Addendum

This addendum was issued as a supplement after 1889.


ACTON, Thomas Coxon, banker, born in New York City, 23 February, 1823. He was educated in his native city, was assistant deputy county clerk for three years, and then clerk in the surrogate's office, afterward deputy register for six years, in 1860 became commissioner of the New York Metropolitan Police, and two years later was president of that board, where he remained for seven years, in which office he did good service in suppressing the draft riots. In 1870 he was appointed superintendent of the U. S. assay-office, which post he held for twelve years. He became U. S. Assistant Treasurer at New York in 1882, and since 1887 he has been president of the bank of New Amsterdam in that city. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 667.


AGNUS, Felix, soldier, born in Lyons, France, 4 July, 1839. He was educated at College Jolie Clair, near Paris, and in 1852 set out on a voyage around the world, spending four years in that manner. In 1860 he came to the United States, and at the beginning of the Civil War enlisted in Duryea's 5th New York Zouaves. At the battle of Big Bethel he saved the life of General Judson Kilpatrick, and was promoted to 2d lieutenant. He aided in raising the 165th New York Volunteers, in which he was given the color company. In the autumn of 1862 his regiment was sent to Louisiana, and he took part in the siege of Port Hudson, where he was promoted major and for a time had command of his regiment. Subsequently he served in Texas, and, after attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel, was ordered to the 19th Corps, and served under General Philip H. Sheridan, taking part in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill, Winchester, and Cedar Creek. His last service was in the Department of the South, where he was commissioned to dismantle the old Confederate forts in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and turn all the property over to the U. S. government. He received the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and was mustered out of service on 22 August, 1865. On resuming civil life he was given charge of the business department of the Baltimore "American," and he has since become its publisher. . Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 667-668.


APPLETON, John Francis, soldier, born in Bangor, Maine, 29 August, 1839; died there, 31 August, 1871. Appleton was graduated at Bowdoin in 1860, and at the beginning of the Civil War raised and commanded a company in the 12th Maine Volunteers. He was commissioned colonel of the 81st U. S. Colored Troops, served in the Department of the Gulf, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865. Subsequently he studied law, was admitted to the bar of Maine, and appointed U. S. judge for the District of Eastern Texas, but declined.

Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 668.


ARMSTRONG, Samuel Chapman, soldier, born in Wailuka, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 30 January, 1839. His parents were among the first missionaries to the Sandwich Islands, where he resided until 1860. After graduation at Williams in 1862 he entered the volunteer army as a captain in the 125th New York Regiment, and in 1863 was made lieutenant-colonel of the 9th U. S. Colored Infantry. Subsequently he was colonel of the 8th U. S. Colored Regiment. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and after the war went to Hampton, Virginia, to work among the freedmen. General Armstrong was a founder of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute for Negroes in 1868, and since that date has served as its principal. In 1878, Indians were admitted. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 668.


ASHHURST, John, surgeon, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 23 August, 1839. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1857, and at the medical department in 1860. From 1862 till 1865 he served as acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. Army. Since 1877 he has been professor of clinical surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, and he has been connected with several hospitals. He is the author of " Injuries of the Spine " (Philadelphia. 1867) and "Principles and Practice of Surgery” (1871), and the editor of "Transactions of the International Medical Congress" (1877) and the "International Encyclopaedia of Surgery" (6 vols., New York, 1881-6: 2d ed., 1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 668.


BAIRD, Edward Carey, born, in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, in April, 1836; died near Ashland, Virginia, 14 November, 1874. Baird served in the Civil War for nearly four years, and was assistant adjutant-general to General John F. Reynolds, in command of the left wing of the Army of the Potomac. On the first day of the battle of Gettysburg,  General Reynolds died in his arms. Baird was promoted to the rank of major for gallant conduct. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 669.


BAKER, Peter Carpenter, publisher, born in North Hempstead, New York, 25 March, 1822. Four of his ancestors were in the Revolutionary Army. He was educated at Harlem Academy, entered a book-store in New York, learned the printer's trade. In 1850, with Daniel Godwin,      he established the firm of Baker and Godwin, which made a specialty of printing law-books and became widely known for fine work. In 1865 Mr. Baker established the law-publishing firm of Baker, Voorhis and Company, which is still in existence and has a large catalogue. Mr. Baker was one of the founders of the Metropolitan Literary Association, edited the "Steam Press," a patriotic periodical, during the Civil War (1861-'5), and originated the plan for a statue of Benjamin Franklin in Printing-house Square, New York, which was given by Albert De Groot. He early became known as a public speaker, delivering orations at Fort Independence, New York, 4 July, 1848; at Trenton, New Jersey, 4 July, 1840; and in the Old Broadway Tabernacle, New York, on the anniversary of Bunker Hill, 1853. He has published addresses and monographs, including, besides the orations noted above, "European Recollections" (New York, 1861) and " Franklin " (1865). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 668.


