Anderson through Arundel’s Farm

ANDERSON, GEORGE B., soldier, born in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1831; died in Raleigh, North Carolina, 16 October, 1862. He was graduated at West Point in 1852, and was appointed brevet 2d lieutenant in the 2d Dragoons, promoted to be 1st lieutenant in 1855, and in 1858 appointed adjutant of his regiment. He resigned in April, 1861, and entered the Confederate Army, where he was soon appointed brigadier-general and given direction of coast defences in North Carolina. At the battle of Antietam, where he commanded a brigade, he received a wound in the foot, which eventually proved fatal. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 68


ANDERSON, JAMES PATTON, soldier, born in Tennessee about 1820; died in Memphis in 1873. He served in Mexico, commanding Mississippi volunteers, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He afterward settled at Olympia, Washington territory, and sat in the House of Representatives as a delegate from that territory in 1855-57. He held the rank of brigadier-general in the Confederate Army, distinguished himself at Shiloh and Stone River, and was promoted to major-general 17 February, 1864, was assigned to the command of the District of Florida, and subsequently commanded a division in Polk's corps. Army of the Tennessee. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 69.


ANDERSON, LUCIEN, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Congressional Globe)


ANDERSON, MARTIN BREWER, educator, born in Brunswick, Maine , 12 February, 1815. He was graduated at Waterville College in 1840, and then studied for a year in the theological seminary at Newton, Massachusetts In the following year he was appointed tutor of Latin, Greek, and mathematics at Waterville, and subsequently professor of rhetoric. He also organized and taught the course in modern history. In 1850 he resigned  his professorship and , became proprietor and editor of the “New York Recorder,” a weekly Baptist journal. In 1853 he accepted the presidency of the University of Rochester, which office he still occupies (1886), teaching the departments of psychology and political science. He travelled in Europe in 1862-63. He has published numerous literary and philosophical articles. He is a powerful public speaker, and during the Civil War rendered notable service in arousing and sustaining the sentiment of loyalty to the government and the determination to carry the struggle through to a successful close. He was a member of the New York state board of charities for thirteen years, and is one of the commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara Falls. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, pp. 69-70


ANDERSON, OSBORNE PERRY, 1830-1872, African American abolitionist, member of African American Chatham Community in Ontario, Canada.  Wrote anti-slavery articles for Provincial Freedman for Black community.  Was part of John Brown’s raid at the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, October 16, 1859; hanged with John Brown, 1859. (Rodriguez, 2007, p. 327; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., & Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2013, Vol. 1, p. 181)


ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY, soldier, born in South Carolina in 1816; died in Beaufort, 26 June, 1879. On graduation at West Point in 1842, he was assigned to the 2d Dragoons, and served on frontier and garrison duty until 1845, when he joined the expedition for the military occupation of Texas. In the war with Mexico he took part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the various operations preceding  and including the capture of the city of Mexico, 12–14 September, 1847. He became first lieutenant of the 2d Dragoons 13 July, 1848, and captain 3 March, 1855, served frequently at the cavalry school for practice at Carlisle barracks, and was on duty in Kansas during the border troubles of 1856– '57. He was on duty at Fort Kearney, Nebraska, from 1859 to 1861, when he resigned, 3 March, to accept a brigadier's commission from the Confederate government. He was promoted to major-general in August, 1862, and given the command of the 5th Division of Bragg's army in Tennessee, but was soon ordered to the army of Virginia, and was wounded at Antietam. He commanded a division at Gettysburg 1–3 July, 1863, and was promoted to lieutenant-general in May, 1864. It was his unexpected night march (because he could not find a suitable place to encamp) that took the van of Lee's army to the defences of Spottsylvania before Grant could reach that place, and thus prolonged a campaign that might otherwise have ended there with a decisive battle. General Anderson took a prominent part in the defence of Petersburg, and in the closing engagements that preceded the surrender, commanded the 4th Corps of the Confederate Army under Lee. After the war he remained in private life.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 71.


ANDERSON, ROBERT, soldier, born at “Soldier's Retreat,” near Louisville, Kentucky, 14 June, 1805; died in Nice, France, 27 October, 1871. He graduated at West Point in 1825, and was appointed second lieutenant in the 3d Artillery. He served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as colonel of the Illinois volunteers. In 1835–37 he was instructor of artillery at West Point, and in 1837–38 he served in the Florida War, and was brevetted captain. Subsequently he was attached to the staff of General Scott as assistant adjutant-general, and was promoted to captain in 1841. He served in the Mexican War, and was severely wounded at Molino del Rey. In 1857 he was appointed major of the 1stAartillery, and on 20 November, 1860, he assumed command of the troops in Charleston Harbor, with headquarters at Fort Moultrie. Owing to threatened assaults, he withdrew his command, on the night of 26 December, to Fort Sumter, where he was soon closely invested by the Confederate forces. On 13 April, 1861, he evacuated the fort, after a bombardment of nearly thirty-six hours from batteries to which he replied as long as his guns could be worked. He marched out, with his seventy men, with the honors of war, on the his flag as it was hauled down, and New York on the following day. In recognition of this service he was appointed brigadier-general in the U.S. Army by President Lincoln, and was assigned to the command of the Department of Kentucky, and subsequently to that of the Cumberland. In consequence of failing health, he was relieved from duty in October, 1861. He was retired from active service 27 October, 1863, and on 3 February, 1865, he was brevetted major-general. He sailed for Europe in 1869 for his health, but died there. He translated and adapted from the French “Instructions for Field Artillery, Horse and Foot” (1840), and “Evolutions of Field Batteries” (1860), both of which have been used by the War Department. It was largely owing to his personal efforts that the initial steps were taken organizing the Soldiers' Home in Washington, which now harbors about 2,000 veterans of the regular army.—His brother, Larz, capitalist, born near Louisville, Kentucky, 9 April, 1805; died in Cincinnati, Ohio, 27 February, 1878, was graduated at Harvard in 1822. He was a son-in-law of Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati, in which city he resided and was respected for his profuse charities and public spirit. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, pp. 70-71.


ANDERSON, ROBERT HOUSTOUN soldier, born about 1837; killed in action, 1 September, 1864. He was graduated at West Point in 1857, and served as second lieutenant of the 9th Infantry at Fort Columbus, New York Harbor, and at Fort Walla-Walla, Washington Territory, until 1861, when he absented himself without leave, but subsequently resigned (3 May, 1861), and entered the Confederate service. He became a brigadier-general, and was killed in the battle of Jonesboro, Georgia. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 71. 


ANDERSON'S CROSS ROADS, TENN., October 2-3, 1863. Near this place the morning of the 2nd, Wheeler's Confederate cavalry captured a Federal wagon train of 800 six-mule wagons and many sutler wagons, dispersing a guard consisting of two cavalry brigades and two infantry regiments. Selecting such wagons and mules as they needed, they set fire to the remaining wagons and killed 200 to 300 mules. During this work Wheeler's pickets were driven in on both flanks and rear, but he maintained his position for eight hours, retiring just before dark. General Edward McCook, with part of the 1st cavalry division, Army of the Cumberland, and a section of a battery, was approaching at 1 p. m., and was informed of this occurrence. He hurried his command forward to a point 4 miles from the cross-roads, where he left the 4th Indiana to anticipate a possible movement from the direction of Dunlap, and led the rest of his command along a by-road toward the enemy. Two miles south of the cross-roads, the 1st Wisconsin encountered a portion of the enemy's force and immediately charged, captured a lieutenant and 10 men and liberated a Federal surgeon and 4 others, who had been captured. He then drove the Confederates past the burning train, upon their main force, which was in a line of battle a mile north of the cross-roads. McCook placed the 2nd Indiana with its right resting on the base of the mountain, and the 1st Wisconsin on the left. The two regiments charged simultaneously, driving the Confederates 2 miles across a small creek, where, in a strong position, they barricaded themselves with rails. The 1st Wisconsin moved to the left to enfilade the enemy's line, and the 2nd Indiana dismounted and charged on his right and he was driven back with considerable loss. The Wisconsin regiment then charged on the Confederates' left, driving them in confusion, killing and wounding several and capturing 40 to 50. The Indianians remounted, after which both regiments pursued the Confederates and by saber charges drove them from position after position, until at dark they crossed the Sequatchie. There the victorious Unionists bivouacked for the night. At 2 o'clock next morning the 4th Indiana, sent to reconnoiter the front, crossed the Sequatchie, and on the mountain-top, 4 miles beyond Dunlap, attacked the enemy's rear, taking 6 prisoners and recapturing 200 mules. The result of this engagement was the capture of 12 commissioned officers and 93 enlisted men, the recapture of numerous prisoners, about 800 mules and a part of the wagon train that had not been burned. By a Confederate officer captured four days later, the Confederate loss was estimated at 250 in killed and wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 30-31.


ANDERSON'S GAP, TENNESSEE, October 1, 1863. 2nd Indiana Cavalry. On this date Major Briggs, commanding the 2nd Indiana cavalry, which belonged to the 2nd brigade, 1st cavalry division, moved his regiment from Bridgeport in pursuit of Wheeler, a part of whose command he overtook at Anderson's gap. He ordered companies A, C and M to the front as skirmishers, and companies I, K and L to the right and rear. In that order the regiment fought until the approach of night. No casualties were reported. Next morning the pursuit was renewed.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 31.


ANDERSON'S HILL, MISSISSIPPI, May 1, 1863. (See Port Gibson.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 31.




ANDREW, JOHN ALBION, 1818-1867, reformer, anti-slavery advocate, lawyer, Governor of Massachusetts, member Conscience Whig, Free Soil Party, Republican Party.  Opponent of slavery.  In Boston, he took a prominent part in the defense of fugitive slaves Shadrach, Burns and Sims.  Supported John Brown in legal defense.  (American National Biography, Vol. 1, 2002, p. 489; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 279; Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 72-73)


ANDREW, JOHN ALBION, statesman, born in Windham, Maine, 31 May, 1818; died in Boston, Massachusetts, 30 October, 1867. His father, descended from an early settler of Boxford, Massachusetts, was a prosperous merchant in Windham. John Albion was graduated at Bowdoin in 1837. He was a negligent student, though fond of reading, and in his professional life always felt the lack of training in the habit of close application. He immediately entered on the study of the law in the office of Henry H. Fuller, in Boston, where in 1840 he was admitted to the bar. Until the outbreak of the war he practised his profession in that city, attaining special distinction in the fugitive-slave cases of Shadrach Burns and Sims, which arose under the fugitive-slave law of 1850. He became interested in the slavery question in early youth, and was attracted toward many of the reform movements of the day. After his admission to the bar he took an active interest in politics and frequently spoke on the stump on behalf of the Whig Party, of which he was an enthusiastic member. From the year 1848 he was closely identified with the anti-slavery party of Massachusetts, but held no office until 1858, when he was elected a member of the state legislature from Boston, and at once took a leading position in that body. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Chicago Republican Convention, and, after voting for Mr. Seward on the early ballots, announced the change of the vote of part of the Massachusetts delegation to Mr. Lincoln. In the same year he was nominated for governor by a popular impulse. Many feared that the radicalism of his opinions would render him unsafe in action, and the political managers regarded him as an intruder and opposed his nomination; yet he was elected the twenty-first governor of Massachusetts since the adoption of the constitution of 1780 by the largest popular vote ever cast for any candidate. He was energetic in placing the militia of Massachusetts on a war footing, in anticipation of the impending conflict between the government and the seceded states. He had announced this purpose in his inaugural address in 1861, and, upon being inducted into office, he sent a confidential message to the governors of Maine and New Hampshire, inviting their cooperation in preparing the militia for service and providing supplies of war material. This course of action was not regarded with favor at the time by a majority of the legislature, although his opponents refrained from a direct collision. On receiving the president's proclamation of 15 April, 1861, he despatched five regiments of infantry, a battalion of riflemen, and a battery of artillery to the defence of the capital. Of these, the Massachusetts 6th was the first to tread southern soil, passing through New York while the regiments of that state were mustering, and shedding the first blood of the war in the streets of Baltimore, where it was assailed by the moborn Governor Andrew sent a telegram to Mayor Brown, praying him to have the bodies of the slain carefully sent forward to him at the expense of the common wealth of Massachusetts. He was equally active in raising the Massachusetts contingent of three years' volunteers, and was laborious in his efforts to aid every provision for the comfort of the sick and wounded soldiers. He was four times reëlected governor, holding that office till January, 1866, and was only then released by his positive declination of another renomination, in order to attend to his private business, as the pecuniary sacrifice involved in holding the office was more than he was able to sustain, and his health was seriously affected by his arduous labors. In 1862 he was one of the most urgent of the northern governors in impressing upon the administration at Washington the necessity of adopting the emancipation policy, and of accepting the services of colored troops. In September, 1862, he took the most prominent part in the meeting of governors of the northern states, held at Altoona, Pennsylvania, to devise ways and means to encourage and strengthen the hands of the government. The address of the governors to the people of the north was prepared by him. Governor Andrew interfered on various occasions to prevent the federal authorities from making arbitrary arrests among southern sympathizers in Massachusetts previous to the suspension of the habeas-corpus act. In January, 1863, he obtained from the Secretary of War the first authorization for raising colored troops, and the First Colored Regiment (54th Massachusetts Infantry) was despatched from Boston in May of that year. Governor Andrew was particular in selecting the best officers for the black troops and in providing them with the most complete equipment. Though famous as the war governor of Massachusetts, he also bestowed proper attention on the domestic affairs of the commonwealth. In his first message he recommended that the provision in the law preventing a person against whom a decree of divorce has been granted from marrying again, should be modified; but the proposition met with strong opposition in the legislature, especially from clergymen, and it was not till 1864 that an act was passed conferring power upon the supreme court to remove the penalty resting upon divorced persons. He also recommended a reform in the usury laws, such as was finally effected by an act passed in 1867. He was strongly opposed to capital punishment, and recommended its repeal. A law requiring representatives in Congress to be residents of the districts from which they are elected was vetoed by him on the ground that it was both unconstitutional and inexpedient, but was passed over his veto. Of the twelve veto messages sent by Governor Andrew during his incumbency, only one other, in the case of a resolve to grant additional pay to members, was followed by the passage of the act over the veto. His final term as governor expired 5 January, 1866. In a valedictory address to the legislature he advocated a generous and conciliatory policy toward the southern states, “demanding no attitude of humiliation; inflicting no acts of humiliation.” Governor Andrew was modest and simple in his habits and manner of life, emotional and quick in sympathy for the wronged or the unfortunate, exceedingly joyous and mirthful in temperament, and companionable with all classes of persons. The distinguished ability that shone out in his administration as governor of Massachusetts, the many sterling qualities that were summed up in his character, his social address, and the charm of his conversational powers, together with his clear and forcible style as an orator, combined to render him conspicuous among the state governors of the war period, and one of the most influential persons in civil life not connected with the federal administration. Soon after the expiration of his last term as governor he was tendered, but declined, the presidency of Antioch College, Ohio. He presided over the first national Unitarian Convention, held in 1865, and was a leader of the conservative wing of that denomination—those who believed with Channing and the early Unitarians in the supernaturalism of Christ's birth and mission, as opposed to Theodore Parker and his disciples. After retiring from public life Mr. Andrew entered upon a lucrative legal practice. In January, 1867, he represented before the general court about 30,000 petitioners for a license law, and delivered an argument against the principle of total prohibition. His death, which occurred suddenly from apoplexy, was noticed by public meetings in various cities. He married, 25 December, 1848, Miss Eliza Jane Hersey, of Hingham, Massachusetts, who with their four children survived him. See “Memoir of Governor Andrew, with Personal Reminiscences,” by Peleg W. Chandler (Boston, 1880), “Discourse on the Life and Character of Governor Andrew,” by Reverend E. Nason (Boston, 1868), and “Men of Our Times,” by Harriet Beecher Stowe. A life of Governor Andrew, by Edwin P. Whipple, was left unfinished at the time of Mr. Whipple’s death in 1886. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888.  pp.72-73.


ANDREWS, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, lawyer, born in Hillsborough, N.H., 27 October, 1829. He was a farmer's son and attended school during the winter until 1843, when he went to Boston. Later he attended the Francestown Academy, studied law in 1848 at Cambridge, and in 1850 was admitted to the bar. He followed his profession in Newton, and was also a member of the school board during 1851-52. In 1853 he settled in Boston, but in the following year moved to Kansas, and latter went to Washington to further the interests of Kansas during a session of Congress. After two years' service in the treasury department as law clerk, he settled in St. Cloud, Minnesota, and in 1859 was elected state senator. During the presidential canvass of 1860 he actively supported Douglas and was nominated as elector on that ticket. In 1861 he assisted in bringing out the " Minnesota Union " in support of the administration, and for a time edited that paper. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War he enlisted as a private, but was commissioned captain in the 3d Minnesota Infantry. He was surrendered in a fight near Murfreesboro, and from July to October, 1862, was a prisoner. After his exchange he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, and was present in the operations around Vicksburg. He became colonel in July, 1863, and served in the campaign that resulted in the capture of Little Rock, Ark., where he was placed in command with a brigade. Here he was very active in fostering the union element, and his influence went far in the movement that in January, 1864, resulted in the reorganization of Arkansas as a free state, for which he received the thanks of the constitutional convention. During 1864 he was in command of the forces near Augusta, Ark., fortified Devall's Bluff, General Steele's base of supplies, and organized numerous successful scouting parties. He was promoted to brigadier-general, and assigned to the command of the 2d Division, 18th Corps, and participated in the siege and storming of Port Blakely, Georgia. On 9 March. 1865, he was commissioned brevet major- general. Subsequently he commanded the District of Mobile, and later that of Houston, Texas. In the reconstruction of that state General Andrews showed much interest, and made speeches at Houston and elsewhere which produced a better public opinion. Afterward he was ordered to accompany Governor A. J. Hamilton to Austin on his reinstatement to civil authority. He returned to Minneapolis during the autumn of 1865, and was mustered out of service 15 January, 1866. He was appointed minister resident to Sweden and Norway in 1869, and continued there until 1877, furnishing the U. S. government with frequent valuable reports on important subjects, which have been published in the "Commercial Relations of the United States." He was supervisor of the U. S. Census in the 3d District of Minnesota during 1880, and from 1882 till 1885 was consul-general to Brazil. General Andrews has also been a frequent contributor to current literature, and is the author of "Minnesota and Dacotah " (Washington, 1856); " Practical Treatise on the Revenue Laws of the United States" (Bos- ton, 1858); "Hints to Company Officers on their Military Duties " (New York, 1868); "Digest of the Opinions of the Attorneys-General of the United States" (Washington, 1867); and "History of the Campaign of Mobile" (1867).  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 73-74.


ANDREWS, EDMUND, surgeon, born in Putney, Vermont, 22 April, 1824. He was graduated at the University of Michigan in 1849; then, studying medicine, he received his degree from the medical department of the university in 1852. He settled in Ann Arbor and became demonstrator of anatomy and professor of comparative anatomy in the university, but in 1856 moved to Chicago, where he has since resided. Here he has filled the place of demonstrator of anatomy at the Rush Medical College, and subsequently the chairs of the principles and practices of surgery and of clinical and military surgery in the Chicago Medical College, of which institution he is one of the founders. In 1859 he became surgeon to the Mercy Hospital, and during the Civil War he served in a similar capacity with the 1st Illinois Light Artillery. He is a member of numerous medical and scientific societies, and is president of the Illinois State Medical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Dr. Andrews was one of the founders of the Michigan State Medical Society, and is a trustee of the North-Western University. He is the author of a great number of articles in different branches of surgery which have been published in medical journals and proceedings of the societies to which he belongs. Numerous improvements in surgical apparatus and operations have been made by him among them is the practical demonstration of the value of free incision, digital exploration, and disinfection of lumbar abscesses, a treatment previously forbidden.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 74.


ANDREWS, GEORGE L., soldier, born in Bridgewater, Mass., 31 August, 1828. He was graduated at West Point in 1851, the highest in his class. He superintended the erection of fortifications in Boston Harbor, and in 1854 and 1855 was assistant professor of engineering at West Point. Resigning in 1855, he was employed as a civil engineer until the beginning of the Civil War. He served as lieutenant-colonel, and subsequently as colonel of the 2d Massachusetts Regiment in the Shenandoah Valley, and conducted the rear guard in the retreat at Cedar Mountain. He fought through Pope's campaign, and was at Antietam. For distinguished bravery he was promoted brigadier-general, 10 November, 1862, and in Banks's expedition led a brigade. From July, 1863, to 13 February, 1865, he commanded the Corps d'Afrique. For his services at the capture of Mobile he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 26 March, 1865. On 8 April, 1867, he was appointed U.S. Marshal for Massachusetts, and on 27 February, 1871, went to West Point as professor of the French language.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 75.


ANDREWS, LOREN, educator, born in Ashland County, Ohio, 1 April, 1819; died in Gambier, Ohio, 18 September, 1861. He was educated at Kenyon College, devoted himself to teaching, and the excellence of the present common-school system of Ohio is largely due to his labors. He filled various important educational places until 1854, when he was elected president of Kenyon College. During his administration the affairs of the college flourished greatly; additions were made to the faculty, new buildings were erected, and the number of students increased from thirty to more than two hundred. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 1861, President Andrews raised a company in Knox County, of which he was made captain, Later he was elected colonel of the 4th Ohio Volunteers, and, after service at Camp Dennison, he was ordered to Virginia. He was in the field a short time, where he was subjected to fatiguing service, and was afterward stationed at Oakland, remaining until he was taken home ill at the end of August, the severe exposure having brought on an attack of camp fever, from the effects of which he died a few weeks later.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 75.


ANDREWS' PLANTATION, MISSISSIPPI, May 11, 1865. (See Brown's Plantation.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 31


ANDREWS, SHERLOCK JAMES, jurist, born in Wallingford, Connecticut, 17 November, 1801; died in Cleveland, Ohio, 11 February, 1880. He was graduated at Union College in 1821, after which he continued his studies at Yale, where he followed the lectures on science as assistant to Professor Silliman, and also the lectures on law. In 1825 he moved to Ohio, and from that time devoted himself to the profession of law, and was constantly engaged in important litigation before the state and federal courts. He was elected to Congress in 1840 as a Whig, and served for a single term. He became in 1848 a judge of the superior court of Ohio, and he was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1849 and 1873, where his influence was felt upon important committees. He was urged at one time to allow himself to be a candidate for governor, but declined this distinction, as well as others for which his name was mentioned, because he preferred to remain in private life. For a time he shared with Thomas Corwin the leadership of the Ohio bar. His wit, his eloquence, his sympathy, his good sense, and his integrity gave him great power before a jury or before the public. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, pp. 75-76.


ANDREWS, STEPHAN PEARL, 1812-1886, abolitionist, anarchist, philosopher, linguist, writer, labor advocate, lawyer, ardent opponent of slavery, lectured publicly on the evils of slavery. Opposed annexation of Texas and slavery in the Territory.  (Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 298-299; American Reformers: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary, New York, 1985, pp. 25-26; Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. p. 76)

ANDREWS, Stephen Pearl, author, born in Templeton, Massachusetts, 22 March, 1812; died in New York City, 21 May, 1886. He studied at Amherst College, and then, removing to New Orleans, became a lawyer. He was the first counsel of Mrs. Myra Clark Gaines in her celebrated suits. He was an ardent abolitionist, and in 1839 moved to Texas, where he converted many of the slave-owners, who were also large land-owners, by showing them that they would become rapidly rich from the sale of land if immigration were induced by throwing the country open to free labor. Here he acquired considerable wealth in the practice of his profession. His impetuous and logical eloquence gained him a wide repute and great personal popularity; but, on the other hand, his seemingly reckless and fanatical opposition to slavery aroused an intense feeling of opposition, and his life was seriously endangered. In 1843 he went to England in the hope that, with the aid of the British anti-slavery Society, he might raise sufficient money there to pay for the slaves and make Texas a free state. He was well received, and the scheme was taken up and favorably considered by the British government; but, after some months of consultation, the project was abandoned through fear that it would lead to war with the United States, as the knowledge of it was already being used to strengthen the movement that ultimately led to the annexation of Texas and to the Mexican War. Mr. Andrews went to Boston and became a leader in the anti-slavery movement there. While in England he learned of phonography, and during seven years after his return he devoted his attention to its introduction, and was the founder of the present system of phonographic reporting. He moved to New York in 1847, and published a series of phonographic instruction-books and edited two journals in the interest of phonography and spelling reform, which were printed in phonetic type, the “Anglo-Saxon” and the “Propagandist.” He spoke several languages, and is said to have been familiar with thirty. Among his works are one on the Chinese language, and one entitled “New French Instructor,” embodying a new method. He was a tireless student and an incessant worker; but his mental labor was performed without effort or fatigue. While yet a young man he announced the discovery of the unity of law in the universe, and to the development of this theory he devoted the last thirty-five years of his life. The elements of this science are contained in his “Basic Outline of Universology” (New York, 1872). He asserted that there is a science of language, as exact as that of mathematics or of chemistry, forming a domain of universology; and by the application of this science he evolved a “scientific” language, destined, he believed, to become “the universal language.” This scientific universal language he called “Alwato” (ahl-wah'-to). It was so far elaborated that for some years before his death he conversed and corresponded in it with several of his pupils, and was preparing a dictionary of Alwato, a portion of which was in type at the time of his decease. The philosophy evolved from universology he called “Integralism.” In it he believed would be found the ultimate reconciliation of the great thinkers of all schools and the scientific adjustment of freedom and order, not by a superficial eclecticism, but by a radical adjustment of all the possible forms of thought, belief, and idea. In 1882 he instituted a series of conferences known as the “Colloquium,” for the interchange of ideas between men of the utmost diversity of religious, philosophical, and political views. Among those associated with him in this were Professor Louis Elsberg, Reverend Dr. Rylance, Reverend Dr. Newman, Rabbi Gottheil, Reverend Dr. Sampson, Reverend Dr. Collyer, Professor J. S. Sedgwick, T. B. Wakeman, and Rabbi Huebsch. Mr. Andrews was a prominent member of the Liberal club of New York, and for some time was its vice-president. His contributions to periodicals are numerous. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Ethnological Society. His works include “Comparison of the Common Law with the Roman, French, or Spanish Civil Law on Entails and other Limited Property in Real Estate” (New Orleans, 1839); “Cost the Limit of Price” (New York, 1851); “The Constitution of Government in the Sovereignty of the Individual” (1851); “Love, Marriage, and Divorce, and the Sovereignty of the Individual: a Discussion by Henry James, Horace Greeley, and Stephen Pearl Andrews,” edited by Stephen Pearl Andrews (1853); “Discoveries in Chinese; or, The Symbolism of the Primitive Characters of the Chinese System of Writing as a Contribution to Philology and Ethnology and a Practical Aid in the Acquisition of the Chinese Language” (1854); “Constitution or Organic Basis of the New Catholic Church” (1860); “The Great American Crisis,” a series of papers published in the “Continental Monthly” (1863-'64); “A Universal Language” (“Continental Monthly,” 1864); “The Primary Synopsis of Universology and Alwato” (1871); “Primary Grammar of Alwato” (Boston, 1877); “The Labor Dollar” (1881); “Elements of Universology” (New York, 1881); “Ideological Etymology” (1881); “Transactions of the Colloquium, with Documents and Exhibits” (vols. i and ii, New York, 1882-'83); “The Church and Religion of the Future,” a series of tracts (1886); and text-books of phonography. His dictionary of Alwato was published posthumously by his sons. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888. P. 76 


ANDREWS, TIMOTHY PATRICK, soldier, born in Ireland in 1794; died 11 March, 1868. During the war of 1812, when Barney's flotilla, in Patuxent River, was confronting the enemy, he tendered his services without the knowledge of his father, was employed by the commodore as his aide, and rendered important services. He subsequently was in active service in the field, and in 1822 appointed paymaster in the army. In 1847 he resigned to take command of the regiment of voltigeurs raised for the Mexican War. He was distinguished in the battle of Molino del Rey, and brevetted a brigadier-general for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec. On the close of the war and the disbandment of the voltigeurs, he was reinstated, by Act of Congress, as pay-master, and in 1851 was made deputy paymaster-general. During the Civil War, on the death of General Larned, Colonel Andrews succeeded him as paymaster-general of the army. He was retired 20 November, 1864.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, pp. 76-77.


