time and unite with Steele on the march. Steele's command consisted of the 3d division, 13th army corps, 5,127 strong; Thayer had 5,082 infantry and the cavalry strength of the expedition was 3,428—a total of 13,754 men. The 3d division was directly under Brigadier-General Frederick Salomon, whose brigade commanders were Brigadier-General Samuel A. Rice and Colonels William E. McLean and Adolph Engelmann. The artillery of the division under Captain Gustave Stange comprised Battery E, Missouri light artillery, Vaughn's Illinois battery and a Wisconsin battery manned by Company F, 9th Wisconsin infantry. The brigade commanders of the Frontier (Thayer's) division were Colonel John Edwards of the 1st, Colonel Charles W. Adams of the 2nd, and Lieutenant-Colonel Owen A. Bassett of the 3d or cavalry brigade. Brigadier-General Eugene A. Carr's cavalry division comprised 2 brigades, commanded by Colonels John F. Ritter and Daniel Anderson. The Pine Bluff garrison, under Colonel Clayton Powell, which moved in conjunction with Steele, consisted of the 18th Illinois and 28th Wisconsin infantry, the 7th Missouri and detachments of the 5th Kansas and 1st Indiana cavalry—2435 men. On the day that Steele left Little Rock his pickets, members of the 3d Arkansas cavalry, were attacked on the Benton road and 2 captured, the remainder being driven back until the 2nd Missouri cavalry came to reinforce them. When the column moved into Benton next day, the advance having been fired upon from ambush several times, a few of the enemy's cavalry were encountered and driven out. On the way to Rockport continual skirmishing was done. At sunset on the 27th Powell started with an expedition from Pine Bluff for Mount Elba and Longview, a cavalry force under Lieuts. Young and Greathouse in the meantime being sent to make a feint in the direction of Monticello. When near Branchville these two encountered and skirmished with a Confederate picket. After a skirmish at Brooks' mill the lieutenants built a great number of camp-fires so as to mislead the Confederates as to the location of their main force. Late in the evening of the 28th they rejoined Powell at Mount Elba, which the latter had occupied after driving away a force of the enemy. During the night the bridge over the Saline was repaired and early next morning Powell, leaving Lieutenant-Colonel Marks with the infantry, 3 pieces of artillery and a squadron of cavalry to guard the bridge, crossed the river and moved in the direction of Camden. Eight miles from the river the roads from Camden, Princeton and Long View and one from up the river converge. Making this point the base of operations Young and Greathouse with 50 picked men were sent out to destroy the enemy's train at Long View, parties being sent out on the other roads to cover the movement. All these returned the same day except that under Young and Greathouse, who reported at 9:30 a. m. next day (30th) with 260 prisoners, 300 horses and mules, and an amount of arms and ammunition, having destroyed the bridge and the enemy's train. Powell then hastened back to Mount Elba, where the Confederates had attacked Marks. The latter had repulsed them, however, and had driven them back about a mile. Powell followed with all the available cavalry and found the enemy—two brigades under Dockery—posted in strong position. A spirited charge was made, resulting in the complete rout of the enemy, the Federal cavalry pursuing to Big creek, 5 miles distant. The next day (31st) Powell returned to Pine Bluff. Meantime, on the 29th, Steele had occupied Arkadelphia, his advance skirmishing with the enemy all the way. Thayer was to have joined him here, but the lack of forage had made it necessary for the latter to take another and longer route. On the 31st the Confederate forces under Lawther attacked the Federal advance 14 miles from Arkadelphia, compelling it, after a skirmish of an hour, to fall back some distance. Next day (April 1) Steele's advance and a party of the enemy's scouts became engaged near Arkadelphia, the Confederates being forced to withdraw after a brief conflict. Steele encamped that night at Spoonville, advancing from there on the 2nd. While a train of 200 wagons with its escort was passing a narrow, miry defile at a small stream, a mile east of Terre Noir creek and near Antoine, about 1,200 of Shelby's cavalry made a dash on the rear-guard. The charge was checked long enough for the train to get through the defile and the artillery to get into position, when, after a few shots, the enemy retired. While Colonel Benton with the 29th la. was crossing Terre Noir creek the action was recommenced. Before he could gain an elevation near the crossing his rear was charged, but the skirmishers held the enemy in check until the forces were disposed. After a brisk fight of an hour the attack was discontinued. On the same day, while the 50th Indiana was acting as a rear-guard for the whole column, it was hotly pressed by Confederate cavalry. Salomon, with four companies of the 9th Wisconsin and 2 pieces of artillery, was ordered to take the rear. As soon as the main column was again in motion he was beaten back by a strong cavalry force, but fought his way to a hill half a mile distant, which he held until reinforced by the 50th Indiana. The enemy kept up a harassing fire until dark, but did not again charge. Earlier in the day, when the 3d brigade had reached the forks of the Camden and Washington roads, a detachment of 200 men of the 1st la. cavalry under Captain Mclntyre, was sent down the Washington road while the main column moved down the Camden pike. Mclntyre had gone but a short distance when he encountered a force much larger than his own, but after some spirited fighting defeated it and drove it back 3 miles to Wolf creek. On a hill beyond that stream the Confederates made a stand and opened artillery on the advancing column. Finding that it was impossible to dislodge them, Mclntyre retired and rejoined his brigade at Okolona. Thayer had not yet come up and Steele was beginning to grow anxious. About noon of the 2nd a force of 1,500 Confederates under Shelby attacked the rear-guard of the 3d division near Okolona. After a sharp skirmish, in which the 50th Indiana and the 29th la. participated, the enemy was repulsed and Rice withdrew his brigade to Okolona, but before he arrived there it was necessary to repulse another of Shelby's charges. When the division moved forward on the 3d Engelmann's brigade, with 6 pieces of Vaughn's battery, was left at Okolona to await the arrival of Ritter's cavalry brigade, when the two commands were to move back to Hollywood and if possible ascertain the whereabouts of Thayer. Before the cavalry arrived Engelmann was attacked. After a sharp but sanguinary fight the attacking force was driven back, and on Ritter's arrival the two brigades moved in the direction of Hollywood. Late in the evening of the 2nd McLean's brigade, by a forced inarch, took position at Elkin's ferry or ford on the Little Missouri river. On the morning of the 3d Major W. W. Norris, commanding the 43d Indiana, proceeded to the front with four companies of his regiment for the purpose of supporting the pickets of the 1st la. cavalry already thrown out. The Confederate pickets were soon located and driven back for some distance, 16 of them being captured. During the night three companies of the 36th la. and three of the 43d Indiana, Lieutenant-Colonel F. M. Drake of the la. regiment commanding, deployed to the right and left of the road leading from the ford, and a section of artillery under Lieutenant Charles Peetz was placed in a position to sweep the road. At 6 a. m. of the 4th the Confederate force (Cabell's brigade, 1,600 strong) attacked Drake, who with the support of the artillery held his position for 2 hours, and then after a charge of the enemy's cavalry, was forced to slowly fall back on his reserves. Before the reinforcements sent for, consisting of the 29th la. and the 9th Wisconsin infantry under General Rice, had arrived, Drake's command, with the rest of the 36th la., had repulsed the enemy. On the 5th Ritter and Engelmann returned without having learned anything of the whereabouts of Thayer. Some skirmishing was done that day at Marks' mills which did not in the least retard the movement of the column. After ascertaining that the Confederates were fortifying in his front, Steele determined to move at once and early on the morning of the 6th the expedition started, skirmishing in the vicinity of the Little Missouri river, where the enemy abandoned a mile of hastily constructed breastworks of timber and earth which crowned the hills overlooking the river bottom. That night a messenger arriving at Steele's headquarters reported having passed Thayer at Rockport, and it was decided to await his coming where the Federal force was now encamped. A heavy rain fell during the night and by the next morning the river had risen 3 feet. It was dark before the pioneer corps reached the stream, by which time the head of Thayer's column had encamped on the hills at the farther side. By the evening of the 9th a bridge had been constructed, Thayer's column crossed without delay and joined Steele. On the 10th the joint command moved for Prairie D'Ane. At the intersection of the Spring Hill and Camden roads Price had posted all his available force. The skirmish which ensued was brief, the Confederates using artillery freely, but the Federals succeeded in occupying and holding the ground. The following afternoon Rice's brigade was ordered forward and drew the enemy's fire, but it was too late to bring on a general engagement and a halt was ordered. On the 12th the skirmishers became heavily engaged, but the enemy perceiving an attempt of Rice's brigade to flank him abandoned his works. More skirmishing occurred at Moscow on the 13th, and on the 14th a portion of Thayer's colored troops were engaged at Dutch mills. The 3d division encamped at White Oak creek, 18 miles from Camden, after driving the enemy from the place, and on the morning of the 15th moved forward with Rice's brigade and the artillery in advance. There was constant skirmishing with the Confederate rear-guard until the Washington and Camden road was reached, where the enemy opened fire with 5 pieces of artillery. Stange ordered his guns forward and after a spirited engagement of nearly 2 hours succeeded in dislodging the enemy's battery. The infantry was then sent forward, the 33d and 29th la. being deployed on the right and left respectively, while the 9th Wisconsin successfully turned the enemy's left flank. The Confederates were followed closely to Camden, skirmishing all the way, and Rice occupied the town shortly after sunset. From the 16th to the 18th inclusive foraging parties sent out from Camden encountered bands of Confederates who had been sent to burn the supplies of corn at Liberty post office, Red Mound and other places. A party of Federal cavalry captured a boat on the Ouachita river 30 miles below Camden with 3,000 bushels of corn and brought it to the Federal encampment on the 16th. A detachment of the Frontier division, with cavalry and artillery, while escorting a foraging train, was attacked near Poison spring by Price. Colonel James M. Williams, commanding, formed his men in battle array and repulsed, with heavy loss both to himself and the enemy, two dashing charges, but after a 4-hours' fight he was overwhelmed and obliged to withdraw, abandoning the train of 198 wagons. The wounded negro soldiers were killed in cold blood after the Confederates had won the field. On the 20th a slight skirmish occurred near Camden and in the evening of the 23d Price opened an artillery fire on the outposts of the town, following it up on the 24th. On the 23d, also, there was a small affair at Swan lake, not far distant from Camden. On the 22nd the supply train, comprising 240 wagons, was sent out, McLean's brigade and 400 cavalry acting as escort. When it arrived at Marks' mills on the 25th Fagan's cavalry, 5,000 strong, made a dashing charge and a fight lasting 3 hours ensued, in which the enemy overwhelmed the Federal command, McLean was wounded, and the train, with the larger part of the escort captured. A cavalry force sent from Pine Bluff arrived just in time to participate in the finish of the engagement. Another portion of the Union command did some skirmishing at Moro bottoms on the 25th and 26th. Banks' movement against Shreveport had failed and he had fallen back behind intrenchments at Grand Ecore because of a severe defeat at Pleasant hill. From Grand Ecore he sent a messenger to Steele asking that reinforcements be sent him, but Steele replied that such a move was an impossibility owing to the lack of forage in the country to be passed through and the superior force of the enemy, who had been reinforced by 8,000 of Kirby Smith's men on the 22nd. The loss of the wagon train, however, necessitated a move of some kind and on the evening of the 25th Steele announced his intention of withdrawing from Camden. Accordingly on the night of the 26th the Federal column moved quietly out and commenced the retrograde movement to Little Rock on the Jenkins' Ferry road via Princeton. The latter place was reached on the 28th and some sharp skirmishing was done with the advance of the pursuing enemy, whose cavalry attempted unavailingly to break the Union line. On the 29th the Saline river was reached at Jenkins' ferry, where there was some skirmishing with the enemy's advance on that day and early next morning. The river bottom at this point is 2 miles wide and while the expedition was crossing the stream Salomon's brigade was called upon to repulse a heavy attack. Again at 10:30 a. m. another desperate assault was made on the Union line, but again the enemy was repulsed and driven for some distance, losing 2 guns and a number of prisoners. Steele then crossed without further interruption, but found it necessary to abandon several wagons because of the condition of the roads. A scouting party was routed on the same day at Whitmore's mill by a force of Confederate cavalry. Steele proceeded to Little Rock, which he entered on the 3d of May. The Federal losses in this expedition were in the neighborhood of 700. A large number of men were captured, Shelby alone claiming to have taken over 1,000. The Confederate casualties in killed and wounded were about the same. Camden, South Carolina, February 24, 1865. Detachment 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, 15th Army Corps. The brigade, commanded by Colonel Robert N. Adams, of the 81 st Ohio infantry, marched from the Wateree river on the Young's Point road toward Camden. When within 5 miles of the town a foraging party fell in with some of the enemy's cavalry. A skirmish ensued, in which 14 of the Federals were captured. Adams left the main body of his command, and with the 12th Illinois and four companies of the 66th Illinois moved toward Camden. Upon entering the town he had a slight skirmish with a small force of Confederates, but succeeded in releasing the 14 prisoners and capturing 6 of the enemy. He then destroyed the public property, consisting of two depots, an engine house and a commissary building containing 300 boxes of soap, 200 barrels of meat, 2,000 sacks of flour and corn meal, 20 hogsheads of rice, and 300 horse collars, also a large quantity of cotton, a large flour mill, containing several thousand bushels of wheat and corn, after which he rejoined his brigade.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 206-210.