BENHAM, Andrew Ellicott Kennedy, naval officer, born on Staten Island. 10 April, 1832. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman, 24 November, 1847, and became a passed midshipman, 10 June, 1853. He was ordered to the " Princeton "' in July, 1853. transferred to the "St. Mary's," Pacific Squadron, and served on her until 1857. He was commissioned a master, 15 September, and lieutenant, 16 September, 1855. He was attached to the "Crusader," on the Home Station, in 1860-'l. When the Civil War began he was made executive officer of the "Bienville," on the South Atlantic blockade, where he participated in the capture of Port Royal, South Carolina, and in 1863 served in the "Sacramento." Benham was promoted to lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and given the "Penobscot," in the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron, until the close of the war in 1865. He was on duty at the Brooklyn Navy-yard in 1866, and on special service in the "Susquehanna" in 1867. He was promoted to commander, 25 July, 1866 and served at the Brooklyn Navy-yard in 1868-'9. He was light-house inspector in 1870-l. Benham commanded the monitors "Saugus" in 1871-2 and "Canonicus" in 1872-'3, on the North Atlantic Station. He then served as lighthouse inspector in 1874-'8. He was promoted to captain, 12 March, 1875, and commanded the flag-ship "Richmond," on the Asiatic Station, in 1878-'81. He was on duty at Portsmouth Navy-yard from 8 December, 1881, until 15 November, 1884, when he was appointed lighthouse inspector, and served until January, 1888. He was promoted to the rank of commodore, 30 October, 1885. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 670.


BIDDLE, Craig, jurist, born in Philadelphia, 10 January, 1823, is a son of Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844). He was graduated at Princeton in 1841, and was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia in 1844. He represented Philadelphia in the legislature in 1849-'50. In April, 1861, he was made a major on the staff of General Robert Patterson, and served in the Shenandoah Valley. He was then appointed on the staff of Governor Andrew G. Curtin, and was detailed to organize new regiments. On the invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania by the Confederate Army in 1863, he joined a regiment of Philadelphia Militia as a private, and marched to the front. In January, 1875, he was appointed a judge of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia, and in the following autumn was elected to the same office, as a Republican, by a large majority. In 1885 he was re-elected, having been renominated as well by the Democratic Party as by his own. He has been president of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, and has written on agriculture and on a variety of other subjects. He is a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and has been one of its vice-presidents. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 670.


BIDDLE, Chapman, lawyer, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 22 January, 1822; died there, 9 December 1880.  Biddle was the son of Clement C. Biddle (1784-1855), who organized and was first captain of the State fencibles, and had command of the 1st Volunteer Light Infantry in the war of 1812. The son was educated at St. Mary's College in Baltimore, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1848. He soon attained a lucrative practice, and was solicitor of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and subsequently counsel for that corporation. In April, 1861, he formed a company of artillery to aid in protecting Philadelphia, and was made its captain. During the summer of 1862 he undertook the raising of a regiment of infantry, which on 1 September, 1862, as the 121st Pennsylvania Volunteers, took the field with him as its colonel. He took part in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg had command of a brigade in the 1st Corps. In December, 1863, he resigned from the army and resumed the practice of his profession, which he continued until shortly before his death. Colonel Biddle was connected with the Fairmount Park art association, and, through his counsel, beautiful fountains and groups were placed in the park. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 670-671.


BINGHAM, Henry Harrison, congressman, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 10 July, 1841. He was graduated at Jefferson College in 1862. He became a lieutenant in the 140th Pennsylvania Volunteers, was wounded at Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, and Farmville, and in July, 1866, was mustered out as judge advocate, with the rank of major and brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. He was postmaster at Philadelphia in 1867-'72, but resigned to become clerk of the courts of oyer and terminer and quarter sessions of Philadelphia, to which office he was re-elected in 1875, and served till 1878, when he was chosen to Congress as a Republican. He has since occupied a seat in the latter body by re-election. General Bingham was a delegate-at-large from Pennsylvania to the National Republican Convention in 1872, and a delegate from the first district to the conventions of 1876. 1884, and 1888. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 671.


BISHOP, Judson Wade, soldier, born in Evansville, Jefferson County, New York, 24 June, 1831. He received his education at Fredonia Academy, New York, where his father was settled as pastor of the Baptist church for several years, and later at Belleville, Jefferson County. After serving as a clerk and bookkeeper, he taught for two winters, then studied civil engineering, and in 1853 entered the office of the Grand Trunk Railway at Kingston, Ont. After serving as an assistant engineer there and in Minnesota, he settled in Chatfield, Minnesota, as a surveyor, publishing a map and pamphlet history of that county. He also taught there, and then purchasing the " Democrat" in 1859, which he published until 1861, when he sold it and recruited a company of volunteers. He was mustered as a captain of the 2d Minnesota Regiment on 26 June, 1861, and served through the war in the west. He rose to be colonel, 14 July, 1864, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 7 June, 1865. Since the war he has been engaged in building and operating railroads in Minnesota. He resigned m April, 1881, to engage in railroad construction. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 671.


BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, born in Amherst, Massachusetts, 21 July, 1821. His parents moved to Illinois about 1831. When seventeen years of age Henry attended the Amherst Academy one year, whence he returned to Illinois and engaged in teaching and subsequently in land-surveying until twenty-one years of age. He studied law in Chicago with Jonathan Y. Scammon and Norman B. Judd. He was admitted to the bar in 1845, and began practice in Waukegan, Illinois, where he still resides. In 1844 he voted the Anti-slavery ticket, and he has since been an adherent of the Anti-slavery and Republican Parties. In 1852 he was elected to the general assembly of Illinois, being the first avowed Anti-slavery member that ever occupied a scat in that body, and in the following year was elected to the state senate. As a legislator he was one of the ablest and most useful, and was largely instrumental in shaping the legislation of the commonwealth and in promoting the development of the resources of Illinois. In 1855 and for several years subsequently he was associated with the legal department of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway, of which he was one of the projectors. He was the pioneer in the building of the Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad, and was identified with it in the capacities of attorney, director, and president. Later he was solicitor of the Michigan Southern, Fort Wayne, Rock Island, and Northwestern roads, and he retired when the business reached such proportions that it was impossible for one man to attend to it. In 1870 he was I appointed by President Grant a judge of the U. S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he still holds. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 671.