ANDREWS, WILLIAM DRAPER, inventor, born in Grafton, Massachusetts, 23 May, 1818. In 1828 the family moved to Needham. He was in a country store at Newtown Lower Falls for a year, and then moved to New York, where he was variously employed until 1840, when he became connected with a wrecking company. While he was thus engaged his attention was directed to pumping apparatus, and in 1844 he invented the pioneer centrifugal pump, which was patented in 1846. By this invention the saving of imperishable goods from abandoned wrecks was made possible. Its mode of action consisted in forming channels through sand-bars on ocean coasts, and in making earth excavations in and under water. This pump was subsequently introduced and extensively manufactured in England as the Gwynne pump. A few years later he invented and £ the anti-friction centrifugal pump, which has been used all over the world. He also invented three other distinct styles and various modifications of centrifugal pumps, of which that known as the “Cataract” is the most valuable. In all, Mr. Andrews has received twenty-five United States and nine foreign patents on pumps, oscillating steam-engines, boilers, friction and differential power-gearing, '' gang-wells and attachments, balanced valves, safety elevators, and other similar inventions. During the Civil War each of the U. S. monitors was provided with centrifugal pumps and engines. These were made to discharge thirty tons of water a minute, and arranged to fill compartments, thereby partially sub- merging the monitor, so that in case of grounding in dangerous proximity to an enemy they could be lightened by pumping, backed off, and resubmerged in a few minutes. The pumps made by Mr. Andrews have been used in creating channels through the sand-bars at the mouth of St. John's River, Florida, Cape Fear River, North Carolina, and the Mississippi River. The system of gangs of tube-wells patented by him has been extensively used in cities. During the unprecedented draught of the summer and autumn of 1885, a series of four plants of gang-wells, furnished by Mr. Andrews to the city of Brooklyn, yielded for some time a daily average supply of 25,000,000 gallons of water, reaching as high as 27,000,000 gallons in a single day, 18,400,000 gallons being their contracted £ . Mr. Andrews has received numerous medals and diplomas for his inventions, both in this country and abroad.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 77.


ANDRICITA, January 20, 1862. The Andricita was a British schooner, which was captured by Federal troops on this date near Fort Morgan, Alabama (See Fort Morgan, same date.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 31.


ANGEL, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, diplomatist, born in Burlington, Otsego County, New York. 28 November, 1815. He was prepared for college by C. C. Felton, who after- ward became president of Harvard, but did not enter, owing to trouble with his eyes. He taught school until he recovered their use, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Geneseo in partnership with his former preceptor, at the same time writing editorials for the democratic county paper. He was appointed surrogate in 1838, and served in that office for four years, after which he was appointed master in chancery and supreme court commissioner, a judicial office conferring concurrent jurisdiction with the judges of the supreme court sitting in chambers. He was again surrogate from 1844 till 1847. He was a member of the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore in 1852. In 1853, his health having become impaired, he went to Honolulu, Sandwich Islands, as U. S. consul. In 1855 he was sent by President Pierce to China as special commissioner to settle a dispute between some American merchants and the Chinese government in regard to the exaction of export duties. This mission was successful, and he returned to the United States by way of the East Indies, Egypt, and Europe. His letters from Asia were published in the newspapers at the time. On his return, against his protest, he was placed in nomination for Congress, but was defeated. On the accession of Mr. Buchanan to the presidency he was appointed minister to Norway and Sweden. He returned to the United States in the autumn of 1862, and, with the exception of being a delegate to the Chicago Convention that nominated General McClellan for the presidency in 1864, he did not again take an active part in politics, but devoted himself to agriculture at Geneseo, New York. He was president of the state agricultural Society in 1873- 74.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 78.


ANGEL’S RANCH, CALIFORNIA, Detachment of the 2nd California Infantry. Lieutenant Flynn, with 15 men, approached a band of 150 Indians about 7 a. m., near Angel's ranch on Mad river. The Indians saw them coming and crossed the river on a fish dam, which they then cut away, hoping to prevent pursuit. Flynn attacked them and the savages stood their ground for about an hour, when they retreated, leaving 6 of their number dead on the field. The soldiers then destroyed the camp, provisions, clothing, etc. No casualties were reported in Flynn's party.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 31.


ANGLE OF DEFENCE is that formed by the meeting of the flank and line of defence, or the face of the bastion produced. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 26.)


ANGLE OF THE POLYGON is that formed by the meeting of two of the sides of the polygon; it is likewise called the polygon angle. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 26).


ANN, STEAMER, June 30, 1862. The Ann was an English blockade runner, which was captured by Federal troops off Fort Morgan, Alabama, on this date, while trying to land a cargo. (See Fort Morgan, same date.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 31.


ANNANDALE, VIRGINIA, December 2, 1861. 45th New York Infantry. At 1 p. m. about 200 Confederate cavalry attacked the several pickets of the 45th New York at a barricade on an unfinished railroad and elsewhere between Annandale Station and the Alexandria and Fairfax Court House turnpike. No resistance was made, for the reason that the pickets believed the cavalrymen to be United States troops, who usually made their rounds about that time of day. General Blenker said in his report that, "they were overpowered and had to fall back into the woods, where, under command of Captain Weller, they made a stand, firing on the enemy." The Confederates in three detachments passed the barricade, surprised two men of the 32nd New York and made them prisoners, but not before the batteries had fired at them. The enemy then turned and retreated at full speed, again passing the barricade without molestation from the pickets, some of whom they captured. Blenker adds that two companies at Cox's farm and a small squad of mounted rifles were despatched to the vicinity of the barricade, charged on the Confederates and drove them back toward Centerville, following them 2 miles. Federal loss, 1 killed, 14 prisoners; Confederate loss, 3 killed, 2 prisoners.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 32.


ANNANDALE, VIRGINIA, October 18, 1863. Under date October 19, Major Mosby reported to General Stuart that near Annandale the day before he had, without loss to his own command, been involved in a sharp skirmish with double the number of his own cavalry, in which he had routed the Federals, capturing their captain in command and 6 or 7 men and horses. No Federal report of the affair is to be found.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 32.


ANNANDALE, VIRGINIA, near, October 22, 1863. A detachment of Colonel L. C. Baker's battalion, First District cavalry, and a detachment of the California battalion, encountered a squad of Mosby's men near the Little River turnpike, 3 miles from Fairfax Court House, between that point and Annandale, and killed 1 and captured 3 of them. Annandale, Virginia, March 16, 1864. Some cavalry stragglers from Kilpatrick's command were captured by a small band of guerrillas below this town. Two pf them guarded by a like number of guerrillas killed their guards and escaped. Annandale, Virginia, August 24, 1864. 26th Michigan Infantry and 16th New York Cavalry. Colonel Mosby with about 250 men attacked the stockade at Annandale shortly after 5 a. m. Posting 2 pieces of artillery on the right and left of the road beyond carbine range, he sent a flag of truce to demand surrender. Under cover of this flag he advanced his 2 fieldpieces to within 400 yards of the stockade, one menacing its southwest, the other at its northwest corner. Surrender was decisively refused. Then a detachment of about 100 of his men charged up toward the entrance of the stockade, but meeting a volley they swerved to the south and were deployed south and east of the stockade. Twice more a surrender was demanded and refused, the last time with the threat from Captain Mickles, commanding the garrison, that another flag of truce would be fired on. Mosby's artillery firing was so wild that though it was continued over an hour no Federal was wounded. Probably fearing Federal reinforcement, Mosby sent his field-pieces up the Fairfax Court House road and his entire force retreated slowly. A sergeant and two men on picket were captured. Confederate loss, 1 killed, 3 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 32.


ANTHONY, DANIEL READ, 1824-1904, newspaper publisher, abolitionist, member Hicksite Quakers, opposed slavery, active in temperance and women’s rights movements, brother of Susan B. Anthony.  Publisher of the Leavenworth Times newspaper in Leavenworth, Kansas. Lieutenant Colonel, 7th Regiment, Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, 1861-1862.  Mayor, Leavenworth, Kansas, 1863. (Rodriguez, 2007, p. 169)





ANTHONY, HENRY BOWEN, 1815-1884, Republican, statesman, newspaper editor, Governor of Rhode Island, U.S. Senator 1859-1884, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery (Appletons’, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 81-82; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 316-317; Anthony, Henry Bowen, A Memoir, 1885; Congressional Globe)

ANTHONY, Henry Bowen, statesman, born of Quaker parents, in Coventry, Rhode Island, 1 April, 1815; died in Providence, 2 September, 1884. He was descended in a direct line from John Anthony, who came from England about 1640 and settled on the island of Rhode Island. He was graduated at Brown University in 1833, and devoted himself to literary pursuits. He became editor of the Providence "Journal" in 1838, and in 1840 was admitted into partnership, the paper being published under the name of Knowles, Vose & Anthony till the death of  Mr. Vose in 1848, when it was continued under the name of Knowles & .Anthony till 1 January, 1863, when it became Knowles, Anthony & Danielson.  Mr. Anthony gave himself up to his newspaper with all the energy and enthusiasm of his nature. No amount of work staggered him; early and late he was in his office, and for many years he had around him a brilliant circle of young men. He early developed poetical taste, and there are several pieces of merit that bear his name. His mind was quick and accurate, and he had a wonderful memory; and his editorial labors contributed largely to the growth of the art of journalism in New England. He had many offers to go to other cities and take charge of newspapers, but declined them all. In 1837 he married Sally Rhodes (daughter of the late Christopher Rhodes, of Pawtuxet), who died in 1854. In 1849, and again in 1850, he was elected governor of Rhode Island. As a Whig at the first election he had a majority of 1,556; at the second, fewer than 1,000 votes were cast against him. He declined a third election, and gave himself once more entirely to his editorial work. This continued till 1859, when he was elected, as a Republican, to the U. S. Senate, where he remained by reelections till his death. During his service in the Senate he still contributed largely to his paper. Three times he was elected president protem of the Senate—in March, 1863, in March, 1871, and in January, 1884; but the last time his failing health prevented him from accepting. He was exceedingly popular in Washington, and often spoken of as "the handsome senator." He served on many important committees, and was twice the chairman of the committee on printing, his practical knowledge of that subject enabling him to introduce many reforms in the government printing. He was at different times a member of the committees on claims, on naval affairs, on mines and mining, and on post-offices and post-roads. On the trial of President Johnson he voted for impeachment. He was not a frequent or brilliant speaker in the Senate, but always talked to the point, and commanded attention. He shone more as a writer than as a speaker. His memorial and historical addresses were models of composition. .A volume of these addresses, printed privately in 1875, contains a tribute to Stephen A. Douglas, delivered 9 July. 1861; one to John R. Thompson, 4 December, 1862; one to William P. Fessenden, 14 December, 1869; and three different addresses on Charles Sumner-the first on the announcement of his death in the Senate; the second when Mr. Anthony, as one of the committee appointed by the Senate, gave up the body of Mr. Sumner to the governor of Massachusetts; and the third when Mr. Boutwell presented in the Senate resolutions of respect for Mr. Sumner's memory. Mr. Anthony also spoke in the Senate on the death of William .A. Buckingham, and on 21 January, 1876, delivered a short address on the death of Henry Wilson, Vice-President of the United States. When the statues of General Greene and Roger Williams were presented to Congress by the state of Rhode Island, Mr. Anthony made the addresses, and he also made a short address at the presentation of the statues of Trumbull and Sherman. One of his best efforts was .when he introduced the bill providing for repairing and protecting the monument erected in Newport, Rhode Island, to the memory of the Chevalier de Tiernay, commander of the French naval forces sent out in 1780 to aid the American Revolution. Mr. Anthony had a warm and affectionate nature, genial manner, a commanding figure, and was a perfect specimen of a man. In his last days, with manly courage, he calmly waited for the end. As soon as his death was known, Governor Bourn and Mayor Doyle issued proclamations to that effect, and called upon the people to attend the funeral, which took place from the first Congregational Church in Providence on Saturday, 6 September It was the largest funeral ever known in Rhode Island. Mr. Anthony bequeathed a portion of his library, known as the "Harris Collection of American Poetry," to Brown University. It consists of about 6,000 volumes, mostly small books, and many of them exceedingly rare. It was begun half a century ago by the late Albert G. Greene, continued by Caleb Fiske Harris, and, after his death, completed by his kinsman, the late senator. The Reverend Dr. J. C. Stockbridge, a member of the board of trustees of the university, is preparing an annotated catalogue of the collection. Appletons’, 1888, Vol. I, pp. 81-82


ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL, 1820-1906, American Anti-Slavery Society, reformer, abolitionist, orator, leader of the female suffrage movement, radical egalitarian, temperance movement leader, founded Women’s National Loyal League with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1863 to fight for cause of abolition, co-founded American Equal Rights Association (AERA) in 1866 to fight for universal suffrage.  (Anthony, 1954; Barry, 1988; Harper, 1899; Harper, 1998; Rodriguez, 2007, pp. 169-170, 291, 465, 519; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 82; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 318-321; Harper, Ida Husted, 1899, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony; Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 1885, Our Famous Women.

ANTHONY, Susan Brownell, reformer, born in South Adams, Massachusetts, 15 February, 1820. Daniel Anthony, her father, a cotton manufacturer, was a liberal Quaker, who educated his daughters with the idea of self-support, and employed skilful teachers in his own house. After completing her education at a Friends' boarding-school in Philadelphia, she taught in New York State from 1835 to 1850. Her father moved in 1826 to Washington County, New York, and in 1846 settled at Rochester. Miss Anthony first spoke in public in 1847, and from that time took part in the temperance movement, organizing societies and lecturing. In 1851 she called a temperance convention in Albany, after being refused admission to a previous convention on account of her sex. In 1852 the Woman's New York State Temperance Society was organized. Through her exertions, and those of Mrs. E. C. Stanton, women came to be admitted to educational and other conventions with the right to speak, vote, and serve on committees. About 1857 she became prominent among the agitators for the abolition of slavery. In 1858 she made a report, in a teachers' convention at Troy, in favor of the co-education of the sexes. Her energies have been chiefly directed to securing equal civil rights for women. In 1854-'55 she held conventions in each county of New York in the cause of female suffrage, and since then she has addressed annual appeals and petitions to the legislature. She was active in securing the passage of the Act of the New York legislature of 1860, giving to married women the possession of their earnings, the guardianship of their children, etc. During the war she devoted herself to the Women's Loyal League, which petitioned Congress in favor of the 13th Amendment. In 1860 she started a petition in favor of leaving out the word “male” in the 14th Amendment, and worked with the National Woman Suffrage Association to induce Congress to secure to her sex, the right of voting. In 1867 she went to Kansas with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone, and there obtained 9,000 votes in favor of woman suffrage. In 1868, with the cooperation of Mrs. Stanton and Parker Pillsbury, and with the assistance of George F. Train, she began, in New York City, the publication of a weekly paper called “The Revolutionist,” devoted to the emancipation of women. In 1872 Miss Anthony cast ballots at the state and Congressional election in Rochester, in order to test the application of the 14th and 15th Amendments of the U. S. Constitution. She was indicted for illegal voting, and was fined by Justice Hunt, but, in accordance with her defiant declaration, never paid the penalty. Between 1870 and 1880 she lectured in all the northern and several of the southern states more than one hundred times a year. In 1881 she wrote, with the assistance of her co-editors, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage, “The History of Woman Suffrage” in two volumes. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 82.   


ANTHONY'S BRIDGE, GEORGIA, August 31, 1864. (See Jonesboro, same date.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 32.


ANTHONY'S HILL, TENNESSEE, December 25, 1864. (See King's Hill.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 32.


ANTIETAM, MARYLAND, September 16-17, 1862. Army of the Potomac. In his report of the battle of South Mountain, which was fought on the 14th, General Meade says: "The command rested on their arms during the night. The ammunition train was brought up and the men's cartridge-boxes were filled, and every preparation made to renew the contest at daylight the next morning should the enemy be in force. Unfortunately, the morning opened with a heavy mist, which prevented any view being obtained, so that it was not until 7 a. m. that it was ascertained that the enemy had retired from the mountain." As soon as this discovery was made the whole Union army began pouring through the passes of South Mountain in pursuit. At Boonsboro Pleasonton's cavalry came up with the Confederate rear guard. The 8th Illinois, which was in the advance, immediately charged and then pursued the retreating enemy for a distance of 2 miles. There the Illinois regiment was joined by a section of Tidball's battery, which threw a few shells into the Confederate lines, completely routing the enemy from the field. The Union loss in this skirmish was 1 killed and 15 wounded, while the Confederates left 30 killed and 50 wounded on the field, and a number of prisoners were taken. About the time this engagement commenced another was taking place on the Sharpsburg road, between the Confederate rear and the 5th New Hampshire infantry. This skirmish lasted until 9 p. m., when the New Hampshire troops were relieved, after losing 4 men in killed and wounded. The enemy's loss here was 12 killed and wounded and 60 prisoners. The 2nd Delaware and 52nd New York also skirmished with the rear guard at other points, and in the afternoon the Confederates opened a heavy artillery fire on the Federal advance near Antietam creek, keeping it up until after dark. This was replied to by Tidball's horse artillery and Battery B, 1st New York light artillery, from the heights east of the creek.

McClellan's hope was to bring on an engagement before the Confederate forces could be united. Lee, on the other hand, was bending every effort to concentrate his army in time to resist the general attack which he now realized was imminent. Stonewall Jackson, with his own division and those of Ewell and A. P. Hill, was at Harper's Ferry. McLaws, after his defeat at Crampton's pass on the 14th, formed his forces across the lower end of Pleasant Valley, while the Union forces under General Franklin confronted him at the upper end of the valley, about 2 miles distant. Here the two lay all day on the 15th, each supposing the other to be superior in strength and neither daring to attack. The morning of the 16th found Longstreet and D. H. Hill occupying a position on the west side of the Antietam, between that stream and the little town of Sharpsburg. Here Lee personally directed the movements of his army, selecting the strongest possible ground to withstand an attack until the detachments under Jackson and McLaws could be united with the main body. Soon after crossing the Antietam Lee learned that the Federal garrison at Harper's Ferry had surrendered, and sent orders for the whole force near the ferry to move at once to Sharpsburg. The' Army of the Potomac at this time was organized as follows: The 1st army corps, commanded by Major-General Joseph Hooker, consisted of the divisions of Doubleday, Ricketts and Meade; the 2nd corps, Major- General Edwin V. Sumner, included Richardson's, Sedgwick's and French's divisions; Couch's division of the 4th corps; the 5th corps, Major-General Fitz John Porter, was composed of the divisions of Morell, Sykes and Humphreys; the 6th corps, Major-General William B. Franklin, embraced the divisions of Slocum and W. F. Smith; the 9th corps, Major-General Ambrose E. Burnside consisted of the divisions of Willcox, Sturgis and Rodman, and the Kanawha division, commanded by Brigadier-General Jacob D. Cox; the 12th corps, Major-General Joseph K. F. Mansfield, included the divisions of Williams and Greene; the cavalry division numbering five brigades and commanded by Brigadier-General Alfred Pleasonton. and over 50 batteries of artillery. In his report of the campaign McCLellan gives the number of his forces at 87,164. Lee, in his official report on the battle of Antietam, says: "This great battle was fought by less than 40,000 men on our side."

The Confederate line of battle on the 16th extended from the Potomac, at a point a little below Mercersville, to the Antietam about a mile below Sharpsburg. It was nearly four miles long and occupied a broken country, the low hills being separated by narrow valleys, while almost everywhere the limestone cropped out above the surface, affording a natural shelter for the troops. In front the line was protected by the Antietam, which was crossed by three bridges and several fords, though the latter were all too difficult to attempt a crossing with artillery. Near the south end of Lee's line was the bridge afterward known as the "Burnside bridge;" on the Sharpsburg and Boonsboro road, near the center of the line, was the second bridge, while the third was the stone bridge on the Williamsport road still further north. Near the mouth of the stream was a fourth bridge, but it was not used during the operations, except by A. P. Hill in bringing up his division from Harpers Ferry. On the Hagerstown pike, about a mile from Sharpsburg, stood the Dunker church in the edge of a patch of timber, since known as the "West woods." At the church the Smoketown road leaves the pike, and about half a mile north on this road were some more timber patches called the "East woods." In forming his line Lee posted Longstreet on the right, so as to cover the Burnside bridge, and D. H. Hill on the left, covering the bridge on the Boonsboro road. On the opposite side of the Antietam lay the Union army with the 1st corps on the extreme right and the 9th on the left. McClellan established his headquarters at the Pry house, a short distance northwest of the Boonsboro road and near the center of his line. Lee's headquarters were at the west side of Sharpsburg on the road leading to Shepherdstown.

Shortly after 1 p. m. on the 16th Hooker received orders to cross the Antietam and attack the Confederate left. Meade's and Ricketts' divisions crossed at the stone bridge and Doubleday's at the ford just below. Once across the stream he turned to the right in order 1o gain the watershed between the Antietam and Potomac, intending to follow the ridge until he gained the enemy's left flank. Some skirmishing occurred along the line of march, and information of Hooker's movements was at once carried to Lee. At the time the messenger arrived Lee was in council with Longstreet and Jackson, who had arrived from Harper's Ferry that morning. Lee immediately ordered Jackson to the command of the left wing and Hood's command was moved from the center to a position near the Dunker church. A little while before sunset Hooker pushed forward a battery and opened fire on Jackson's left. The fire was promptly returned and the artillery duel was continued until after dark, when the corps went into bivouac a short distance north of the East woods, where the men rested on their arms during the night, ready to begin the attack the next morning. All that night there was desultory firing between the pickets, who were so close to each other that at times their footsteps could be heard. During the night Mansfield's corps was sent over to the assistance of Hooker and about 2 a. m. on the 17th took up a position on the Poffenberger farm, about a mile in Hooker's rear. As soon as it was light enough to distinguish objects on the morning of the 17th the Federal skirmishers began their work in the East woods. Soon afterward the entire corps was thrown into line with Doubleday on the right, Ricketts on the left, and Meade in reserve in the center, with instructions to reinforce either of the other divisions as circumstances might require. Thus formed the whole line moved forward and the real battle of Antietam was begun. In the triangular space between the Hagerstown and Smoketown roads, and directly in front of Hooker, was a 30-acre field of corn in which the enemy had stationed a large force of infantry during the night. Before this force fired a shot its presence was discovered by the sun's rays on the bayonets, and in his report Hooker says: "Instructions were immediately given for the assemblage of all my spare batteries, near at hand, of which I think there were five or six, to spring into battery, on the right of this field, and to open with canister at once. In the time I am writing every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before. It was never my fortune to witness a more bloody, dismal battle-field." The survivors beat a rapid retreat toward the church and there sought shelter behind rocks, trees and stone fences. The Union men pressed forward in close pursuit for some distance, but the Confederates were rallied and reinforced, when the Federals were in turn forced to fall back.

At this juncture Mansfield arrived, but while deploying his men he fell mortally wounded and the command of the corps fell on General Williams, who had barely time to receive a few general instructions from Hooker before he was forced to go into the fight. Not knowing the exact position of the ist corps there was some lack of unity in the movements of the various division commanders, but after nearly two hours of hard fighting the enemy was driven back to the West woods. Greene's division succeeded in turning Jackson's right and in gaining a position in the edge of the woods near the Dunker church, where he hung on tenaciously, repulsing several attempts to dislodge him. In this part of the engagement the Confederates suffered severely. J. .R Jones, who was in command of Jackson's division, was wounded. Starke, who succeeded him, was soon afterward killed. Lawton then took command of the division and was wounded and borne from the field. Nearly one-half the entire force on the Confederate left were killed or wounded, and it is probable that if Sumner had arrived at this time the entire Confederate army could have been crushed. It was nearly 10 o'clock, however, before Sumner's corps, some 18,000 strong, reached the field, coming on in three columns. Sedgwick on the right occupied the position from which Hooker had been driven earlier in the action. Next came the divisions of French and Richardson, the Union line now being extended well down toward the Boonsboro road. Sedgwick's division went into battle in three lines. The first had hardly become engaged when the Confederates made a desperate rush, broke through the Union line and turned Sedgwick's left. The third line was quickly faced about to repel an attack from the rear, but the Confederate fire on the left was so effective that the entire division was forced to retire. Here Sedgwick was wounded, but he remained in the saddle until his command was rallied and placed in a strong position, where, under the command of General Howard, it remained throughout the rest of the battle.

The battle was gradually moving southward and after ten o'clock there was no more serious fighting north of the church. About half a mile south of the church a road leaves the pike and, following a zigzag course, strikes the Boonsboro road about half-way between Sharpsburg and the Antietam. For some distance after leaving the pike this road was lower than the ground on either side, forming a natural breastwork, and was known as the sunken road. It was toward this road that French and Richardson directed their movements. When Lee saw that his left was defeated and his center in danger of being broken, he brought up every available man from his right. In quick succession the divisions of Walker, Anderson and McLaws were hurled against Sumner's veterans. Sumner was reinforced by part of Mansfield's corps and the Confederates were slowly forced back, every foot of the ground being stubbornly contested, until their final stand was made at the sunken road. In this part of the engagement the heavy guns of the Union batteries east of the Antietam rendered important service by preventing the enemy from using his artillery. D. H. Hill, who commanded this part of the Confederate line, says: "Our artillery could not cope with the superior weight, caliber, range and number of the Yankee guns. They were smashed up or withdrawn before they could be turned against the massive columns of attack." At last Colonel Barlow, commanding the ist brigade of Richardson's division, made a successful flank movement on the road and captured about 300 men who still clung to it, more as a place of shelter than in the hope of checking the Federal advance. The road was filled with Confederate dead and is referred to in all descriptions of the battle as the "Bloody Lane."

In his report of the battle of Antietam McClellan says: "My plan for the impending general engagement was to attack the enemy’s left with the corps of Hooker and Mansfield, supported by Sumner's, and if necessary by Franklin's and as soon as matters looked favorably there to move the corps of Burnside against the enemy's extreme right upon the ridge running to the south and rear of Sharpsburg, and having carried their position, to press along the crest toward our right, and whenever either of these flank movements should be successful, to advance our center with all the forces then disposable." In pursuance of this plan the 9th corps was stationed on the Federal left, with instructions to assault and carry the Burnside bridge whenever an order to that effect should be issued from headquarters. McClellan says that this order was sent to Burnside at 8 a. m. on the 17th, while the latter says he received it "about ten o'clock." The bridge was guarded by Toombs' brigade, which occupied a strong position among the rocks and trees on the bluff commanding the west end of the bridge, while the bridge, the ford below, and in fact, the entire valley, were all effectually covered by the Confederate batteries. The first attempt to carry the bridge was made by Crook's brigade of the Kanawha division, with the 11th Conn, deployed as skirmishers to cover the advance. The plan was to move the brigade across the bridge in two columns of fours, which were to turn to the right and left as soon as they reached the opposite bank, Rodman's division meanwhile to try to cross at a ford about a third of a mile farther down the creek. This plan failed because Crook missed his way and reached the stream some distance above the bridge, where he became engaged with the enemy on the west bank. A second effort, made the 2nd Maryland and 6th New Hampshire infantry, likewise proved a failure, e two regiments charged across the bridge with fixed bayonets, but were met by a withering fire of artillery and musketry and forced to fall back. General Cox, to whom Burnside had entrusted the work of carrying the bridge, then directed General Sturgis to select two regiments from Ferrero's brigade and push them across the bridge in accordance with the first plan. Sturgis selected the 51st New York and the 51st Pennsylvania A howitzer from Simmonds' battery was brought forward and placed where it covered the west end of the bridge. When everything was in readiness the strong skirmish line opened fire, the howitzer was operated rapidly, throwing double charges of canister into the ranks of Toombs' men, and under this protection the two regiments advanced at the double-quick with fixed bayonets and dashed across the bridge, the Confederates nastily retreating before the impetuous charge. The remainder of Sturgis' division and Crook's brigade were hurried over to the support of the two gallant regiments, and these were soon further strengthened by Rodman's division and Scammon's brigade, which had succeeded in crossing at the ford. Here another delay ensued. Sturgis' and Crook's men had almost exhausted their ammunition and a halt was made necessary until their cartridge-boxes were replenished. During the pause Willcox's division and several light batteries were brought over, the remaining batteries being planted on the hills east of the creek, and at 3 p. m. the left wing began its advance on Sharpsburg. The Confederates under D. R. Jones were soon encountered, drawn up diagonally across the ridge, screened by stone fences, etc., and well supported by artillery. Welsh's and Christ's brigades, which were in advance, drove them back after some sharp fighting, until near the edge of the village, where Jones made his final stand in an old orchard. From this position he was routed by the batteries with Willcox's division and the orchard was occupied by the infantry. In the advance Rodman's division formed the extreme left, and as the movement was made in the form of a right wheel he became separated from Willcox, causing a break in the line and throwing Rodman's brigades en echelon. To the south was a field of tall corn, through which A. P. Hill's division, just up from Harper's Ferry, was advancing in line of battle to strike the left flank. They wore the blue uniforms captured at the ferry and it was thought they were part of the Union forces until they opened fire. Scammon quickly faced his brigade to the left and held Hill in check until the line could be reformed. In order to do this it was necessary for Willcox and Crook to retire somewhat from their advanced position, while Sturgis came up with his command to fill the break in the line. This gave Jones an opportunity to retire beyond Sharpsburg and take a position on the high ground where the national cemetery is now located, but it no doubt saved Rodman's division from being cut to pieces. This virtually ended the battle of Antietam, and at the close the two armies held the same relative positions they occupied at the commencement of the fight.