CAMDEN COURT-HOUSE, NORTH CAROLINA, October 17, 1863. Detachment 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry. The detachment, numbering 40 men, under the command of Major W. G. McCandless, was returning to camp from a scout to Camden Court-House, when, in passing through a swamp about 4 miles from the court-house, the rear was fired on by some guerrillas from ambush. Two men were killed and one wounded. Pursuit was made, but the guerrillas were not overtaken, owing to their better knowledge of the country. Camden Point, Missouri, July 13, 1863. 2nd Colorado Cavalry. A detachment of the regiment, under command of Lieutenant Parsons, returning from Kansas City, reached Camden Point about 4 p. m. on the 13th. There they found a small force of Confederates and a skirmish ensued, in which the enemy was completely routed with a loss of several in killed and wounded. The Union loss was 1 man killed and 1 wounded. Parsons pursued them for about a mile, but was unable to inflict further punishment.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 210-211.


CAMDEN POINT, MISSOURI, July 22, 1864. Home Guards. Some of Cox's home guards pursued a body of bushwhackers and overtook them about 4 miles north of Camden Point and 3 miles west of Union Mills. There the guerrillas concealed themselves in the brush and fired from ambush on the advance as it approached. Cox dismounted part of his men, went in and after two or three attempts drove them from cover and scattered them in all directions, killing 2 and wounding 16. The Union loss was 1 killed, 3 severely and several slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 211.


CAMEL. The camel is used in the East as a beast of burthen from 3 to about 16 years of age, and in hot sandy plains, where water and food are scarce, is invaluable. With an army, however, generally speaking, it is not so valuable as the mule or horse. The camel under a burthen is very slow-going, about half the pace of a mule, or from 1- to 2 miles per hour; he can, however, travel 22 out of the 24 hours, and only requires food once a day. His load varies exceedingly in different countries. In Egypt it is as high as 10 cwt.; and for the short distance from Cairo to Boulac, even 15 cwt. is, it is said, sometimes carried. But in Syria it rarely exceeds 500 lbs., and the heaviest load in the engineer equipment for the British army of the Indus is stated to be 4 cwt. 48 lbs., independent of the pack-saddle. About 400 lbs. is a sufficient load on the march. The pack-saddle or pad is secured in its place by the hump on the back, a hole being made in the pad to let it come through, also by a breast-plate and breeching; no dependence is placed on the girth, which is not kept tight. From the great size of the camel, averaging about 7 feet to the top of the hump, and 8 feet from his nose to his tail, when standing in a natural position, he is capable of carrying light field artillery, and the 12-poundcr mountain howitzer, which, with its side arms, weighs from 330 to 350 lbs. The bed or carriage is carried by a second, and the ammunition by a third camel. In rocky or slippery ground the camel is apt to slip, and his fore feet then are frequently spread out right and left: when this is the case, he split* up inside the arms, and dies, or becomes useless. Though patient and obedient to his keeper, at whose command he lies down to be loaded, he is frequently very savage with strangers, and his bite is very severe. The camels introduced into the service of the United States on our Western frontiers, carry from 300 to 600 lbs. on continuous journeys, depending on the kind of camel employed. These weights they will carry from 18 to 30 miles a day, according to the character of the country. With lighter loads they travel a little faster. The saddle dromedary will travel 50 miles in 8 or 10 hours; and on an emergency they make 70 or 90 miles a day, but only for a day or two, on a level road. Their use in the United States is still an experiment. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 131-132).


CAMERON, Robert Alexander, soldier, born in Brooklyn, New York, 22 February, 1828. He was graduated at Indiana Medical College in 1850, and practised his profession at Valparaiso, Indiana, till 1861. He was a member of the Indiana legislature in 1860–1. He entered the national service as a captain in the 9th Indiana Volunteers in 1861, became lieutenant-colonel of the 19th Indiana the same year, and colonel of the 34th in 1862. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 11 August, 1863, and commanded the 13th Army Corps after General Ransom was wounded in Banks's Red River Expedition of 1864. After this he commanded the District of La Fourche, Louisiana, till the close of the war, receiving the brevet of major-general on 13 March, 1865, and it is said that he and Crawford are the only physicians that have attained the rank of general officer since Dr. Warren fell at Bunker Hill. He was superintendent of the colony that founded the town of Greeley, in 1870, and of the Colorado Springs and Manitou Colonies in 1871. In 1885 he was made warden of the state penitentiary at Canon City, Cameron Parish, Louisiana, Cameron's Cone, El Paso County, and Cameron's Pass, Laramie County were named for him. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 508-509.


CAMERON, Simon, 1799-1889, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, statesman, U.S. Senator, Secretary of War, 1861-1862, under President Lincoln.  (Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 508; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 2, Pt. 1, p. 437)

CAMERON, Simon, statesman, born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 8 March, 1799; died there, 26 June, 1889. He early received a fair English education, and began to learn the printer's trade when but nine years of age. He worked as a journeyman in Lancaster, Harrisburg, and Washington, and so improved his opportunities that in 1820 he was editing a newspaper in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, and in 1822 one in Harrisburg. As soon as he had accumulated sufficient capital he became interested in banking and in railroad construction in the central part of the state. He was for a time adjutant-general of Pennsylvania. He was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1845 for the term ending in 1849, and during this period acted with the Democrats on important party questions, such as the Missouri compromise bill. This was repealed in 1854, and Mr. Cameron became identified with the “people's party,” subsequently merged with the Republicans, As its candidate he was re-elected to the Senate for the full term of six years beginning in 1857, a period that covered the exciting crisis of secession. During this time he was so earnest an advocate of peace that his loyalty was suspected. At the Republican Convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln he was strongly supported for the presidency, and again for the vice-presidency; but lack of harmony in the Pennsylvania delegation prevented his nomination to the latter office. Mr. Lincoln at once called him to the cabinet as Secretary of War, and he proved equal to the arduous duties of the place. He advocated more stringent and aggressive war measures than Mr. Lincoln was prepared to carry out, and when General Butler asked for instructions regarding fugitive slaves, directed him to employ them “under such organizations and in such occupations as exigencies may suggest or require.” Similar instructions were given to General Sherman and other officers in the field. In the original draft of his Annual Report to Congress, in December, 1861, he boldly advocated arming fugitive slaves; but this was modified, on consultation with the cabinet. Mr. Cameron resigned the secretaryship 11 January, 1862, was at once appointed minister to Russia, and his influence undoubtedly tended in a large measure to secure the friendship of that powerful nation during the Civil War. His official conduct in a certain transaction was censured by the House of Representatives, 30 April, 1862; but Mr. Lincoln immediately sent a message assuming, with the other heads of departments, an equal share in the responsibility. He resigned as minister to Russia 8 November, 1862, and remained at home until 1866, when he was elected U. S. Senator, and appointed chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs on the retirement of Mr. Sumner in 1872. He was sent to the Senate for the fourth time in 1873, but resigned in favor of his son. During the years of his active public life he was a powerful political leader, practically dictating the policy of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania, and wielding a strong influence over its policy in the nation at large. The accompanying view represents “Lochiel,” the residence at Harrisburg of the “Czar of Pennsylvania politics,” as Cameron has been called. —His brother, James, soldier, born in Maytown, Lancaster County. Pennsylvania, 1 March, 1801; killed '21 July, 1861. At nineteen years of age he entered the printing-office of his brother Simon, at Harrisburg, and in 1827 moved to Lancaster and assumed the editorship of the " Political Sentinel," studying law in the mean time in the office of  James Buchanan. During the Mexican War he accompanied the volunteers of his state as sutler, in January, 1847. When the Civil War began he was living in retirement upon his estate on the banks of the Susquehanna, but upon urgent en- treaty accepted the appointment of colonel of the 79th (Highland) regiment of New York state militia, he was killed while gallantly loading his men in a charge at Bull Run.—Simon's son, James Donald, senator, born in Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, 14 May, 1838, was graduated at Princeton, in 1852, entered the Middletown Bank as clerk, became cashier, and afterward president He was also president of the Northern Central railway Company of Pennsylvania from 1863 until the road was leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1874, and in this place did good service to the national cause during the Civil War. The road, although several times cut by the Confederates, was a means of communication between Pennsylvania and Washington, and after the war it was extended, under Mr. Cameron's administration, to Elmira, New York, so as to reach from the great lakes to tide-water. Mr. Cameron has since been connected with various coal, iron, and manufacturing industries in his state, he was Secretary of War under President Grant from 22 May, 1876, till 3 March. 1877, and was then chosen U. S. Senator to fill the vacancy caused by his father's resignation. He was re- elected in 1879, and again in 1885, for the term ending in 1891, He was a delegate to the Chicago Republican conventions of 1868 and 1880, and chair- man of the national Republican committee in the latter year. Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography, 1888. Vol. I pp. 509-510.


CAMERON, MISSOURI, October 12, 1861. Major James' Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 211.


CAMERON, VIRGINIA, January 27, 1864. Train on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 211.


CAMOUFLET is a small mine, of about 10 lbs. of powder, sufficient to compress the earth all around it, without disturbing the surface of the ground. It is sometimes formed in the wall or side of an enemy's gallery, in order to blow in the earth, and to cut off the retreat of the miner. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 132).


CAMP is the temporary place of repose for troops, whether for one night or a longer time, and whether in tents, in bivouac, or with any such shelter as they may hastily construct, as sheds, bowers, &c. Troops are cantoned when distributed at any time among villages, or when placed in huts at the end of campaign. Barracks are permanent military quarters. Tents (says Napoleon) are not wholesome. It is better for the soldier to bivouac, because he can sleep with his feet towards the fire, and he may shelter himself from the wind by means of sheds, bowers, &c. In woods there is great facility in making warm encampments, even in the most bitter weather. A young tree, when felled, yields poles to support branches as shields against weather, and flooring above the snow or damp. A common arrangement is as follows: A cross-bar is supported by two uprights; against this cross bar a number of poles are made to lean; on the back of the poles abundance of fir branches are laid horizontally; and, lastly, on the back of the fir branches are another set of leaning poles, in order to make all secure by their weight. A cloth of any kind is made to give shelter by an arrangement of this kind. The corners of the cloth should be secured by a simple hitch in the rope and not by a knot. The former is sufficient for all purposes of security, but the latter will jam, and you may have to injure both cloth and string to get it loose again. It is convenient Fig. 7 to pin a skewer in the middle of the sides of the cloth, round the ropes.

Good water within a convenient distance is essential in the selection of a camp, as is also the proximity of woods for firewood, material for shelter, &c. Good roads, canals, or navigable streams are important to furnish the troops with the necessaries of life if troops are encamped for long periods. The ground should not be near swamps or stagnant water. This requirement is essential to health. The ground, to be suitable for defence, must admit the manoeuvres of troops. The front of the camp of each battalion of infantry or squadron of cavalry must, therefore, be equal to the front of the battalion or squadron. And as far as possible camps for cavalry and infantry should be established on a single line the cavalry upon the wings, the infantry in the centre. The shelters or huts are aligned, as well as the nature of the ground admits, from one extremity of the camp to the other, and arranged by companies in streets, perpendicular to the front. The general thus has the whole extent of his camp in view, and order can be better preserved. When the army is formed upon two lines, there are two camps one in front of the other. The reserve has also its particular camp. Artillery usually encamps behind the infantry, and thus forms a little separate camp or camps of its own. In establishing a camp, however, no universal rule can bo laid down; but it is necessary (says Napoleon) that the genius of the commander should, according to circumstances, decide whether an army ought to be confined to one single encampment or to form as many as it has corps or divisions; where the vanguard and flanks should be posted; where the cavalry, artillery, and wagons should be placed, and whether the army should occupy one or more lines; what should be the distance between the lines; and whether the cavalry should be in reserve behind the infantry, or should be placed on the wings.