BROWNE, John Mills, surgeon, born in Hinsdale, New Hampshire, 10 May, 1831. He was graduated at the medical department of Harvard in March, 1852, and entered the U. S. Navy as an assistant surgeon, 26 March, 1853. In 1855-'6 he participated in the Indian War on Puget sound, and subsequently he took part in the survey of the northwest boundary. He became a passed assistant surgeon, 12 May, 1858. Browne served in the brig "Dolphin," suppressing the slave-trade on the west coast of Africa in 1858, and in October of that year joined the Paraguay Expedition. He was commissioned a surgeon, 16 June, 1861, and attached to the steamer "Kearsarge" until 9 December 1864, participating in the engagement with the Confederate, cruiser "Alabama”. He served at the Mare Island Navy-yard from 1869 till 1871, during which time he superintended the erection of the naval hospital there. He was commissioned as medical inspector, 1 December 1871, and was fleet-surgeon of the Pacific fleet in 1872-'6. He served at the naval hospital at Mare Island, California, in 1876-'80, was commissioned a medical director, 6 October, 1878, and was a member of the Examining Board at Washington, from 2 July, 1880, to 26 October, 1882, when he took charge of the Museum of Hygiene until 1 July, 1886, after which he was again appointed a member of the examining and retiring board. On 27 March, 1888, he was appointed chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery and Surgeon-General of the U.S. Navy. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 672.


BUTLER, George Bernard, artist, born in New York City, 8 February, 1838. His father, of the same name, and his uncle Charles were both well-known lawyers. He began under Thomas Hicks to study painting, and in 1859 spent some time in Thomas Couture's studio in Paris. In the autumn of 1860 he returned to the United States and served in the National Army during the Civil War, losing an arm at the battle of Gettysburg. He returned to Europe in 1865 and devoted himself to painting animals, also studying with Otto Weber. For two years he continued his work under Couture at Senlis, and spent the winter of 1867-'8 in Italy. He then returned to this country, but in 1873 visited Europe again, and was during the ten following years in Italy, chiefly in Rome and Venice. At this time he met James A. M. Whistler, who exerted very great influence on his work. Since 1883 he has been engaged principally in portraiture. In 1873 he was elected a National Academician. His paintings include "The Shepherd and Dogs on the Campagna"; "The Capri Rose," purchased by Alexander T. Stewart; "The Lace Maker"; "An Italian Peasant"; and several striking groups of animals. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 673.


BYERS, Samuel Hawkins Marshall, poet, born in Pulaski, Pennsylvania, 23 July, 1838. He was educated in the public schools of Oskaloosa, Iowa, and studied law. but did not practice. He served in the National Army, was taken prisoner in November, 1863, and while in confinement in Columbia, South Carolina, wrote the song entitled "Sherman's March to the Sea," whose popularity gave its name to the campaign it celebrated. He was U. S. consul at Zurich, Switzerland, in 1869-'84, and consul-general to Italy in 1885. In addition to being a frequent contributor to magazines, Mr. Byers is the author of "The Happy Isles, and other Poems" (Boston, 1885); "History of Switzerland" (New York. 1886); and "Military History of Iowa" (Des Moines, Iowa," Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 673.


CADWALDER, Thomas, soldier, born near Trenton, New Jersey, 11 September, 1795; died there, 22 October, 1873. He was the son of Colonel Lambert Cadwalader (vol. 1., p. 494). He was born at Greenwood, a property that was purchased by his father in 1776, and is still owned by the family. Young Cadwalader was graduated at Princeton in 1815 and then studied law, but never practised. He was appointed deputy adjutant-general of the New Jersey Militia on 2 June, 1830, aide-de-camp to the governor, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and adjutant-general of the state, with the rank of brigadier-general, on 30 July, 1842. This office he retained through several political changes, until his resignation on 26 January, 1858. In 1856, at the request of the governor, he travelled through various European countries and reported on the firearms there in use, which report was printed. He was brevetted major-general in March, 1858, in pursuance of a special act of the legislature for his long and meritorious services. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 673-674.


CASEY, Thomas Lincoln, soldier, born in Madison Barracks, Sackett's Harbor, New York, 10 May, 1831. He is the son of General Silas Casey (vol. i., p. 550), and was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy as brevet 2d lieutenant of engineers in 1852. In 1854-'9 he was assistant professor of engineering at the military academy. From 1859 till 1861 he had command of the engineer troops on the Pacific Coast. During the Civil War he served at first as staff engineer at Fort Monroe, Virginia.  Casey became captain in the Engineer Corps on 6 August, 1861, was superintending engineer of the permanent defences and field fortifications upon the coast of Maine, and served on special duty with the North Atlantic Squadron during the first expedition to Fort Fisher, North Carolina, 8-29 December, 1864. He was made major on 2 October, 1863, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel and colonel on 13 March, 1865. In 1877 he was placed in charge of the public buildings and grounds in the District of Columbia, the Washington Aqueduct, and the construction of the building for the state, war, and navy departments, which was completed on 31 May, 1888. He was engineer of the Washington Monument from 1878 till its completion in 1884, and on 1 November, 1886, he became president of the Board of Engineers, in New York City. On 6 July, 1888, he was appointed brigadier-general, and chief of engineers, U. S. Army. In 2 October, 1888, he was, by act of Congress, placed in charge of the erection of the building for the Library of Congress. Besides numerous official reports, and articles upon engineering, he has contributed sketches to historical and genealogical magazines. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 674.