The Union loss was 2,108 killed, 0,549 wounded and 753 captured or missing. According to Confederate reports Lee's army lost 1,512 killed, 7,816 wounded and 1,844 captured or missing, a much greater loss in proportion to the number of troops engaged than that inflicted on the Federal forces. Both sides claimed a victory and the engagement might well be designated as a drawn battle. The 18th was spent by both armies in resting the tired troops and in caring for the dead and wounded. McClellan's intention was to renew the fight on the 19th, but when the sun rose that morning it was discovered that the enemy had evacuated his position during the night, crossed the Potomac at a ford some distance below the Shepherdstown road, and retired into Virginia. Lee's, invasion of Maryland was ended.


ANTIETAM, MARYLAND, July 6, 1864.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 37.


ANTIETAM BRIDGE, MARYLAND, July 8, 1864. Detachment, West Virginia Cavalry. Edwin Frey, captain and assistant commissary of musters, with 40 men of the 2nd cavalry division, Department of West Virginia, engaged the enemy's rear guard of cavalry and gained control of the bridge. The Confederate main force took the Boonsboro road, to the right of John Brown's school house.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 37.


ANTIETAM CREEK, MARYLAND, September 15, 1862. (See Antietam.)


ANTIETAM FORD, MARYLAND, August 4, 1864. At 4:30 p. m. Federal pickets were driven from Antietam Ford and the enemy crossed at Shepherdstown and Dam No. 4, with infantry, cavalry and artillery, on his advance into Loudoun county, Virginia Antietam Iron-Works, Maryland, August 27, 1861.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 37.


ANTIOCH, TENNESSEE, January 25, 1863. The only official mention of this affair is in the report of Confederate General Joseph Wheeler, who states that his cavalry attacked and captured a small wagon train, but gives no detailed report of the engagement nor the extent of the casualties.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 37.


ANTIOCH CHURCH, ALABAMA, August 18-19. 1864. Detachments, 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Cumberland. Lieutenant-Colonel Prosser of the 2nd Page 38 Tennessee cavalry, in command of several detachments, while returning from a scout to Moulton, was attacked in the rear by a portion of Patterson's Confederate cavalry late on the afternoon ot the 18th. He went into camp near Antioch Church and his pursuers annoyed his pickets until after midnight . Early on the morning of the 19th, the Confederate force, augmented to more than 500 men, massed at a single point and furiously attacked Prosser's force, but was repulsed with considerable loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. Among the latter were represented 6 different regiments and battalions. Federal loss, 1 wounded, 1 missing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 37-38.


ANTIOCH CHURCH, VIRGINIA, May 23, 1863. 9th Vermont and 118th New York Infantry. The two regiments were sent by Major-General Peck, commanding at Suffolk, to assist in the protection of working parties engaged in tearing up railway tracks between Suffolk and the Blackwater river. These troops, under command of Brigadier-General Dodge, were attacked at Antioch Church at 6:15 p. m. Loss 1 wounded, 1 prisoner. Some prisoners were taken from the enemy.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 38.


ANTIOCH STATION, TENNESSEE, April 10, 1863. Detachment of the 10th Michigan Infantry. Lieutenant-Colonel Ferrill of the Texas rangers (Confederate) with about 500 men of different regiments of General Wharton's brigade, attacked a passenger train guarded by Federal soldiers on the Murfreesboro & Nashville railroad near Antioch Station. He spread the track and placed his men in ambush. The train approached at full speed, the guards on the tops of the cars and on the platform car. Several guards were killed and wounded. Those who were unhurt leaped to the ground, took shelter behind the cars and kept up a fire for some minutes, until overpowered by superior numbers, when they abandoned the train and falling back to a position behind a fence, repulsed a pursuing party of Confederates. Here Lieutenant Vanderburgh, who had been twice wounded, was wounded again and disabled. Lieutenant Nichols retreated with the men to a stockade near LaVergne, and was reinforced by 15 men stationed there. Returning with his full force to the scene of the attack, he found that the Confederates had captured the mail and express matter and set fire to the train. He saved the engine and cared for the wounded. Federal loss, 6 killed, 12 wounded. Confederate, 6 killed, several wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 38.


ANTOINE, ARKANSAS, April 2, 1864. (See Camden, Arkansas, Expedition to.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 38.


ANXVOIS, RIVER, MISSOURI, October 20, 1862. 10th Missouri Militia Cavalry.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 38.


APACHE CANON, NEW MEXICO, March 26, 1862. Detachment 1st Colorado, 1st and 3d U. S. Cavalry, and 1st Colorado Infantry. The detachment, numbering 418 men and commanded by Colonel Chivington of the 1st Colorado infantry, left Bernal Springs and moved toward Santa Fe, with a view to capturing or dispersing a Confederate force reported to be stationed there. The enemy, 250 to 300 strong, was engaged near Johnson's ranch in the Apache canon, about 15 miles from Santa Fe, and was defeated with a loss, according to Confederate accounts, of 32 killed, 43 wounded and 71 captured. The Union loss was 3 killed, 8 wounded, two of the latter dying soon after the fight.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 38.


APACHE CANON, NEW MEXICO, July 15, 1862.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 38.


APACHE PASS, ARIZONA, July 15, 1862. Detachment, 1st California Cavalry. In the summer of 1862, this pass, nearly 4 miles long, through a spur of the Chiricahua mountains, was the scene of some noteworthy events in connection with army operations. A fine spring of water made it a favorite resort of Indians. The Apaches occupied the whole country between the Rio Grande and the Colorado river and made it next to impossible for any small party of whites to pass through that great stretch of country. Three men who tried to convey an express from General Carleton, at Tucson to General Canby were attacked near the pass and 2 of them killed. The third escaped only after being pursued 40 miles and near Mesilla was captured by Texans, his despatches, detailing Carleton's plans, falling into their hands. On June 22, Carleton sent forward Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre, of the 1st Cal Cavalry, with an advance guard of 140 men. At the spring in the pass, a company of infantry and a part of a company of cavalry with 2 mountain howitzers, fought the Indians for four hours, killing several and sustaining a loss of 3 killed and several wounded. On June 25, Eyre held a conference with an Apache chief, who had a party of 75 to 100 braves, all mounted on good horses and armed with rifles and six-shooters, and gave him food and tobacco and was assured of the Indians' friendship. That day 3 of his soldiers who had been separated from the troop were shot through their breasts, lanced through their necks, stripped of their clothing and 2 of them were scalped. The Apaches got away with one horse. The Indians were pursued but were not overtaken.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 38-39


APACHE PASS, NEW MEXICO, April 25, 1863. 5th California Infantry. Captain Harrover with a detachment of his regiment attacked about 200 Apache Indians, 30 of them mounted and several of them armed with guns. They fell back at the first fire, but fought nearly two hours. The Federals lost 1 wounded; the Indians, 3 killed and several wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 39.


APALACHICOLA, RIVER, FLORIDA, October 15, 1862. Naval expedition.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 39.


APOLOGY when made and accepted, debars the officer who accepts from bringing forward the matter as a substantive accusation, (Hough.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 26.)


APPEAL. Any officer or soldier who may think himself wronged by his colonel or the commanding officer of his regiment, and after due application to him, is refused redress, may appeal to the next higher commander, who is to examine into said complaint, and take proper measures for redressing the wrong complained of, and transmit, as soon as possible, to the Department of War, a true statement of such complaint, with the proceedings had thereon; (Art 34.) If any inferior officer or soldier shall think himself wronged by his captain, or other officer, he is to complain thereof to the commanding officer of the regiment, who is required to summon a regimental court-martial for doing justice to the complainant; from which regimental court-martial, either party may, if he thinks himself still aggrieved, appeal to a general court-martial. But if, upon a second hearing, the appeal shall appear vexatious and groundless, the person so appealing shall be punished at the discretion of the said court-martial; (Art. 85.) (See REMEDY.)

The wrongs here alluded to, have reference chiefly to matters of accounts between the captain, or commander of the company, and the soldier, plating to clothing and other supplies, as well as to pay; and the regimental court, in examining into such transactions, may be considered more as a court of inquiry than a court-martial; or, it may be viewed as an arbitration board, called on to adjust and settle differences arising in the settlements of accounts between the captain and his men. One reason why a power of appeal is declared to be a matter of absolute right to inferior officers, or soldiers, complaining of being wronged by their officers, doubtless is, that a regimental or garrison court-martial has not the power of inflicting any punishment on commissioned officers. It can do no more than express its opinion that the complaint is just, or the contrary, and where it is practicable and proper, relieve the sufferer as to any existing grievance; but, the injury complained of, however flagrant, must still have remained unredressed, as far as punishment is concerned, if an appeal to a general court-martial had not been declared to be a matter of right to the party aggrieved. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 26-27).


APPLETON, DANIEL, founder of the publishing house of D. Appleton & Company, New York, born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, 10 December, 1785; died in New York, 27 March, 1849. He began business as a dry-goods merchant in his native place, but subsequently went to Boston, and in 1825 moved to New York, where he began the importation of English books in conjunction with his dry-goods business. The book department was placed in charge of William Henry Appleton, his eldest son (born 27 January, 1814). This was in Exchange place. He soon abandoned the sale of dry-goods, and moved to Clinton Hall, Beekman Street, and there gave his attention solely to the importation and sale of books. In 1836 W. H. Appleton was sent to represent the house in London, and in the following year the father visited Europe and founded a permanent agency at 16 Little Britain. His first publishing venture was a collection of religious extracts entitled "Daily Crumbs from the Master's Table," a 82mo volume, of which 2,000 copies were sold. This was followed by another book of the same size and character, and in 1&32, the cholera year, by "A Refuge in Time of Plague and Pestilence." In January, 1888, W. H. Appleton was taken into partnership, and the firm moved to 200 Broadway. In 1848 the father returned- W. H. then formed a co-partnership with his brother, John Adams Appleton (b. in Boston, Massachusetts, 6 January, 1817; died at his residence on Staten Island, 13 July, 1881). Three other sons became partners. Daniel Sidney, the fourth son, was born in Boston, 9 April, 1824; George Swett was born in Andover, Massachusetts, 11 August, 1821, and died at Riverdale, New York, 7 July, 1878; Samuel Francis, the youngest son, was born in Boston, 26 April, 1826, and died in New York, 25 October, 1883. The business was moved from 200 Broadway to the old Society library building, corner of Leonard street and Broadway, and subsequently the growth of the city necessitated many removals farther up- town. In 1881 the retail, jobbing, and importing departments were abandoned, in order that sole attention might be given to the publications of the house, and the business was moved to its present location, Nos. 1,3, and 5 Bond street. In 1853 a printing-office and bindery were established in Franklin Street, New York: but the publishing business in- creased to such an extent that in 1868 the manufacturing department was moved to Brooklyn, where buildings were erected that cover nearly a whole square. The publications of the house extend over the entire field of literature. Its "American Cyclopaedia " is the largest and most widely circulated work of its kind ever produced in this country. The first edition was issued in 1857-68; and a revised edition, which was practically a re-writing of the entire work, with the insertion of thousands of illustrations and other improvements, in 1873-76, additions and corrections being added from time to time. The "Annual Cyclopedia," published in similar style and forming an appropriate continuation of the greater work, is now in its twenty-fifth year. Its illustrated books include "Picturesque America," "Picturesque Europe," and "Picturesque Palestine," besides valuable art collections. Its text-books embrace every subject taught in American schools; medical books form a special department, and books in Spanish for the South and Central American markets form another. Nearly all the noted scientists of Europe and the United States are represented in the list, which also in general literature includes the names of Bancroft, Bryant, Cooper, Dickens, Disraeli, Scott, and other standard authors. The literature of the Civil War is represented on both sides, by Generals Sherman and J. E. Johnston, Admirals Farragut and Porter, Jefferson Davis, William H. Seward, and biographies of Lee, Chase, Stonewall Jackson, A. S. Johnston, and other distinguished participants. The business begun by Daniel Appleton is now (1886) actively conducted by the firm consisting of his sons William H. and Daniel Sidney, and his grandsons William Worthen, Daniel, and Edward Dale Appleton. But the official signature of the firm has always remained Daniel Appleton & Co. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, pp. 83-84.


APPLETON, JAMES, GENERAL, 1786-1862, temperance reformer, abolitionist leader, soldier, clergyman.  Leader of the anti-slavery Liberty Party.  Nominee in Liberty Party for Governor of Maine. (Dumond, 1961, pp. 301, 405n12; Wiley, 1886; Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I, p. 82; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 327; Minutes, Convention of the Liberty Party, June 14, 15, 1848, Buffalo, New York)

APPLETON, James, temperance reformer, born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, 14 February, 1786; died there, 25 August, 1862. When a young man he was elected to the legislature of his native state, and during the war with Great Britain he served as a colonel of Massachusetts militia, and after the close of the war was made a brigadier-general. During his subsequent residence at Portland, Maine, he was elected to the legislature in 1836-'37, but he returned finally to his native town, where he died. By his speeches and publications he exercised great influence upon public sentiment in favor of abolition and total abstinence. In his report to the Maine legislature in 1837 he was the first to expound the principle embodied in the Maine law. See his “Life,” by S. H. Gay. Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 82. 


APPLETON, SAMUEL, merchant, born in New Ipswich. New Hampshire, 22 June, 1766; died in Boston, 12 July, 1853. His youth was spent on a farm and in teaching. For a time he kept a store in Ipswich, but he moved to Boston in 1794 and went into the importing business in partnership with his brother Nathan. He also established cotton mills at Waltham and Lowell. After 1799 he passed much of his time abroad, until he retired from business in 1823. He was at this time liter- ally a merchant prince, and, with true nobility of character, devoted a large part of his income to charitable purposes. He made it a rule to spend annually his whole income, and to this end often large sums for distribution in the hands of those who were likely to meet eases of destitution. At his death the sum of  $200.000 was distributed among charities. See memoir, by L A. Jewett . 1850).—His brother, Nathan, merchant, in New Ipswich, N. H„ 6 October, 1779; died in Boston. 14 July. 1861. He entered Dartmouth College in 17M, but soon left to engage in business with Samuel in Boston. When he became of age he was admitted into partnership, and the Arm was known as S. & N. Appleton. In 1813 he was associated with Francis C. Lowell, Patrick T. Jacket!, Paul Moody, and others, in establishing the Waltham Cotton Manufactory, in which the first power loom ever used in the United States was set up. This proving successful, he and others purchased the water-power at Pawtucket Falls, and he was one of the founders of the Merrimac Manufacturing Company. The settlement that grew around these factories developed into the city of Waltham of which in 1821 Mr. Appleton was one the three founders, he was also the projector and chief proprietor of the Hamilton Company. He was elected to the state legislature in 1815, served during several terms, and was elected Congress in 1830 and again in 1842. He was the author of several speeches and essays on currency banking, and the tariff, of which" his "Remarks on Currency and Banking" (enlarged ed., 1858) is the most celebrated. An account of the introduction of the power loom and of the origin of Lowell was published by him. He was a member of the Academy of Science and Arts, and of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He accumulated great wealth, and was noted for his benevolence. A memoir of his life has been written by Robert C. Winthrop of Boston.  Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 85.


APPLETON, WILLIAM, merchant, born in Brookfield, Massachusetts, 16 November, 1786; died in Longwood, near Boston, 20 February, 1862. He was a son of the Reverend Joseph Appleton, of Brookfield, received an academic education, and at the age of fifteen became a clerk in a country store at Temple. In 1807 he went to Boston, where for over fifty years he was a successful merchant, giving also much attention to banking and financial operations. He was president of the U. S. Branch Bank from 1832 to 1836, and was also president of the Provident Institution for Savings and the Massachusetts General Hospital. He gave $30,000 to the last named institution, and was noted for his benevolence. He was elected as a Whig to Congress, serving from 1851 to 1855, and again was a member in the special session from 4 July to 6 August, 1861, after which he resigned. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 85.


APPOINTING-POWER, &c. It has been contended by advocates of executive discretion, that army appointments are embraced in the power granted to the President in the 2d section of the Constitution, to nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint “ all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which may be established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.” If due regard, however, be paid to the words, “ whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for” the pretension set up in favor of Executive power, will receive no support from the terms of the Constitution. The powers granted to Congress to raise and support armies, and to make all rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces, are necessarily so comprehensive in character, as to embrace all means which Congress, according to circumstances, may deem proper and necessary in order to raise armies, or to govern them when raised. Rules of appointment to office, rules of promotion another form of appointment and all rules whatever in relation to the land and naval forces, save the appointment of the commander-in-chief of those united forces, who is designated by the Constitution, are hence within the competency of Congress.

It is true, that this great power vested in Congress has been exercised by them, in most cases, by giving to the President a large discretion in appointments and other matters connected with the army. But the principle itself that supreme command is vested in Congress has been often asserted in our military legislation. Contemporaneously with the foundation of the government laws have been passed, giving to general and other officers the right of appointment to certain offices; in other cases, the President has been confined in his selection to classes designated by law; again, rules have been made by Congress for the promotion of officers, and in 1846 an army of volunteers was raised by Congress, the officers of which Congress directed should be appointed, according to the laws of the States in which the troops were raised, excepting the general officers, who were to be appointed by the President and Senate a clear recognition that the troops thus raised were United States troops, and not militia. (See CONGRESS; PROMOTION; VOLUNTEERS.)  (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 27-28).


APPOINTMENT is Office, Rank, Employment, Equipment. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28).


APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA, April 9, 1865. Army of the Potomac; Army of the James. Appomattox Court House was the county seat of Appomattox county, and is about 65 miles nearly due west of Petersburg. On the night of April 2 the Confederate army under General R. E. Lee evacuated the intrenchments about Richmond and Petersburg and started for Danville. Lee's object was to effect a junction with the Confederate forces under General J. E. Johnston in North Carolina, but General Grant, commanding the Union armies, divined the enemy's intentions and disposed his forces to intercept the retreat, thus forcing Lee to change his course toward Lynchburg. The crying need of the Confederate army was rations. For several days the men had nothing to eat but parched corn, and some had not even that . Early on the morning of the 7th seven trains, loaded with supplies for the Confederate army, arrived at Farmville, where the Petersburg & Lynchburg railroad crossed the Appomattox river, and the work of distributing rations was commenced. Before the work of unloading the trains could be completed General Ord was so close upon Farmville that Lee ordered the remaining trains to Appomattox Court House, 20 miles farther west, and moved his army toward that point by the roads on the north side of the river. Lee was detained by the 2nd corps, under General Humphreys, within 4 miles of Farmville all day on the 7th, which gave General Sheridan an opportunity to push the Federal cavalry around to Appomattox Station and capture the trains, and again the Confederate army was without food or forage. _ From Farmville, on the evening of the 7th, Grant wrote the following letter to the Confederate commander:

"General: The result of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift the responsibility of any further effusion of blood by asking of you the surrender of that portion of the C. S. Army known as the Army of Northern Virginia."

Before this letter was received several of Lee's own generals had proposed to him to surrender. They saw that in the end defeat was certain, and realized that the longer the surrender was postponed the greater would be the suffering of their unfortunate soldiers. Concerning the condition of the Confederate army at this time, Badeau says: "Lee had himself no idea of the strength of his command. The officers were involved in the demoralization of the men; they made no effort to prevent straggling, and shut their eyes on the hourly reduction of their force, riding, dogged and indifferent, in advance of their commands. Only when the national columns caught up and attacked the rear did some of the old spirit seem to reanimate these jaded veterans. Whenever they were summoned to resist, they faced boldly around, and then, like wounded beasts, they struck out terrible blows. The fighting at Sailor's creek was as desperate for awhile as in any battle of the war; and the repulse of Miles on the 7th, the capture of a portion of Crook's cavalry with Gregg himself at their head, showed like the expiring flashes of a nearly burnt out fire."

To Grant's letter Lee replied the same night: "General: I have received your note of this date. Though not entertaining the opinion you express of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you will offer on condition of its surrender."

Although the way for negotiations looking to a surrender was thus opened neither side remained idle. During the night of the 7th Lee withdrew from his position in front of the 2nd corps and hurried on toward Appomattox Court House, Humphreys following and General Wright with the 6th corps moving on a parallel road in an effort to cut off the line of retreat. The rations received at Farmville improved the spirits and physical condition of the Confederate soldiers, and, though Humphreys and Wright strained every nerve to overtake the enemy, at midnight on the 8th it looked as if Lee might reach Lynchburg. On the 8th letters were again exchanged between Grant and Lee. The former wrote:

"General: Your note of last evening, in reply to mine, of same date, asking the condition on which I will accept the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, is just received. In reply I would say that, peace being my great desire, there is but one condition I would insist upon, viz., that the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up arms again against the government of the United States until properly exchanged. I will meet you, or will designate officers to meet any officers you may name for the same purpose, at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia will be received."

Lee wrote: "General: I received at a late hour your note of today. In mine of yesterday I did not intend to propose the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, but to ask the terms of your proposition. To be frank, I do not think the emergency has arisen to call for the surrender of this army; but as the restoration of peace should be the sole object of all, I desired to know whether your proposals would lead to that end. I cannot, therefore, meet you with a view to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia; but as far as your proposal may affect the C. S. forces under my command, and tend to the restoration of peace, I should be pleased to meet you at 10 a. m. tomorrow, on the old stage road to Richmond, between the picket-lines of the two armies."

In the meantime Ord, with Griffin's (5th) corps, Gibbon's (24th), and a division of the 25th, had been rapidly moving westward and about daylight of the 9th joined Sheridan at Appomattox Station, 5 miles south of the Court House. Lee was now between two strong forces, though that fact was not known to him until a few hours later. He had reasons to believe that Sheridan was between him and Lynchburg and ordered Fitzhugh Lee, supported by Gordon's corps, to attack the Federal cavalry early on the morning of the 9th and open a way for the remainder of the army. Sheridan dismounted and advanced a part of his command, with instructions to fall back gradually when attacked, thus drawing the enemy upon Ord's line of battle. This movement was successfully executed, but as soon as the enemy discovered the infantry he stopped his pursuit of the cavalry and began to fall back toward the Court House. Sheridan mounted his men and moved quickly around to the enemy's left, while Ord advanced in front. Custer, whose division was in advance, was about to charge the trains and the confused mass of Confederates in his front, when a white flag was displayed and hostilities were ordered to be suspended. A similar order was also sent to Humphreys and Wright, who at 1 1 a. m. had come up with the enemy's skirmishers, 3 miles from Appomattox Court House. To Lee's letter of the 8th Grant had replied as follows: "General: Your note of yesterday is received. As I have no authority to treat on the subject of peace the meeting proposed for 10 a. m. today could lead to no good. I will state, however, General, that I am equally anxious for peace with yourself, and the whole North entertain the same feeling. The terms upon which peace can be had are well understood. By the South laying down their arms they will hasten that most desirable event, save thousands of human lives, and hundreds of millions of property not yet destroyed."

This was written and despatched early on Sunday morning, April 9, and immediately afterward Grant started for the head of the column. At 10 a. m. Lee rode out to the picket-line on the stage road, where he hoped to meet Grant in accordance with his request of the day before. There he was handed Grant's communication. Knowing that a large force was between him and Lynchburg and another close upon his rear, Lee evidently changed his mind regarding the "emergency" that called for the surrender of his army. Writing in duplicate a request for an interview and asking a suspension of hostilities, several couriers were sent in different directions in search of the Federal general. One of these communications reached Grant about noon and he immediately replied as follows: "Your note of this date is but this moment (11:50 a. m.) received, in consequence of my having passed from the Richmond and Lynchburg road to the Farmville and Lynchburg road. I am at this writing about four miles west of Walker's church and will push forward to the front for the purpose of meeting you. Notice sent to me on this road where you wish the interview to take place will meet me."

Grant was then conducted to Sheridan's line of battle. In his Memoirs he says he found the troops very much excited, believing that Johnston was coming up from North Carolina and that Lee's action was all a ruse to gain time. He says the men declared that they would whip Lee's army in five minutes if he would let them go in. Grant, however, knew more about the location of Johnston's army than did the men, and besides he had no doubt that the Confederate general was acting in good faith. Lee was found at the house of a Mr. McLean in the village, his army being drawn up on Clover hill, just outside the town. After some friendly conversation, Lee suggested that Grant reduce his terms to writing, in order that they might be more carefully gone over and considered. In response to this request Grant wrote the following:

"General: In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th instant, I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate—one copy to be given to an officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate, the officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property to be packed and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be disturbed by United States authority as long as they observe their paroles, and the laws in force where they may reside."

In discussing the terms Lee said that the artillerists and cavalrymen of the Confederate army owned their own horses, and asked if it was to be understood that these men were to be permitted to retain them. Grant told him that it was not so stipulated in the written proposition, but that as most of the men were probably farmers, and would need their horses in the cultivation of their crops, the horses might be retained by the men, and that he would so instruct the officers left behind to receive the paroles of the troops. This verbal promise of the Union general was sacredly kept, thus leaving every Confederate soldier who claimed to own a horse or mule in full possession of the same. Lee then sat down and wrote the following reply to Grant's proposal: "General: I have received your letter of this date containing the terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia as proposed by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect."

Grant appointed Major-General John Gibbon, Bvt. Major-General Charles Griffin, and Bvt. Major-General Wesley Merritt to carry into effect the terms of the agreement, and Bvt. Brigadier-General George H. Sharpe, assistant provost- marshal-general, to take charge of the rolls and paroles. Lee appointed Lieutenant-General James Longstreet, Major-General John B. Gordon, and Brigadier-General W. N. Pendleton. The commands of Gibbon and Griffin and Mackenzie's cavalry were left at Appomattox until the paroling of the surrendered army was completed, and to take charge of the public property. The remainder of the army was directed to move to Burkeville. As Lee's army was without rations, Grant directed that the trains captured by Custer at Appomattox Station on the 8th should be run back to that point and the Confederates supplied from their captured stores. According to the official reports the Union losses from March 29, the beginning of the Appomattox campaign, until April 9 aggregated 1,316 killed, 7,750 wounded and 1,714 missing. During the same period the Confederates lost not less than 5,000 in killed and wounded, and 46,495 were captured. In the final surrender 27,516 men were paroled, 22,633 stand of small arms and all the munitions of war belonging to the Army of Northern Virginia were turned over to the Federal authorities. The four years' war was at an end.