Baron Larrey suggests the following sanitary considerations in relation to camps: A camp, especially if permanent, should be selected so as to be accessible to the troops by easy marches; it should occupy a spacious plain, in a province exempt from both epidemical and endemical diseases; the soil should be dry, but not too hard, so that it may quickly imbibe the rain; because it then becomes fit for military operations a few hours after the most violent shower. This prompt absorption, moreover, preserves the troops from the baneful influence of dampness without exposing them to the inconveniences of want of water, since in such a soil wells may be easily dug and water found at an inconsiderable depth, as is the case at Chalons. A good camp should not be intersected by streams or ditches, nor enclosed by 'large forests. The tents should not be too closely packed, in order to insure good ventilation throughout, and diminish the probability of epidemics. When a river is too near a camp, and its banks are somewhat marshy, the breaking out of intermittent fever should be prevented by deepening the bed of the river, cleansing it as much as possible of all putrefying vegetable and animal substances, raising the banks and giving them at the same time a greater inclination, making channels for carrying off the water, and establishing tents and barracks at a sufficient distance, and as much as possible on rising ground. When the supply of water to a camp is derived from a river, the latter ought to be divided into three sections: the first and upper one to be exclusively used for drink by the men, the second to be reserved for the horses, and the third and lowermost for washing the linen of the troops. These demarcations should be strictly guarded by sentinels stationed at the proper places. To drive off dampness, bivouac-fires ought to be lighted in the evening; each tent, moreover, should be surrounded with a gutter communicating with a main ditch to carry off rain-water; the space occupied by certain corps should also be sanded over, to facilitate the absorption of humidity by the soil. In pitching tents care should be taken to maintain between them a distance of at least two metres; those of the general officers should be situated in the healthiest quarter. Tents made of white stuff are prejudicial to the eyesight in summer, and should be therefore discarded. A tent being liable to infection like a room, it ought not to be hermetically closed, as is the custom with soldiers, but, on the contrary, well aired; and the ground ought not only to be scraped and swept, but should also be well rammed. The men ought not to sleep in the tents with their heads near the centre and their feet towards the circumference, but in the contrary position, else they breathe a vitiated instead of a pure air. A tent, generally calculated for 16 men, ought never to contain more than 12 or 13 infantry, and 8 or 10 cavalry. Of the different kinds of tents the conical Turkish tent is the best; for ambulances the marquee is preferable The tent-fabric, which is made by joining two camp-sacks together by means of a wooden pole, and keeping them stretched by small stakes stuck into the ground, is a most precious invention. Four men can find shelter under it, and the weight it adds to their kit is trifling, but it can only be used in provisional encampments. The tents of the cavalry ought to be freed from the encumbrance of saddles and accoutrements, which vitiate the air, and should be placed under small sheds in front of the tents, or, better still, in the stable-barracks. The men should be encouraged to cultivate little patches of ground around their tents as gardens; it is both an amusement and a means of purifying the air, only they must not be allowed to manure the soil. As regards sleeping, each soldier should fill a camp-sack with straw and lie down on it as on a mattress, with his blanket to cover him; or, better still, he should get into the sack filled with straw a much better plan than allowing the men to sleep together in couples on two sacks spread out or. the straw, and with the same blanket to cover them. The ground on which the men sleep ought to be swept daily and sanded over, for it easily gets infected; in which case it becomes necessary to shift the tents a measure which is often sufficient to stop an epidemic at its outbreak. A reserve of planks and trestles ought to be kept in store for extempore bedsteads when the ground has become too damp; or water-proof canvas may be spread over to protect the straw from humidity. In autumn a single blanket is not sufficient, each man should be provided with two.

The guards of camps are: 1. The Camp-guard, which serves to keep good order and discipline, prevent desertions and give the alarm; 2. Detachments of infantry and cavalry, denominated pickets, in front and on the flanks, which intercept reconnoitering parties of the enemy, and give timely notice of the approach of an enemy; and 3. Grandguards, or out-posts, which are large detachments posted in surrounding villages, farm-houses or small field-works, from which they can watch the movements of the enemy. They should not be so far from the camp as to be beyond succor in case of attack, and not so near as to prevent timely notice being given to the main body of the army on the approach of an enemy. If the camp is to present the same front as the troops in order of battle, 400 military paces will be necessary per regiment of 500 files front. Immediately after arriving on the ground, the number of men to be furnished for guards and pickets are detailed; the posts to be occupied by them are designated; the places of distribution of provisions are mentioned, and, in general, all arrangements made concerning the interior and exterior police and service of the camp. The tente-l’Tabri has been introduced in the French service since 1837, when first used at the camp of Compiegne. These tents consist of a tissue of cotton cloth impregnated with caoutchouc, and thus made water-proof. Every man carries a square of this cloth, with buttons and button-holes around it, by which it is attached to the squares carried by his comrades, and an excellent shelter for six soldiers is made as follows: Three tent-sticks are fixed into the ground, whose tops are notched; a light cord is then passed round their tops, and fastened into the ground with a peg at each end; (Fig. 88.) Two sheets, A and B, are buttoned together and thrown over the cord, and then two other sheets, C and D; and C is buttoned to A, and D to B. Lastly, another sheet is thrown over each of the slanting cords, the one buttoned to A and B, and the other to C and D; (Fig. 89.) The sides of the tent are of course pegged to the ground. FIG. 88. FIG. 89. There are many modifications in the way of pitching these tents. For want of sticks, muskets can be used.

Preparations for a Storm. Before a storm, dig a ditch as deep as you can, round the outside of the tent, to turn aside the rain-water, and to drain the ground on which the tent is standing even a furrow scratched with a tent-peg is better than nothing at all. Fasten guy-ropes to the spike of the tent-pole; and be careful that the tent is not too much on the strain, else the further shrinking of the materials, under the influence of the rain, will certainly tear up the pegs. Earth, banked up round the bottom of the tent, will prevent gusts of wind from finding their way beneath. The accompanying sketch shows a tent pitched for a lengthened habitation. It has a deep drain, a seat and table dug FIG. 90. out, and a fireplace. (Fig. 90.)

Tent Furniture. A portable bedstead, with musquito-curtains, is a very great luxury, raising the sleeper above the damp soil, and the attacks of most creatures that creep on it; where a few luxuries can be carried, it is a very proper article of baggage. It is essential where white ants are numerous. Hammocks and cots have but few advocates, as it is rare to find places adapted for swinging them; they are quite out of place in a small tent.

Chairs and Tables. It is advisable to take very low strong and roomy camp-stools, with tables to correspond in height, as a chamber is much less choked up when the seats are low, or when people sit, as in the East, on the ground. The seats should not be more than 1 foot high, though as wide and deep as an ordinary footstool; but without a scat, a man can never write, draw, nor calculate as well as if he has one. The stool represented in Fig. 91 is a good one; it has a full-sized seat made of leather or canvas, or else of strips of dressed hide. For want of a chair, it is convenient to dig a hole or a trench in the ground, and to sit on one side of it, with the feet resting on its bottom; the opposite side of the trench serves as a table, for putting things on, within easy reach. FIG. 91. FIG. 92.

To tie clothes, or any thing, up to a smooth tent-pole, a strap with hooks in it, to buckle round the pole, is very convenient. The method shown in Fig. 92 suffices, if the pole is notched, or jointed, or in any way slightly uneven. Bags, &c., are hung upon the bit of wood that is secured to the loose end. The luxuries and elegancies practicable in tent life are only limited by the means of transport. The articles that make the most show are handsome rugs, and skins, and pillows; canteens of dinner and coffee services, &c.; and candles, with screens of glass, or other arrangements to prevent them from flickering. The art of luxurious tenting is better understood in Persia than in any other country, even than in India.

Losing things. Small things are constantly mislaid and trampled in the sand: to search for them, the ground should be disturbed as little as possible it is a usual plan to score its surface in parallel lines with a thin wand. It would be well worth while to make and use a small light rake for this purpose.

Huts. In making a depot, it is usual to build a house; often the men have to pass weeks in inactivity, and they may as well spend them in making their quarters comfortable, as in idleness. Whatever huts the natives live in are sure, if made with extra care, to be sufficient for travellers.

Walls. The materials whence the walls of huts may be constructed, are very numerous, and there is hardly any place which does not furnish one or other of them. Those principally in use are as follows: Skins, canvas, felt, tarpauling, bark, reed mats, reed walls, straw walls, wattle-and-dab, log-huts, fascines or fagots, boards, &c., fastened by Malay-hitch, brick, sunburnt or baked, turf, stones, gabions, bags or mats filled with sand or shingle, snow huts, underground huts, tents over holes in earth.

Roofs. Many of the above list would be perfectly suitable for roofs: in addition may be mentioned slating with flat stones, thatch, sea-weed, and wood shingles.

Floors. Cow dung and ashes make a hard, dry, and clean floor, such as is used for a threshing-floor. Ox-blood and fine clay, kneaded together, are excellent; both these compositions are used in all hot, dry countries.

Tarpaulings, made in the sailors' way, are much superior to others in softness and durability. As soon as the canvas is sewn together, it is thoroughly wetted with sea-water; and, while still wet, is done over on one side with tar and grease boiled together about two parts tar and one of grease. Being hung up till dry, it is turned; and the other side, being a second time well wetted, is at once painted over with the tar and grease just as the first side had been done before. The sailors say that “ the tar dries in as the water dries out.”

Bark. It is an art to strip it quickly the Australians understand it well. Two rings are cut round the tree; the one as high as can be reached, the other low down. A vertical slit is then made, and the whole piece forced off with axes, &c. In spring the bark comes off readiest from the sunny side of the tree. A large sheet of bark is exceedingly heavy. It is flattened, as it lies on the ground, by weighting it with large stones, and allowing it to dry, partially at least, in that position.

Straw Walls of the following kind are very effective, and they have the advantage of requiring a minimum of string (or substitute for string) in their manufacture. The straw, or herbage of almost any description, is simply nipped between two pair of long sticks, which are respectively tied together at the two ends, and at a sufficient number of intermediate places. The whole is neatly squared and trimmed; (Fig. 93.) A few of these would help in finishing the roof or walls of a house. They can be made movable, so as to suit the wind, shade, and aspect. Even the hut door can be made on this principle.

Log-huts. In building log-huts, four poles are planted in the ground to correspond to the four corners: against these, logs are piled one above another, as in Fig. 94; they are so deeply notched where they Fig. 94. FIG. 93. cross one another, that the adjacent sides are firmly dovetailed. together. When the walls are entirely completed, the doors and windows are chopped out, and the spaces between the logs must be well caulked with moss, &c., or the log-cabin will be little better than a log-cage. It of course requires a great many trees to make a log-hut; for, supposing the walls to be 8 feet high, and the trees to average 8 inches in diameter, it would require 12 trees to build up one side, or 48 to make all four walls.

Malay hitch. I know no better name for the following wonderfully simple way of attaching together wisps of straw, rods, laths, reeds, planks, poles, or any thing of the kind, into a secure and flexible mat; FIG. 95. the sails used in the far East are made in this way, and the movable decks are made of bamboos joined together with a similar but rather more complicated stitch; (Fig. 95.) Soldiers might be trained to a great deal of hutting practice in a very inexpensive way if they were drilled at putting together huts whose roofs and walls were made of planks lashed together by this simple hitch, and whose supports were short scaffolding-poles planted in deep holes dug without spades or any thing but the hand and a small stick. The poles, planks, and cords might be used over and over again for an indefinite time. Further, bedsteads could be made in a similar way by short cross planks lashed together, and resting on a framework of horizontal poles lashed to uprights planted in the ground. The soldier's bedding would not be injured by being used on these bedsteads, in the way it would be if laid on the bare ground. Many kinds of designs and experiments in hutting could be practised without expense in this simple way.

Snow-houses. Few travellers have habitually made snow-houses, except Sir J. Franklin's party, and that of Dr. Rae. Great praises are bestowed on the comfort of them by all travellers, but skill and practice are required in building them. The mode of erection of these dome-shaped buildings is as follows: It is to be understood that the hard, compact, underlying snow is necessary for the bottom of the hut; and that the looser textured, upper layer of snow is used to build the house. First, select and mark out the circular plot on which the hut is to be raised. Then, cut out with knives deep slices of snow, six inches wide, three feet long, and of a depth equal to that of the layer of loose snow, say one or two feet. These slices are curved, so as to form a circular ring when placed on their edges, and of a size to make the first row of snow-bricks for the house. Other slices are cut for the succeeding rows; and, when the roof has to be made, the snow-bricks are cut with the necessary double curvature. A conical plug fills up the centre. Loose snow is then heaped over the house, to fill up crevices. Lastly, a doorway is cut out with knives; also a window, which is glazed with a sheet of the purest ice at hand. For the inside accommodation, there is a pillar or two, to support lamps.

Underground Huts are used in all quarters of the globe.