CLARK, Emmons, secretary, born in Huron, Wayne County, New York, 14 October, 1827. He received his early education at Owego and Groton. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1847. Before arriving at his majority he studied medicine, but shortly thereafter, moving to New York City, he became a clerk in the first office established in Broadway for the transportation of through freight and passengers to Chicago and the west, and he rose rapidly to the place of manager. Retiring from mercantile pursuits, he was appointed Secretary of the Board of Health at its organization in 1866, and he has since held that office. In January, 1857, he enlisted as a private in the Second Company of the 7th Regiment (" National Guard "), New York State Militia; was elected 1st sergeant, April, 1858; 2d lieutenant, September, 1859; 1st lieutenant, June, 1860; and captain in December of the year; and was in command of his company in the three campaigns made by the regiment, in 186l, 1862, and l863, during the Civil War, and in the draft riots of 1863. He commanded the 7th Regiment in the Orange riot of 1871 and in the labor riots of 1877. In 1864 he published a "History of the Second Company of the Seventh Regiment. New York State Militia." He was elected colonel of his regiment on 21 June, 1864, and still holds that command. To his energy and perseverance is due the successful completion by private subscription in 1880 of the armory (see illustration) now occupied by the 7th Regiment, while his executive ability and untiring attention have not only maintained, but increased, the superiority, efficiency, and prosperity of that celebrated military organization. Colonel Clark has in preparation a ' History of the Seventh Regiment," to be published in 1889, during which year he has announced his intention of resigning on the completion of a quarter of a century's service as colonel of the regiment. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 674-675.


DAME, Harriet Patience, nurse, born in Barnstead, New Hampshire, 5 January, 1815. Her parents moved to Barnstead about 1797, and in 1843 Miss Dame went to Concord, where she resided until the Civil War. She joined the 2d New Hampshire Regiment as hospital matron in June, 1861, and remained with it until it was mustered out in December, 1865. Miss Dame was inside the trenches at Fair Oaks, where she passed a dark night alone in the thick woods, the only woman in the brigade, caring for the wounded of other regiments as well as her own. She was on duty as nurse near the old stone church at Centreville while her regiment participated in the second battle of Bull Run. There she was taken prisoner, but was soon released. Miss Dame was appointed matron of the 18th Army Corps hospital in September, 1864, and had supervision of the nurses on duty. Of her services, General Oilman Marston, who was long colonel of the 2d Regiment, said: "Wherever the regiment went she went, often going on foot, and sometimes camping on the field without tent. . . . She was truly an angel of mercy, the bravest woman I ever knew. I have seen her face a battery without flinching. In August, 1867, she was appointed to a clerkship in the treasury department, where she still remains. In 1886 she deposited $1,000 with a committee of the 2d Regiment veterans to erect a building for headquarters for their encampment at Lake Winnipiseogee, New Hampshire. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 677.


DARWIN, Charles Robert, English naturalist, born in Shrewsbury, England. 12 February, 1809; died in Down, Kent, England, 18 April, 1882. He was a grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin. Immediately after his graduation at Cambridge in 1831 he volunteered to, accompany the ship  "Beagle" as naturalist on an exploring expedition around the world, on which he was engaged till 2 October, 1836. Leaving the ship at Valparaiso, Darwin crossed the South American continent to Buenos Ayres, discovering on his way the gigantic fossil remains that first brought his name into notice. On his return, he settled on a country estate in Kent, where he spent his life in scientific occupations, writing his remarkable works on botany and natural history, and propounding the theory of the origin of species by the natural selection of favorable variations, which soon became celebrated as the Darwinian Theory. His writings that relate to this hemisphere include "Journal of Researches during a Voyage Around the World" (1839); "Geological Observations in South America" (1846); and many papers, such as "The Connection of Certain Volcanic Phenomena in South America." See "Darwin " by Grant Allen (1885), also "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," by his son Francis Darwin (2 vols., New York, 1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 677.


DEWEY, Joel Allen, soldier, born in Georgia, Franklin County, Vermont. 20 September, 1840; died in Knoxville, Tennessee, 17 June, 1873. He entered Oberlin in 1858, but left in 1861 to enter the National Army. He served as 1st lieutenant and captain of Ohio volunteers under General John Pope in the west, and then with General William T. Sherman. He was at one time on the staff of General William S. Rosecrans. He became colonel of the 111th U. S. Colored Regiment in 1863, and led a brigade near Huntsville. He was captured near Athens, Alabama, in September, 1864, after a day's severe engagement with General Forrest's cavalry. After his liberation in November he served in Tennessee and northern Alabama till the close of the war. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 13 December, 1865, and was mustered out, 31 January, 1866, after declining a captain's commission in the regular army. General Dewey then entered the law-school at Albany, New York, where he was graduated in 1867, and practised in Dandridge, Tennessee. In 1869 he was elected Attorney-General of the state, which office he held till his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 678.


DOOLITTLE, Charles Camp, soldier, born in Burlington, Vermont, 16 March, 1832. He was educated at the High-school in Montreal, Canada, but was not graduated on account of his removal to New York City in 1847. He subsequently went to Michigan, and on 16 May, 1861, became 1st lieutenant in the 4th Michigan Regiment. He was made colonel of the 18th Regiment of that state on 22 July, 1862. He served in the Peninsular Campaign, and was slightly wounded at Gaines's Mills. He served in Kentucky in 1862-'3, and in Tennessee in 1863-'4, and was in command of Decatur, Alabama, during the first day's successful defence of that town against General John B, Hood. He led a brigade at Nashville, and was in command of that city in 1865, and of the northeastern district of Louisiana in the autumn of that year. On 27 January, 1865, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and on 13 June he was brevetted major-general. He was mustered out on 30 November, at his own request, and since 1871 has been cashier of the Merchants' National Bank, Toledo, Ohio. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 679.


DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier, born in Rushville, Schuyler County, Illinois, 30 December, 1830. His father. John, a native of North Carolina, founded the town of Drakesville, Iowa. The son was educated in the district schools, and entered a mercantile life at sixteen years of age. He crossed the plains to Sacramento, California, in 1852 and 1854, engaged in Indian warfare, and in 1859 settled in business in Unionville, Iowa. He served through the Civil War, becoming in 1862 lieutenant-colonel of the 36th Iowa Cavalry, was severely wounded at Mark's Mills. In 1865 Drake was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. He re-entered mercantile life at the end of the war, and was admitted to the bar in 1866, but subsequently engaged in railroad-building. In 1881, he became a founder of Drake University, contributing the principal amount. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 679.


ESTE, George Peabody, soldier, born in Nashua, New Hampshire, 24 April. 1829; died in New York City, 6 February, 1881. He wrote his family name Estey till he entered the army, when he adopted an older spelling. He entered Dartmouth, but left on account of illness before graduation, and, after going to California, studied law, and settled in Toledo, where he became a partner of Morrison R. Waite. He was solicitor of his county in 1860, but, entering the National service as a private, became lieutenant-colonel of the 14th Ohio Infantry, and in 1862 succeeded to the command. During the Atlanta Campaign and afterward he led a brigade, and at Jonesboro where he averted defeat by a timely bayonet charge. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 9 December, 1864, and on 26 June, 1865, was given full rank. General Este resigned on 4 December, 1865, and afterward practised his profession in Washington, D. C. He was presented by his regiment with a sword with diamond-studded hilt. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 679.


FLOOD, James Clair, capitalist, born in Ireland in 1825. He emigrated to New York when a young man in the same ship with William O'Brien, with whom he formed an intimate friendship during the voyage. After working in ship-yards the two went to California in 1851, and opened a saloon in San Francisco. They made money by speculating in mining stock, and several years later formed a partnership with James G. Fair and John W. Mackay, who were then young miners. Flood and O'Brien agreed to furnish money for tools and outfit, while Fair and Mackay prospected in the Sierras. The result was the discovery of the Comstock Lode. This made the four of the wealthiest men in the world. They subsequently established the Nevada Bank in San Francisco, and the partnership continued till 1881, when Mr. Fair was elected to the U. S. Senate. Soon afterward Mr. Flood withdrew from active business. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 680.


FULLER, Melville Weston, jurist, born in Augusta, Maine, 11 February, 1833. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1853, studied law in Bangor with his uncle, George M. Weston, and then at Harvard, and began to practise in 1855 in his native city. There he was an associate editor of the "Age," served as president of the common council, and became city attorney in 1856 ; but he resigned in June of that year, and moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he was in active practice for thirty-two years. He rose to the highest rank in his profession, and was concerned in many important cases, among which were the National bank tax cases, one of which was the first that was argued before Chief-Justice Waite, the Cheney ecclesiastical case, the South park commissioners cases, and the Lake front ease. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and in 1863-'5 of the lower house of the legislature, where he was a leader of the Douglas branch of the Democratic Party. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880. On 30 April, 1888, he was nominated by President Cleveland to be Chief Justice of the United States, and on 20 July he was confirmed by the Senate. On 8 October he took the oath of office and entered on his duties. Judge Fuller is, with one exception, the youngest member of the Supreme Court. He has attained reputation as a speaker. Among his addresses is one welcoming Stephen A. Douglas to Chicago in 1860, and another on Sidney Breese, which is prefixed to Judge Breese's "Early History of Illinois" (1884). The degree of LL D. has been conferred on him by the Northwestern University, and Bowdoin College in 1888. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 680-681.


GAMBLE, William, soldier, born in Duross, County Tyrone, Ireland, 1 January, 1818; died in Nicaragua, Central America, 20 December, 1866. He studied civil engineering, and was employed on the government survey of the north of Ireland, but came to the United States when he was twenty years old, and enlisted in the 1st U.S. Dragoons. He served in the Florida War and on the western frontier, and rose to be sergeant-major, but on the expiration of his term of enlistment went to Chicago, Illinois, where he followed his profession. At the beginning of the Civil War he enlisted in the 8th Illinois Cavalry, was chosen its lieutenant-colonel, afterward was promoted colonel, and fought with the Army of the Potomac, receiving a wound at Malvern Hill that was nearly fatal. He was for two years at the head of a brigade in defence of Washington, with headquarters at Fairfax Court House, Virginia. On 25 September, 1865, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. After service in the west he was mustered out of the volunteer service on 13 March, 1866, and on 28 July accepted a major's commission in the 8th regular Cavalry. He was on his way with his regiment to California when he died of cholera. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 681.