APPOMATTOX STATION, VIRGINIA, April 8, 1865. 3rd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. In the morning Generals Merritt and Mackenzie marched toward Prospect Station, from which point Merritt's and Crook's commands moved on to Appomattox Depot on the Lynchburg railroad, 5 miles south of Appomattox Court House. Shortly after the march began, General Sheridan was notified that there were at Appomattox Station four trains of cars loaded with supplies for Lee's army. Merritt and Crook were at once notified and pressed forward rapidly for 28 miles. General Custer, who had the advance with the 3d division, surprised the enemy, skillfully threw a force in the rear of the trains and captured them. Without halting a moment he then pushed on, driving the enemy in the direction of Appomattox Court House, capturing many prisoners, 24 pieces of artillery, a hospital train and several battle-flags. The train was guarded by about two divisions of infantry and more than 30 pieces of artillery, all under command of Major-General Walker, who repulsed several attacks, but at g p. m. Custer's perseverance won the train. It is impossible to over-estimate the value of this day's work,. The Confederates' supplies were taken almost literally out of their mouths. On their line of retreat, at a point where they had not looked for opposition a strong force was posted. Night was upon them. It was their last night under the flag of the Confederacy.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 42.


APPROACHES are the first, second, and third parallels, trenches, saps, mines, &c., by which the besiegers approach a fortified place. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28).


APPROPRIATIONS for the support of armies, are limited by the Constitution to a term not to exceed two years. The President is authorized to transfer appropriations for subsistence, forage, the medical and quartermaster's department, from one branch of military expenditure to any other of the above-mentioned branches; (Act May 1, 1820.) (See TRANSFERS.) Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28.


APRON. A piece of sheet lead used to cover the vent of a cannon. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28).


APPUI, POINT D'. A term applied to any given point upon which a line of troops is formed. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28).


AQUIA CREEK, VIRGINIA, May 29-June 1, 1861. Union Gunboats. Aquia Creek, on a small, navigable stream of the same name flowing into the Potomac 55 miles below Washington, with which it had steamboat connections, was an important point on the through route from New Orleans and Mobile to New York. Batteries planted there by Virginia troops were attacked on these dates by the Federal gunboats Freeborn, Anacostia, Resolute and Pawnee. After the first attack Colonel Ruggles moved 700 men across from Fredericksburg, with some 6-pounder rifled guns, established Colonel Bate's Tennessee regiment at Brooke Station and returned the rest of his force to Fredericksburg. These brief and indecisive affairs marked the beginning of hostilities on the waters of the Potomac. They were almost bloodless.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 43.


ARANSAS BAY, TEXAS, February 22, 1862. At 3.30 p. m. two launches manned by Federal troops, came within 3 miles of Camp Aransas, captured a sloop, bound for Corpus Christi and took from her medicines and other property presumably intended for Confederate use. Captain Neal (Confederate) with his men pursued in boats, but made no captures. Shots were exchanged without inflicting any known damage.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 43.


ARANSAS BAY, TEXAS, April 22, 1862. Two sloops with 32 men commanded by Captain Neal and Lieutenant Canfield, from Camp Aransas, captured two Federal launches, which had come into Aransas bay and taken three sloops. One of them, the Democrat, after being stripped of her sails was left to its captain and mate, who had to pole their way to land. With the other two the Federals bore down toward Shell Banks, evidently expecting to pass the fort unchallenged and, once out of Aransas Pass, to have the protection of a blockading vessel. When pursued by the two sloops, having no safe egress from the bay, they abandoned their prizes, took to their launches and soon entered Blind Bayou. Headed off on land by Neal and Canfield, they left their launches and ran to the sand-hills. There were 22 of them and before they disappeared they exchanged a few shots with their pursuers.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 43.


ARANSAS PASS, TEXAS, November 17, 1863. Detachment 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of the Gulf, and Gunboat Monongahela. At sunset on the 16th General Ransom, who was leading an expedition against Fort Esperanza, landed the 13th and 15th Me., part of the 20th la. and two boat howitzers at the south end of Mustang island and marched up the beach toward the north end, where the Confederates had a garrison of about 100 men, with 3 pieces of heavy artillery. At 4 o'clock the next morning he had marched 18 miles, when he halted to rest his men and wait for daylight. Resuming his march a little after 6 o'clock he encountered the enemy's pickets about a mile from the garrison, and after a slight skirmish drove them into their camp. About this time the Monongahela steamed up and threw a few 11-inch shells into the enemy's lines, causing consternation among them. The garrison surrendered unconditionally and Colonel Isaac Dyer, with the 15th Me., was left in charge of  the post. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 43.


ARCATA, CALIFORNIA, April 8, 1862. This was an attack by Indians on a Federal train loaded with military supplies, about 8 miles from Areata. The packers were fired upon and several mules were captured.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 43.


ARCATA, CALIFORNIA, June 6-7, 1862. (See Daley's Ferry.)

(See Fort Davidson.)


ARCATA, CALIFORNIA, August 21, 1862. (See Light Prairie.)


ARDENT SPIRITS. The introduction of ardent spirits into Indian Territory, under any pretence, prohibited; (Act July 0, 1832.) The President of the United States may take such measures as he may deem expedient to prevent or restrain the vending or distributing of spirituous liquors among Indians. Goods of traders introducing it forfeited; (Acts March 30, 1802, and May 6, 1832.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28).


ARKADELPHIA, ARKANSAS, February 15, 1863. Near Arkadelphia Captain Brown's command, consisting of 83 men, was attacked in the mountains bordering the Ouachita river, by 300 Confederates. There was fighting from sunrise until noon, when the Confederates were routed. Federal loss, 2 killed, 4 wounded; Confederate loss, 16 killed, 12 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 44.


ARKADELPHIA, ARKANSAS, March 29-April 1, 1864. (See Camden, Arkansas, Expedition to.)


ARKANSAS (CONFEDERATE RAM), July 15, 1862. Union Gunboats on the Mississippi. The construction of the iron-clad rams, Arkansas and Tennessee, was begun at Memphis. Upon the fall of Memphis the Tennessee was burned and the Arkansas was taken by her commander, Captain McBlair, to the Yazoo river. Captain Brown succeeded McBlair and got the Arkansas ready for service by July, 1862. She was indifferently armored with railroad iron, but was admirably officered and carried two 8-inch columbiads, two 9-inch Dahlgren guns, four 6-inch rifles and 2 smooth bore 32-pounders. Brown determined after consultation with General Van Dorn, at Vicksburg, 50 miles distant, to take the Arkansas down to that city, though he knew that he must pass Farragut's and Davis' vessels and Ellet's rams. Among these vessels, all at anchor in the Mississippi 3 miles below the mouth of the Yazoo, were 6 iron-clads, 7 rams and 10 large ships of war. He started on the morning of July 5, 1862. Six miles from the mouth of the Yazoo river, she was met by the United States iron-clad Carondelet, the gunboat Tyler, and the ram, Queen of the West. The three vessels turned and there was a running fight. The Federal ram got away. The Tyler was too weak to harm the Arkansas. The Carondelet fought gallantly, suffering a heavy loss in killed and wounded, and was driven into shoal water. Whether or not she would have surrendered is a question that has been many times discussed. The Arkansas was too busy to take prizes. The fire from the Carondelet had wounded Brown and killed two of his pilots. She had riddled the smokestack of the Arkansas until the latter, when she entered the Mississippi, could not make more than one knot an hour; but this speed with the current of the river enabled her to run through the Federal fleets. Though the three vessels had been sent up the Yazoo to reconnoiter, the Federal naval officers had not believed that the Arkansas would come down at that time, and had not prepared their vessels for an attack. Only one—the ram General Bragg— had steam and her commander deferred action while awaiting orders. Most of the Federal projectiles bounded harmlessly from the Arkansas' iron-ribbed sides, but two 11-inch shells penetrated her armor and fired her cotton backing, killing and maiming many on board. The Federal ram, Lancaster, menaced her with a forward movement and got a disabling shot in its mud-receiver, scalding several men, two of whom afterward died. After a few minutes of such strenuous experience, the Arkansas ran beyond the range of the Federal guns and into the protection of the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg. The loss in the Federal fleet was, according to Captain A. T. Mahan, 13 killed, 34 wounded and 10 missing. Brown reported the Confederate loss, 10 killed, 15 wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 44.


ARKANSAS, C. S. S., July 22, 1862. U. S. Ram Fleet off Vicksburg. In accordance with an understanding with Flag-Officers Farragut and Davis, Lieutenant-Colonel Ellet, commanding the U. S. ram fleet, with the Queen of the West, attacked the Confederate ram and gunboat Arkansas. Lack of expected cooperation prevented Ellet from destroying the craft, but it is believed that he inflicted severe injury upon her. He could not reach her vulnerable side without rounding about, thus losing much headway and failing to make the blow as effective as it would otherwise have been. The absence of Federal gunboats as he retired, made the Queen of the West a target for all the enemy's batteries and sharpshooters on the river bank, so that she was riddled with balls and very much damaged. The crew had been reduced to the smallest number necessary to handle the boat and only a few of the men were wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 44-45.


ARKANSAS, C. S. S., August 6, 1862. The Arkansas, with the Webb and the Music, started toward Baton Rouge, to support the attack of Breckenridge on the Federal forces there. When she left the wharf at Vicksburg she was deemed as formidable as when she came out of the Yazoo through the Federal fleets. When she arrived within a few miles of Baton Rouge her machinery gave out, she became unmanageable and Lieutenant Stevens, her commander, moored her to the shore. The U. S. gunboat Essex steamed up to the little fleet and the Webb and the Music fled. Stevens landed his crew, cut the Arkansas from her moorings, fired her and turned her adrift down the river. "With every gun shotted," reported General Van Dorn, "our Confederate flag floating from her bow, and not a man on board, the Arkansas bore down upon the enemy and gave him battle. The guns were discharged as the flames reached them and when the last shot was fired the explosion of her magazine ended the brief but glorious career of the Arkansas." Arkansas Post, Arkansas, January 10-11, 1863. 13th and 15th Army Corps, and Part of the Mississippi Squadron. After the defeat of Sherman at Chickasaw bluffs, in the last days of December, 1862, he was superseded in command of the river expedition by Major-General J. A. McClernand. One of the first acts of the new commander was to carry out the orders of the war department and divide the army into two corps, designated the 13th and 15th. The former, commanded by Brigadier-General George W. Morgan, consisted of Steele's and Stuart's (formerly M. L. Smith's) divisions. The latter, under Sherman, was composed of the divisions of A. J. Smith and Osterhaus. On the 5th the entire force left Milliken's Bend, on board the transports, accompanied by the gunboats DeKalb, Cincinnati, Louisville, Glide, Rattler, Lexington and Black Hawk, and the ram Monarch, for the reduction of Fort Hindman, at Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas river. McClernand's principal reason for this move was that armed detachments from the fort could easily descend to the mouth of the Arkansas, where they could seriously interfere with the opening of the Mississippi. The village of Arkansas Post occupies the first high ground to be found on ascending the river, and the fort stood on the bluff, where it commanded an unobstructed view of the river for a mile each way. It was a square, full-bastioned work, about 100 yards on a side. It had a parapet 18 feet across, was surrounded by a ditch 20 feet wide and 8 feet deep, was provided by strong casemates, and well protected by outlying lines of rifle-pits. The armament included one 8-inch and two 9-inch columbiads and 14 field guns, and the garrison numbered about 5,000 men under the command of Brigadier-General T. J. Churchill. The gunboats, followed by the transports, proceeded up the Arkansas river and late on the afternoon of the 9th halted about 3 miles below the fort. During the night and the morning of the 10th the troops were disembarked, and at 11 o'clock Sherman's corps began the advance on the fort. Steele's division, after skirmishing with the enemy's pickets a while, encountered a swamp, and in passing around it lost the road and did not rejoin the corps until the following morning. Stuart moved up the river road to the first line of rifle-pits, reaching that point in time to see the Confederates in full retreat toward the fort, the line of defenses having been subjected to an enfilading fire from the gunboats. Lindsey's brigade of Osterhaus' division, with four 10-pounder Parrott guns and a company of cavalry, was landed at Fletcher's and moved across the bend to a position opposite the fort, to cut off retreat in that direction. De Courcy's brigade was left to guard the transports at the landing, and the rest of Morgan's corps was united with that of Sherman for the general assault on the fort.

The night was passed without fires or tents and by 10:30 a. m. on the 11th everything was ready for the attack. The gunboats moved up to within a few hundred yards of the fort and opened fire with the entire armament of 66 guns. As soon as the sound of firing from the boats was heard by the land forces the 45 pieces of field artillery were also brought into action, and for the next half hour the roar of cannon was almost deafening. At the end of that time the guns of the fort were silenced, the infantry advanced with Steele on the right, then Stuart, next A. J. Smith, and Sheldon's brigade of Osterhaus' division on the extreme left . By 1.30 p. m. four brigades had made their way across a narrow space of cleared ground and found a lodgment in a ravine, within short musket range of the Confederate lines. The artillery was then pushed forward, Lindsey's guns on the opposite side of the river getting a position from which an oblique fire could be poured into the rifle pits, carrying away a battle flag and killing a number of men. About 3 o'clock the lines were reformed to some extent and preparations made for a general and final assault, when suddenly white nags appeared at several places above the ramparts. Orders were at once given to cease firing, though the Union troops were so disposed as to preclude all possibilities of escape, after which Sherman and Morgan rode into the fort and demanded a surrender. One of the Confederate brigade commanders refused the demand and asseverated that the white flags had been displayed without authority. Churchill, however, took a more philosophical view of the situation and, as the Federals were already practically in possession of the fort, told his subordinate that there was nothing left but to comply with the demand. He then sullenly ordered his men to stack arms, and at 4:30 formally turned over the fort to McClernand. The Confederate loss was about 200 in killed and wounded, 4,791 were sent north as prisoners, while the fort, with all its stores of arms and ammunition, 17 pieces of artillery, 7 stand of colors, including the garrison flag, 563 horses and mules, and a large number of wagons fell into the hands of the victorious assailants. The Union loss was 134 killed, 808 wounded and 29 missing.


ARKANSAS RIVER, April 6-7, 1864. About 500 Missouri troops of the Confederate army crossed the Arkansas on the 6th and 7th. Colonel Judson, commanding the district of the frontier, Department of Arkansas, lost 6 men in skirmishing with them. Reports do not indicate the place of crossing.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 46.


ARKANSAS RIVER, August 17, 1864. The steamer Miller was captured and burned by Confederates 10 miles below Pine Bluff. The attack came from the south bank of the river. The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 46.


ARLINGTON MILLS, Virginia, June 1, 186.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 46.


ARM. Infantry, artillery, and cavalry, are arms of the service. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28).


ARMISTEAD, LEWIS ADDISON, soldier, born in Newbern, N. C., 18 February, 1817; died at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 3 July, 1863. He was a son of General Walker Keith Armistead. He entered West Point in 1834, but left it in 1836. He was appointed second lieutenant in the 6th Infantry 10 July, 1839, became first lieutenant in March, 1844, and received brevets for gallantry at Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec in 1847. Promoted to be captain 3 March, 1855, he rendered good service in Indian warfare, but resigned at the beginning of the Civil War, and with much reluctance entered the Confederate service, receiving a brigadier-general's commission in 1862. He was wounded at Antietam. 17 September of that year. At Gettysburg he was one of the few in Pickett's division who nearly reached the federal lines in the desperate charge made on the third day, was mortally wounded, and died a prisoner. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 90.


ARMORER. The person who makes, cleans, or repairs arms. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28)


ARMORY. A manufactory or place of deposit for arms. (See ARSENAL; ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 28).


ARMS, SMALL. Casting away arms and ammunition punishable with death or otherwise according to the sentence of a general court-martial; (Art. 52.) Officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers should be instructed and practised in the nomenclature of the arms, the manner of dismounting and mounting them, and the precautions and care required for their preservation. Each soldier should have a screwdriver and a wiper, and each squad of ten a wire and a tumbler punch, and a spring vice. No other implements should be used in taking arms apart or in setting them up. In the inspection of arms, officers should attend to the qualities essential to service, rather than a bright polish on the exterior of the arms. The arms should be inspected in the quarters at least once a month, with the barrel and lock separated from the stock. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 28-47).

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, ETC., OF SMALL ARMS. Dimensions. Rifle muskets. Rifles. Pistol carbine. 1822. 1840. 1855. 1841. 1855. 1855. C Diameter of bore . Inches. .69 .015 .82 1.25 42. 16. 41.96 57.64 73.64 Inches. .69 .015 8.85 1.25 42. 18. 41.70 57.80 75.80 Inches. .58 .0025 .78 1.14 40. 18. 39.60 55.85 73.85 Inches. .58 .0025 .90 1.15 33. 21.7 33. 48.8 71.3 Inches. .58 .0025 .90 1.14 33. 21.7 33. 49.3 71.8 Inches. .58 .0025 .82 1. 12. Variation allowed, more Barrel Diameter at muzzle I at breech between flats. [ Length without breech screw. Bayonet Length of blade 12. 17.6 ( Length without bayonet Arm J With  Bayonet fixed j complete, j With butt-piece. Depth at breech. WEIGHTS. Barrel without breech screw Bayonet ( Without bayonet Arm  bayonet complete, j with butt-piece

HEIGHTS OF HAUSSE, ETC. Table of approximate heights for rear sights of new arms, measured from the line of metal of the barrel. Pieces fired from the shoulder and rest. New Rifle musket. Rifle musket (altered). Distance. Weight of ball, 500 grains. Weight of powder, 60 grains. Weight of ball, 730 grains. Weight of powder, 70 grains. Yards. Inches. Inches. 100 .40 .42 The top of the front 200 300 400 500 .54 .70 .88 1.10 . .62 .82 1.08 1.34 sight is seen “fine” through the notch of the rear sight. 600 1.35 1.65 700 1.63 1.96 800 1.94 2.28 900 2.28 2.61 1000 2.63 2.94 * Maynard primer.

PENETRATIONS.

Table of penetrations in a target made of seasoned white pine plank one inch thick, and placed one and a half inches apart.

At 1,000 yards, a bullet from the new rifle-musket passed completely through the frame of the target, which was made of solid white pine, three inches thick.

The elongated musket bullets do not cease to ricochet on level ground, at the distance of 1,000 yards. A strong wind blowing perpendicularly to the direction of the rifle-musket bullet, will deflect it from its course 12 feet in 1,000 yards, about 3 feet in 500 yards, and about \ foot in 200 yards. The effect of wind on the pistol-carbine bullets is somewhat greater, for the same distance. When two oblong bullets are fired from the new rifle-musket, or altered rifle, with the ordinary service charge of 60 grains, they separate from each other and from the plane of fire about 4 feet in a distance of 200 yards. If the piece be held firmly against the shoulder, no serious inconvenience will be felt in firing this increased charge; the only precaution necessary to be observed in aiming, is to give the barrel greater elevation than for the single bullet, in the proportion of 6 feet for 200 yards. In cases of emergency, firing with two bullets might be effectively employed against masses of infantry and cavalry, if the distance does not exceed 300 yards. Muzzle- loading small arms can be discharged two or three times in a minute, and breech-loading arms about ten times. Rapidity of loading and discharging fire-arms is however of doubtful advantage in actual service, as soldiers are apt to discharge their pieces without proper aim, and thus waste ammunition.

RIFLE MODEL OF 1855. Fig. Y. Barrel, one-seventh size, a, breech; 6, cone-seat; <-, rear-sight; d, front-sight and bayonet stud; e, muzzle. FIG. 8. Fig. 8. Breech-screw, full size. , plug with threads; 6, J tenon; c, tang; d, tang-screw hole; e, face. FIG. 9. FIG. 9'. C Fig. 9. Cone, full size, a, nipple; b, square; c, shoulder; d, screw-thread; e, vent. Fig. 9'. Cone-seat screw, full size, a, stem; 6, head; c, slit; d, thread. FIG. 10. c Fig. 10. Tang-screw, full size. 11. Ramrod, one-seventh size, a, stem; 6, swell; c, head; d, cup; e, screw.

FIG. 13. FIG. 12. Fig. 12. Rear-sight, full size, side view, complete. 1, 2, 3, 4, graduation-marks on the base, a. Fig. 13. Section through a, a, full size. Fig. 14. Fig. 14. Section through 6, 6, full size. FIG. 15. T"T^ 15. , full size, a, frame; 6, slot; d, tongue; e, joint-pin hole; /, sight-notch; 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, graduation-mark. FIG. 16. FIG. IT. i - I a 0* Fig. 16. Leaf-spring, full size, a, blade; 6, screw-hole; c, thickness. Fig. 17. Leaf-spring screw, full size, a, head; 6, stem; c, c, holes for screw-driver. FIG. 13. FIG. 10. CL v 05 O5 FIG. 20. Fig. 18. >Seek, full size, a, back-piece; 6, 6, grooves; c, c, rivet-holes; <?, <, handles; e, sight-notch; f, f, rivets. Fig. 19. Slide-spring, full size, a, sight-notch; 6, b, rivet-holes; c, thickness. Fig. 20. Joint-pin, full size.

FIG. 22. FIG. 23. FIG. FIG. 21. a a Fig. 21. Front-sight and bayonet-stud, full size, a, sight; b, stud. J%s. 22, 23. Bayonet-clasp, full size, a, body; b, 6, stud; c, bridge; c?, groove; e, e, stops; /, screw. Fig. 24. Bayonet, quarter size, a, blade; 6, neck; c, socket; bridge; e, stud mortise; /, clasp. FIG. 25. Fig. 25. Lock, outside view, half size, a, hammer; 6, lock-plate; c, magazine-cover; d, tumbler-screw; e, joint-pin; /, side- screw hole. FIG. 26. Fig. 26. Lock, inside view, half size, showing the parts with the hammer at half cock, a, hammer; 6, tumbler; c, bridle; rf, bridle-screw; e, sear, sear-screw; g, sear- spring; A, sear-spring screw; i, mainspring; j, swivel; k, cover- catch.

Fig. 27. Lock-plate, half size, showing the position of the holes, &c. a, cone-seat notch; b, bolster; c, mainspring notch; d, hole for mainspring pivot; e, hole for arbor of tumbler; f, hole for cover-catch; g, hole for cover hinge stud; h, A, side-screw holes; i, hole for bridle-screw; j, hole for sear-screw; k, hole for sear-spring; I, hole for catch-spring screw; m, sear-spring stud-mortise; n, feed-finger slot; o, bridle pivot hole; p, feed-finger-spring-screw hole. FIG. 28. FIG 29. FIG. 80. Fig. 28. Magazine-cover, full size, a, body; 6, 6, jaws; c, c, holes for joint-pin. Fig. 29. Cover-hinge stud, full size, two views, o, head; 6, joint-pin hole; c, stem. Fig. 30. Cover-catch and screw, full size, two views, a, head; b, notch; c, c, foot; d, screw-hole; e, catch-screw. r? c -LT p =u= FIG. p (! 31. =LF= H Si ^ ^ rf 7. 31. Lock-screws, full size, and side-screws, half size, a, 6, side-screws; c, sear- screw; c, bridle-screw; e, sear-spring screw; , tumbler-screw. NOTE. In all the screws, the parts are the stem, the head, the slit, the thread.

FIG. 32. Fig. 83.  Fig. 32. Mainspring-swivel, full size, a, a, body; b, axis; e, tumbler-pin hole; d, finger-pivot hole. finger-pivot hole. Fig. 33. feed-finger, full size, two views, a, a, eye-pivot; 6, crook; c, e, finger. FIG, 34. r | 34. Feed-finger spring, full size, a, eye; b, long branch; c, short branch; d, screw. FIG. 35. FIG. 36. "la Fig. 35. Hammer, half size, a, body; b, head; c, comb; d, countersink, slit, and knife-edge; e, tumbler-hole. Fig. 36. Tumbler, half size, two views, a, body; b, arbor; c, squares; d, pivot; e, swivel-arm and pin-hole; f, tumbler-screw hole. FIG. 87. FIG. 88. Fig. 37. Bridle, half size, two views, a, body; b, eye for tumbler-pivot; c, pivot; d, hole for bridle-screw; e, hole for sear-screw. Fig. 38. Sear, half size, two views, a, body; b, nose; c, arm; d, screw-hole; e, screw. FIG. 89. Fig. 39. Sear-spring, half size, two views, a, blade; 6, upper branch: c, lower branch; d, stud; e, screw-hole.

FIG. 40. [AKM. Fig. 40. Mainspring, half size, two views, a, upper branch; 6, lower branch; c, hook; d, pivot; e, tang. Fig. 41. Stock, one-ninth size, a, butt; b, handle; c, head; d, bed for lock; e, shoulder for lower band; /, bed for band- spring; g, shoulder for middle band; h, bed for band-spring; i, shoulder for upper band; j, bed for band-spring; &, shoulder and tenon for tip. FIG. 42. Fig. 42. Butt-plate and screws, quarter size, three views, a, body; 6, toe; c, heel; d, d, screw-holes; e, e, screws. FIG. 48. d D Fig. 43. Tip, full size, two views, a, recess for stock; b, groove for ramrod; c, rivet-hole; d, rivet. FIG. 44. Fig. 44. Guard-plate, quarter size, a, body; b, b, bolsters; c, c, trigger-stud and mortise; d, d, holes for guard-bow; e, c, for wood screws; /, for trigger-screw; g, for tang-screw.

FIG. 45. FIG. 48. Fig. 45. Guard-bow, quarter size, two views, a, body; b, b, stems; c, c, nuts; d, d, swivel; e, rivet. Fig. 46. Trigger, half size, a, blade; 6, finger-piece; c, hole for screw; c?, screw, full size. Fig. 48. Guard-screws, half size. FIG. 49. FIG. 50. FIG. 51. Fig. 49. Upper band, half size. Fig. 50. Middle band, half size. Fig. 51. lower 6, half size, a, body; 6, 6, creases; T denotes the upper edge; c, swivel-stud (on middle band only); d, swivel. Fig. 52. FIG. 53. FIG. 54 Figs. 62, 53, 54. Upper, middle, and lower band-springs, half size, a, stem; 6, wire; c, shoulder; e, tang.

FIG. 56. [ARM. FIG. 57. Fig. 55. Side-screw washer, full size, a, countersink; b, hole for screw. Fig. 56. Wiper, full size, a, body; b, b, prongs; c, screw-hole for rod. Fig. 57. Ball-screw, full size, a, body; b, tang; c, screw-hole for rod; d, screw to draw the ball. FIG. 58. Fig. 68. Screw-driver, half j j size, two views, a, cone- wrench; b, b, b, blades; c, rivet; d, d, collets for rivet. FIG. 59. FIG. 60. FIG. 61. Fig. 59. Spring-vice, half size, two views. a, bolster; b, slide; c, slide-mortise; d, slide screw; e, thumb-screw. Fig. 60. Upper side of slide. Fig. 61. Tompion, half size, a, head; b, body; c, rivet; d, leather washer; e, slot. Fig. 62. Cone, (spare,) see Fig. 9. FIG. 62.

FIG. 63. RIFLE MUSKET Wiper. Ball-screw. Screw-driver. -Spring-vice. Tompion. Spare cone. Tumbler and "Wire Punch. MATEEIALS OF WHICH THE PAETS AEE MADE. Steel Tumbler; Lock-swivel, Feed-finger; Finger- spring; Cover-catch; Sear; Sear-spring; Mainspring; Band-springs; Ramrod; Rear-sight (except the screw); Screw-driver; Wiper; Ball-screw; Cone; Tumbler, and Wire Punch. Brass. Tip for Stock; head of Tompion. Wood. Stock; Tompion. Iron. Socket of the Bayonet, and all other parts not enumerated.