Of course the earth is experience of the British troops encamped before Sebastopol tells strongly in their favor, as habitations during an inclement season. The timely adoption of them was the salvation of the British army. They are, essentially, nothing else than holes in the ground, roofed over. The shape and size of the hole correspond to that of the roof it may be possible to procure for it; its depth is no greater than requisite. If the roof have a pitch of 2 feet in the middle, the depth of the. hole need not exceed 4 feet. In the Crimea, the holes were rectangular, and roofed like huts; (Fig. 96.) Where there is a steep hill side, a, a, an underground hut, 5, is easily contrived; because branch- es laid over its top have sufficient pitch to throw off the rain, without having recourse to any uprights, &c. moved from d, at the doorway.

Tents pitched over excavations. A hole may be dug deeply beneath the tent floor, partly as a store-room, and partly as a living-room when the weather is very inclement. This, also, was done before Sebastopol in the manner shown in the engraving.

Thatching. After the framework of the roof has been made, the thatcher begins at the bottom, and ties a row of bundles of straw, side by side, on to the framework. Then he begins a second row, allowing the ends of the bundles composing it to overlap the heads of those in the first row.

Wood Shingles are tile-shaped slices of wood, easily cut from, fir-trees, and used for roofing on the same principle as tiles or slates.

Fix hooked sticks, and cow or goat horns, round the walls, as pegs to hang things on; and if you went a luxurious bed, make a framework of wood, with strips of raw hide lashed across it from end to end, and from side to side; (Fig. 97.) If you collect bed feathers, recollect that if FIG. 97. cleanly plucked they require no dressing of any kind, save drying and beating. Concrete for floors is made of 80 parts large pebbles, 40 river sand, 10 lime; lime is made by burning limestone, chalk, shells, or coral, in a simple furnace, and whitewash is lime and water. Bark makes a good roof. The substitutes for glass are waxed or oiled paper or cloth, bladder, fish-membranes, talc, and horn. Glass cannot be cut with any certainty without a diamond; but it may be shaped and reduced to any size by gradually chipping, or rather biting, away at its edges with a key, if the slit between its wards be just large enough to admit the pane of glass easily. A window, or rather a hole in the wall, may be rudely shuttered by a stick run through loops made out of wisps of grass. In hot weather the windows of the hut may be loosely filled with grass, which, when well-watered, makes the hut much cooler. A mosquito-curtain may be taken and suspended over the bed, or place where you sit. It is very pleasant, in hot, mosquito-plagued countries, to take the glass sash entirely out of the window frame, and replace it with one of gauze. Broad network, if of fluffy thread, keeps wasps out. The darker a house is kept, the less willing are flies, &c., to flock in. If sheep and other cattle be near the house, the nuisance of flies, &c., becomes almost intolerable; (GALTON'S Art of Travel.)

Major H. H. Sibley, 2d Dragoons, has invented a tent in which a fire can be made in its centre, and all soldiers sleep with their feet to the fire. Major Sibley's tent is conical, light, easily pitched, erected FIG. 98. on a tripod holding a single pole, and will comfortably accommodate twelve soldiers with their accoutrements. Where means of transportation admit of tents being used, Major Sibley's will probably supersede all others. (Fig. 98.)

A commander of troops usually sends in advance to prepare the camp. The camping party of a regiment may be the regimental quartermaster, and quartermaster-sergeant, and a corporal and two men per company. The camp of a larger detachment is prepared by the chief quartermaster or some officer of the general's staff, designated by the commander of the troops assisted by the company camping parties of regiments. With camp colors the direction of the front line of the camp is marked, and the extent of the front of each corps, the intervals between corps, and the beginning, breadth, and direction of streets designated. When the encampment is on two lines, let there be 450 paces between their respective fronts. Behind intrenchments there ought to be about 300 paces between the entrenchments and the front of the camp. The posts of the police guard will be designated, and the necessary works to secure communication between the parts of the camp will also be determined. Fig. 99 gives details for the camp of a regiment of infantry.

FIG. 99. 

Camp of Cavalry. In the cavalry, each company has one file of tents the tents opening on the street facing the left of the camp. The horses of each company are placed in a single file, facing the opening of the tents, and are fastened to pickets planted firmly in the ground, from 3 to 6 paces from the tents of the troops. The interval between the file of tents should be such that, the regiment being broken into columns of companies, each company should be on the extension of the line on which the horses are to be picketed. The streets separating the squadrons are wider than those between the companies by the interval separating squadrons in line; these intervals are kept free from any obstruction throughout the camp. The horses of the rear rank are placed on the left of those of their file-leaders. The horses of the lieutenants are placed on the right of their platoons; those of the captains on the right of the company. Each horse occupies a space of about 2 paces. The number of horses in the company fixes the depth of the camp, and the distance between the files of tents; the forage is placed between the tents. The kitchens are 20 paces in front of each file of tents. The non-commissioned officers are in the tents of the front rank. Camp-followers, teamsters, &c., are in the rear rank. The police guard in the rear rank, near the centre of the regiment. The tents of the lieutenants are 30 paces in rear of the file of their company; the tents of the captains 30 paces in rear of the lieutenants. The colonel's tent 30 paces in rear of the captains', near the centre of the regiment; the lieutenant-colonel on his right; the adjutant on his left; the majors on the same line, opposite the 2d company on the right and left; the surgeon on the left of the adjutant. The field and staff have their horses on the left of their tents, on the same line with the company horses; sick horses are placed in one line on the right or left of the camp. The men who attend them have a separate file of tents; the forges and wagons in rear of this file. The horses of the train and of camp-followers are in one or more files extending to the rear, behind the right or left squadron. The advanced post of the police guard is 200 paces in front, opposite the centre of the regiment; the horses in one or two files. The sinks for the men are 150 paces in front those for officers 100 paces in rear of the camp.

Camp of Artillery. The artillery is encamped near the troops to which it is attached, so as to be protected from attack, and to contribute to the defence of the camp. Sentinels for the park are furnished by the artillery, and when necessary, by the other troops. For a battery of six pieces the tents are in three files one for each section; distance between the ranks of tents 15 paces; tents opening to the front. The horses of each section are picketed in one file, 10 paces to the left of the file of tents. In the horse artillery, or if the number of horses make it necessary, the horses are in two files on the right and left of the file of tents. The kitchens are 25 paces in front of the front rank of tents. The tents of the officers are in the outside files of company tents, 25 paces in rear of the rear rank the captain on the right, the lieutenants on the left. The park is opposite the centre of the camp, 40 paces in rear of the officers' tents. The carriages in files 4 paces apart; distance between ranks of carriages sufficient for the horses when harnessed to them; the park guard is 25 paces in rear of the park. The sinks for the men 150 paces in front; for the officers 100 paces in rear. The harness is in the tents of the men. (Consult BARDIN; Memorial des Officers d Infanterie et de Cavalerie; GALTON'S Art of Travel.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 132-145).


CAMP AND GARRISON EQUIPAGE. (See CAMP; CLOTHING; TOOLS; UTENSILS; QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.)


CAMP ADVANCE, VIRGINIA, September 29, 1861. 69th and 71st Pennsylvania Infantry. The two regiments, belonging to Baker's brigade, were ordered to make a night march from Camp Advance to Poolesville. About midnight, when near Vanderburgh's house on Munson's hill, the 71st encountered the pickets of the 4th Michigan and a New York regiment, and in the darkness each side mistook the other for the enemy and began firing without orders. Colonel I. J. Wistar, commanding the 71st, rode between the lines and by heroic efforts finally restored something like order. In this affair the 71st lost 4 killed and 14 wounded. The skirmishers of the 69th were also engaged in the firing, but no casualties were reported in that regiment.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 211.


CAMP ALLEGHANY, VIRGINIA, December 13, 1861. Detachment 2nd Brigade, Cheat Mountain Division. The detachment left Cheat mountain on the afternoon of the 12th, the object being to attack the Confederate force at Camp Alleghany at daybreak the next morning. It was commanded by Brigadier-General Robert H. Milroy, and consisted of 700 of the 9th Indiana, 400 of the 25th Ohio, 250 of the 2nd Virginia, 300 of the 13th Indiana, 130 of the 32nd Ohio, all infantry, and 30 of Captain Bracken's cavalry. Two companies of the 9th Indiana had been sent in the morning to take possession of the old Confederate Camp Bartow at Greenbrier and hold it until the arrival of the expedition. This point was reached a little while after dark. After a few hours' rest Milroy divided his forces for an attack on the left, where the enemy's artillery was known to be stationed, and also on the right and rear. Colonel Moody, with the men of the 9th Indiana and 2nd Virginia, was sent around by the Greenbank road to make the attack on the left, while the remaining force, under Milroy, advanced by the Staunton road to carry out the rest of the plan. When within about 2 miles of the camp Milroy's advance was fired upon by the enemy's pickets. A mile further on another picket was encountered and a portion of it captured. Those who escaped started for the camp, followed at the double-quick by the Federals, who were desirous of getting into position before the alarm was given. But upon arriving at the edge of the timber the entire Confederate force, numbering about 1,500 men, was seen advancing in line of battle. At Milroy's request Colonel Jones, of the 25th Ohio, assumed command of the force, with the exception of two companies held in reserve, and that officer quickly deployed his men to meet the attack. In a little while the Confederates were forced back to their tents and houses, leaving several dead and wounded upon the field. They soon rallied, however, and returned to the attack in greater force. Jones' men now began to waver and a large number broke to the rear in confusion. The officers rallied most of them, but valuable time had been lost, in which the enemy had been able to secure an advantageous position. At the point of the bayonet they were again driven back to their trenches, where the struggle became desperate. Several times the enemy rallied but was each time repulsed, but having the advantage of shelter from the houses and tents, as well as superior numbers, the Union troops were finally forced to give way. Moody did not reach his position until after the whole affair was over. Had he reached the left in time to open the attack as planned, the history of this engagement might have been differently written. The Union loss was 20 killed, 107 wounded and 10 missing. Colonel Johnson, commanding the Confederates, reported his loss as 20 killed, 98 wounded and 28 missing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 211-212.


CAMP BABCOCK, ARKANSAS, November 25, 1862. 3d Kansas Indian Home Guards.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 212.


CAMPBELL'S STATION, TENNESSEE, November 16, 1863. 9th and 23d Army Corps and Shackelford's Cavalry. In the advance of General Burnside on Knoxville the army encamped on the night of the 15th at Lenoir's station, but before daylight the next morning it was again on the move. The 2nd division (Hartranft's) of the 9th corps was sent out in advance to seize and hold the forks of the road at Campbell's station, to prevent the enemy from cutting off the direct approach to Knoxville. The movement was successfully executed and the roads leading to Kingston, Clinton and Concord were all occupied by the Federal troops. Colonel Loring, of Burnside's staff, was sent forward to reconnoiter the ground near Campbell's station, so that troops could be so disposed as to hold the enemy in check until the trains could reach Knoxville. By 11 a. m. the main column had passed the forks of the road held by Hartranft and were being placed in position, when Humphrey's brigade was attacked on the lower road, but he succeeded in driving off his assailants and held his position until relieved by General Christ. General Potter, commanding the 9th corps, arranged his forces with Ferrero's division on the right of the road, Hartranft's on the left, White's in the center, and the artillery behind the first line of troops. About noon the Confederates opened the fight by attacking Ferrero. Christ's brigade, which occupied the extreme right, was so sorely pressed that it was compelled to change front in order to repulse the assault. Demonstrations were now made against several points of the Federal line, the enemy maneuvering to get possession of an elevation on the left, which would have placed him in in a commanding position. Not having sufficient force to extend his line to prevent this movement, Burnside withdrew to a ridge some three-quarters of a mile to the rear and formed a new line, the change being effected under a heavy artillery fire, but without confusion. Scarcely had the new line been formed when the enemy made a determined attack on Hartranft's division on the extreme left, but it was repulsed. That ended the fighting for the day. After dark Burnside issued orders for Potter and White, the corps commanders, to withdraw to Knoxville, as the trains had been rendered secure. The last of the army entered Knoxville early the following morning. The casualties in the engagement at Campbell's station were 31 killed, 211 wounded and 76 missing. No report of the enemy's loss was obtained, but it must have been much greater, as they were the attacking force.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p.


CAMPBELLSVILLE, TENNESSEE, September 5, 1864. Rousseau's Cavalry in pursuit of Wheeler. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 212.