GARIBALDI, Giuseppe, Italian patriot, born in Nice, 4 July, 1807; died in Caprera. 2 June, 1882. He followed the sea from his earliest youth, and in 1836 went to Rio Janeiro, where he engaged in the coasting trade. In 1837 he offered his services to the revolted Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, and commanded a fleet of gun-boats. After many daring exploits he was forced to burn his vessels, and went to Montevideo, where he became a broker and teacher of mathematics. He took service in Uruguay in the war against Rosas, and was given the command of a small naval force which he was obliged to abandon after a battle at Costa Brava, 15 and 16 June, 1842. Garibaldi then organized the famous Italian Legion, with which for four years he fought numerous battles for the republic. In 1845 he commanded an expedition to Salto, where he established his headquarters, and toward the end of the year he resisted with 500 men for three days the assault of Urquiza's army of 4,000 men. On 8 February, 1846, he repelled at San Antonio, with scarcely 200 men. General Servando Gomez with 1,200 soldiers. In 1847, when he heard of Italy's rising against Austrian dominion, he went to assist his country, accompanied by a portion of the Italian Legion; but, after taking part in several unsuccessful attempts, including the defence of Rome against the French in 1849, he sailed in June, 1850, for New York. On Staten Island he worked for a time with a countryman manufacturing candles and soap, In 1851 he went by way of Central America and Panama to Callao, whence he sailed in 1852 in command of a vessel for China. Early in 1854 he returned to Italy, where he lived quietly in the Island of Caprera. At the opening of war against Austria in 1859 he organized the Alpine chasseurs, and defeated the enemy in several encounters. After the peace of Villa franca he began preparations for the expedition which was secretly encouraged by the government. Having conquered Sicily and being proclaimed dictator, he entered Naples in triumph on 7 September, 1860, but afterward resigned the dictatorship and proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy, declining all proffered honors and retiring to Caprera. In 1862 he planned the rescue of Rome from the French, and again invaded Calabria from Sicily, but was wounded and captured at Aspromonte, 29 August, 1862, and sent back to Caprera. In June, 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War, he commanded for a short time an army of volunteers, and on 14 October, 1867, he undertook another expedition to liberate Rome, but was routed by the Papal troops and the French. He entered the service of the French Republic in 1870, and he organized and commanded the Chasseurs of the Vosges. In 1871 he was elected to the Italian Parliament, and took an active part in politics till the end of his life. In 1888 the Italians in New York erected a bronze statue of him which was unveiled in Washington square. 4 June, 1888. He wrote several novels, including " Cantoni il volontario " (Genoa, 1870); "Clelia, ovvero il governo monaco; Roma del secolo XIX " (1870), which in the same year was translated into English under the title of "The Rule of the Monk, or Rome in the 19th Century"; "'Il f rate dominatore " (1873); and a poem, " Le Mila di Marsala " (1873). Many biographies of Garibaldi have been written and translated into English, including those by W. Robson (London, 1860), by Theodore Dwight (New York. 1860), and by Mrs. Gaskell (London, 1862). An autobiography appeared after his death, under the title "Garibaldi; Memorie autobiografiche" (Florence, 1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 681.


GERHARDT, Karl, sculptor, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 7 January, 1833. He is of German parentage, and in early life was a machinist in Chicopee, Massachusetts, and then a designer of machinery in Hartford, Connecticut. His first works were a bust of his wife and "A Startled Bather," which so strongly indicated talent that he was sent to Paris for study. In his second year he contributed to the I salon, where he also exhibited in 1884 "Echo," a  statuette, and "Eve's Lullaby," a life-size group. His other works include a bust of General Ulysses S. Grant, taken in the last days of his illness; busts of Samuel L. Clemens (1883) and the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher (1886); a statue of Nathan Hale (see vol. iii., p. 31) in the state capitol at Hartford (1885); an equestrian statue of General Israel Putnam in Brooklyn, Connecticut (1887); a statue of Josiah Bartlett, signer of the Declaration of Independence, in Amesbury, Massachusetts (1888); Welton Fountain, Waterbury, Connecticut (1888); statue of General Gouverneur K. Warren (see p. 362) at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (1888); and tablet to John Fitch, in the state capitol in Hartford. Connecticut (1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 682.


GILBERT, Samuel Augustus, soldier, born in Zanesville, Ohio, 25 August, 1825; died in St. Paul, Minnesota. 9 June, 1868. He was educated at Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, and then entered the U. S. Coast Survey, in which service he continued until the Civil War, attaining a rank next to that of superintendent. On 11 June. 1861, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 24th Ohio Volunteers, and accompanied his regiment to Western Virginia. He was appointed colonel of the 44th Ohio Regiment on 14 October, 1861, and in May, 1862, he took part in the raid upon the Central Railroad, in which he marched more than eighty miles in sixty hours, including all stops. He commanded the right in the battle of Lewisburg, West Virginia, 21 May, 1862, and captured a Confederate battery. In August, 1862, he was ordered to join General John Pope east of the Blue Ridge, and he served there until 1863, when he commanded a brigade in Kentucky, and dispersed a political convention in Frankfort which he considered to be plotting treason. He continued in Kentucky and Tennessee until November. 1863, when he became engineer on the staff of General John G. Foster until General James Longstreet retreated, when he resumed command of his brigade. Colonel Gilbert's health having been impaired by exposure, he resigned on 20 April, 1864. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 682.


GILCHRIST, Robert lawyer, born in Jersey City, New Jersey, 21 August, 1825; died there. 6 July, 1888. He was educated in private schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. Subsequently he became a counsellor of the U. S. Supreme Court. He was a member of the New Jersey legislature in 1859. At the first call for troops in 1861 he went to the front as a captain in the 2d New Jersey Regiment. Until the close of the Civil War he was a Republican, but he left that party on the question of reconstruction, and in 1866 he was a Democratic candidate for Congress. In 1869 he was appointed attorney-general of New Jersey, to fill the unexpired term of George M. Robeson (appointed Secretary of the Navy in President Grant's cabinet), and in 1S73 was reappointed for a full term. In 1875 he was a candidate for U. S. Senator. He had been appointed one of the commissioners to revise the constitution of the state in 1873, but resigned before the work was completed, and he also declined the office of chief-justice of New Jersey. Mr. Gilchrist was especially versed in constitutional law, and he was employed in many notable cases. His interpretation of the fifteenth amendment to the national constitution secured the right of suffrage to colored men in New Jersey. He was the author of the riparian-rights act, and was counsel for the state in the suit that tested its constitutionality. From this source the fund for maintenance of public schools in New Jersey is now chiefly derived. He also secured to the United States a half million dollars left by Joseph L. Lewis to be applied in payment of the national debt. His large law library, enriched with thousands of marginal notes, was sold at auction in New York six months after his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 682-683.