RULES FOR DISMOUNTING THE RIFLE MUSKET, MODEL OF 1855. 1st. Unfix the bayonet (24). 3d. Put the tompion (60) into the muzzle of the barrel. 3d. Draw the ramrod (11). 4th. Turn out the tang-screw (10). 5th. Take off the lock (25): to do this, first put the hammer at half-cock, then unscrew partially the side-screws (31, a, b), and, with a slight tap on the head of each screw with a wooden instrument, loosen the lock from its bed in the stock; then turn out the side-screws, and remove the lock with the left hand. 6th. Remove the side- screws (31, a, b), taking care not to disturb the washers (55). 7th. Take off the upper band (49). 8th. Take off the middle band (50). 9th. Take off the lower band (51). (Note. The letter U, on bands, is to indicate the upper side in assembling.) 10th. Take out the barrel (7): in doing this, turn the musket horizontally, with the barrel down- ward, holding the barrel loosely with the left hand below the rear sight (12), the right hand grasping the stock by the handle; and if it does not leave the stock, tap the tompion in the muzzle gently against the ground or floor, which will loosen the breech end from the stock. This is preferable to lifting the barrel out by the muzzle, because if the tang of the breech-screw (8) should bind in the wood, the head of the stock (41 c) -would be liable to be split by raising the muzzle first.

The foregoing parts of the rifle musket are all that should usually be taken off or dismounted. The soldier should never dismount the band-springs, guard, side-screw washers, butt-plate, rear-sight, cone, and cone-seat screw, except when an officer considers it necessary. The breech-screw should be taken out only by an armorer, and never in ordinary cleaning. The lock should not be taken apart, nor the bayonet-clasp taken off, except when absolutely necessary in the opinion of an officer. If proper and regular care be taken of the arm, this will be very seldom necessary. The musket being thus taken to pieces, the soldier, under ordinary circumstances, will -

To clean the barrel 1st. Stop the hole in the cone (9, e) with a peg of soft wood; pour a gill of water (warm, if it can be had) into the muzzle; let it stand a short time, to soften the deposit of the powder; put a plug of soft wood into the muzzle, and shake the water up and down the barrel well; pour this out and repeat the washing until the water runs clear; take out the peg from the cone, and stand the barrel, muzzle downwards, to drain, for a few moments. 2d. Screw the wiper (56, c) on to the end of the ramrod (11, e) and put a piece of dry cloth, or tow, round it, sufficient to prevent it from chafing the grooves of the barrel; wipe the barrel quite dry, changing or drying the cloth two or three times. 3d. Put no oil into the vent (9, e), as it will clog the passage, and cause the first primer to miss fire; but, with a slightly oiled rag on the wiper, rub the bore of the barrel, and the face of the breech-screw (8, e), and immediately insert the tompion (61) into the muzzle. 4th. To clean the exterior of the barrel, lay it flat on a bench, or board, to avoid bending it. The practice of supporting the barrel at each end and rubbing it with a strap or buff-stick, or with the ramrod, or any other instrument, to burnish it, is pernicious, and should be strictly forbidden. 5th. After firing, the barrel should always be washed as soon as practicable; when the water comes off clear, wipe the barrel dry, and pass into it a rag moistened with oil. Fine flour of emery-cloth is the best article to clean the exterior of the barrel.

To clean the lock. Wipe every part with a moist rag, and then a dry one; if any part of the interior shows rust, put a drop of oil on the point or end of a piece of soft wood dipped into flour of emery; rub out the rust clean and wipe the surface dry; then rub every part with a slightly oiled rag.

To clean the mountings. For the mountings, and all iron and steel parts, use fine flour of emery moistened with oil, or flour of emery-cloth. For brass, use rotten-stone moistened with vinegar, or water, and avoid oil or grease. Use a hard brush, or a piece of soft pine, cedar, or crocus-cloth. Remove dirt from the screw-holes by screwing a piece of soft wood into them. Wipe clean with a linen rag, and leave the parts slightly oiled. In cleaning the arms, the aim should be to preserve the qualities essential to service, rather than to obtain a bright polish. Burnishing the barrel (or other parts) should be strictly avoided, as it tends to crook the barrel, and also to destroy the uniformity of the exterior finish of the arm.

It is not essential for the musket to be dismounted every time that it is cleaned; for, after firing in fine weather, or when dampness could not get between the barrel and the stock, it can be perfectly cleaned as follows: Put a piece of rag or soft leather on the top of the cone, and let the hammer down upon it; pour a gill of water into the muzzle carefully, so that it cannot run down the outside; put a plug of wood into the muzzle, and shake the gun up and down, changing the water repeatedly until it runs clear. Then withdraw the leather, and stand the musket on the muzzle a few moments; then wipe out the barrel (as told in the second rule for cleaning), and also wipe the exterior of the lock and the outside of the barrel around the cone and cone-seat, first with a damp rag, and then with a dry one, and lastly with a rag that has been slightly oiled. In this way, all dirt from firing may be removed without taking out a screw. If, however, the hammer works stiffly, or grates upon the tumbler, the lock must immediately be taken off, and the parts cleaned and touched with oil.

To re-assemble the musket. The parts of the musket are put together in the inverse order of taking them apart, viz.: 1st. The barrel. Drop the barrel into its place in the stock, and squeeze it down with the hand; give the butt of the stock a gentle tap against the floor to settle the breech end of the barrel against the head of the stock (41, c). 2d. Put on the lower band with the letter U upward, being careful not to mar the stock, or barrel, in sliding it into its place; apply the thumb to the band-spring to see that it plays freely. 3d. Put on the middle, and, 4th. The upper band, in the same manner. 5th. The lock. Half-cock the hammer; take the lock in the right hand, with the main spring and sear toward you, holding the stock with the left hand by the swell, with the butt between the knees. Enter the lock fairly into the lock-bed, taking care to keep the arm of the sear clear of the trigger; press the plate well down into the wood, and then turn 'the musket over, holding the lock and stock together with the left hand. 6th. With the right hand, turn in the side-screws, after having touched their screw-threads with oil. Observe that the point of the rear-screw is flat, and should not project beyond the plate, to interfere with the hammer. The front screw has a round point. 7th. Turn in the tang-screw, after having oiled the screw-thread. Be careful to see that each of these screws are turned firmly home, but not forced. Observe that the lock plays freely, without friction, and that no limb is bound by the wood. 8th. Return the ramrod. 9th. Refix the bayonet, after having oiled the clasp and socket to prevent chafing. 10th. Replace the tompion. Oil the stock well with sperm or linseed oil; let it stand a few hours, and then rub it with a woollen rag until the wood is perfectly dry. Repeat this from time to time, and it will produce a polish which moisture will not affect. Linseed oil is the best for this purpose, and it should be used while the arm is dismounted.

Rules for the more complete dismounting of the rifle-musket, when cleaned by an armorer. 1st. The parts which should be dismounted by an experienced armorer will be given in their regular order following No. 10, viz.: llth. Unscrew the cone, keeping the wrench well down on the square of the cone, to prevent the corners from being injured. 12th. Take out the cone-seat screw (9'). 13th. Take out the upper, middle, and lower band-springs (52, 53, 54), using a wire punch of proper size. 14th. Take out the guard-screws (48). Note. The guard, butt-plate, and side-screw heads have concave slits, for which the screw-driver is adapted: this lessens the danger of the stock being marred by accident or carelessness in letting the screw-driver slip out, while in the act of turning the screw: great care should be used to prevent such injuries. 15th. Take out the guard, and be careful not to injure the wood at each end of the guard- plate (44). 16th. Take out the side-screw washers (55) with a drift- punch. 17th. Take out the butt-plate screws (42) with the largest blade of the screw-driver, and remove the butt-plate (42). 18th. Remove the rear sight (12), by turning out the leaf-spring screw (17), which will release the sight from the barrel. 19th. Turn out the breech-screw (7), by means of a " breech-screw wrench " suited to the tenon (b) of the breech-screw (8). No other wrench should ever be used for this purpose, and the barrel should be held in clamps fitting neatly the breech (7, a).

In re-assembling the parts, the armorer is to observe the inverse order of taking them apart, viz.: 1st. Breech-screw to be screwed into the barrel after being oiled; 2d. Rear-sight to be affixed; 3d. Butt-plate and screws; 4th. Side-screw washers; 5th. Guard; 6th. Guard-screws; 7th. Lower, middle, and upper-band springs; 8th. Cone-seat screw; 9th. Cone. The remaining parts follow as given for the soldier, commencing with the barrel (see page 42).

Order in which the Lock is taken apart. 1st. Cock the piece, and put the spring-vice (59) on the mainspring; give the thumb-screw a turn sufficient to liberate the spring from the swivel (32) and main-spring notch (27, c). Remove the spring; 2d. The sear-spring screw: Before turning this screw entirely out, strike the elbow of the spring with the screw-driver, so as to disengage the pivot from its mortise: then remove the screw and spring; 3d. The sear-screw and sear; 4th. The bridle-screw and bridle; 5th. The tumbler-screw; 6th. The tumbler. This is driven out with a punch inserted in the screw-hole, which at the same time liberates the hammer. 7th. Detach the mainspring swivel from the tumbler with a drift punch. 8th. Take out the feed-finger and spring. The magazine-cover should never be taken off except when absolutely necessary; 9th. The catch-spring and screw. The lock is re-assembled in the inverse order of taking apart, viz.: 1st. The catch-spring; 2d. The feed-finger and spring; 3d. Mainspring swivel; 4th. Tumbler and hammer; 5th. Tumbler-screw; 6th. Bridle and screw; 7th. Scar and screw; 8th. Sear-spring and screw; 9th. Mainspring.

Before replacing the screws, oil them slightly with good sperm-oil, putting a drop on the point of the screw; also on the arbor and pivot of the tumbler; between the movable branches of the springs, and the lock-plate; on the hook and notches of the tumbler. After the lock is put together, avoid turning the screws in so hard as to make the limbs bind: to insure this, try the motion of each limb before and after its spring is mounted, and see that it moves without friction. When a lock has, from any cause, become gummed with oil and dirt, it may be cleaned by being boiled in soapsuds, or in pearlash or soda water, to loosen the thick oil; but heat should never be applied to any part of it in any other way. As rust and dirt are produced by exploding caps or primers, although no charge be fired, the parts of the barrel and cone exposed should be carefully wiped and oiled after such exercise. Besides the precautions in dismounting, remounting, and cleaning, which have been pointed out in the foregoing pages, habitual care in handling arms is necessary to keep them in good and serviceable condition. In ordering arms on parade, let the butt be brought gently to the ground, especially on pavements or hard roads. This will save the mechanism of the lock from shocks, highly injurious to it, from the loosening of screws and splitting the wood-work.

Rifled arms should not have the ramrod sprung in the bore with unnecessary force. It batters the head of the rod and wears injuriously the grooves. The soldier should let the rod slide down gently, supported by the thumb and finger; and the inspecting officer can satisfy himself of the condition of the bottom of the bore by gently tapping with the rod. The face of the breech can be polished, after washing, by means of a cork fixed on the wiper or ball-screw; the polished surface can be seen if the muzzle is turned to the light.

In stacking arms, care should be taken not to injure the bayonets by forcibly straining the edges against each other. The stack can be as well secured without such force being used. No cutting, marking, or scraping, in any way, the wood or iron should be allowed; and no part of the gun should be touched with a file. Take every possible care to prevent water from getting in between the lock, or barrel, and stock. If any should get there, dismount the gun as soon as possible, clean and oil the parts as directed, and see that they are perfectly dry before re-assembling them.

To place a coil of primers in the magazine. Let down the hammer; open the magazine, by pulling back the head of the cover-catch with the thumb-nail of the left hand, while the thumb-nail of the right hand is pushed under the cover at the bottom. Remove the covering paper from the coil of primers; separate any parts that may happen to stick together; unwind about one inch; place the coil in the magazine, and the free end of it in the groove, flat-side towards the cone, and one primer beyond the end of the feed-finger; close the magazine. Should an exploded primer fail to ignite the charge, there must be moisture, or some obstruction, in the vent; or the gun may be improperly loaded. After a night in a damp place, a drop of moisture sometimes collects in the vent, and, unless removed, prevents the first primer, or cap, from igniting the charge. If, by accident, a coil of primers becomes softened by dampness, it can be made good again by a short exposure to a dry warm atmosphere. Should the cocking of the hammer fail to feed out properly the primer, open the magazine and notice, while working the hammer, the cause of the difficulty. It can generally be readily corrected.

RIFLE-MUSKET (1842). This arm differs from the original model in the following particulars: 1st. The bore is grooved. 2d. It has a rear sight similar to that for the new musket, and a front sight of iron attached to the upper strap of the upper band. To prevent the band from moving sideways, a short stud is attached to the under side of the strap, which fits into a groove in the barrel. 3d. The head of the ramrod is reamed out to fit the pointed end of the ball. 4th. The lock is altered to the Maynard principle, differing from the one described for the new rifle-musket of 1855, by its size, the absence of the swivel, and the facts, that the mainspring is fastened by a screw, and the finger spring by a pin. 5th. To adapt the cone seat to this modified lock, a portion of the breech of the barrel is cut off, and a new breech piece with cone seat attached, is screwed on in its place. Breech piece: body, shoulder, screw thread, chamber (conical), tang, tenon, tang screw hole, chamfer, notch for side screw, cone seat, vent, vent screw, vent screw thread, cone thread.

RIFLE-MUSKET (1822). The bayonet of this arm has no clasp, or ramrod spring; in all other respects the nomenclature is the same as that of the rifle-musket (1842).

PERCUSSION-RIFLE (1841). The bore of this arm is reamed up and re-rifled; it also has a rear sight similar to the rifle-musket of 1855, and a stud and guide attached for a sword bayonet.

RIFLE (1855). The exterior size of the barrel is nearly the same as, that of the model of 1841. The barrel has a stud and guide for attaching a sword bayonet. The breech and cone seat are finished like the same parts of the new rifle-musket. Lock: Identical with that of the new rifle-musket. Rear sight: Similar to that of the new rifle-musket. Mountings: Similar to those of the new rifle-musket, with the addition of a catch box, smaller than the one on the rifle of 1841. Ramrod: Similar to the new rifle-musket. Sword bayonet: Blade shoulder, back, edge, bevel, point, curvature, groove, tang riveting, rivet hole, rivet. Hilt: Gripe ridges, back, beak, slot for stud, slot for guide, hole for finger piece, hole for spring screw, hole for rivet (tang), mortice for tang: Finger piece head, notch. Finger piece spring blade, screw hole, boss: Guard long and short branch, knobs, muzzle socket. Scabbard: Black leather, with brass band and tip.

Materials. Steel. Tumbler, lock swivel, feeding finger, cover catch, sear, all the springs, ramrod, blade of sword bayonet, finger piece, rear sight, except screw, cone, screw driver, ball screw and wiper. Brass. Sword bayonet handle, front sight, and all the mountings. Wood. Stock (black walnut). Iron. All the remaining parts.

PISTOL-CARBINE (1855). Barrel: Muzzle, front sight, breech, breech pin threads, fiats, bevels and oval, cone seat, vent, vent screw, bore, grooves, lands. This barrel tapers with a straight line from breech to muzzle. The portion of the flat in rear of the cone seat is parallel to the axis of the bore. Breech screw: Plug, with threads (16 to the inch), tenon, shoulders, tang, tang screw hole, bevel sight mortice. Cone: Same as for musket. Rear sight: Base, ears, joint screw, screw hole, 1st, 2d, and 3 of leaves, 4 sight notches, eye joint, screw holes. Tang screw: Shoulder. Lock: Same as for rifle-musket, 1855, except in size, which is reduced to conform to a magazine capable of holding one-half a strip of primers. Mountings: Band, swivel, and spring, correspond to the middle band, swivel, and spring of the new musket. Guard plate: Butt cup screw hole, tang. Butt strap holes for catch spring and hook, tang, strap, and guard plate screws, shoulders for breech screw tang, and butt cup tang, reinforces for hook, and catch spring. Cup screw head, eye. Swivel ring. The remaining mountings are similar to the corresponding parts of the new rifle-musket. Ramrod: Head (riveted on), cup, foot with a female screw. Ramrod swivel: Two side bars, screw, cross bar, riveted into the side bars. Stock: Butt, handle, curve, facings, reinforce, chase; shoulders for band and tip, grooves for barrel and ramrod; beds for tang and tenon, lock, washers, guard plate, nuts for guard bow and trigger stud, butt plate, band spring, tip, butt cup and strap, butt piece cap, and catch spring, hook nut; mortices for trigger, hook, and catch spring; holes for rod, tip rivet, band spring, side screws, tang screw, cup screw, strap screw, butt plate screws, and cap screws. Butt piece: Plate two wood screws; cap, hollow, upper and lower tang, screw holes, two wood screws, cavity for pistol handle, hook, stem, nut; spring catch, screw, head, blade; finger piece, loop for spring, screw thread, rivet and nut.

Materials. Steel. Cone, tumbler, lock swivel, finger, sear, lock springs, band springs, ramrod, except the head, rear sight except screw, spring catch, screw driver, wiper and ball screw. Brass. Butt plate, butt cup, cup, guard plate and bow, band, and tip. Wood. Stock and butt piece. Iron. Head of ramrod, and remaining parts (Consult ORDNANCE MANUAL; ALLIN'S MANAGEMENT OF RIFLE-MUSKET, &c.; SMALL ARMS, 1856.)


ARMSTRONG'S CREEK, West Virginia, September 11, 1862. (See Kanawha Valley Campaign.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 46.


ARMSTRONG'S FARM, Virginia, May 30, 1864. Troops not Stated. During the operations along the North Anna river in the campaign from the Rapidan to the James, a skirmish occurred on this dare at Armstrong's farm, though no detailed report of the affair appears in the official records of the war.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 46.


ARMSTRONG'S FERRY, Tennessee, January 22, 1864. 9th and 23d Army Corps. On this date as the army was marching upon Knoxville, the 9th corps constituted the rear of the column, immediately preceded by General Manson's division of the 23d. About an hour after noon a body of Confederate cavalry appeared in the rear, but made no demonstration until near the intersection of the Knoxville and Armstrong's Ferry roads. Here the column was halted and General Willcox, commanding the 2nd division of the 9th corps, threw out skirmishers toward the enemy. The Confederate skirmish line was soon encountered and driven back, the Union troops carrying two wooded knolls which had been seized by the enemy on the  Federal right and rear. The corps then went into bivouac for the night. Later in the evening the Confederates made a demonstration on Manson's pickets, but they were again repulsed and their whole force then returned toward Strawberry Plains.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 46-47.


ARMSTRONG, JAMES, naval officer, born in Shelbyville, Kentucky, 17 January, 1794; died 27 August, 1868. He joined the U. S. Navy  as midshipman in 1809, and was assigned to the sloop of war “Frolic,” which was captured by the British 20 April, 1814, her guns having been thrown overboard during the chase in the hope of escaping from a superior enemy. He rose by the regular steps of promotion to be a captain in 1841. He commanded the East India Squadron in 1855, and assisted at the capture of the barrier forts near Canton, China, in 1857. He was in command of the U. S. Navy-yard at Pensacola, Florida, when that state seceded in 1861, and surrendered without resistance when a greatly superior military force demanded possession. In 1866 he was promoted to be commodore. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 91.


ARMSTRONG, JAMES F., naval officer, born in New Jersey, 20 November, 1817; died in New Haven, Connecticut, 19 April, 1873. He was appointed midshipman from Connecticut in 1832. His first service was on the sailing frigate “Delaware” in the Mediterranean, whence he was transferred to the sloop “Boston” in the West India Squadron, in 1837. He became passed midshipman 23 June, 1838, and lieutenant 8 December, 1842, and in this grade was alternately on sea and shore duty until the Civil War, when he was placed in command of the steamer “Sumpter” on the blockading squadron. As commander, dating from 27 April, 1861, he continued on the blockading service, took part in the capture of Fort Macon, 25 April, 1862, and was subsequently commissioned captain 16 July, 1862. His last cruise was in 1864, after which he was on the reserve list until 1871, when he was reinstated and was detailed for shore duty on the Pacific Coast.   Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 91.


ARMSTRONG'S MILL, Virginia, February 5-7, 1865. (See Hatcher's Run.) Armuchee Creek, Georgia, May 15, 1864. 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland. Brigadier-General Garrard, commanding the 2nd division, was ordered to make a reconnaissance toward Rome and if possible cross the Oostanaula river. He detailed Col . Minty, commanding the 1st brigade, to make a demonstration on Rome to cover an attempted crossing of the Oostanaula by the 3d brigade. Minty met the enemy strongly posted at Farmer's bridge, over Armuchee creek, and after a sharp skirmish the 4th Michigan carried the position by a charge, killing 10 and wounding 6 men. The Confederates were driven to within 2 miles of Rome. There Jackson's division of cavalry was in position, supported by a division of infantry. Minty fell back before an artillery fire, and at Farmer's bridge rejoined Garrard, who had failed to make the crossing. Arnoldsburg, West Virginia, May 6, 1862.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARMSTRONG, MOSES K., author and politician, born in Milan, Ohio, 19 September, 1832. He was educated at Huron institute and Western Reserve College, Ohio, went to Minnesota in 1856, was elected surveyor of Mower County, and in 1858 was appointed surveyor of U.S. lands. On the admission of Minnesota as a state he moved to Yankton, then an Indian village on Missouri River; and, on the organization of Dakota in 1861. He was elected to the legislature of the territory, being reelected, in 1861 and 1862, and acting the last year as speaker. He became editor of the "Dakota Union" in 1864. was elected territorial treasurer, appointed clerk of the supreme, court in 1865, elected; to the Territorial Senate in 1866, and in 1867 was chosen its president, publishing the same year his history of Dakota. He acted as secretary of the Peace Commission to the Sioux; was employed from 1866 to 1869 in establishing the great meridian and standard lines for U. S. Surveys in southern Dakota and the northern Red River Valley, detecting the errors of locating the international boundary-line near Pembina since 1823; in 1869 was elected again to the Territorial Senate. In 1872 he was chosen president of the First National Bank of the territory, and he was elected to the 42d and 43d Congresses, as a Democrat. He established the first Democratic newspaper in the territory. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 92.


ARMY. In its widest signification, Army is the military force of the state. It is the active and paid portion of the militia. It is an assemblage of agents and instruments proper and necessary to carry on war abroad, or suppress insurrection and repel invasion at home. The MILITARY ART organizes and combines its elements, and gives force and activity to armies.

In the United States, Congress raises, supports, governs, and regulates armies. RAISING is the prescribed means of organizing and collecting; SUPPORTING is the system of administration; GOVERNMENT consists in the creation of a hierarchy, with rules for rewarding and punishing; and REGULATION embraces the precise determination of methodical rights and duties, including the systems of tactics to be practised. Different armies are designated as follows: Standing or Regular Army; Army in the field; Army of Observation; Army of Invasion; Army of Occupation; Besieging Army; Covering Army; Offensive Army; Defensive Army; Army of the East; Army of Mexico; Army of Reserve, &c. The military art divides Armies into different ARMS; upon the theatre of war, it assembles an army in one or in many camps or cantonments; it links the army to a BASE by means of a LINE OF OPERATIONS; during the course of its movements, the army rests upon fortresses or entrenched camps; marches in combined columns, or columns in mass; for battle, it is distributed into Army Corps, Divisions, Brigades, and Battalions, and upon the day of action it is assembled between an advanced and rearguard, and flanking parties. The advance guard clears away the front, and secures all defiles; the rear-guard watches over the safety of communications, and the flanking parties secure the flanks. The military art ranges an army according to circumstances; it determines the calibre of the ordnance, and the manner of using it. Laws and lawful orders are the basis of the daily duties of troops. Orders of the day direct movements; breaking up camps; maintain discipline; and provide for, and watch over, the distribution of supplies. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 47).


ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES (ORGANIZATION OF THE).

TABLE:

Major-general. Brigadier-generals. Adjutant-general. Assistant Adj. Gen., (Lieut. Col.) Asst. Adj’t. Gen., (Majors bvt.) Assist. Adj’t. Gen., (Captains bvt.) Judge-advocate. Inspector-general. Quartermaster-general. Assist. Quartermasters-general. Dep. Quartermasters-general. Quartermasters. Assistant Quartermasters. Com. General of Subsistence. Asst. Com. Gen. of Subsistence. Commissaries of Sub., (Majors.) Commissaries of Sub., (Captains.) Surgeon-general. Surgeons. Assistant Surgeons. Paymaster-general. Deputy Paymasters-general. Paymasters. 9 C O 3 General Officers 1 B Aids-de-camp to General Officers . Adjutant-general's Department. Judge-advocate's Department. . . . Inspector-general's Department. . 1 1  2 Corps of Topographical Engineers  2 Two Regiments of Cavalry 1 2 - Regiment of Mounted Riflemen. 1 Four Regiments of Artillery 4 Ten Regiments of Infantry 10 Non-commissioned Staff     Grand aggregate

(a) One of the eight Assistant Adjutants-general (captains by brevet), four of the twenty-eight Assistant Quartermasters, and one of the eight Commissaries of Subsistence (captains), belonging also to regiments, and being included in their strength, are, to avoid counting them twice, excluded, as Staff officers, from the columns, “total commissioned,” and “aggregate,” of their respective Departments. The Regimental and Staff commissions, held by these officers, are of unequal grades; and hence they are not affected by the provisions of the 7th section of the act of June 18, 1846. The like remark is applicable to the judge-advocate of the army, who is, at the same time, a Captain in the Ordnance Department.

Lieutenant Colonels. Adjutants. Regimental Quartermasters. First Lieutenants. Second Lieutenants. Brevet Second Lieutenants. Military Storekeepers. Sergeant Majors. Quartermaster Sergeants. Principal or Chief Musicians.  Ordnance Sergeants. Hospital Stewards. Sergeants. 1 |  2  p Musicians. Farriers and Blacksmiths. Artificers. Privates. Enlisted men of Ordnance. 1 1 Total enlisted. Aggregate.

(b) By the act of March 3, 1853, section 9, a Lieutenant of Engineers, Topographical Engineers, and Ordnance, having served “fourteen years' continuous service as Lieutenant,” is entitled to promotion to the rank of Captain; but such promotion is not to increase the whole number of Officers, in either of said corps, beyond the number previously fixed by law.

There Aids-de-camp. being taken from regiments, in the strength of which they are included, are, to avoid counting them twice, excluded, as Staff officers, from the columns, “total commissioned,'' and “aggregate.”

(d) The Adjutants of Artillery and Infantry (14), and all the Regimental Quartermasters (19), being taken from the Subalterns, and accounted for in their several regiments as belonging to Companies, are excluded, as regimental staff officers, from the columns “ total commissioned,” and “aggregate.”

Total enlisted. 

Regiment of Dragoons and Cavalry 

Company of Dragoons and Cavalry 

Regiment of Mounted 1 Riflemen

Company of Mounted | Riflemen

Regiment of Artillery.

Company of Light Artillery

Company of Artillery

Regiment of Infantry.

Company of Infantry.

* The regiment being understood to consist of one Light and eleven Heavy companies.

(e) Under the 4th section of the act of April 29, 1812, “ making further provision for the Corps of Engineers,” one Brevet Second Lieutenant is allowed to every “company.” The number authorized is, consequently, one hundred and ninety-nine. The number, now attached to the Army, is twenty-seven.

(f) By the act of April 5, 1882, section 2d, “providing for the organization of the Ordnance Department,” the number of Ordnance Sergeants cannot exceed “one for each military post.” The number, actually in service, is seventy-three.

(g) By the act of August 16, 1856, section 2d, “providing for a necessary increase and better organization of the Medical and Hospital Department of the Army,” the number of Hospital Stewards cannot exceed “one for each military post.” The number, actually in service, is sixty-eight.

(h) Two companies in the 1st and 2d, and one in each of the other regiments of artillery, being equipped as Light Artillery, are allowed, in consequence, “sixty-four” instead of “forty-two” privates See act “to increase the rank and file of the Army,'' 1S50, per company. See act “to increase the rank and mo of the army,” &c., approved June 17 section 1st.