CAMPBELLSVILLE, TENNESSEE, November 24, 1864. 5th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division of the Mississippi. Upon reaching Campbellsville on the morning of the 24th the division, commanded by Brigadier-General Edward Hatch, became engaged with three divisions of Confederate cavalry— Jackson's, Chalmers' and Buford's—and after some severe fighting was getting the best of it, when a considerable force of Confederate infantry appeared on the scene and Hatch was compelled to fall back in the direction of Lynnville. In executing this movement the 9th Illinois cavalry was left to hold the gorge in the hills. The regiment, under the command of Captain Harper, repulsed several attacks, the last one being met with butts of the carbines, because the supply of ammunition was completely exhausted. In this encounter one company lost 14 of its 25 men engaged. The gallant action of Harper and his men gave Hatch time to throw his command in position at Lynnville, where the enemy's attacks were repulsed and he was finally forced to retire about 8 o'clock in the evening.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 213.


CAMPBELLTON, GEORGIA, July 28, 1864. (See McCook's Raid.) Campbellton, Georgia, September 9, 1864. Detachment of Kilpatrick's Cavalry. A wagon train, guarded by 70 mounted and dismounted men, was attacked near Campbellton by about 100 of the enemy's scouts. The lieutenant commanding the guard, with 10 of his men, deserted at the first fire. The remainder fought bravely, and, though half their number were either killed, wounded or captured, succeeded in saving 3 of the 4 wagons. One wagon, with 4 mules and a number of repeating rifles, fell into the hands of the Confederates.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 213.


CAMP COLE, MISSOURI, June 18, 1861. Union Home Guards (800 men). Camp Cole, Missouri, October 5, 1862, and June 8, 1863. Camp Cole, Missouri, October 9, 1863. Detachment 7th Missouri State Militia. This detachment, under Major Emory S. Foster, moved out on the Sedalia road to the Cole Camp road, encountering and driving in the enemy's pickets along the route. Within 4 miles of Camp Cole a skirmish with a scouting party resulted in the wounding of 2 and the capture of 3 of the enemy. This engagement was an incident of Shelby's raid in Arkansas and Missouri.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 213.


CAMP COOPER, FLORIDA, February 10, 1864. Detachment of the 97th Pennsylvania Infantry. Eight companies of the regiment, numbering 290 men, under the command of Major Galusha Pennypacker, moved from Fernandina on the 9th, the object being the capture of Camp Cooper. Remaining concealed near the drawbridge until dark, the men were then ferried over the river in a scow and about 3 o'clock the next morning halted in the immediate neighborhood of the camp. Scouts soon located it definitely and the troops were placed in a position to attack at daylight, but when daylight came it was discovered that the camp was almost deserted. Two. men and two horses were captured, the main body having left on the 8th, and the public property and stores were destroyed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 213.


CAMP CREEK, GEORGIA, August 18, 1864. (See Lovejoy's Station, Kilpatrick's Raid.)


CAMP CREEK, GEORGIA, September 30, 1864. Detachment of Kilpatrick's Cavalry. This was one of the skirmishes that were constantly taking place in that section of the state just after the fall of Atlanta. On this occasion the enemy's cavalry was driven beyond the Sweetwater. The Union loss was 2 men killed and 5 wounded and several horses.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 213.

CAMP CREEK, WEST VIRGINIA, May 1, 1862. Advance Guard, Scammon's Brigade. At daylight the advance guard, consisting of one company of the 23d Ohio infantry, commanded by Lieutenant Bottsford, was surrounded and attacked at Camp creek by a Confederate force, numbering about 200 men, which had been stationed there to delay the Federal advance until the stores at Princeton could be removed. Bottsford and his men were some 6 miles in advance of the main column. Knowing that they were unsupported they fought with the bravery of desperation, finally driving the enemy from the field with a loss of 6 killed, a number wounded and 6 captured. The Union loss was 1 killed and 20 wounded, most of the injuries being of a trivial nature.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 213-214.


CAMP DAVIES, MISSISSIPPI, November 22, 1863. 1st Alabama Cavalry. A force of 150 Confederates, commanded by Major T. W. Ham, was attacked on the Ripley road, 5 miles from Camp Davies by Major Cramer, with 70 men of the 1st Alabama cavalry, and after a sharp skirmish was driven toward Rienzi, with a loss of 4 killed and several wounded. Cramer's casualties were 2 men severely wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 214.


CAMP DENNISON, OHIO, July 14, 1863. Volunteers and Militia.— Morgan Raid. At 5 a. m. Morgan was reported to be within 5 miles of the camp. Colonel George W. Neff, of the 2nd Kentucky infantry, military commander, ordered out 100 militiamen to obstruct the road by felling trees. These obstructions had hardly been completed when Morgan's force made its appearance and commenced shelling the rifle-pits, but without doing any damage. The fallen trees compelled the raiders to make a circuit of some 10 miles. In the meantime Lieutenant Smith arrived with the 21 st Ohio volunteer battery,' which was stationed, supported by two companies of militia, to guard the railroad bridge. Here the enemy was driven back, and Captain Proctor, who had been closely following Morgan's rear-guard, saved the bridge on the Madisonville pike. In the skirmishing the Federal loss was 1 man killed and 4 captured. The number of Confederate killed and wounded was not learned, but 5 were taken prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 214.


CAMP FINEGAN, FLORIDA, February 8, 1864. (See Ten Mile Run.)


CAMP FINEGAN, FLORIDA, May 25, 1864. A detachment, made up of 300 of the 7th U. S. Colored infantry, 100 white infantry, a few mounted men and two sections of artillery, was sent out from Jacksonville in the direction of Baldwin, under the command of Colonel James Shaw. When near Camp Finegan they were met by a force of infantry and cavalry, estimated by Shaw to have been 500 men. A brisk fire was maintained for a little while, when the artillery was brought into action and the Confederates retired from the field, as they had no cannon. No casualties reported. Camp Gonzales, Florida, July 22, 1864. An expedition, led by Brig-General Alexander Asboth, left Barrancas on the 21st and marched in the direction of Pollard, Alabama. At daybreak the next morning they reached Camp Gonzales, on the Pensacola railroad, 15 miles above Pensacola. A new fort named Fort Hodgson had just been completed there, and was garrisoned by three companies of the 7th Alabama cavalry, numbering about 120 men each. After half an hour's fighting, in which the well-aimed shells of the 1st Florida battery did considerable damage, the 7th Vermont infantry, 82nd U. S. Colored infantry, 1st Florida cavalry, dismounted, and part of the 14th New York cavalry made a dash on the works, when the Confederates beat a hasty retreat. A regimental flag, all the official papers of the post, 8 prisoners, 17 horses with equipments, a number of guns and sabers, 23 head of cattle and a large quantity of ammunition fell into Asboth's hands. The fort and buildings were destroyed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 214.


CAMP JACKSON, MISSOURI, May 10, 1861. Missouri Reserve Corps and 3d Missouri Volunteers. Camp Jackson was located in the western part of the city of St. Louis, in what was known as Lindell's grove, between Olive street and Laclede avenue. Here Brigadier-General Daniel M. Frost, of the state militia, had assembled about 700 men, under pretense of instructing them in accordance with the laws of the United States and the State of Missouri, but was really preparing to seize the St. Louis arsenal, which at the time contained about 60,000 stand of arms, a number of cannon and a large supply of the munitions of war. At the beginning of the year the arsenal was under the command of Major Bell, a North Carolinian, and Frank P. Blair, who had busied himself in the organization of the Missouri home guards, tried to have him removed and some one appointed who would arm and equip his troops from the supplies stored there. When President Buchanan declined to act in the matter, Blair appealed to General Scott, with the result that Bell was relieved by Major Hagner, and at the same time a detachment of 40 men was sent to guard the arsenal. But Hagner, like his predecessor, refused to issue arms to the home guards. On the last day of January Captain Nathaniel Lyon, of the 2nd U. S. infantry, was sent with his company to St. Louis, and' soon after President Lincoln's inauguration was appointed commandant at the arsenal. He soon learned that Frost had made application to the Confederate government for cannon, etc., and on the last day of April accepted, mustered in and armed about 3,500 of the home guards as a "reserve corps." On the night of May 8th the steamer J. C. Swan arrived at St. Louis, with a large supply of military stores intended for Frost, most of which was conveyed to Camp Jackson before daylight the following morning. This determined Lyon to act, and accordingly on the afternoon of the 10th he marched with his entire force to the camp and demanded its , immediate surrender. This Frost did under protest, claiming that his men were under oath to support the constitutions of the United States and the State of Missouri. The prisoners were marched to the arsenal, where they were required to take the oath of allegiance to the United States, after which they were released. Besides the usual camp equipage, tents, blankets, etc., the camp contained 6 brass field pieces, 1,200 muskets, about 40 horses and a large quantity of ammunition, all of which was taken possession of by the Union troops and transported to the arsenal. As the prisoners were being taken to the arsenal the troops were assaulted with stones, etc., by the citizens assembled along the line of march, and some of the soldiers discharged their guns into the mob, with the result that about 25 citizens were killed or wounded. This was the only bloodshed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 214-215.


CAMP MOORE, LOUISIANA, May 15, 1863. Expedition commanded by Colonel Davis.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 215.


CAMP PRATT, LOUISIANA, November 20, 1863. Cavalry Division, 19th Army Corps, and 1st Brigade, 3d Division, 13th Army Corps. Brigadier-General Albert L. Lee with his cavalry division and a brigade of infantry surprised the 7th Texas cavalry while it was encamped at Camp Pratt, near Iberia. The skirmish which ensued resulted in the killing of 1, the wounding of 3, and the capture of 101 Confederates, besides 100 horses and equipments and 100 stands of arms. The Federal force suffered no casualties.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 215.


CAMP SHELDON, MISSISSIPPI, February 8, 1863. Scout from 18th Missouri Infantry. The scouting party fell in with a company of Confederate conscripts and soon put them to flight, capturing 1 gun and a quantity of provisions. Several of the enemy were wounded, but no casualties reported on the Federal side.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 215.

CAMP SHELDON, MISSISSIPPI, February 10, 1863. Scout from 18th Missouri Infantry. In his report of this date Lieutenant-Colonel Charles S. Sheldon said: "Had another skirmish today, capturing 6 guns, overcoats, blankets, &c. Chased the enemy 3 miles, but they beat us running. One man wounded on our side." Campti, Louisiana, April 4, 1864. Detachment 5th Brigade, Cavalry Division, 19th Army Corps, and part of the 1st Division, 16th Army Corps. On the 3d the cavalry detachment, Colonel O. P. Gooding commanding, marched to the village of Grand Ecore, on the Red river. The next morning, pursuant to the orders of Brigadier-General A. J. Smith, Gooding advanced to Campti to drive the enemy from the town. As they approached the place the advance was fired upon from the shelter of the houses. Major Davis was sent with a detachment to the rear of the town, with instructions to burn the enemy out and intercept his retreat, but the movement was prevented by the fire of one of the Union gun-boats lying in the river below. After some sharp firing the Confederates withdrew from the town and attempted to form on a hill in the rear, but were so closely pressed that they rapidly retreated across the bayou, destroying the bridge as they went, and took shelter in the timber on the opposite bank. The destruction of the bridge rendered the cavalry useless. The men were dismounted and Captain Bushee, with a squadron of the 3d Rhode Island cavalry, was sent to turn the right flank of the enemy, the remainder of the command being held in reserve. In the meantime the 5th Minnesota, and 35th la. infantry, stationed on a bayou some distance below the village, were ordered to the relief of the cavalry. Advancing on the double-quick, the 5th Minnesota, was deployed on the right and left of the road and moved rapidly to the bayou. A crossing was soon effected, when the Confederates withdrew, leaving their dead and wounded on the field. The Union loss was 4 killed and 18 wounded. The loss of the enemy was reported as being 8 killed, 18 wounded and 3 captured.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 215-216.


CAMP VANCE, NORTH CAROLINA, June 28, 1864. Detachment 3d North Carolina Volunteer Infantry. The detachment, numbering 130 men and commanded by Captain G. W. Kirk, was sent out from Morristown, Tennessee, the object being the destruction of the railroad bridge over the Yadkin river, about 6 miles from Morganton, North Carolina. At Camp Vance he overcame a force superior in numbers to his own, captured 277 prisoners, 132 of whom he brought to Knoxville, destroyed a locomotive, 3 cars, the depot, commissary buildings, 1,200 stands of arms, a quantity of ammunition and 3,000 bushels of grain. He also brought into Knoxville 32 negroes, 48 horses and mules and 40 recruits for his own regiment, but failed in the destruction of the bridge, it being too well guarded. His casualties were 1 man killed, 1 mortally and 5 slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 216.

CAMP WILD CAT, KENTUCKY, October 21, 1861. (See Rockcastle Hills.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 216.


CAMP WILD CAT, KENTUCKY, October 17, 1862. 4th Division, Army of the Ohio. In the morning Brigadier-General W. S. Smith, commanding the division, pressed a reconnaissance to Camp Wild Cat, but found it deserted and the road badly obstructed. At noon his advanced brigade had a skirmish with a detachment of the enemy's cavalry, killing one and wounding several others. Late in the afternoon Cruft's brigade engaged a force of Confederates on the Madison road and drove them in such haste that they left their rations cooking. He captured 11 prisoners and reported 2 men slightly wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 216.