GILPIN, William, governor of Colorado, born in Newcastle County, Delaware, 4 October, 1812. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1833.  He studied at the U. S. Military Academy, and served in the Seminole War, but resigned his commission and moved to Independence, Missouri, in 1841, where he practised law, which he had studied under his brother. He was secretary of the General Assembly in 1841-'3. On 4 March, 1844, with a party of 125 pioneers, he founded Portland, Oregon, about four miles above its present site, and drew up the articles of agreement for a territorial government. He afterward re-entered the army, serving through the Mexican War as major of the 1st Missouri Cavalry. In 1848 he made a successful expedition against the hostile Indians of Colorado, which resulted in a peace for eighteen years. In 1851 he returned to Independence, and in 1861 he was appointed first governor of Colorado. Governor Gilpin has published "The Central Gold Region" (Philadelphia, 1859) and "The Mission of the North American People" (1873). In the latter he showed by charts the practicability of establishing a railroad around the world on the 40th parallel of latitude, on which are located nearly all the great cities of both continents. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 683.


GRIFFIN, Samuel P., navigator, born in Savannah, Georgia, in 1826; died in Aspinwall, Panama, 4 July, 1887. He was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1841. Griffin served throughout the Mexican War in Californian waters, and in 1849 was in the first U. S. Arctic Expedition that was sent out to search for Sir John Franklin. He resigned from the navy in 1854, engaged in business in New Orleans. During the Civil War was detailed by General Nathaniel P. Banks to collect a fleet for the Red River Expedition. He soon afterward entered the service of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, commanding, as their commodore, successive steamers of their fleet till 1882. Captain Griffin was an authority on shipbuilding, and the author of the code of international fog-signals and of essays on ship-building. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 684.


GUINEY, Louise Imogen (gui'-ny), poet, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 7 January, 1861. Her father, Patrick R. Guiney, served in the National Army during the Civil War, was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers in 1864, and died from the effects of a wound that he received in the battle of the Wilderness. Louise was graduated at Elmhurst Academy, Providence, Rhode Island, in 1879, and early contributed verses to papers. Her publications are "Songs at the Start" (Boston, 1884); "Goose-Quill Papers" (1885); " The White Sail, and other Poems " (1887); and "Brownies and Bogles " (1888). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 684.


HAND, Daniel, philanthropist, born in Madison, Connecticut, in 1801. For many years he was a merchant in Augusta, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, where he accumulated a fortune. After the Civil War he retired and returned to the north, where he became ; known as a philanthropist, his first gift being a high-school building to his native town. In 1888 he gave to the American Missionary Association more than $1,000,000, to be held in trust and known as the Daniel Hand Educational Fund for Colored People, to be used in the "states in which slavery was recognized in 1861." Mr. Hand has for many years lived in Guilford, Connecticut. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 684-685.