(i) By the act of June 17, 1850, “ to increase the rank and file of the Army,” &c., section 2d, the President is authorized, whenever the exigencies of the service require it, to increase to seventy-four, the number of privates in any company, “serving at the several military posts on the Western frontier, and at remote and distant stations.” In the table, the minimum, or fixed, organization is given, viz.: fifty privates to a company of Dragoons, sixty-four to a company of Light Artillery and Riflemen, and forty-two to the Artillery and Infantry. If all the companies belonging to “regiments” (19S) were serving at distant stations, the “total enlisted'' would be 17,502, and the “aggregate” 18,587.

The organization by corps limits the number of officers in the army, but not their rank; the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, being authorized by law to confer rank by brevet for gallant and meritorious services (see BREVET). Four Surgeons and four Assistants have been added to the Medical Department, and one Signal Officer created, with the rank of Major, since the preparation of these tables.


The most glaring deficiency in the military legislation of the United States, is the want of a GENERAL LAW, regulating the organization of all troops that Congress may see fit to raise, so that, upon adding to, or diminishing, the public force in any emergency, it will be only necessary to prescribe what number of men are to be added or taken away. This general law should embrace general officers, staff corps, and departments, engineers, and regiments of cavalry, artillery, and infantry; it should establish rules of promotion and appointment; it should regulate the recruiting service; it should provide for the repression of military crimes and disorders; it should not fail to stimulate the appetite for rewards; it should make just rules concerning captures, which would recognize the rights of captors; it should regulate the indemnification for losses; and it should provide for the organization of a suitable board, which would take advantage of all improvements in the military art and suggest, from time to time, such modifications of the general law as might appear just and proper. In respect to Army Organization, there are two acts of Congress of the general character here suggested. One, an act to regulate the medical establishment, approved March 2, 1799; and the second, an act for the better organizing of the troops of the United States, and for other purposes, approved March 3, 1799. Both of these acts were drawn by Alexander Hamilton, as he explained in a letter to the Secretary of War, “ as permanent rules to attach to all provisions of law for the increase or diminution of the public force.” Subsequent legislation has, however, without providing any other permanent rule regulating the organization in respect to general officers, staff corps, and departments, &c., according to the increase or diminution of force, almost entirely superseded the provisions of the remarkable acts here referred to. (See ARTICLES OF WAR.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 48-51).


ARMY REGULATIONS a book so called, published in the name of the President of the United States “for the government of all concerned.” The Constitution provides that “ Congress shall have power to make rules for the government and regulation of the Land and Naval forces.” The only acts of Congress in force, authorizing the President to make regulations, better defining the powers and duties of officers, are contained in the 5th section of the act of March 3, 1813, and the 9th section of the act approved April 26, 1816. The first of these acts is an act for the better organization of the general staff of the army, and the second relates (with the exception of the last section, concerning forage and private servants) to the same subject. By the 5th section of the act of 1813, it is provided, “ That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the War Department, and he is hereby authorized, to prepare general regulations, better defining and prescribing the respective duties and powers of the several officers in the adjutant- general, inspector-general, quartermaster-general, and commissary of ordnance departments, of the topographical engineers, of the aides of generals, and generally of the general and regimental staff; which regulations, when approved by the President of the United States, shall be respected and obeyed, until altered or revoked by the same authority. And the said general regulations, thus prepared and approved, shall be laid before Congress at their next session.”

Remarking here, that the regulations to be prepared and approved refer only to the powers and duties of the officers of the several staff departments, enumerated in the act, it follows that no other regulations made by the President can derive any force whatever from this act. The 9th section of the act of 1816 therefore only continued this then existing power of the President in providing “ That the several officers of the staff shall respectively receive the pay and emoluments, and retain all the privileges, secured to the staff of the Army, by the act of March 3, 1813, and not incompatible with the provisions of this act: and that the regulations in force before the reduction of the Army be recognized, as far as the same shall be found applicable to the service; subject, however, to such alterations as the Secretary of War may adopt, with the approbation of the President.” It would seem, therefore, that whatever may be contained in the President's Army regulations of a legislative character concerning officers of the Army, not belonging to staff departments, must, if valid, be a legitimate deduction from some positive law, or depend for its legality upon the exercise of authority delegated to the Constitutional commander-in-chief or other military commander, in the rules made by Congress for the government of the Army. Congress has delegated to the President, authority to prescribe the uniform of the Army; authority to establish the ration; and besides the authority given by law to other military commanders, he also has been authorized to relieve, in special cases, an inefficient military commander from duty with any command; to assign any senior to duty with mixed corps, so that the command may fall by law on such senior in rank; to limit the discretion of commanding officers in special cases, in regard to what is needful for the service; and hence also he has been given authority to carve out special commands from general commands, in particular cases; (62d Article of War.) These are all-important functions, but they do not authorize special cases to be made general rules, and it is much to be regretted that the lines of separation between regulations and the orders of the commander-in-chief have not been kept distinct. (See COMMAND; CONGRESS; OBEDIENCE; ORDERS. Consult opinions of Attorneys-general, particularly the opinion of Mr. Berrien, July 18, 1839.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 52).


ARNOLD, ISAAC NEWTON, 1815-1884, lawyer, historian, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives 1860-1864, voted for Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery.  Republican.  Introduced anti-slavery bill in Congress.  Served as an officer in the Union Army.  Active in Free Soil movement of 1848. Protested Fugitive Slave Law, October 1850. Outspoken opponent of slavery.  (Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. p. 96; Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936, Vol. 1, Pt. 1, pp. 368-369; Congressional Globe)

ARNOLD, Isaac Newton, lawyer, born in Hartwick, Otsego County, New York, 30 November, 1815; died in Chicago, 24 April, 1884. His father, Dr. George W. Arnold, was a native of Rhode Island, whence he moved to western New York in 1800. After attending the district and select schools, Isaac Arnold was thrown on his own resources at the age of fifteen. For several years he taught school a part of each year, earning enough to study law, and at the age of twenty was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he moved to Chicago, where he spent the rest of his life, and was prominent as a lawyer and in politics. He was elected city clerk of Chicago in 1837, and, beginning in 1843, served several terms in the legislature. The state was then heavily in debt, and Mr. Arnold became the acknowledged champion of those who were opposed to repudiation. In 1844 he was a presidential elector, and in 1860 was elected to Congress as a Republican, serving two terms. At the battle of Bull Run he acted as volunteer aide to Colonel Hunter, and did good service in caring for the wounded. While in Congress he was chairman of the committee on the defences and fortifications of the great lakes and rivers, and afterward chairman of the committee on manufactures, serving also as member of the committee on roads and canals. He voted for the bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia, and in March, 1862, he introduced a bill prohibiting slavery in every place under national control. This bill was passed on 19 June, 1862, after much resistance, and on 15 February, 1864, Mr. Arnold introduced in the House of Representatives a resolution, which was passed, declaring that the constitution of the United States should be so amended as to abolish slavery. His ablest speech in Congress was on the confiscation bill, and was made 2 May, 1862. In 1865 President Johnson appointed him sixth auditor to the U. S. Treasury. Mr. Arnold was an admirable public speaker, and delivered addresses before various literary societies, both at home and abroad. Ha had been intimate with Abraham Lincoln for many years before Mr. Lincoln's election to the presidency, and in 1866 he published a biography of him (new ed., rewritten and enlarged, Chicago, 1885). This was followed in 1879 by a “Life of Benedict Arnold,” which, while acknowledging the enormity of Arnold's treason, vindicates and praises him in other respects. The author claimed no relationship with the subject of his work. His life of Lincoln is valuable for the clearness with which it shows the historical relations of the president to the great events of his administration; and the author's death is said to have been caused, in part, by his persistent labor in completing his last revision of this work. Mr. Arnold was for many years president of the Chicago Historical Society, and Hon. E. B. Washburne delivered an address on his life before the society, 21 October, 1884 (Chicago, 1884). Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. I. pp. 96. 


ARNOLD, LEWIS G., soldier, born in New Jersey in December, 1815; died in South Boston, 22 September, 1871. He was graduated at West Point in 1837. He served as second lieutenant in the Florida War of 1837–38 with the 2d artillery, and as first lieutenant in the same regiment, on the Canada frontier, at Detroit, in 1838-’39. In 1846 he accompanied his regiment to Mexico, and was engaged on the southern line of operations under General Scott, being present at the siege of Vera Cruz, in which he was slightly wounded; in the battles of Cerro Gordo and Amozoque; the capture of San Antonio, and the battle of Churubusco. In the last-named battle he led his company with con- £ gallantry, and in the storming of the téte de pont was severely wounded. He was brevetted captain 20 August, 1847, for gallant conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, and major, 13 September, for gallant conduct at Chapultepec. He served again in Florida in 1856, and commanded a detachment in a conflict with a large force of Seminoles at Big Cypress on 7 April of that year. The breaking out of the war in 1861 found Major Arnold at the Dry Tortugas, whence he was transferred to Fort Pickens on 2 August He remained there until 9 May, 1862, being in command after 25 February On 9 October, 1861, he aided in repelling the attack of the Confederates on Santa Rosa Island, and commanded a detachment sent the next morning to pursue them to the mainland. In the successive bombardments of Fort Pickens, which followed in November, January, and May, Major Arnold, as executive officer of the work, distinguished himself by his energy, judgment, and gallantry. In recognition of the value of his services on these occasions he was brevetted a lieutenant-colonel, to date from 22 November, 1861; appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers, to date from 24 January, 1862; and assigned to the command of the department of Florida, with his headquarters first at Fort Pickens and afterward at Pensacola. On 1 October, 1862, he was placed in command of the forces at New Orleans and Algiers, Louisiana, which command he retained until 10 November, when he was disabled by a stroke of paralysis, from which he never recovered. In February, 1864, all hope of his restoration to active life having been abandoned, General Arnold was retired. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 97.


ARNOLD, RICHARD, soldier, born in Providence, Rhode Island, 12 April, 1828; died on Governor's Island, New York Harbor, 8 November, 1882. He was a son of Governor L. H. Arnold, was graduated at West Point in 1850. He took part in the Northern Pacific Railroad exploration in 1853, and was aide to General Wool in California from 1855 to 1861. At the beginning of the Civil War he was made captain in the 5th Artillery, and served at Bull Run and through the Peninsular Campaign. On 29 June, 1862, he was brevetted major for services at the battle of Savage Station, Virginia, and on 29 November he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. On 8 July, 1863, he was brevetted lieutenant-Colonel in the regular army for services at the siege of Port Hudson. He commanded a cavalry division in General Banks's Red River Expedition in 1864, and later in the same year rendered important services at the reduction of Fort Morgan, Mobile Bay, for which, on 22 August, 1865, he was made brevet major- general of volunteers. For his services through the war he was, on 13 March, 1865, brevetted colonel, brigadier-general, and major-general in the regular army. After the close of the war he commanded various posts, and on 5 December, 1877, was made acting assistant inspector-general of the department of the east. At the time of his death he was major in the 5th Artillery. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 97.


ARNOLD, SAMUEL GREENE, historian, born in Providence, Rhode Island 12 April 1821; died there 13 February, 1880. He was graduated at Brown in 1841, spent two years in a Providence counting-house, and visited Europe. On his return he studied law, being graduated at Harvard Law School in 1845, and was admitted to the Rhode Island bar; but before practising he again travelled extensively in Europe, the east, and South America. In 1852 he was chosen lieutenant-governor of his state,  the only man elected on the Whig ticket, and he again occupied that office in 1861 and 1862. On the breaking out of the Civil War he was for a few weeks in command of a battery of artillery and aide to Governor Sprague. From 1 December, 1862, to 3 March, 1863, he served in the U. S. Senate, having been chosen to fill out the term of J. F. Simmons, resigned. He published a valuable “History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations” (2 vols., New York, '' He was the author of “The Spirit of Rhode Island History,” a discourse delivered on 17 January, 1853, be- fore the Rhode Island historical Society, of which he was for some time the president, an address before the American institute in New York in October, 1850, and numerous other addresses, and articles in Periodicals. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1887, Vol. I, p. 97.


ARNOLDSVILLE, MISSOURI, June 1, 1864. Detachment of Missouri Militia. The militia were surprised by a party of bushwhackers greatly outnumbering them and 3 of them were killed. General Fisk at St. Joseph, commander of the Department of Missouri, who sent a force in pursuit of the marauders, believed the assailants to be a part of Quantrill's original band.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARREARS OF PAY. The troops shall be paid in such manner that the arrears shall, at no time, exceed two months, unless the circumstances of the case shall render it unavoidable; (Act March 16, 1802; Act March 3, 1813.) This provision of law has been strangely executed by never paying troops oftener than once in two months, and not unfrequently neglecting to pay them for a much longer time. Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 52.


ARREST IN ORDER TO TRIAL. Before an officer or soldier, or other person subject to military law, can be brought to trial, he must be charged with some crime or offence against the rules and articles of war, and placed in arrest. The articles of war direct that whenever any officer shall be charged with a crime, he shall be arrested and confined in his barracks, quarters, or tent, and deprived of his sword by the commanding officer. And that “ non-commissioned officers and soldiers, charged with crimes, shall be confined until tried by a court-martial, or released by proper authority; “ (ARTS. 77, 78.) The arrest of an officer is generally executed through a staff-officer; by an adjutant, if ordered by the commanding officer of a regiment; or by an officer of the general staff, if ordered by a superior officer; and sometimes by the officer with whom the arrest originates. On being placed in arrest, an officer resigns his sword. If this form be some- times omitted, the custom is invariably observed, of an officer in arrest not wearing a sword. By the custom of the army, it is usual, except in capital cases, to allow an officer in arrest the limits of the garrison or even greater limits, at the- discretion of the commanding officer, who regulates his conduct by the dictates of propriety and humanity. A non-commissioned officer or soldier is confined in charge of a guard; but, by the custom of the service, the non-commissioned staff and sergeants may be simply arrested. The articles of war declare, “ that no officer or soldier, who shall be put in arrest or imprisonment, shall continue in his confinement more than eight days, or until such time as a court- martial can be conveniently assembled; (ART. 79.) The latter part of this clause evidently allows a latitude, which is capable of being abused; but, as in a free country there is no wrong without a remedy, an action might be brought against the offender in a civil court, (See INJURIES,) if the mode of redress for all officers and soldiers, who conceive them- selves injured by their commanding officer, be not sufficient. (ARTS. 34, 35.)

It is declared by the articles of war, that “ no officer commanding a guard, or provost-marshal, shall refuse to receive or keep any prisoner committed to his charge, by any officer belonging to the forces of the United States; provided, the officer committing shall, at the same time, deliver an account in writing, signed by himself, of the crime with which the said prisoner is charged; “ and it is also declared, that “ no officer commanding a guard, or provost-marshal, shall presume to release any prisoner committed to his charge, without proper authority for so doing, nor shall he suffer any person to escape, on the penalty of being punished for it by the sentence of a court-martial. Every officer or provost-marshal, to whose charge prisoners shall be committed, shall, within twenty-four hours after such commitment, or as soon as he shall be relieved from his guard, make report in writing, to the commanding officer, of their names, their crimes, and the names of the officers who committed them, on the penalty of being punished for disobedience, or neglect, at the discretion of a court-martial; (ARTS. 80, 81, 82.) Thus the liberty of the citizen, under military law, so far as is consistent with the ends of justice, seems to be guarded with precautions little inferior to those which secure personal liberty under the civil laws of the state. The penalty of an officer's breaking his arrest, or leaving his confinement before he is set at liberty by his commanding officer, or by a superior officer, is declared to be cashiering by sentence of a general court-martial; (ART. 77.) A court-martial has no control over the nature of the arrest of a prisoner, except as to his personal freedom in court; the court cannot, even to facilitate his defence, interfere to cause a close arrest to be enlarged. The officer in command is alone responsible for the prisoners under his charge. Individuals placed in arrest, may be released, without being brought before a court-martial; by the authority ordering the arrest, or by superior authority. It is not obligatory on the commander to place an officer in arrest, on application to that effect from an officer under his command. He will exercise a sound discretion on the subject. But in all applications for redress of supposed grievances inflicted by a superior, it will be his duty, in case he shall not deem it proper to order an investigation, to give his reasons in writing, for declining to act; these reasons, if not satisfactory, the complaining party may, should he think fit so to do, forward to the next common superior, together with a copy of his application for redress. An officer has no right to demand a court-martial, either on himself, or on others; the general-in-chief or officer competent to order a court, being the judge of its necessity or propriety. Nor has any officer, who may have been placed in arrest, any right to demand a trial, or to persist in considering himself under arrest, after he shall have been released by proper authority. An officer under arrest will not make a visit of etiquette to the commanding officer, or other superior officer, or call on him, unless sent for; and in case of business, he will make known his object in writing. It is considered indecorous in an officer in arrest to appear at public places. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 53-55).


ARREST BY CIVIL AUTHORITY. By section 21, Act January 11, 1812, no non-commissioned officer, musician, or private, can be arrested on mesne process, or taken or charged in execution for any debt contracted before enlistment under twenty dollars, nor for any debt whatever, contracted after enlistment. (See MESNE PROCESS.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 55.


ARROW, STEAMER, Capture of, May 15, 1863. (See Currituck Canal.) Arrowfield Church, Virginia, May 9, 1864. (See Swift Creek.)  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARROW ROCK, Missouri, July 29, 1862. Arrow Rock, Missouri, October 12, 1862. Enrolled Missouri Militia. Learning that the command of Colonel Wilson was menaced, General Vaughan with 150 of Colonel McNeil's command, scouted near Arrow Rock, where he had an encounter with guerrillas in which 1 of his men was killed and 4 were wounded.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARROW ROCK, MISSOURI, July 20, 1864. 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Lieutenant Woodruff, with a detachment of this regiment, was attacked by about 200 guerrillas. He fought them for three-quarters of an hour, losing 3 men missing and all his horses.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARROW ROCK, Missouri, August 7, 1864. 1st Missouri State Militia Cavalry. A detachment of this regiment under Lieutenant-Colonel Lazear, after scouting about Miami and Marshall, went to Arrow Rock. It was twice engaged by guerrillas, first with a party of 15 then with a party of 20. One of the parties fired quite a number of rounds before scattering, the other fired but twice. Just before the arrival of the cavalry, guerrillas had killed a negro at Arrow Rock. The day before 10 guerrillas had burned the courthouse at Marshall and shot 9 negroes in and near that town. Twenty guerillas encamped on the farm of Marshall Piper on the night of the 7th. Piper gave the Federal authorities no notice of their presence and being a notorious Confederate sympathizer under bond, he was shot by soldiers, probably of Lazear's command.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARROW ROCK ROAD, Missouri, September 23, 1864. 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. On the road the advance guard of a detachment of this regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Crittenden, dispersed 50 of Bill Jackson's guerrillas, killing 1 of them.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARSENAL. A place of deposit for ordnance and ordnance stores. There are also arsenals of construction and repairs. (See ORDNANCE.) Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 55).


ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN, twenty-first president of the United States, born in Fairfield, Franklin County, Vermont, 5 October, 1830; died in New York City, 18 November, 1886. His father was Reverend William Arthur (given below). His mother was Malvina Stone. Her grandfather, Uriah Stone, was a New Hampshire pioneer, who about 1763 migrated from Hampstead to Connecticut River, and made his home in Piermont, where he died in 1810, leaving twelve children. Her father was George Washington Stone. She died 16 January, 1869, and her husband died 27 October, 1875, at Newtonville, New York Their children were three sons and six daughters, all of whom, except one son and one daughter, were alive in 1886.

Chester A. Arthur, the eldest son, prepared for college at Union Village in Greenwich, and at Schenectady, and in 1845 he entered the sophomore class of Union. While in his sophomore year he taught school for a term at Schaghticoke, Rensselaer County, and a second term at the same place during his last year in college. He joined the Psi-Upsilon Society, and was one of six in a class of one hundred who were elected members of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the condition of admission being high scholarship. He was graduated at eighteen years of age, in the class of 1848. While at college he decided to become a lawyer, and after graduation attended for several months a law school at Ballston Spa, returned to Lansingburg, where his father then resided, and continued his legal studies. During this period he fitted boys for college, and in 1851 he was principal of an academy at North Pownal, Bennington County, Vermont In 1854, James A. Garfield, then a student in Williams College, taught penmanship in this academy during his winter vacation.

In 1853, Arthur, having accumulated a small sum of money, decided to go to New York City. He there entered the law office of Erastus D. Culver as a student, was admitted to the bar during the same year, and at once became a member of the firm of Culver, Parker & Arthur. Mr. Culver had been an anti-slavery member of Congress from Washington county when Dr. Arthur was pastor of the Baptist Church in Greenwich in that county. Dr. Arthur had also enjoyed the friendship of Gerrit Smith, who had often been his guest and spoken from his pulpit. Together they had taken part in the meeting convened at Utica, 21 October, 1835, to form a New York anti-slavery Society. This meeting was broken up by a committee of pro-slavery citizens; but the members repaired to Mr. Smith's home in Peterborough, and there completed the organization. On the same day in Boston a women's anti-slavery society, while its president was at prayer, was dispersed by a mob, and William Lloyd Garrison was dragged through the streets with a rope around his body, threatened with tar and feathers, and for his protection lodged in jail by the mayor. From these early associations Arthur naturally formed sentiments of hostility to slavery, and he first gave them public expression in the Lemmon slave case. In 1852 Jonathan Lemmon, a Virginia slave-holder, determined to take eight of the slaves of his wife, Juliet — one man, two women, and five children — to Texas, and brought them by steamer from Norfolk to New York, intending to re-ship them from New York to Texas. On the petition of Louis Napoleon, a free colored man, on 6 November, a writ of habeas corpus was issued by Judge Elijah Paine, of the superior court of New York City, and after arguments by Mr. Culver and John Jay for the slaves, and H. D. Lapaugh and Henry L. Clinton for the slave-holder, Judge Paine, on 13 November, released the slaves on the ground that they had been made free by being brought by their master into a free state. The decision created great excitement at the south, and the legislature of Virginia directed its attorney-general to appeal to the higher courts of New York. The legislature of New York passed a resolution directing its governor to defend the slaves. In December, 1857, the supreme court, in which a certiorari had been sued out, affirmed Judge Paine's decision (People v. Lemmon, 5 Sandf., 681), and it was still further sustained by the court of appeals at the March term, 1860 (Lemmon v. People, 20 New York Rep., 562). Arthur, as a law student, and after his admission to the bar, became an earnest advocate for the slaves. He went to Albany to secure the intervention in their behalf of the legislature and the governor, and he acted as their counsel in addition to attorney-general Ogden Hoffman, E. D. Culver, Joseph Blunt, and (after Mr. Hoffman's death) William M. Evarts. Charles O'Conor was employed as further counsel for the slave-holder, and argued his side before the court of appeals, while Mr. Blunt and Mr. Evarts argued for the slaves. Until 1855 the street-car companies of New York City excluded colored persons from riding with the whites, and made no adequate provision for their separate transportation. One Sunday in that year a colored woman named Lizzie Jennings, a Sabbath-school superintendent, on the way home from her school, was ejected from a car on the Fourth avenue line. Culver, Parker & Arthur brought a suit in her behalf against the company in the supreme court in Brooklyn, the plaintiff recovered a judgment, and the right of colored persons to ride in any of the city cars was thus secured. The Colored People's Legal Rights Association for years celebrated the anniversary of their success in this case. Mr. Arthur became a Henry Clay Whig, and cast his first vote in 1852 for Winfield Scott for president. He participated in the first Republican state Convention at Saratoga, and took an active part in the Fremont Campaign of 1856. On 1 January, 1861, Governor Edwin D. Morgan, who on that date entered upon his second term, and between whom and Mr. Arthur a warm friendship had grown up, appointed him on his staff as engineer-in-chief, with the rank of brigadier-general. He had previously taken part in the organization of the state militia, and had been judge-advocate of the second brigade. When the Civil War began, in April, 1861, his active services were required by Governor Morgan, and he became acting quartermaster-general, and as such began in New York City the work of preparing and forwarding the state's quota of troops. In December he was called to Albany for consultation concerning the defences of New York Harbor. On 24 December he summoned a board of engineers, of which he became a member; and on 18 January, 1862, he submitted an elaborate report on the condition of the national forts both on the sea-coast and on the inland border of the state. On 10 February, 1862, he was appointed inspector-general, with the rank of brigadier-general, and in May he inspected the New York troops at Fredericksburg and on the Chickahominy. In June, 1862, Governor Morgan ordered his return from the Army of the Potomac, and he acted as secretary of the meeting of the governors of the loyal states, which was held at the Astor House, New York City, 28 June. The governors advised President Lincoln to call for more troops; and on 1 July he called for 300,000 volunteers. At Governor Morgan's request, General Arthur resumed his former work, resigned as inspector-general, and 10 July was appointed quartermaster-general. In his annual report, dated 27 January, 1863, he said: “Through the single office and clothing department of this department in the City of New York, from 1 August to 1 December, the space of four months, there were completely clothed, uniformed, and equipped, supplied with camp and garrison equipage, and transported from this state to the seat of war, sixty-eight regiments of infantry, two battalions of cavalry, and four battalions of artillery.” He went out of office 31 December, 1862, when Horatio Seymour succeeded Governor Morgan, and his successor, Quartermaster-General S. V. Talcott, in his report of 31 December, 1863, spoke of the previous administration as follows: “I found, on entering on the discharge of my duties, a well-organized system of labor and accountability, for which the state is chiefly indebted to my predecessor, General Chester A. Arthur, who by his practical good sense and unremitting exertion, at a period when everything was in confusion, reduced the operations of the department to a matured plan, by which large amounts of money were saved to the government, and great economy of time secured in carrying out the details of the same.”

Between 1862 and 1872 General Arthur was engaged in continuous and active law practice — in partnership with Henry G. Gardner from 1862 till 1867, then for five years alone, and on 1 January, 1872, he formed the firm of Arthur, Phelps & Knevals. He was for a short time counsel for the department of assessments and taxes, but resigned the place. During all this period he continued to take an active interest in politics; was chairman in 1868 of the central Grant club of New York; and became chairman of the Executive Committee of the Republican state Committee in 1879.