CAMPAIGN. The period of a year that an army keeps the field from the opening of a campaign until the return to quarters or cantonments at the end of the campaign. A series of continuous field operations. An ordinary campaign, in respect to recompense for length of service, is counted as two years of effective service in the French army. In all services excepting our own, additional allowances in campaign are made to troops beyond those given at other periods. (See ALLOWANCES.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CAMPBELL, Charles Thomas, soldier, born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, 10 August, 1823. He was educated at Marshall College, and on 18 February, 1847, became second lieutenant in the 8th U.S. Infantry. He served through the Mexican War, becoming captain in August, 1847, and was mustered out in August, 1848. In 1852 he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. He was commissioned colonel of the 1st Pennsylvania Artillery in May, 1861, but resigned in December, and was made colonel of the 57th Infantry. He was wounded three times at Fair Oaks, and twice at Fredericksburg, and a horse was killed under him in each of these battles. He was taken prisoner with his regiment, but they succeeded in releasing themselves and carrying back more than 200 of the enemy as captives. His wounds, seven in number, necessitated a long and tedious confinement in the hospital, and prevented him from seeing any more active service. He was promoted to brigadier-general on 13 March, 1863, and after the close of the war moved to Dakota. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 512.


CAMPBELL, Cleveland J., soldier, born in New York City in July, 1836; died in Castleton, New York, 13 June, 1865. He was graduated successively at the free Academy, Union College, and the University of Göttingen. Early in the war he enlisted in the 44th New York Volunteers, was soon promoted to be a lieutenant on General Palmer's staff, was next adjutant of the 152d New York Volunteers, then captain in Upton's 121st New York Volunteers, and, after passing a most brilliant examination, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, and finally colonel, of the 23d Regiment of Colored Troops. He led his regiment into the hottest of the fight at Petersburg, when the mine exploded, and left in and around the crater nearly 400 of his men, killed or wounded. Colonel Campbell himself received injuries from a bursting shell that ultimately caused his death. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 512.


CAMPBELL, John, surgeon, born in New York state about 1822. He was appointed an assistant surgeon in the U.S. Army in December, 1847, served in Mexico and was stationed successively in Texas, in California, at forts along the western frontier, and at different eastern posts, including the Military Academy at West Point. He was promoted surgeon in May, 1861, acting through the Civil War in that grade, and at its close received brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel, U. S. A., for faithful and meritorious services. He was advanced to the full rank of lieutenant-colonel, 8 November, 1877, colonel, 7 December, 1885, and placed on the retired list, 16 September, 1885. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 514.


CAMPBELL, John Allen, soldier, born in Salem, Ohio, 8 October, 1835; died in Washington, D.C., 14 July, 1880. After receiving a common-school education, he learned the printing business, and at the beginning of the war entered the army as second lieutenant of volunteers. He became major and assistant adjutant-general, 27 October, 1862, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, “for courage in the field and marked ability and fidelity” at Rich Mountain, Shiloh, Perryville, Murfreesboro, and through the Atlanta Campaign. He was mustered out on 1 September, 1866, and for a time assistant editor on the Cleveland “Leader.” In October, 1867, he was appointed second lieutenant in the 5th U.S. Artillery, regular army, and at once brevetted first lieutenant, captain, major, and lieutenant-colonel. He served on General Schofield's staff, but resigned in 1869, and was appointed the first governor of Wyoming Territory. He was reappointed in 1873, and in 1875 became third assistant Secretary of State at Washington. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 514.


CAMPBELL, John Archibald, jurist, born in Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia, 24 June, 1811. His grandfather served in the revolution as aide-de- camp to General Greene. His father, Colonel Duncan G. Campbell, was a distinguished Georgia lawyer, and one of the two commissioners appointed by President Monroe, in 1824, to treat with the Creek Indians for the sale of their lands. John A. Campbell was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1826, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829 by special act of legislature, as he had not attained his majority. He then moved to Montgomery, Alabama, where he practised law, and was several times a member of the legislature. He was appointed Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court by President Pierce, 22 March, 1853, and held this office till 1861, when he resigned. He exerted all his influence to prevent the Civil War, but though he opposed secession, he believed it to be right. He was afterward assistant Secretary of War of the Confederate States, and was one of the peace commissioners appointed to meet Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Seward at Fort Monroe in February, 1865. After the war he was arrested and lodged in Fort Pulaski, but was discharged on parole, and afterward resumed his law practice in New Orleans. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 514.


CAMPBELL, Lewis Davis, diplomatist, born in Franklin, Ohio, 9 August, 1811; died 26 November, 1882. On leaving school he was apprenticed to a printer in 1828, and was afterward assistant editor of the Cincinnati" Gazette." He published a Whig newspaper at Hamilton, Ohio, from 1831 till 1836, supporting Henry Clay, and was then admitted to the bar and began to practice at Hamilton. He was elected to Congress as a Whig, and served from 3 December 1849, till 25 May, 1858, being chairman of the Ways and Means Committee during his last term. He claimed to have been elected again in 1858, but the house gave the seat to C. L. Vallandigham. He served as colonel of an Ohio regiment of volunteer infantry from 1861 till 1862, when he on account of failing health. President Johnson appointed him minister to Mexico in December, 1865; but, before leaving for his post, he was a delegate to the Philadelphia union Convention and the Cleveland soldiers' Convention of 1866. He sailed for Mexico, in company with General Sherman, 11 November, 1866, authorized to tender to President Juarez the moral support of the United States, and to offer him the use of our military force to aid in the restoration of law. Mr. Campbell remained in Mexico until 1868, and from 1871 till 1873 was again a member of Congress.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I  p. 515.


CAMPBELL, Tunis Gulic, 1812-1891, African American abolitionist, Georgia political leader, moral reformer, temperance activist and lecturer.  Lectured with Frederick Douglass. Worked to help resettle recently-freed slaves near Port Royal, South Carolina.  Later was Bureau agent for Freedman’s Bureau on Georgia Islands.  Resisted acts to reverse gains made by African Americans by President Johnson administration during Reconstruction. (Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 2, p. 500; American National Biography, 2002, Vol. 4, p. 299.)


CAMPBELL, William Bowen, governor of Tennessee, born in Sumner county, Tennessee, 1 February, 1807; died in Lebanon, Tennessee, 19 August, 1867. He studied law in Abingdon and Winchester, Virginia, was admitted to the bar in Tennessee, and practised in Carthage. He was chosen district attorney for the fourth District of his state in 1831, and a member of the legislature in 1835. He raised a cavalry company, and served as its captain in the Creek and Florida Wars of 1836, and from 1837 till 1843 was a Whig member of Congress from Tennessee. He was elected major-general of militia in 1844, and served in the Mexican War as colonel of the 1st Tennessee Volunteers, distinguishing himself in the battles of Monterey and Cerro Gordo, where he commanded a brigade after General Pillow was wounded. He was governor of Tennessee in 1851–3, and in 1857 was chosen, by unanimous vote of the legislature, judge of the state circuit court. He canvassed the state in opposition to secession in 1861, and on 30 June, 1862, without solicitation, was appointed by President Lincoln brigadier-general in the National Army. He resigned, 26 January, 1863, on account of failing health. At the close of the war he was again chosen to      Congress, but was not allowed to take his seat until near the end of the first session in 1866. He served until 3 March, 1867, and was a member of the committee on the New Orleans riots. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 516.


CANADA ALAMOSA, NEW MEXICO, September 25, 1861. Captain Minks with the greater part of his company of New Mexico cavalry attempted to establish a camp at Canada Alamosa, 40 miles south of Fort Craig, but they were surprised by a detachment of 114 Confederates under command of Captain Coopwood and a skirmish ensued in which 4 Federals were killed, 6 wounded, and Minks, Lieutenant Medina, 23 privates and non-commissioned officers were captured.


CANBY, Edward Richard Sprigg, soldier, born in Kentucky in 1819; killed in Siskiyou County, California, 11 April, 1873. His parents moved to Indiana, where he went to school, and whence he was appointed cadet at the U. S. Military Academy in 1835. He was graduated in 1839 in the same class with Generals Halleck, Isaac Stevens, Ord, Paine, of Illinois, and other distinguished officers. After graduation he was at once commissioned second lieutenant, assigned to the 2d U.S. Infantry, and served in the Florida War as quartermaster and commissary of subsistence from October, 1839 till 1842, and after the close of that War Was engaged in the removal of the Cherokees, Creeks, and Choctaws to the present Indian territory. He was on garrison duty  from 1842 till 1845, and on recruiting service in: 1845 and part of 1846. In March, 1846, he was appointed adjutant of his regiment, and three months later was promoted to a first lieutenancy. The outbreak of the Mexican War called his regiment into active service. Serving under General Riley, he was present at the siege of Vera Cruz, at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco, as well as at the attack upon the Belen gate, city of Mexico. He received the brevets of major and lieutenant-colonel for his services in this campaign, and was promoted to the full rank of captain in June, 1851; but, having been transferred to the adjutant-general's department as assistant £ with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he relinquished his rank in the line. In March, 1855, he was appointed major of the 10th U.S. Infantry, a new regiment, with which he was engaged on frontier duty in western Wisconsin and Minnesota for the next three years, and in 1858 was ordered to Fort Bridger, Utah, where his command included portions of the 2d U.S. Dragoons and 7th and 10th U.S. Infantry. He held this post until 1860, when he was appointed commander of the expedition against the Navajo Indians, and was in command of Fort Defiance, New Mexico, at the beginning of the Civil War. At that critical period, when officers from the border states were daily sending in their resignations, Major Canby did not leave his loyalty in doubt for a moment, and throughout the war was one of the most active and conspicuous defenders of the union. In May, 1861, he was made colonel of the 19th regiment, U. S. Infantry, and was acting brigadier-general of the forces in New Mexico. In 1862 he repelled the Confederate General Sibley in his daring attempt to acquire possession of that territory, and had the satisfaction of seeing the invader retreat, “leaving behind him,” as he observed in his report, in dead and wounded, and in sick and prisoners, one half of his original force.” He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, 31 March, 1862, and, after transferring the command of the forces in New Mexico, he went to Washington, where he rendered valuable assistance to Secretary Stanton in the War Department. He took command of the U.S. troops in New York City and Harbor during the draft riots of July, 1863, and, by his energetic measures and resolute bearing, assisted materially in the suppression of the rioters. He remained there until November, 1863, when he resumed his place at the war Department. At the opening of the campaign of 1864, General Canby received the rank of major-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the military division of west Mississippi, a place that he held until some months after the close of the war. His first act in this field of duty was to take charge of General Banks's retreating forces at the Atchafalaya and conduct them safely to New Orleans, where for want of troops he remained inactive throughout the summer and autumn of 1864. While on a tour of inspection on White River, Arkansas, 4 November, 1864, he was severely wounded by Confederate guerillas: but, as soon as he was sufficiently re-enforced, he proceeded, with an army of from 25,000 to 30,000 men, against Mobile, which, with the assistance of the fleet, was captured, 12 April, 1865. On learning of the surrender of the Confederate forces in Virginia, General Richard Taylor, who commanded west of the Mississippi, surrendered to General Canby, and hostilities  On 13 March, 1865, General Canby received the brevets of brigadier and major-general of the regular army. He remained in command of Southern Military Departments until 1866, when he was transferred to Washington, and received, 28 July, 1866, the full rank of brigadier-general in the regular army. After the surrender he was placed in command of the different districts having Richmond as its centre, and assumed the responsibility of permitting the paroled cavalry of Lee's army to reorganize for the suppression of “bushwhacking,” which was rife in  neighborhood. The measure was entirely successful, and no bad results followed. Subsequently he was appointed a member of the special commission for deciding claims on the War Department, and of the board to prepare plans for a new building for the same department. Afterward he was placed in command of the Department of Columbia, and was during the winter of 1872–3 actively engaged in bringing the Modocs to accept the terms offered them by the government. He was specially adapted for this duty. He had never shared in the bitter hatred of the Indians, so common on the border, but had always leaned to the side of humanity in his dealings with them. Only four days before his death he sent a despatch to Washington, which, read in the tragic light of after-events, shows both his generosity to his slayers and his sagacious doubts of them  “I do not question the right or the power of the general government to make any arrangement that may be thought proper; but think they should make such as to secure a permanent peace, together with liberal and just treatment of the Indians. In my judgment, permanent peace cannot be secured if they are allowed to remain in this immediate neighborhood. does are now sensible that they cannot live in peace on Lost River, and have abandoned their claim to it, but wish to be left lava-beds. This means license to plunder and a stronghold to retreat to, and was refused. Their last proposition is to come in and have the opportunity of looking for a new home not far away, and if they are sincere in this the trouble will soon be ended. But there has been so much vacillation and duplicity in their talks that I have hesitated about reporting until some definite result was attained.” On 11 April, in company with two other officers, he met “Captain Jack,” the leader of the Modocs, on neutral ground to confer regarding a treaty of Peace. At a preconcerted signal the Indians killed all the commissioners before the escort could come to the rescue, and escaped to their stronghold in the lava-beds. Subsequently they were captured, and “Captain Jack,” with two of his subordinates, was tried and executed. General Canby was a remarkable instance of an officer of high rank and universal popularity without enemies in his profession. He was so upright that he was very rarely criticised by his brother officers, save by those who gave him reason for official displeasure. He had little ambition beyond his duty, was always satisfied, or appeared to , with any position to which he was assigned, and never engaged in any of those squabbles or intrigues for preferment which deface the record of many able soldiers. He had a singular power of inspiring implicit confidence among those who served under his command. His assignment to any department, where, through incompetence or lack of zeal on the part of the commander affairs, had drifted into confusion, was the signal for the inauguration of order and discipline. The time honored but often misapplied phrase, “an officer and a gentleman,” admirably describes this soldier of the republic. He was tall and athletic, in manner courteous, but rather reserved and silent, the ideal of a thoughtful, studious soldier. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 517-518.