On 20 November, 1871, he was appointed by President Grant collector of the port of New York, and assumed the office on 1 December; was nominated to the Senate 6 December, confirmed 12 December, and commissioned for four years 16 December On 17 December, 1875, he was nominated for another term, and by the Senate confirmed the same day, without reference to a committee — a courtesy never before extended to an appointee who had not been a senator. He was commissioned 18 December, and retained the office until 11 July, 1878, making his service about six and two thirds years.
The New York Republican state Convention, held at Syracuse, 22 March, 1876, elected delegates to the national convention in favor of the nomination of Senator Conkling for president. The friends of Mr. Conkling in the state convention were led by Alonzo B. Cornell, then naval officer in the New York custom-house. A minority, calling themselves reform Republicans, and favoring Benjamin H. Bristow for president, were led by George William Curtis. At the national convention at Cincinnati, 14 June, sixty-nine of the New York delegates, headed by Mr. Cornell, voted for Mr. Conkling, and one delegate, Mr. Curtis, voted for Mr. Bristow. At the critical seventh ballot, however, Mr. Conkling's name was withdrawn, and from New York sixty-one votes were given for Rutherford B. Hayes, against nine for James G. Blaine; and the former's nomination was thus secured. At the New York Republican state Convention to nominate a governor, held at Saratoga, 23 August, Mr. Cornell and ex-Governor Morgan were candidates, and also William M. Evarts, supported by the reform Republicans led by Mr. Curtis. Mr. Cornell's name was withdrawn, and Governor Morgan was nominated. In the close state and presidential canvass that ensued, Messrs. Arthur and Cornell made greater exertions to carry New York for the Republicans than they had ever made in any other campaign; and subsequently General Arthur's activity in connection with the contested countings in the southern states was of vital importance. Nevertheless, President Hayes, in making up his cabinet, selected Mr. Evarts as his secretary of state, and determined to remove Messrs. Arthur and Cornell, and to transfer the power and patronage of their offices to the use of a minority faction in the Democratic Party. The president had, however, in his inaugural of 5 March, 1877, declared in favor of civil service reform — “a change in the system of appointment itself; a reform that shall be thorough, radical, and complete; that the officer should be secure in his tenure so long as his personal character remained untarnished, and the performance of his duties satisfactory.” In his letter of acceptance of 8 July, 1876, he had used the same words, and added: “If elected, I shall conduct the administration of the government upon these principles, and all constitutional powers vested in the executive will be employed to establish this reform.” It became necessary, therefore, before removing Arthur and Cornell, that some foundation should be laid for a claim that the custom-house was not well administered. A series of investigations was thereupon instituted. The Jay commission was appointed 14 April, 1877, and during the ensuing summer made four reports criticising the management of the custom-house. In September, Secretary Sherman requested the collector to resign, accompanying the request with the offer of a foreign mission. The newspapers of the previous day announced that at a cabinet meeting it had been determined to remove the collector. The latter declined to resign, and the investigations were continued by commissions and special agents. To the reports of the Jay commission Collector Arthur replied in detail, in a letter to Secretary Sherman, dated 23 November On 6 December, Theodore Roosevelt was nominated to the Senate for collector, and L. Bradford Prince for naval officer; but they were rejected 12 December, and no other nominations were made, although the Senate remained in session for more than six months. On 11 July, 1878, after its adjournment, Messrs. Arthur and Cornell were suspended from office, and Edwin A. Merritt was designated as collector, and Silas W. Burt as naval officer, and they took possession of the offices. Their nominations were sent to the Senate 3 December, 1878. On 15 January, 1879, Secretary Sherman communicated to the Senate a full statement of the causes that led to these suspensions, mainly criticisms of the management of the custom-house, closing with the declaration that the restoration of the suspended officers would create discord and contention, be unjust to the president, and personally embarrassing to the secretary, and saying that, as Collector Arthur's term of service would expire 17 December, 1879, his restoration would be temporary, as the president would send in another name, or suspend him again after the adjournment of the Senate. On 21 January, 1879, Collector Arthur, in a letter to Senator Conkling, chairman of the committee on commerce, before which the nominations were pending, made an elaborate reply to Secretary Sherman's criticisms, completely demonstrating the honesty and efficiency with which the custom-house had been managed, and the good faith with which the policy and instructions of the president had been carried out. A fair summary of the merits of the ostensible issue is contained in Collector Arthur's letter of 23 November, 1877, from which the following extract is taken: “The essential elements of a correct civil service I understand to be: first, permanence in office, which of course prevents removals except for cause; second, promotion from the lower to the higher grades, based upon good conduct and efficiency; third, prompt and thorough investigation of all complaints, and prompt punishment of all misconduct. In this respect I challenge comparison with any department of the government under the present, or under any past, national administration. I am prepared to demonstrate the truth of this statement on any fair investigation.” In a table appended to this letter Collector Arthur showed that during the six years he had managed the office the yearly percentage of removals for all causes had been only 2¾ per cent. as against an annual average of 28 per cent. under his three immediate predecessors, and an annual average of about 24 per cent, since 1857, when Collector Schell took office. Out of 923 persons who held office when he became collector, on 1 December, 1871, there were 531 still in office on 1 May, 1877, having been retained during his entire term. In making promotions, the uniform practice was to advance men from the lower to the higher grades, and all the appointments except two, to the one hundred positions of $2,000 salary, or over, were made in this method. The expense of collecting the revenue was also kept low; it had been, under his predecessors, between 1857 and. 1861, 59/100 of one per cent. of the receipts; between 1861 and 1864, 87/100; in 1864 and 1865, 1 30/100; between 1866 and 1869, 74/100; in 1869 and 1870, 85/100; in 1870 and 1871, 60/100; and under him, from 1871 to 1877, it was 62/100 of one per cent. The influence of the administration, however, was sufficient to secure the confirmation of Mr. Merritt and Mr. Burt on 3 February, 1879, and the controversy was remitted to the Republicans of New York for their opinion. Mr. Cornell was nominated for governor of New York 3 September, 1879, and elected on 4 November; and Mr. Arthur was considered a candidate for U. S. Senator for the term to begin 4 March, 1881.

On retiring from the office of collector, General Arthur resumed law practice with the firm of Arthur, Phelps, Knevals & Ransom. But he continued to be active in politics, and, in 1880, advocated the nomination of General Grant to succeed President Hayes. He was a delegate at large to the Chicago Convention, which met 2 June, and during the heated preliminary contest before the Republican National Committee, which threatened to result in the organization of two independent conventions, he conducted for his own side the conferences with the controlling anti-third term delegates relative to the choice of a temporary presiding officer, and the arrangement of the preliminary roll of delegates in the cases to be contested in the convention. The result of the conferences was an agreement by which all danger was avoided, and when, upon the opening of the convention, an attempt was made, in consequence of a misunderstanding on the part of certain Grant delegates, to violate this agreement, he resolutely adhered to it, and insisted upon and secured its observance. After the nomination, 10 June, of General Garfield for president, by a combination of the anti-third term delegates, a general desire arose in the convention to nominate for vice-president some advocate of Grant and a resident of New York state. The New York delegation at once indicated their preference for General Arthur, and before the roll-call began the foregone conclusion was evident: he received 468 votes against 283 for all others, and the nomination was made unanimous. In his letter of acceptance of 5 July, 1880, he emphasized the right and the paramount duty of the nation to protect the colored citizens, who were enfranchised as a result of the southern rebellion, in the full enjoyment of their civil and political rights, including honesty and order, and excluding fraud and force, in popular elections. He also approved such reforms in the public service as would base original appointments to office upon ascertained fitness, fill positions of responsibility by the promotion of worthy and efficient officers, and make the tenure of office stable, while not allowing the acceptance of public office to impair the liberty or diminish the responsibility of the citizen. He also advocated a sound currency, popular education, such changes in tariff and taxation as would “relieve any overburdened industry or class, and enable our manufacturers and artisans to compete successfully with those of other lands,” national works of internal improvement, and the development of our water-courses and harbors wherever required by the general interests of commerce. During the canvass he remained chairman of the New York Republican state Committee. The result was a plurality for Garfield and Arthur of 21,000 in the state, against a plurality of 32,000 in 1876 for Tilden and Hendricks, the Democratic candidates against Hayes and Wheeler.

Vice-President Arthur took the oath of office 4 March, 1881, and presided over the extra session of the Senate that then began, which continued until 20 May. The Senate contained 37 Republicans and 37 Democrats, while Senators Mahone, of Virginia, and Davis, of Illinois, who were rated as independents, generally voted, the former with the Republicans and the latter with the Democrats, thus making a tie, and giving the vice-president the right to cast the controlling vote, which he several times had occasion to exercise. The session was exciting, and was prolonged by the efforts of the Republicans to elect their nominees for secretary and sergeant-at-arms, against dilatory tactics employed by the Democrats, and by the controversy over President Garfield's nomination, on 23 March, for collector of the port of New York, of William H. Robertson, who had been the leader of the New York anti-third term delegates at the Chicago Convention. During this controversy the vice-president supported Senators Conkling and Platt in their opposition to the confirmation. On 28 March he headed a remonstrance, signed also by the senators and by Postmaster-General James, addressed to the president, condemning the appointment, and asking that the nomination be withdrawn. When the two senators hastily resigned and made their unsuccessful contest for a reelection by the legislature of New York, then in session at Albany, he exerted himself actively in their behalf during May and June.

President Garfield was shot 2 July, 1881, and died 19 September His cabinet announced his death to the vice-president, then in New York, and, at their suggestion, he took the oath as president on the 20th, at his residence, 123 Lexington avenue, before Judge John R. Brady, of the New York supreme court. On the 22d the oath was formally administered again in the vice-president's room in the capitol at Washington by Chief-Justice Waite, and President Arthur delivered the following inaugural address:

“For the fourth time in the history of the republic its chief magistrate has been removed by death. All hearts are filled with grief and horror at the hideous crime which has darkened our land; and the memory of the murdered president, his protracted sufferings, his unyielding fortitude, the example and achievements of his life, and the pathos of his death, will forever illumine the pages of our history. For the fourth time the officer elected by the people and ordained by the constitution to fill a vacancy so created is called to assume the executive chair. The wisdom of our fathers, foreseeing even the most dire possibilities, made sure that the government should never be imperilled because of the uncertainty of human life. Men may die, but the fabrics of our free institutions remain unshaken. No higher or more assuring proof could exist of the strength and permanence of popular government than the fact that, though the chosen of the people be struck down, his constitutional successor is peacefully installed without shock or strain, except the sorrow which mourns the bereavement. All the noble aspirations of my lamented predecessor which found expression in his life, the measures devised and suggested during his brief administration to correct abuses and enforce economy, to advance prosperity and promote the general welfare, to insure domestic security and maintain friendly and honorable relations with the nations of the earth, will be garnered in the hearts of the people, and it will be my earnest endeavor to profit and to see that the nation shall profit by his example and experience. Prosperity blesses our country, our fiscal policy is fixed by law, is well grounded and generally approved. No threatening issue mars our foreign intercourse, and the wisdom, integrity, and thrift of our people may be trusted to continue undisturbed the present assured career of peace, tranquillity, and welfare. The gloom and anxiety which have enshrouded the country must make repose especially welcome now. No demand for speedy legislation has been heard; no adequate occasion is apparent for an unusual session of Congress. The constitution defines the functions and powers of the executive as clearly as those of either of the other two departments of the government, and he must answer for the just exercise of the discretion it permits and the performance of the duties it imposes. Summoned to these high duties and responsibilities, and profoundly conscious of their magnitude and gravity, I assume the trust imposed by the constitution, relying for aid on Divine guidance and the virtue, patriotism, and intelligence of the American people.”

He also on the same day appointed Monday, 26 September, as a day of mourning for the late president. On 23 September he issued a proclamation convening the Senate in extraordinary session, to meet 10 October, in order that a president pro tem. of that body might be elected. The members of the cabinet were requested to retain their places until the regular meeting of Congress in December, and did remain until their successors were appointed, except Secretary Windom, who, desiring to become a candidate for senator from Minnesota, resigned from the treasury 24 October Edwin D. Morgan was nominated and confirmed secretary of the treasury, but declined the appointment; and Charles J. Folger, of New York, was then nominated and confirmed, was commissioned 27 October, and qualified 14 November He died in office, 4 September, 1884. The other members of the cabinet of President Arthur, and the dates of their commissions, were as follows: State Department, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, 12 December, 1881; treasury, Walter Q. Gresham, of Indiana, 24 September, 1884; Hugh McCulloch, of Maryland, 28 October, 1884; war, Robert T. Lincoln, of Illinois, 5 March, 1881 (retained from Garfield's cabinet); U.S. Navy, William E. Chandler, of New Hampshire, 12 April, 1882; interior, Henry M. Teller, of Colorado, 6 April, 1882; attorney-general, Benjamin H. Brewster, of Pennsylvania, 19 December, 1881; postmaster-general, Timothy O. Howe, of Wisconsin, 20 December, 1881 (died in office, 25 March, 1883); Walter Q. Gresham, 3 April, 1883; Frank Hatton, of Iowa, 14 October, 1884. Messrs. Frelinghuysen, McCulloch, Lincoln, Chandler, Teller, Brewster, and Platton remained in office until the end of the presidential term, 4 March, 1885.

The prominent events of President Arthur's administration, including his most important recommendations to Congress, may be here summarized: Shortly after his accession to the presidency he participated in the dedication of the monument erected at Yorktown, Virginia, to commemorate the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at that place, 19 October, 1781. Representatives of our French allies and of the German participants were present. At the close of the celebration the president felicitously directed a salute to be fired in honor of the British flag, “in recognition of the friendly relations so long and so happily subsisting between Great Britain and the United States, in the trust and confidence of peace and good-will between the two countries for all the centuries to come, and especially as a mark of the profound respect entertained by the American people for the illustrious sovereign and gracious lady who sits upon the British throne.” On 29 November, 1881, an invitation was extended to all the independent countries of North and South America to participate in a Peace Congress, to be convened at Washington 22 November, 1882. The president, in a special message, 18 April, 1882, asked the opinion of Congress as to the expediency of the project. No response being elicited, he concluded, 9 August, 1882, to postpone indefinitely the proposed convocation, believing that so important a step should not be taken without the express authority of Congress; or while three of the nations to be invited were at war; or still, again, until a programme should have been prepared explicitly indicating the objects and limiting the powers of the Congress. Efforts were made, however, to strengthen the relations of the United States with the other American nationalities. Representations were made by the administration with a view to bringing to a close the devastating war between Chili and the allied states of Peru and Bolivia. Its friendly counsel was offered in aid of the settlement of the disputed boundary-line between Mexico and Guatemala, and was probably influential in averting a war between those countries. On 29 July, 1882, a convention was made with Mexico for relocating the boundary between that country and the United States from the Rio Grande to the Pacific, and on the same day an agreement was also effected permitting the armed forces of either country to cross the frontier in pursuit of hostile Indians. A series of reciprocal commercial treaties with the countries of America to foster an unhampered movement of trade was recommended. Such a treaty was made with Mexico, 20 January, 1883, General U. S. Grant and Mr. Wm. H. Trescott being the U. S. commissioners, and was ratified by the Senate 11 March, 1884. Similar treaties were made with Santo Domingo 4 December, 1884; and 18 November, 1884, with Spain, relative to the trade of Cuba and Porto Rico, both of which, before action by the Senate, were withdrawn by President Cleveland, who, in his message of 8 December, 1885, pronounced them inexpedient. In connection with commercial treaties President Arthur advised the establishment of a monetary union of the American countries to secure the adoption of a uniform currency basis, and as a step toward the general remonetization of silver. Provision for increased and improved consular representation in the Central American states was urged, and the recommendation was accepted and acted upon by Congress. A Central and South American commission was appointed, under the Act of Congress of 7 July, 1884, and proceeded on its mission, guided by instructions containing a statement of the general policy of the government for enlarging its commercial intercourse with American states. Reports from the commission were submitted to Congress in a message of 13 February, 1885. Negotiations were conducted with the republic of Colombia for the purpose of renewing and strengthening the obligations of the United States as the sole guarantor of the integrity of Colombian territory, and of the neutrality of any interoceanic canal to be constructed across the isthmus of Panama. By correspondence upon this subject, carried on with the British government, it was shown that the provisions of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty of 19 April, 1850, cannot be urged, and do not continue in force in justification of interference by any European power, with the right of the United States to exercise exclusive control over any route of isthmus transit, in accordance with the spirit and purpose of the so-called “Monroe doctrine.” As the best and most practicable means of securing a canal, and at the same time protecting the paramount interests of the United States, a treaty was made with the republic of Nicaragua, 1 December, 1884, which authorized the United States to construct a canal, railway, and telegraph line across Nicaraguan Territory by way of San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua. This treaty was rejected by the Senate, but a motion was made to reconsider the vote. Before final action had been taken it was withdrawn, 12 March, 1885, by President Cleveland, who withheld it from re-submission to the Senate, and in his message of 8 December, 1885, expressed his unwillingness to assert for the United States any claim of paramount privilege of ownership or control of any canal across the isthmus. Satisfaction was obtained from Spain of the old claim on account of the “Masonic,” an American vessel, which had been seized at Manila unjustly, and under circumstances of peculiar severity. Prom the same government was also secured a recognition of the conclusiveness of the judgments of the U. S. courts naturalizing citizens of Spanish nativity. From the British government a full recognition of the rights and immunities of naturalized American citizens of Irish origin was obtained, and all such that were under arrest in England or Ireland, as suspects, were liberated. Notice was given to England, under the joint resolution of Congress of 3 March, 1883, of the termination of the fishery clauses of the treaty of Washington. A complete scheme for re-organizing the extra-territorial jurisdiction of American consuls in China and Japan, and another for re-organizing the whole consular service, were submitted to Congress. The former recommendation was adopted by the Senate. The balance of the Japanese indemnity fund was returned to Japan by Act of 22 February, 1883, and the balance of the Chinese fund to China by Act of 3 March, 1885. A bill that was passed by Congress prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers for a term of twenty years was vetoed, 4 April, 1882, as being a violation of the treaty of 1880 with China, which permitted the limitation or suspension of immigration, but forbade its absolute prohibition. The veto was sustained and a modified bill, suspending immigration for ten years, was passed 6 May, 1882, which received executive approval, and also an amendatory Act of 5 July, 1884. Outstanding claims with China were settled, and additional regulations of the opium traffic established. Friendly and commercial intercourse with Corea was opened under the most favorable auspices, in pursuance of the treaty negotiated on 22 May, 1882, through the agency of Commodore R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. N. The friendly offices of the United States were extended to Liberia in aid of a settlement, favorable to that republic, of the dispute concerning its boundary-line, with the British possession of Sierra Leone. The flag of the international association of the Congo was, on 22 April, 1884, recognized first by the United States. A commercial agent was appointed to visit the Congo basin, and the government was represented at an international conference at Berlin, called by the emperor of Germany, for the promotion of trade and the establishment of commercial rights in the Congo region. The renewal of the reciprocity treaty with Hawaii was advised. Remonstrances were addressed to Russia against any prescriptive treatment of the Hebrew race in that country. The international prime meridian of Greenwich was established as the result of a conference of nations, initiated by the U. S. government, and held at Washington. 1 October to 1 November, 1884. In response to the appeal of Cardinal John McCloskey, of New York, the Italian government, on 4 March, 1884, was urged to exempt from the sale of the property of the propaganda the American College in Rome, established mainly by contributions from the United States, and in consequence of this interposition the college was saved from sale and virtual confiscation. On 3 August, 1882, a law was passed for returning convicts to Europe, and on 26 February, 1885, importation of contract-laborers was forbidden.

The suspension of the coinage of standard silver dollars, and the redemption of the trade dollars, were repeatedly recommended. The repeal of the stamp taxes on matches, proprietary articles, playing-cards, bank checks and drafts, and of the tax on surplus bank capital and deposits, was recommended. These taxes were repealed by Act of Congress of 3 March, 1883; and by executive order of 25 June, 1883, the number of internal revenue collection districts was reduced from 126 to 83, The tax on tobacco was reduced by the same Act of Congress; and in his last annual message, of 5 December, 1884, the president advised the repeal of all internal revenue taxes except those on distilled spirits and fermented liquors. Congress was advised to undertake the revision of the tariff, but “without the abandonment of the policy of so discriminating in the adjustment of details as to afford aid and protection to American labor.” The course advised was the organization of a tariff commission, which was authorized by Act of Congress of 15 May, 1882. The report of the commission submitted to Congress 4 December was made the basis of the tariff revision Act of 3 March, 1883. On 12 July, 1882, an act became a law enabling the national banks, which were then completing their twenty-year terms, to extend their corporate existence. Overdue five per cent. bonds to the amount of $469,651,050, and six per cent. bonds to the amount of $203,573,750, were continued (except about $56,000,000 which were paid) at the rate of 3½ per cent, interest. The interest-bearing public debt was reduced $478,785,950, and the annual interest charge $29,831,880 during the presidential term. On 1 July, 1882, “An act to regulate the carriage of passengers by sea” was vetoed because not correctly or accurately phrased, although the object was admitted to be meritorious and philanthropic. A modified bill passed Congress, and was approved 2 August The attention of Congress was frequently called to the decline of the American merchant marine, and legislation was recommended for its restoration, and the construction and maintenance of ocean steamships under the U. S. flag. In compliance with these recommendations, the following laws were enacted: 26 June, 1884, an act to remove certain burdens from American shipping; 5 July, 1884, an act creating a bureau of navigation, under charge of a commissioner, in the treasury Department; and 3 March, 1885, an amendment to the postal appropriation bill appropriating $800,000 for contracting with American steamship lines for the transportation of foreign mails. Reasonable national regulation of the railways of the country was favored, and the opinion was expressed that Congress should protect the people at large in their inter-state traffic against acts of injustice that the state governments might be powerless to prevent.

The attention of Congress was often called to the necessity of modern provisions for coast defence. By special message of 11 April, 1884, an annual appropriation of $1,500,000 for the armament of fortifications was recommended. In the last annual message an expenditure of $60,000,000, one tenth to be appropriated annually, was recommended. In consequence, the fortifications board was created by Act of 3 March, 1885, which made an elaborate report to the 49th Congress, recommending a complete system of coast defence at an ultimate cost estimated at $126,377,800. The gun-foundry board, consisting of army and navy officers, appointed under the Act of 3 March, 1883, visited Europe and made full reports, advising large contracts for terms of years with American manufacturers to produce the steel necessary for heavy cannon, and recommending the establishment of one army and one navy gun factory for the fabrication of modern ordnance. This plan was commended to Congress in a special message 26 March, 1884, and in the above-mentioned message of 11 April; also in the annual message of that year. In the annual message of 1881 the improvement of Mississippi River was recommended. On 17 April, 1882, by special message, Congress was urged to provide for “closing existing gaps in levees,” and to adopt a system for the permanent improvement of the navigation of the river and for the security of the valley. Special messages on this subject were also sent 8 January and 2 April, 1884. Appropriations were made of $8,500,000 for permanent work; and in 1882 of $350,000, and in 1884 of over $150,000, for the relief of the sufferers from floods, the amount in the latter year being the balance left from $500,000 appropriated on account of the floods in the Ohio. These relief appropriations were expended under the personal supervision of the Secretary of War. On 1 August, 1882, the president vetoed a river-and-harbor bill making appropriations of $18,743,875, on the ground that the amount greatly exceeded “the needs of the country” for the then current fiscal year, and because it contained “appropriations for purposes not for the common defence or general welfare,” which did not “promote commerce among the states, but were, on the contrary, entirely for the benefit of the particular localities” where it was “proposed to make the improvements.” The bill, on 2 August, passed Congress over the veto by 122 yeas to 59 nays in the house, and 41 yeas to 16 nays in the Senate. In connection with this subject it was suggested to Congress, in the annual messages of 1882, 1883, and 1884, that it would be wise to adopt a constitutional amendment allowing the president to veto in part only any bill appropriating moneys. A special message of 8 January, 1884, commended to Congress, as a matter of great public interest, the cession to the United States of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in order to secure the construction of the Hennepin Canal to connect Lake Michigan by way of Illinois River with the Mississippi. Unlawful intrusions of armed settlers into the Indian territory for the purpose of locating upon lands set apart for the Indians were prevented, or the intruders were expelled by the army. On 2 July, 1884, the president vetoed the bill to restore to the army and place on the retired list Major-General Fitz-John Porter, who, on the sentence of a court-martial, approved by President Lincoln 27 January, 1863, had been dismissed for disobedience of orders to march to attack the enemy in his front during the second battle of Bull Run. The reasons assigned for the veto were, (1) that the Congress had no right “to impose upon the president the duty of nominating or appointing to office any particular individual of its own selection,” and (2) that the bill was in effect an annulment of a final judgment of a court of last resort, after the lapse of many years, and on insufficient evidence. The veto was overruled in the house by 168 yeas to 78 nays, but was sustained in the Senate by 27 to 27.

A new naval policy was adopted prescribing a reduction in the number of officers, the elimination of drunkards, great strictness and impartiality in discipline, the discontinuance of extensive repairs of old wooden ships, the diminution of navy-yard expenses, and the beginning of the construction of a new navy of modern steel ships and guns according to the plans of a skilful naval advisory board. The first of such vessels, the cruisers “Chicago,” “Boston,” and “Atlanta,” and a steel despatch-boat, “Dolphin,” with their armaments, were designed in this country and built in American workshops. The gun foundry board referred to above was originated, and its reports were printed with that of the department for 1884. A special message of 26 March, 1884, urged continued progress in the reconstruction of the navy, the granting of authority for at least three additional steel cruisers and four gun-boats, and the finishing of the four double-turreted monitors. Two cruisers and two gun-boats were authorized by the Act of 3 March, 1885. An Arctic expedition, consisting of the steam whalers “Thetis” and “Bear,” together with the ship “Alert,” given by the British admiralty, was fitted out and despatched under the command of Commander Winfield Scott Schley for the relief of Lieutenant A. W. Greely, of the U. S. Army, who with his party had been engaged since 1881 in scientific exploration at Lady Franklin Bay, in Grinnell Land; and that officer and the few other survivors were rescued at Cape Sabine 22 June, 1884. On recommendation of the president, an Act of Congress was passed directing the return of the “Alert” to the English government.

The reduction of letter postage from three to two cents a half ounce was recommended, and was effected by the Act of 3 March, 1883; the unit of weight was on 3 March, 1885, made one ounce, instead of a half ounce; the rate on transient newspapers and periodicals was reduced, 9 June, 1884, to one cent for four ounces, and the rate on similar matter, when sent by the publisher or from a news agency to actual subscribers or to other news agents, including sample copies, was on 3 March, 1885, reduced to one cent a pound. The fast-mail and free-delivery systems were largely extended; and also, on 3 March, 1883, the money-order system. Special letter deliveries were established 3 March, 1885. The star service at the west was increased at reduced cost. The foreign mail service was improved, the appropriation of $800,000, already alluded to, was made, and various postal conventions were negotiated.

Recommendations were made for the revision of the laws fixing the fees of jurors and witnesses, and for prescribing by salaries the compensation of district attorneys and marshals. The prosecution of persons charged with frauds in connection with the star-route mail service was pressed with vigor (the attorney-general appearing in person at the principal trial), and resulted in completely breaking up the vicious and corrupt practices that had previously nourished in connection with that service. Two vacancies on the bench of the supreme court were filled — one on the death of Nathan Clifford, of Maine, by Horace Gray, of Massachusetts, commissioned on 20 December, 1881. For the vacancy occasioned by the retirement of Ward Hunt, of New York, Roscoe Conkling was nominated 24 February, 1882, and he was confirmed by the Senate; but on 3 March he declined the office, and Samuel Blatchford, of New York, was appointed and commissioned 23 March, 1882.

Measures were recommended for breaking up tribal relations of the Indians by allotting to them land in severalty, and by extending to them the laws applicable to other citizens; and liberal appropriations for the education of Indian children were advised. Peace with all the tribes was preserved during the whole term of the administration. Stringent legislation against polygamy in Utah was recommended, and under the law enacted 22 March, 1882, many polygamists were indicted, convicted, and punished. The Utah commission, to aid in the better government of the territory, was appointed under the same act. The final recommendation of the president in his messages of 1883 and 1884 was, that Congress should assume the entire political control ot the territory, and govern it through commissioners. Legislation was urged for the preservation of the valuable forests remaining upon the public domain. National aid to education was repeatedly urged, preferably through setting apart the proceeds of the sales of public lands.

A law for the adjudication of the French spoliation claims was passed 20 January, 1885, and preparation was made for carrying it into effect. Congress was urged in every annual message to pass laws establishing safe and certain methods of ascertaining the result of a presidential election, and fully providing for all cases of removal, death, resignation, or inability of the president, or any officer acting as such. In view of certain decisions of the supreme court, additional legislation was urged in the annual message of 1883 to supplement and enforce the 14th amendment to the constitution in its special purpose to insure to members of the colored race the full enjoyment of civil and political rights. The subject of reform in the methods of the public service, which had been discussed by the president in his letter of 23 November, 1877, while collector, to Secretary Sherman, and in his letter of 15 July, 1880, accepting the nomination for vice-president, was fully treated in all his annual messages, and in special messages of 29 February, 1884, and 11 February, 1885. The “act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States” was passed 16 January, 1883, and under it a series of rules was established by the president, and the law and rules at all times received his unqualified support, and that of the heads of the several departments. The final distribution of the moneys derived from the Geneva award among meritorious sufferers on account of the rebel cruisers fitted out or harbored in British ports was provided for by the Act of 5 June, 1882. In the annual message of 1884 a suitable pension to General Grant was recommended, and, upon his announcement that he would not accept a pension, a special message of 3 February, 1885, urged the passage of a bill creating the office of general of the army on the retired list, to enable the president in his discretion to appoint General Grant. Such a bill was passed 3 March, 1885, and the president on that day made the nomination, and it was confirmed in open session amid demonstrations of approval, in a crowded Senate-chamber, a few minutes before the expiration of the session.

The president attended, as the guest of the city of Boston, the celebration of the Webster Historical Society at Marshfield, Massachusetts, and made brief addresses in Faneuil Hall, 11 October, 1882, and at Marshfield, 13 October He commended the Southern Exposition at Louisville, Kentucky, by a letter of 9 June, 1883, attended its opening, and delivered an address on 2 August He aided in many ways the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans; and on 16 December, 1884, in an address sent by telegraph from the executive mansion in Washington, he opened the exposition, and set in motion the machinery by the electric current. On 25 September, 1883, he was present at the unveiling of the Burnside monument at Bristol, Rhode Island On 26 November, 1883, he attended the unveiling of the statue of Washington on the steps of the sub-treasury building in New York City; and 21 February, 1885, he made an address at the dedication, at the national capital, of the Washington monument, which had been completed during his term.

President Arthur's name was presented to the Republican presidential Convention that met at Chicago 3 June, 1884, by delegates from New York, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Louisiana. On the first ballot he received 278 votes against 540 for all others, 276 on the second, 274 on the third, and 207 on the fourth, which resulted in the nomination of James G. Blaine. He at once telegraphed to Mr. Blaine, “As the candidate of the Democratic Party you will have my earnest and cordial support,” and in the canvass which ensued he rendered all possible assistance to the Republican cause and candidates. The national convention, in its resolutions, declared that “in the administration of President Arthur we recognize a wise, conservative, and patriotic policy, under which the country has been blessed with remarkable prosperity, and we believe his eminent services are entitled to and will receive the hearty approval of every citizen.” The conventions in all the states had also unanimously passed resolutions commendatory of the administration.

Mr. Arthur married, 29 October, 1859, Ellen Lewis Herndon, of Fredericksburg, Virginia, who died 12 January, 1880, leaving two children, Chester Alan Arthur, born 25 July, 1865, and Ellen Herndon Arthur, born 21 November, 1871. Their first child, William L. H. Arthur, was born 10 December, 1860, and died 8 July, 1863. Mrs. Arthur was the daughter of Commander William Lewis Herndon, of the U. S. Navy, who, in 1851-'2, explored the Amazon River under orders of the government. He perished in a gale at sea, 12 September, 1857, on the way from Havana to New York, while in command of the merchant-steamer, “Central America.” (See Herndon.)

In person, Mr. Arthur was tall, large, well-proportioned, and of distinguished presence. His manners were always affable. He was genial in domestic and social life, and warmly beloved by his personal friends. He conducted his official intercourse with unvarying courtesy, and dispensed the liberal hospitalities of the executive mansion with ease and dignity, and in such a way as to meet universal commendation from citizens and foreigners alike. He had a full and strong mind, literary taste and culture, a retentive memory, and was apt in illustration by analogy and anecdote. He reasoned coolly and logically, and was never one-sided. The style of his state papers is simple and direct. He was eminently conscientious, wise, and just in purpose and act as a public official; had always the courage to follow his deliberate convictions, and remained unmoved by importunity or attack. He succeeded to the presidency under peculiarly distressing circumstances. The factional feeling in the Republican Party, which the year before had resulted in the nomination of General Garfield for president as the representative of one faction, and of himself for vice-president as the representative of the other, had measurably subsided during the canvass and the following winter, only to break out anew immediately after the inauguration of the new administration, and a fierce controversy was raging when the assassination of President Garfield convulsed the nation and created the gravest apprehensions. Cruel misjudgments were formed and expressed by men who would now hesitate to admit them. The long weeks of alternating hope and fear that preceded the president's death left the public mind perturbed and restless. Doubt and uneasiness were everywhere apparent. The delicacy and discretion displayed by the vice-president had compelled approval, but had not served wholly to disarm prejudice, and when he took the murdered president's place the whole people were in a state of tense and anxious expectancy, of which, doubtless, he was most painfully conscious. All fears, however, were speedily and happily dispelled. The new president's inaugural was explicit, judicious, and reassuring, and his purpose not to administer his high office in the spirit of former faction, although by it he lost some friendships, did much toward healing the dissensions within the dominant party. His conservative administration of the government commanded universal confidence, preserved public order, and promoted business activity. If his conduct of affairs be criticised as lacking aggressiveness, it may confidently be replied that aggressiveness would have been unfortunate, if not disastrous. Rarely has there been a time when an indiscreet president could have wrought more mischief. It was not a time for showy exploits or brilliant experimentation. Above all else, the people needed rest from the strain and excitement into which the assassination of their president had plunged them. The course chosen by President Arthur was the wisest and most desirable that was possible. If apparently negative in itself, it was positive, far-reaching, and most salutary in its results. The service which at this crisis in public affairs he thus rendered to the country must be accounted the greatest of his personal achievements, and the most important result of his administration. As such, it should be placed in its true light before the reader of the future; and in this spirit, for the purpose of historical accuracy only, it is here given the prominence it deserves. His administration, considered as a whole, was responsive to every national demand, and stands in all its departments substantially without assault or criticism.

He died suddenly, of apoplexy, at his residence, No. 123 Lexington avenue. New York, Thursday morning, 18 November, 1886. The funeral services were held on the following Monday, at the Church of the Heavenly Rest. President Cleveland and his cabinet, Chief-Justice Waite, ex-President Hayes, James G. Blaine, Gens. Sherman, Sheridan, and Schofield, and the surviving members of President Arthur's cabinet, were in attendance. On the same day a special train conveyed his remains to Albany, where they were placed by the side of his wife in the family burial-place in Rural cemetery. [Appleton’s 1900]   


ARTHUR'S SWAMP, VIRGINIA, August 29-30, 1864. 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, p. 47.


ARTHUR'S SWAMP, VIRGINIA, September 30-October 1, 1864. 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. On September 29, the division, except the 16th Pennsylvania, which remained on picket duty, marched to the Yellow Tavern on the Weldon railroad, under command of General Gregg. It proceeded up the Wyatt road and across Arthur's swamp to the Davis house on the Vaughan road, but the ist brigade halted at the junction of the Halifax and Wyatt roads. At Arthur's swamp the 2nd brigade met the enemy's pickets and captured several of them. A strong reconnaissance toward Armstrong's mill, on Hatcher's run, drove the Confederate pickets, but as the enemy's numbers seemed to augment pursuit was not maintained. The Confederates followed the brigade in the afternoon as far as Arthur's swamp, employing artillery and blowing up a limber chest of one of its guns, killing i and seriously wounding 2 men. Skirmishing continued until nightfall, but the Federals held their position.  The Union Army, 1908, Vol. 5, pp. 47-48.


ARTICLES OF WAR. There can be no doubt that the prerogative to command and regulate the whole military force of the kingdom, whether consisting of the feudal tenants, or of the militia, or of paid troops, resided in the Crown of England. Nevertheless the power of the sovereign was restricted by a provision, that he should exercise his military jurisdiction only “ according to the laws and usages of the realm.” In the reign of Edward VI., however, parliament asserted authority over military matters by passing an act for the government of the army; various offences, as losing, selling, or fraudulently exchanging horses or armor; desertion; detaining the pay of soldiers; and taking rewards for granting them discharges, were put under the jurisdiction of the civil magistrate. It was also provided that the act should be read once a month by every field officer to the soldiers under his command, and once a quarter by the governor or captain of every garrison or fortress. At this period, however, there was no standing army, the feudal system was still in force, every man in the realm was more or less a soldier; military law was accordingly restricted to such persons as were actually serving in the field, the process of civil judicature being obviously inapplicable to their case but directly the soldier ceased to belong to the force in actual campaign, the civil power stepped in and claimed cognizance of his offences.

Until the Civil War in the reign of Charles I., it is probable that no regular permanent code of rules or articles for enforcing military discipline was in existence; the ruling authority had promulgated its orders for the government and regulation of the army as occasion required. Each war, each expedition, had its own edict, which fell into disuse again upon the disbanding of the army, which inevitably followed the cessation of hostilities. Several instances, indeed, of rules and ordinances for military government by the ancient kings are still extant; one of Richard I., for the government of those going by sea to the Holy Land, is to be found in Rymer's Foedera. An elaborate code of “ statutes, ordonnances, and customs to be observed in the army,” made in the 9th year of Richard II., is to be found among the Cottonian MS. in the British Museum and those of Henry V., Henry VII., and Henry VIII., have not been lost.

The experience of ages and the precedents of former wars, therefore, enabled the authorities to frame a sufficiently comprehensive code in case of need; accordingly, soon after the outbreak of the civil Avar, the necessities of the case compelled the parliament to enact ordinances or articles of war. The first complete “ Lawes and Ordinances of Warre” (as he called them) were issued by Essex, the commander-in-chief of the parliamentary army in 1642. These articles are remarkable and interesting, as undoubtedly forming the groundwork of those now in use. Two years after the publication of Essex's ordinances, on the marching of the Scottish army into England, soon after the ratification of the solemn league and covenant, “ Articles of War “ were issued for its government. These articles, although very dissimilar to those of Essex, considering that both were in force in the same kingdom at the same time, and were applicable to armies fighting on the same side, nevertheless treat mainly of the same offences. The form of judicature established, consisted of two courts of justice, called “Councils of War,” the one superior, and the other inferior. The superior court, also called the “ Court of War,” took cognizance of the more serious offences, and likewise heard appeals from the decision of the lower court, called the “ Marshal Court.” No trace of the constitution of these courts is now to be found except that “the judges were sworn to do justice.” Within a few months of the promulgation of the latter, (August, 1644,) the same parliament that was the author of the petition of right, passed an ordinance, establishing a system of martial law, applicable not only to soldiers, but to all persons alike. By this ordinance, the Earl of Essex, captain-general of the parliamentary forces, together with fifty-six others named therein, (among whom were peers, members of the House of Commons, gentry, and officers of the army.) were constituted “commissioners,” and any twelve of them authorized to hear and determine all such causes as “ belong to military cognizance,” according to the articles mentioned in the ordinance, and to proceed to the trial, condemnation, and execution, of all offenders against the said articles, and to inflict upon them such punishment, either by death or otherwise, corporally, as the said commissioners, or the major part of them then present, should judge to appertain to justice, according to the measure of the offence. Under cover of this ordinance, which, after one refusal by the peers, was subsequently renewed, parliament proceeded to issue a variety of orders for the conduct of the war, and the regulation of the army; and many persons were tried by court-martial and executed. After the expiration of this last ordinance, the absolute executive power, in all matters of military law, fell into the hands of Cromwell, who claimed it as his right, in virtue of his office of general-in-chief. “ The general,” says Whitlocke, “ sent his order to several garrisons, to hold courts-martial, for the punishment of soldiers offending against the articles of war; provided that if any be sentenced to lose life or limb, that then they transmit to the judge-advocate the examinations and proceedings of the court-martial, that the General's pleasure may be known thereon.*' On one occasion, deeming it necessary for the sake of discipline, to make an immediate example, Cromwell seized several officers with his own hand, called a court-martial on the field, condemned them to death, and shot one forthwith at the head of his regiment. It will thus be seen, that the administration of martial law was almost invariably in the hands of the most considerable power in the state it alternated between king and parliament, and between parliament and dictator, as each became uppermost in the realm. On the restoration of Charles II., the army, with the exception of about five thousand men consisting of General Monk's regiment called “the Coldstream,” the first regiment of foot, the royal regiment of Horse Guards, called “the Oxford Blues,” and a few other regiments, was disbanded. The force kept on foot was the first permanent military force, or “standing army,” known in England; and from it the present army dates its origin.

A statute passed in the reign of Charles II., intituled, “ An act for ordering the forces in the several counties of this kingdom,” recites that, “ within all his majesty's realms and dominions, the sole and supreme power, government, command, and disposition of the militia, and of all forces by sea and land, and of all forts and places of strength is, and by the laws of England ever was, the undoubted right of his majesty, and his royal predecessors, kings and queens of England.” With the exception of some slight encroachment on the part of the Crown, and protests on the part of the parliament, matters remained in very much the same state till the revolution, at which period military law assumed a permanent and definite form, as it now exists. The only allusions to the military power of the Crown, in the Bill of Rights, are, “ that the raising and keeping of a standing army in time of peace, without consent of parliament, is contrary to law; “ and that “subjects, if Protestants, may have arms for their defence, suitable to their condition, and as allowed by law.” In the first year, however, of the reign of William and Mary, British regiments, jealous of the supposed preference shown by William for his Dutch troops, mutinied at Ipswich. The king suppressed the mutiny with a strong hand, at the same time communicating the event to parliament. Parliament, anxious to devise means for the convenient application of a code of laws for the regulation and management of the army, and at the same time determined to place a check upon the exercise of the military power of the king, passed, on the 3d April, 1689, for a period of six months only, the first mutiny act, the preamble of which is as follows:

“ Whereas, the raising or keeping a standing army within this kingdome, in time of peace, unlesse it be with the consent of Parlyarnent, is against law; and whereas it is judged necessary, by their majestyes and this present parlyament that, during this time of warr, severall of the forces which are now on foote should be continued and others raised, for the safety of the kingdome, for the common defence of the Protestant religion, and for the reducing of Ireland. And whereas no man can be prejudged of life or limb, or subjected to any kinde of punishment by martial law, or in any other manner than by the judgment of his peeres, and according to the knowne and established lawes of this realme; yet, nevertheless, it being requisite for retaining such forces as are or shall be raised during this exigence of affaires in their duty, that an exact discipline be observed; and that soldiers who shall mutiny or stirr up sedition, or who shall desert their majestye's service, be brought to more exemplary and speedy punishment than the usual formes of law will allow.”

The act provides for the assembling and constitution of courts-martial, for the oath of members, for the punishment of desertion, mutiny, sedition, false musters, &c.; for the regulation of billets; and is ordered to be read at the head of every regiment, troop, or company, at every muster, “ that noe soldier may pretend ignorance.” No power is, however, reserved to the sovereign to make articles of war. This act was renewed soon after its expiration; and with the exception of about three years only, viz., from 10th April, 1698, to 20th February, 1701, has been annually re-enacted (with many alterations arid amendments) ever since. The first statutory recognition of articles of war, occurs in the 1st Anne, statute 2, c. 20, in a clause, which saves to her majesty the right of making articles of war, for the regulation of her forces “ beyond the seas in time of war.” It is not until the 3d Geo. 1, c. 2, that we find the sovereign distinctly empowered by the mutiny act to make articles of war for the government of the troops at home. A clause in that act, after reciting that no effectual provision has been made for the government of his majesty's land forces, empowers the king to make and constitute, under his sign manual, articles for the better government of his majesty's forces, “ as well within the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland as beyond the seas.” This privilege has been annually re-enacted, and annually exercised by the Crown to the present day.

Under the Constitution of the United States, Congress only can make rules of government and regulation for the land forces, and those rules, commonly called Articles of War, were originally borrowed jointly from the English mutiny act annually passed by parliament, and their articles of war established by the king. The existing articles for the government of the army of the United States, enacted April 10, 1806, are substantially the same as those originally borrowed July 30, 1775, and enlarged by the old Congress from the same sources, Sept. 20, 1776. The act consists of but three sections. The first declares: The following shall be the rules and articles by which the armies of the United States shall be governed; “ and gives one hundred and one articles, all noticed in these pages. Each article is confined, in express terms, to the persons composing the army. The second SECTION contains the only exception in the cases as follows: “ In time of war, all persons, not citizens of, or owing allegiance to, the United States of America, who shall be found lurking, as spies, in or about the fortifications or encampments of the armies of the United States, or any of them, shall suffer death, according to the law and usage of nations, by sentence of a general court-martial.” The third section merely repeals the previous act for governing the army.

The Articles of War, therefore, are, and under the Constitution of the United States can be, nothing more than a code for the government and regulation of the army. Or, in other words, within the United States, these articles are “a system of rule superadded to the common law, for regulating the citizen in his character of a soldier,” and applicable to no other citizens. Beyond the United States another code is essential; for, although armies take with them the Rules and Articles of War, and the custom of war in like cases in a foreign country, the soldier must be tried by some tribunal for offences which at home would be punishable by the ordinary courts of law. It is impossible to subject him to any foreign dominion, and hence, in the absence of rules made by Congress for the government of the army under such circumstances, the will of the commander of the troops, ex necessitate rei, takes the place of law, and the declaration of his will is called MARTIAL LAW. (See MARTIAL LAW.)

The most casual reader of our Articles of War will be struck by the fact, that whereas the mutiny act of Great Britain is annually subjected to the supervision of parliament, and altered or modified according to circumstances, yet the Rules and Articles of War, passed in 1806, have remained upon our statute book from that day to the present without any general revision. Another fact equally important is, that while the king of Great Britain not only commands, but governs the British army, and therefore modifies the government of the army at his pleasure, the President of the United States is simply the commander of our army, under such rules for raising, supporting, governing, and regulating it, as Congress may appoint. The necessity of attention to the military establishment on the part of Congress is therefore manifest, and it is most earnestly to be hoped that, in their wisdom they will, at some early day, fulfil their constitutional obligations of raising, governing, and regulating armies: 1. By establishing a system of recruiting which will bring into the ranks, soldiers who will make good officers; 2. By providing that all commissioned officers shall be appointed from enlisted soldiers, or from military academies, and making rules precisely regulating the manner in which such appointments shall be made; 3. In making rules for a system of promotion partly by seniority, and partly by merit; 4. In passing other remunerative laws, such as prize money, field allowances, indemnification for losses, &c.; 5. In accurately defining the powers, rights, and duties of all officers and soldiers; 6. In providing remedies for wrongs, including appeals to federal civil courts, to determine the true exposition of military laws in dispute; and 7. In revising the penal code, and better adapting it to a system of government which will provide rewards for good conduct, and not simply punishments for bad. See ABANDONING A POST; ABSENCE WITHOUT LEAVE; ABSENCE WITH LEAVE; ABUSES AND DISORDERS; ALARMS; AMMUNITION; APPEAL; ARMS, (CASTING AWAY ;) ARREST; BREACH OF ARREST; BREVET; BRIBE AT MUSTER; BOOTY; CASTING AWAY; CERTIFICATES OF MUSTER; CERTIFICATES, (FALSE ;) CHALLENGES, (DIFFERENT KINDS ;) CHAPLAIN; COMMAND; CONDUCT UNBECOMING AN OFFICER AND A GENTLEMAN; CONFINEMENT; CONNIVING; CONTEMPT; CORPORAL; CORRESPONDENCE, (WITH AN ENEMY ;) COURTS-MARTIAL, AND REFERENCES UNDER THAT HEAD; COURTS OF INQUIRY; COWARDICE; CRIMES; CUSTOM OF WAR; DEATH ; DECEASED , DEPARTMENT; DEPOSITION OF WITNESSES; DETACHMENT; DESERTION; DISCHARGE; DISMISSION; DISOBEDIENCE; DISORDERS; DISRESPECT; DRUNKENNESS; DUELS; EMBEZZLEMENT; ENGINEERS; ENLISTMENTS; ENTICING; EXACTIONS; FALSE; FRAUDS; FRAYS; FURLOUGHS; GENERAL OFFICERS; GRIEVANCES; HARBORING AN ENEMY; HIRING OF DUTY; INJURING PRIVATE PROPERTY; JUDGE-ADVOCATE; JURISDICTION; LEAVE; LINE; LYING OUT OF CAMP OR QUARTER; MENACING; MILITIA; MISBEHAVIOR; MITIGATION; MONEY; MONTHLY RETURNS; MUSTERS; MUTINY; OATH; OBEDIENCE; OFFENCES NOT SPECIFIED; OFFICERS; ORDERS; PARDON; PAROLE: PILLAGE; POST; PRESIDENT; PRISONER; PROCEEDINGS; PROMULGATION; PROVOST-MARSHAL; QUARRELS; RANK; REDRESSING WRONGS; REENLISTING; REFUSAL TO RECEIVE PRISONERS; RELEASING PRISONERS; RELIEVING AN ENEMY; REPROACHFUL SPEECHES; RETAINERS; RETURNS; SAFEGUARD; SECRETARY OF WAR; SELLING; SENTENCE; SENTINEL; SPIES; STAFF j STATE TROOPS; STORES; STRIPES; STANDING ARMY; SUBSCRIBING; SUSPENSION; SUTLERS; TRIALS; UPBRAIDING; VIOLENCE; WASTE OR SPOIL; WATCHWORD; WITNESS; WORSHIP; WRONGS; and references under the heading of Law, all military laws being rules for the government and regulation of the army, although they may also include other matters. (Consult PIPON'S MANUAL OF MILITARY LAW.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, pp. 55-61.)


ARTIFICER. Military workman; two allowed to each company of artillery. (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 61.)


ARTILLERY. The word is more ancient than the use of powder, and was applied to machines of war, and all projectiles that the masters of artillery had under their direction. In foreign armies the word Artillery is still indifferently applied to an arm of the service, the material used, and branch of science. By Artillery in the U. S. army is usually, but not always, meant an arm of the service, designed to use mountain, field, and heavy ordnance, and the knowledge requisite for such use. There are four regiments of Artillery in our army, in each of which the law authorizes two companies to be equipped as harnessed batteries; (See ARMY, for their organization.) The remaining companies are, from supposed necessities of service, usually employed as infantry, but their name, and liability at any time to become artillerists, must cause officers not to neglect such knowledge of their arm as may be derived from books, and the establishment of the school of practice at Fort Monroe cannot fail to have the happiest effects in making skilful artillerists. The instructions for field artillery, and heavy and mountain artillery, are contained in books published by the War Department, one called “ Instruction for Field Artillery, Horse and Foot,” and another “ Heavy Artillery” being “ a complete system of instruction for Siege, Garrison, Sea coast and Mountain Artillery,” and a third “ Evolutions of Field Artillery,” by Major Robert Anderson.

Composition of a field battery on the war establishment. - Four 12-pounders or four six-pounder guns, and two 24-pounders or 12-pounder howitzers. Six pieces mounted to each battery. Carriages including caissons, spare gun-carriages, forges, and battery wagons, accompany each battery, together with implements and equipments specified in the ordnance manual. Draught horses, six to each battery wagon, and 12-pounder gun-carriage, four to other carriages, and one twelfth spare. Harness corresponding to the number of horses to the carriage.

Tactics. - A battery going into line with other troops, is usually formed in column of sections, and deployed into line as the enemy is approached. Under ordinary circumstances the best formation is the column doubled on the centre section, as the deploy is then toward both wings at the same time, and more promptly performed. Unless in extreme cases, the cannoneers should never be mounted on the boxes when the battery is within range of the enemy, as the explosion of a caisson might destroy nearly every cannoneer belonging to a piece. When several batteries are united, they are formed by sections in one or several parallel columns, or in double columns on the centre, or still better, in two columns joined, and presenting a front of four pieces with the same intervals as in line. Sometimes they are formed in close column with a front of four or six pieces, and the batteries being spaced a distance apart equal to the interval between two pieces. When deployed, the distance between the batteries is double this. When horse-artillery and mounted batteries are placed together, the former are placed on the wings, and the distances and intervals of the whole conform to those of horse-artillery; as in manoeuvring no regard is paid to inversions, it frequently happens that the batteries change their relative positions, and it is then necessary that each space should be large enough to contain a horse-artillery battery. A close column of several batteries is deployed in the same manner as a column of cavalry; the leading battery moving off at an increased gait, and the others, obliquing to the right or left, gain their intervals and form in line or battery to the front as usual. The changes of front to fire to the right and left are made on the wings in the same manner as with a single battery; but it is better to make these changes on the centre buttery. But four of these changes are practicable, viz., two to fire to the right by throwing the left wing to the front or rear, and two to fire to the left by throwing the right wing to the front or rear. In the other four changes of front, the pivot pieces would be masked by the rest of the carriages, and could not commence their fire soon enough. On this account the pivot carriages, in these changes, should be on the side towards which the fire is to be delivered. In defensive battles, the contour of the ground is of the first importance, and if properly taken advantage of, may be made to double the force and importance of artillery.

Artillery, held in reserve, arriving in mass or deployed upon the field of battle, occupies positions determined by circumstances and localities. Heights and commanding positions should be secured, and those positions, also, from which an oblique fire may be obtained upon the enemy. In a defensive position, those points are sought from whence the enemy may be discovered at the greatest distance. Advantage should be taken of all local circumstances to render the artillery fire most effective, and at the same time shelter it from the fire of the enemy. The guns should be placed, if possible, under cover. This is easily effected upon heights, by keeping them so far back that the muzzles only are to be seen over them. Ravines, banks, ditches, &c., also offer facilities for the purpose. The perfection to which the materiel of field artillery has been brought, gives it comparatively great mobility of action; but large quantities of ammunition must be consumed to attain any positive result from its employment in battle. The transportation of this ammunition with an army involves serious economical considerations, constituting no small impediment to armies, from the number of horses, wagons, caissons, &c., required for each battery. The improvements made in the materiel of artillery will not, therefore, in all probability, cause a more frequent employment of light batteries; but on the contrary, the long range which has been given to the rifle and musket, and the facility with which the horses and gunners of field batteries may be picked off at 1,000 yards, will probably cause even the rifled field gun to become an arm of RESERVE, which brought up at a decisive moment may influence the result of a battle, defend entrenchments against attack, and be usefully employed against isolated field works.

Smooth-bore field pieces, fired at a distance of five or six hundred yards, will penetrate from one yard and a half to two yards in parapets recently constructed, and will traverse walls of ordinary construction; but a 12-pounder is necessary to make a breach in walls of good masonry four feet in thickness, and in this case the position of the battery must be favorable, and the operation is even then a slow one.

Moderate charges are employed in firing upon gates, block-houses, palisades, and in general upon all wooden structures. The heaviest siege pieces, by their great force of penetration, are best adapted for forming a breach in the walls of permanent fortifications. Their superior accuracy, and the mass of their projectiles, render them also very effective in ricochet firing. Balls of smaller calibre have not sufficient mass to destroy carriages offering such resistance as those employed in the defence of places. The force of penetration of balls in different substances increases with their calibre and velocity: at one hundred yards, a 24-pound ball fired with a cartridge of 12 pounds will be one yard in brick masonry, nearly two feet in rubble work, one yard and a half in oak wood, two yards in pine, two yards and a half in well rammed earth, and nearly five yards in a recent embankment. The ball of an 18-pounder, fired with a charge of nine pounds under the same circum- stances, will give penetrations nearly six-sevenths of those indicated above.

Field guns, in general, may be employed to cannonade with force and perseverance; to reinforce the weakest points of positions, whether offensive or defensive; to secure a retreat by the occupation of points established as the base of defence of particular ground, or of any important object, as the defence of a village or defile, or the passage of a river, and to overthrow such obstacles as palisades, rampart walls, doors, &c., interposed by art; to prepare the way for an assault, and aid, at a decisive moment, to secure the victory by a united fire. A field cannon ball has sufficient force to disable seven or eight men at a distance of 900 yards. It is stated that a single cannon ball, at the battle of Zorndorf, disabled 42 men. Rifle projectiles, having more momentum, are effective at greater distances.

The following tables of Charges and Ranges for United States Field Guns, Howitzers, and Heavy Ordnance, are taken from Roberts' Handbook of Artillery.

CHARGES FOE A FLATTENED RICOCHET FOR SIEGE-GUNS. […]

CHARGES FOR A FLATTENED RICOCHET FOR SIEGE-HOWITZERS. DISTANCE. ELEVATION. CHARGE. […]

NOTE. Fire-balls, according to their size, are fired from mortars of corresponding calibres. "With a charge of ONE TWENTY-FIFTH its weight, the ball is thrown 600 to 700 yards.

Howitzers are used to drive the enemy from positions when he can only be reached by shells; against covered ground, and particularly forests and denies; against strong cavalry attacks; to prepare the way for an attack of fortifications and posts, and to burn combustible objects of great extent. (Consult Aide Memoire, par GASSENDI; GIBBON; ROBERTS; BENTON; KINGSBURY; Histoire et Tactique des Trois Armes, par ILD.FAVE. See AMMUNITION; RIFLED ORDNANCE.) (Scott, Military Dictionary, Van Nostrand, 1862, p. 62-69).


ARUNDEL'S FARM, VIRGINIA, April 10, 1865. (See Burke's Station.)