CANE CREEK, ALABAMA, October 20, 1863. (See Barton's and Dickson's Stations same date.)


CANE CREEK, ALABAMA, October 26, 1863. 1st Division, 15th Army Corps. For several days after their defeat at Cherokee station on the 21st the Confederates remained quiet, though they were by no means idle. Large reinforcements were received and a strong position taken on both sides of Cane creek, just east of Barton's station. At 3 o'clock on the morning of the 26th, in compliance with orders from the corps commander, General Osterhaus moved the division in the lightest possible marching order toward the enemy's lines. An hour and a half later the advance reached the cemetery near Barton's station, the Confederate pickets there retreating hastily, giving the alarm in their camp. As soon as it was light enough to move with certainty the 1st brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General Charles R. Woods, was deployed behind a slight elevation to the right and left, the 1st Missouri horse artillery being stationed in the cemetery in the center, while the 2nd brigade (Williamson's) was kept in reserve. Scarcely had this formation been completed when the enemy opened with his artillery directly in front, and at the same time deployed a large force of cavalry on the Union right. It soon became evident that the artillery in the cemetery was too light to be effective and Osterhaus ordered up a section of the 4th Ohio battery with 20-pounder Parrott guns. Under cover of these guns Woods' line was ordered to advance. The movement had to be executed on open ground, while the enemy was sheltered by the timber. Taking advantage of the undulations in the surface the whole line moved forward, Landgraeber's battery, that had been relieved at the cemetery, closely following the infantry. The guns of this battery were soon brought into action on the right, thus exposing the enemy to a cross-fire of artillery. In the meantime Smith's division had come up to Barton's station, where it acted as a reserve, allowing the 2nd brigade of the 1st division to be brought forward and deployed on the left. The 5th Ohio cavalry now forced the enemy's right back into the timber, bringing him under the guns of the batteries. Following up this advantage the skirmishers pressed steadily forward and drove the Confederates across Cane creek. Here they had the benefit of high ground, while that on the west side of the stream was a level, swampy bottom, over which the Union troops must pass in order to continue the attack. As soon as the infantry debouched from the timber on the right it was opened on by a battery of five rifled guns at short range, but the Federals rushed forward, forded the creek and charged up the bank with such impetuosity that the battery was compelled to seek safety in flight, while the dismounted cavalry hurried to their saddles. Osterhaus now ordered a general advance and defeat became almost a rout. At Bear creek, 4 miles from Tuscumbia, the Confederates made a stand, forming their line of battle on the high prairie on the west bank. The Federal advance was met by a fire of artillery. Skirmishers were immediately thrown across the creek on the right, supported by the 3d and 27th Missouri infantry, occupying the narrow skirt of timber along Little Bear creek, and the artillery was hurried forward to reply to the enemy's guns. A brigade of Forrest's cavalry made a determined charge upon the skirmishers, but it was met by a withering fire from the 3d Missouri and repulsed. This ended hostilities for the day. The fighting had been going on almost without intermission since early in the morning and the men on both sides were exhausted. Osterhaus retired a short distance, after placing strong pickets to hold his position, and bivouacked for the night. (See Tuscumbia.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 216-217.


CANE CREEK, ALABAMA, June 10, 1864. 106th Ohio Volunteers; skirmish with Guerrillas.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 217.


CANE HILL, ARKANSAS, November 9, 1862. Detachment of the 2nd Kansas Cavalry. Colonel W. F. Cloud, with a detachment of his regiment, was sent out from Camp Bowen toward Cane hill. On the road between that place and Fayetteville he came upon a force of some 300 provost guards, under Emmett MacDonald. They fled across the Boston mountains, but were pursued to within 18 miles of Van Buren. Their color bearer was killed and the flag fell into Cloud's hands, as well as all their transportation and commissary stores, which were destroyed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 218.

CANE HILL, ARKANSAS, November 25, 1862. Detachment of 1st Division, Army of the Frontier. A report of Brigadier-General James G. Blunt states that a detachment of troops from his command attacked and scattered a large reconnoitering party of Confederates from the camp at Cane hill. No casualties are mentioned.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 218.


CANE HILL, ARKANSAS, November 28, 1862. 1st Division, Army of the Frontier. On the 26th the division, commanded by Brigadier-General James G. Blunt, was encamped at Lindsey's prairie, 15 miles south of Maysville. Thirty-five miles further south at Cane hill was the Confederate General Marmaduke, with a force of some 8,000 men, waiting for General Hindman's army to join him for an incursion into Missouri. Blunt determined to strike Marmaduke before the arrival of the reinforcements. Leaving Lindsey's prairie early on the morning of the 27th, with about 5.000 men and 30 pieces of artillery, he marched 25 miles that day. During the night scouts were sent forward to ascertain the enemy's position. These came back and reported the road strongly picketed and that it could be easily defended. This information led Blunt to change his plans. On leaving camp at 5 o'clock the next morning he made a detour to the left, struck an obscure road that was not picketed, and entered Cane hill from the north, meeting with no resistance until within half a mile of the enemy's camp. While passing through a defile the advance guard, consisting of about 200 of the 2nd Kansas cavalry and 2 howitzers under Lieutenant Stover, encountered a considerable force. The cavalry made a dash and drove this detachment back upon the main body, which was now brought into view, posted on the right of the road, on elevated ground about half a mile from Boonsboro, guns in battery, from which a brisk fire was immediately opened. Rabb's battery and the 2 howitzers were at once hurried forward and for the next half-hour the engagement consisted of an artillery duel, Blunt maneuvering for time until the arrival of his main column, which had been delayed on the road. The 11th Kansas and Hopkins' battery were brought up on the double-quick and the enemy was twice compelled to retire under the destructive fire of the artillery. The third stand was made on a hill near the south side of the town, but the main body of the Union troops having by this time arrived on the scene, the Confederates were again routed and for 3 miles on the road toward Van Buren a running fight followed. As the pursuers emerged from a narrow valley, a little below the intersection of the Cove creek road, they were met by a destructive fire that caused them to recoil. The men were rallied and Blunt determined to make an effort to capture the artillery, but before the charge for that purpose could be ordered a flag of truce came from the enemy, requesting permission to care for the dead and wounded. The request was granted and, as it was then almost dark, Blunt returned to Cane hill. The loss was 8 killed and 32 wounded. The Confederates lost 75 killed, but the number of wounded could not be ascertained, as most of them were carried away. Cane Hill, Arkansas, December 20, 1862, and January 2, 1863.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 218.


CANE HILL, ARKANSAS, November 6, 1864. Army of the Border. After Price had been driven from Missouri and Kansas he halted at Cane hill, where he collected a large number of cattle and commenced the erection of huts, as if he intended to remain there for the winter. On the 6th the Union forces left Prairie grove early in the morning, marched to Cane hill, scattered the Confederates, captured and paroled a number who were too ill to retreat, confiscated the supplies and destroyed the huts. Later in the day Benteen's scouts skirmished with the enemy's rearguard, killing 2 or 3, with a similar loss among his own men, and recapturing Blunt's old flag, which had been taken by Price at the battle of Baxter Springs.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 218-219.


CANE RIVER, LOUISIANA, April 26-27, 1864.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 219.


CANE RIVER CROSSING, LOUISIANA, April 23, 1864. Detachments of the 13th and 19th Army Corps. During the Red river campaign Brigadier-General W. H. Emory was ordered to drive the enemy from the Cane river crossing. The head of the infantry column encountered the enemy's pickets 3 miles beyond Cloutierville and drove them in until the Confederate line of battle was reached. Here the enemy was strongly posted, two batteries of 8 guns each having a cross-fire on a field which it was necessary for the Federal forces to cross before they could reach the river. The ground occupied by the enemy was Monett's bluff, 100 feet higher than that which Emory's command was compelled to traverse. It was apparently futile for the Federals to take the crossing in front, so Brigadier-General Henry W. Birge, with his command supported by a detachment of the 13th corps, was sent 3 miles up the river to cross a ford and turn the Confederate left. Meantime the artillery was brought forward to shell the enemy's position, the cavalry was sent down the river to cross and threaten the enemy's right and rear, and if Birge succeeded in his movement to pursue the foe. Part of the Confederate force made an attempt to take the Federal battery, but was repulsed by the 116th New York infantry and the 2nd New York cavalry. Birge on gaining the enemy's flank charged with a portion of his command and drove the Confederates from a strongly intrenched position. When the left gave way the rest of the Confederate force was obliged to withdraw, the Federal cavalry pursuing. The Federal force suffered a loss of 200 in killed and wounded; the Confederate casualties, although not reported, were heavy.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 219.

CANEY BAYOU, TEXAS, January 8-9, 1864 . A Confederate report states that at 11 a. m. of the 8th a Federal gunboat came close in shore and commenced shelling the enemy's work at the mouth of the Caney. The firing continued all day and was reopened next morning. One Confederate was killed by the fire.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 219.


CANEY BAYOU, TEXAS, February 7, 1864. The only mention of this affair in the official records of the war is a report from Confederate General Bee, to the effect that the Federals fired sixty-six shots at the fort located at the mouth of the bayou, wounding 3 men and 3 horses.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 219.


CANEY FORK, TENNESSEE, May 9, 1863. Scouts. A scouting party sent out by Brigadier-General George Crook crossed Caney fork, during the night and surprised the camp of Colonel Baxter Smith, who was also on a scout. Smith, his adjutant, a lieutenant and 2 privates were captured without loss to the Union side. Later the Federal scouts were attached, but the enemy was repulsed with a loss of 2 killed and 1 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 219.


CANISTER for field service, consists of a tin cylinder attached to a sabot, and filled with cast-iron shot. For siege and garrison guns the bottom is of cast iron, and the cover of sheet iron with a handle made of iron wire. (See SABOT.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CANNELTON, WEST VIRGINIA, September 11, 1862. (See Kanawha Valley Campaign.)


CANNON. (See CALIBRE; ORDNANCE.)


CANNON, William, governor of Delaware, born in Bridgeville, Delaware, in 1809; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1 March, 1865. He united with the Methodist Church in 1825, became a class-leader and exhorter before he had reached his twentieth year, and held these offices until his death. He was elected to the legislature in 1845 and 1849, and was afterward treasurer of the state. In 1861 he was a member of the Peace Congress, where he was "the firm friend of the Crittenden Compromise, and of an unbroken union." In 1864 he was elected governor of the state, which office he held until his death. The legislature was against him; hut he remained true to the union. When, on one occasion, the legislature forbade compliance with a law of Congress, the governor promptly announced, by proclamation, that he would pardon every U. S. officer convicted by a state court for the performance of his duty to the union. In his message to the legislature in 1864 he advised that body to take measures for the emancipation of slaves in Delaware. The illness that caused his death was the result of over-exertion in assisting to extinguish a fire in Bridgeville. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 520.


CANNON'S BRIDGE, SOUTH CAROLINA, February 8, 1865. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, 15th Army Corps. In pursuance of orders from headquarters General Hazen sent his brigade, commanded by Colonel W. S. Jones, of the 53d Ohio, to make a reconnaissance in the neighborhood of Cannon's bridge on the Edisto river. Jones found the enemy intrenched on the. north side of the river and deployed four companies under Major Kili to skirmish with him and develop his strength. The skirmishers approached to within a few rods of the works, wading through water that came above their knees. The object of the reconnaissance having been accomplished, Jones fell back to camp with his brigade. No casualties reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 219.


CANOE CREEK, FLORIDA, March 25, 1865. Cavalry of Lucas' Brigade. The engagement here designated as "Canoe Creek" was really a series of skirmishes, extending from Cotton creek to the Escambia river. About 10 a. m. the 1st Louisiana cavalry, which was in the advance, encountered the enemy's videttes and took 4 prisoners. At Cotton creek, which was reached a little later, a force of about 100 was found strongly posted behind breastworks and inclined to dispute the crossing. Three companies of the 1st Louisiana were dismounted and advanced over the creek, in spite of the opposition. The Confederates retired to Mitchell's creek, where they fired the bridge and made another stand, but were again routed. Shortly before noon Canoe creek was reached at Bluff Springs and here General Clanton's brigade, about 600 strong, was found drawn up in line of battle, in a strong position on the north bank, and commanded by Clanton in person. Colonel Badger, commanding the 1st Louisiana, made a gallant charge with his regiment under a heavy fire, and drove the enemy, from his position. The main column pressed closely behind Badger, giving him strong support, and the Confederates broke in confusion. The pursuit was continued for some 4 miles, giving the enemy no time to reform his lines. A number of prisoners were taken along the line of retreat, among them being Clanton, who was severely wounded. Many of the men abandoned their horses and took to the woods and swamps. At the Escambia a party of Confederates on the opposite bank opened upon the Federals with artillery, but Lucas ordered .forward the 2nd Massachusetts light artillery and soon silenced the enemy's guns. A detachment of the 31st Massachusetts was sent across, took possession of the works and held them until relieved. The Federal loss during the day was 3 killed, 3 wounded, and 26 horses either killed or captured. The enemy's loss was much larger; as 129 were captured in the flight from Canoe creek to the Escambia.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 219-220.


CANTEEN. A small tin caoutchouc or circular wooden vessel, used by soldiers on active service to carry liquor, &c. A small trunk or chest, containing culinary and other utensils for the use of officers. A kind of suttling house, kept in garrisons, &c., for the convenience of the troops. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CANTONMENTS. Troops are said to be in cantonments when detached and quartered in the different towns and villages, lying as near as possible to each other. (See CAMP.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. ).


CANYON DE CHELLY, January —, 1864. Troops commanded by General Kit Carson; fight with Indians. Canon Station, Nevada Territory, June 23, 1863. A few men of the 3d California Infantry. A small squad was stationed at Canon station as a guard. Three men went with a cart for a supply of water and the rest went hunting, leaving the station temporarily unguarded. A party of Indians took advantage of the situation to ambush themselves near the station and as the water cart was returning fired, killing Corp. Hervey and wounding Private Abbott. Abbott and the driver of the cart defended themselves and finally reached the station. The bodies of the two men who had gone hunting were afterward found mutilated and scalped.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 220.


CANTON, KENTUCKY, August 22, 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, District of Kentucky. The brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General E. H. Hobson, pursued a body of Confederates to Canton, where Colonel Johnson, with the 52nd Kentucky, attacked their rear at daylight, killing 15, wounded several more, captured 50 prisoners and 100 mules and horses. About 300 succeeded in getting across the river, but were pursued by Colonels True and Burge, the main body following and picking up stragglers. Canton, Mississippi, July 12, 1863. Cavalry with the 9th Army Corps. Colonel Cyrus Bussey, commanding the cavalry with the 9th corps, reporting the operations of his command during the Jackson campaign, states that when within 2 miles of Canton the enemy was encountered posted in a thick woods near Bear creek. After a sharp skirmish, during which several prisoners were captured, Bussey learned that the Confederate force was larger than his own and he gave up the attempt to enter the town. No casualties were reported.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 220.


CANTON, MISSISSIPPI, July 17, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 15th Army Corps, and Bussey's Cavalry Division, 9th Army Corps. For several days prior to this date the cavalry, commanded by Colonel Bussey. had been operating in the vicinity of Jackson and toward Canton. A demonstration was made against the place on the 12th, but finding the enemy too strong the Federals withdrew to wait for a better day. About 5 a. m. on the 17th the troops left Calhoun. When within 2 miles of Canton the advance guard, commanded by Colonel Stephens, of the 2nd Wisconsin cavalry, found the enemy in force, the line extending from Bear creek west on the Beattie's Bluff road as far as could be seen. Two regiments of infantry and a section of artillery of the 2nd brigade were ordered forward, but before they could be thrown into position Bussey discovered a large force of Confederates moving to his left, evidently bent on getting to his rear and capturing his wagon train, which had not yet been parked. A piece of artillery was sent to the support of the train guard; Major Farnan, with a battalion of the 5th Illinois cavalry, was sent forward on the Livingston road to check the enemy's advance from that direction, a movement he executed with success; the 3d and 4th la. cavalry formed in line and moved through an open field to the left, while a piece of artillery was posted in the road and supported by the 76th Ohio and 25th la. This gun opened fire at short range with shell, and a few well-directed shots scattered the Confederates in confusion. Bussey now ordered a general advance, the artillery and infantry occupying the field on the left of the Livingston road. Skirmishers were thrown forward and soon encountered the enemy, but a few shots from the gun, and the advance of the cavalry on the left, soon had him in motion again. In the meantime the entire 2nd brigade, commanded by Colonel C. R. Woods, was advanced to the road, cutting off the Confederate communication with a force posted on Bear creek, and the enemy began a rapid retreat toward Canton. Bussey now sent the 4th la. to the support of Woods and at the same time moved one battalion on the main road. When the head of the column reached the Bear creek bridge the enemy opened fire with 2 pieces of artillery. The infantry was advanced as skirmishers, and Woods soon drove them from a strong position. This force also retired toward Canton, destroying several bridges as they went. That night the Federals camped within a mile of the town and the next morning entered it without opposition, the Confederates having retreated to Pearl river during the night.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 220-221.


CANTON, MISSISSIPPI, October 15, 1863. (See Brownsville.) Canton, Mississippi, February 27-29, 1864. 3d Division, 17th Army Corps. The division, commanded by Brigadier-General M. D. Leggett, while on the Meridian expedition, reached Canton on the 26th. During the two days' stay at that place the 20th, 45th and 124th Illinois infantry tore up over 2 miles of railroad and about 200 feet of trestle work. Every rail was bent so that relaying the track would be an impossibility. General Wirt Adams, of the Confederate army, reported that on the 29th he killed and captured about 60 Federals, 33 horses, 2 wagons and teams and a number of small arms at Canton, but the Federal reports contain no mention of such an affair.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 221.


CANTON, MISSISSIPPI, March 2, 1864. (See Brownsville.)


CAPE FEAR RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA, October 11, 1862. U. S. Gunboat Maratanza. Cape Girardeau, Missouri, April 26, 1863. Marmaduke's Missouri Expedition. On the morning of the 24th scouts brought the word to Cape Girardeau that General Marmaduke was approaching with a force of about 8,000 men. The garrison there at that time consisted of 350 men of the 1st Nebraska infantry, one company of the 1st Wisconsin cavalry, Battery D, 2nd Missouri and Welfley's battery. That evening Brigadier-General John McNeil arrived with reinforcements, and assumed command. Colonel Baumer, commanding the garrison, had made preparations to meet the advancing enemy outside the works and when overpowered to fall back to fort B, thence to fort A, which was strong enough to withstand almost any attack that could be made. McNeil approved this plan and accordingly two companies of the 1st Nebraska, three of the 32nd la., and 2 guns of Welfley's battery were stationed on the Perryville road north of the fort; five companies of the Nebraska regiment, with 4 guns of Welfley's battery, were placed on a hill between the Bloomfield and Jackson roads commanding all approaches from the west. The main attack was made about 10 a. m. on the 26th on the Jackson road. The enemy was checked by the fire of the pickets, who, in obedience to orders, immediately fell back upon the skirmish line. The battery on the Perryville road opened, then the guns on the hill, and finally the guns from fort B. The position of the different batteries subjected the enemy to a cross-fire of artillery, so well directed that to advance in the face of it was impossible. They then tried to attack the Union right flank on the Perryville road, when Baumer hurried 2 pieces of artillery to a hill commanding the ground over which they must pass, opened a destructive fire and checked that movement. The Confederates then turned their attention to the left flank, where the Wisconsin troops dismounted and fought the enemy on foot, while a battery of mountain howitzers did excellent service in dislodging a battery of the enemy's. The enemy now fell back all along the line, but the Federals remained in position, momentarily expecting another attack. Cannonading was continued from the hill and fort B until 3 p. m., when small detachments, sent out for the purpose, reported that the Confederates had disappeared. Meantime General Curtis sent down two steamers from St. Louis with reinforcements and McNeil, expecting another attack next day, called on General Asboth at Columbus, Kentucky, for two regiments of infantry and a field battery, which were sent to him on the morning of the 27th, but the Confederates made no further attempt on the place.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 221-222.


CAPE GIRARDEAU, MISSOURI, February 5, 1864. 2nd Missouri Militia Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 222.


CAPE. GIRARDEAU, MISSOURI, December 14, 1864. (See Cypress Swamp.)


CAPE HENRY, VIRGINIA, June 11, 1863. (See Maple Leaf, U. S. S.)


CAPE LOOKOUT LIGHT, April 2, 1864. A secret expedition was planned by the Confederates for the destruction of the two lighthouses at Cape Lookout. Men were selected from the 67th North Carolina infantry and L. C. Harland was placed in command of the expedition. On Saturday night, April 2, they managed to get to the lighthouses, placed charges of powder under the walls and exploded them by means of fuse. The smaller building, 90 feet high, was totally destroyed, and the larger, 160 feet high, was badly damaged. The loss of the lights proved a great inconvenience to the Federal vessels along that part of the coast.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 222.


CAPERTON'S FERRY, ALABAMA, August 29, 1863. 1st Division, 20th Army Corps. The operations about Caperton's ferry on this date comprised the laying of a pontoon bridge across the Tennessee river. Heg's brigade was sent across the river in boats and drove away the enemy's pickets with some slight skirmishing, attended by few casualties. By 1 p. m. the bridge was completed and was then guarded by Carlin's brigade and about 100 pioneers.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 222.


CAPERTON'S FERRY, ALABAMA, March 29, 1864. Detachment of the 66th Ohio Infantry. Four companies of the regiment were stationed at the ferry, which is on the Tennessee river, about 4 miles from Stevenson, at a point where refugees were continually crossing the stream. About 1 p. m. on the 29th, while Captain Morgan, Lieutenant Organ and 4 men were assisting a refugee to get his family and goods across the river a party of guerrillas suddenly appeared on the bank and demanded a surrender. The two officers gave the boat a vigorous shove, threw themselves into the bottom of it, when the guerrillas fired, wounding Morgan in the thigh and Organ in the hand. The 4 men were some distance from the boat at the time and 3 of them were captured, the other escaping by hiding under the river bank. Captain Dye immediately crossed the river with 40 men and started in pursuit, but the guerrillas being mounted made their escape. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 222.


CAPITAL. The line drawn bisecting the salient angle of a work. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CAPITULATION. Articles of agreement, by which besieged troops surrender at discretion, or with the honors of war. The terms granted depend upon circumstances of time, place, &c. Any surrender in the open field without fighting was stigmatized by Napoleon as dishonorable, as was also the surrender of a besieged place without the advice of a majority of a council of defence, before the enemy had been forced to resort to successive siege-works, and had been once repulsed from an assault through a practicable breach in the body of the place, and the besieged were without means to sustain a second assault; or else the besieged were without provisions or munitions of war. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CAPONNIERE. Passage from the place to an outwork; it is either single or double, sometimes bomb-proof and loopholed. (See FORTIFICATION.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CAPRON, Effingham L., 1791-1851, New England, Smithfield, Rhode Island, Uxbridge, Massachusetts, Society of Friends, Quaker, philanthropist, abolitionist.  Vice president, 1833-1837, and founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society, December 1833.  Vice president, Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 1836-1840, 1840-1860.  (Drake, 1950, pp. 137-140; Abolitionist, Vol. I, No. XII, December, 1833)


CAPS. Percussion caps for small arms are formed by a machine which cuts a star or blank from the sheet of copper, and transfers it to a die in which the cap is shaped by means of a punch. The powder with which caps are charged consists of fulminate of mercury, mixed with half its weight of saltpetre. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CAPTAIN. Rank in the army between major and 1st lieutenant, charged with the arms, accoutrements, ammunition, clothing, or other warlike stores belonging to the troops or company under his command; (ART. 40.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 145).


CAPTURE. (See PRIZE; BOOTY.)