HARRISON, Benjamin, president-elect of the United States, born in North Bend, Ohio, 20 August, 1833. He is the third son of John Scott Harrison (who was a son of President Harrison), and was born in his grandfather's house. John Scott Harrison was a farmer, and in early life cared for his own little plantation and assisted his father in the management of the family property. This occupation he varied by boating to New Orleans, whither he went almost every year with a cargo of produce of his own raising, Benjamin passed his boyhood in the usual occupations of a farmer's son—feeding the cattle and aiding in the harvesting of the crops, he received his early education in an old fashioned log school-house fronting on the Ohio River. Subsequently he was sent to a school called Farmer's College, on College hill, near Cincinnati, where he spent two years, and then went to Miami University, where he was graduated in 1852. While at college he formed an attachment for Miss Caroline L. Scott, whose father at that time was president of the Female seminary in Oxford. Among his classmates were Milton Sayler, who took first honors, and David Swing, who stood second, while Harrison was fourth. His graduating oration was on "The Poor of England. He entered the law office of Storer and Gwynne in Cincinnati, and on 20 October, 1853, before the completion of his studies and before attaining his majority, he was married. In March, 1854, he settled in Indianapolis, Indiana, which has since been his place of residence. He obtained desk-room with John H. Rea, and announced himself to the world as attorney at law. Through the kindness of friends, he was soon appointed crier of the Federal court, the salary of which in term-time was $2.50 a day. The money that he received for these services was the first that he earned. The story of his earliest case is typical of the man. An indictment for burglary had been found against an individual, and Harrison was intrusted with the making of the final argument. The court was held at night, and the room was dimly lighted with candles. He had taken full notes of the evidence, which he had intended to read from, and, after his opening remarks, he turned to his papers, but, owing to the imperfect light, was unable to decipher them. A moment's embarrassment followed, but quickly casting aside his notes and trusting to his memory, he continued. The verdict was in his favor, and with this first success came increased business and reputation. Soon afterward Governor Joseph A. Wright intrusted him with a legislative investigation, which he conducted successfully. In 1855 he was invited by William Wallace to become his partner. He is described at that time as '-quick of apprehension, clear, methodical, and logical in his analysis and statement of a case." This connection continued until 1800, when it was succeeded by that of Harrison and Fishback. In 1860 his first entry into active politics took place with his nomination by the Republicans for the office of reporter of the Supreme Court. He canvassed the state for his party, and in Rockville, Parke County, he spoke at a meeting where Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidate for governor, was his opponent. He had already attained reputation as an orator, but the ability with which he answered point after point in Governor Hendricks's address gained for him increased favor with the people, and he was elected by a majority cf. 9,688. While he held this office the Civil War began, and in 1862 he assisted in raising the 70th Indiana Regiment, in which he was made 2d lieutenant. When the regiment was completed, Governor Oliver P. Morton appointed him colonel, and it was hurried forward to join the army under General Don Carlos Buell at Bowling Green, Kentucky, then opposed by the Confederate forces under General Braxton Bragg. His first independent action was as commander of an expedition sent against a body of Confederate soldiers stationed at Russellville. Dividing his forces, he surrounded the camp and captured all their horses and arms, besides taking a number of prisoners. The 70th Indiana was given the right of the brigade under General William T. Ward, and continued so until the close of the war. Colonel Harrison's command was occupied chiefly in the west, guarding railroads and in fighting guerillas. In this and similar duties he was occupied until January, 1864, when he was placed in command of his brigade, and added to the 1st Division of the 11th Army Corps. Subsequently it was attached to the 3d Division of the 20th Army Corps under General Joseph Hooker, and made the campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. His first engagement of importance was that of Resaca, on 14 May, 1864, where he led his command. A few days later he took part in the capture of Cassville, and then in the actions at New Hope church and Golgotha church. He participated in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Peach Tree Creek, at the latter of which his gallantry so pleased General Hooker that he wrote to the Secretary of War " to call the attention of the department to the claims of Colonel Benjamin Harrison, of the 70th Indiana Volunteers, for promotion to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers." General Hooker also said : " My attention was first attracted to this young officer by the superior excellence of his brigade in discipline and instruction, the result of his labor, skill, and devotion. With more foresight than I have witnessed in any officer of his experience, he seemed to act upon the principle that success depended upon the thorough preparation in discipline and esprit of his command for conflict, more than on any influence that could be exerted upon the field itself, and when collision came his command vindicated his wisdom as much as his valor. In all of the achievements of the 20th Corps in that campaign (from Chattanooga to Atlanta) Colonel Harrison bore a conspicuous part. At Resaca and Peach Tree creek the conduct of himself and command was especially distinguished." When General Sherman reached Atlanta, Harrison was ordered to Indiana to obtain recruits, and he spent the time from September till November, 1864, in that work. Owing to the destruction of the railroads, he was unable to rejoin General Sherman before the army made its march to the sea, and he was transferred to Nashville. The winter of 1864-'5 he spent with General George H. Thomas in Tennessee, but in the spring he resumed command of his brigade in the 20th Army Corps, with which he remained until the close of the war. He then took part in the grand review in Washington, and was mustered out on 8 June, 1865. The brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers was conferred upon him, to date from 23 January, 1865, " for ability and manifest energy and gallantry in command of the brigade." To his men he was familiarly known as " Little Ben," and many acts of kindness to his subordinates, expressive of his sympathy with them, have been related. General Harrison returned to Indianapolis and assumed the duties of his office as reporter of the Supreme Court, to which he had been re-elected in 1864 by a majority of 19,913. At the expiration of his term of office he declined a renomination, and resumed his practice, which he has since followed successfully. During the presidential canvasses of 1868 and 1872 he travelled through Indiana and addressed large audiences, but did not again enter politics until 1876, when he declined the nomination for governor. Godlove S. Orth was then chosen, but during the canvass he withdrew, and General Harrison reluctantly allowed his name to be used, in the hope of saving Indiana to the Republican candidate for the presidency. The work was begun too late, and, although an energetic canvass was carried on, James D. Williams was elected by a plurality of 5,084, in a total vote of 434,457; but General Harrison was 2,100 stronger than his party. In 1879 President Hayes appointed him a member of the Mississippi River commission. He was chairman of the delegation from Indiana at the National convention held in Chicago in 1880, and on the ballot that nominated James A. Garfield he cast the entire vote of his state for that candidate. His own name was placed in nomination at the beginning of the convention, but, although some votes were cast in his favor, he persisted in withdrawing. He accompanied General Garfield on his trip to Now York, and participated in the speech-making along the route. Subsequently he was offered a place in the cabinet of President Garfield, but declined it. The Republicans regained control of the Indiana legislature in the election of 1880. and General Harrison was chosen U. S. Senator, and took his seat as such on 4 March. 1881. holding it until 3 March, 1887. His career in the Senate was marked by the delivery of numerous speeches on subjects of general interest. He pronounced in favor of a judicious tariff reform, advocated the rights of the working classes, opposed President Cleveland's vetoes of pension bills, advised the restoration of the American navy, and voted for civil-service reform. In 1884 he was a delegate-at-large from his state to the National Republican Convention held in Chicago, and his name was again discussed in connection with the presidency. The Republican National Convention of 1888 was held in Chicago in June. For some time previous he had been frequently referred to as a desirable candidate for the presidency, and on the first ballot he received 83 votes, standing fifth on the list, John Sherman standing first with 225. Seven more ballots were taken, during which Chauncey M. Depew withdrew and transferred his strength to General Harrison, who then received 544 votes on the eighth and final ballot. On 4 July following he received the formal notification of his nomination, and on 11 September signified his acceptance in a letter in which he said: "The tariff issue cannot now be obscured. It is not a contest between schedules, but between wide apart principles. The foreign competitors for our market have, with quick instinct, seen how one issue of this contest may bring them advantage, and our own people are not so dull as to miss or neglect the grave interests that are involved for them. The assault upon our protective system is open and defiant. Protection is assailed as unconstitutional in law, or as vicious in principle, and those who hold such views sincerely cannot stop short of an absolute elimination from our tariff laws of the principle of protection. The Mills Bill is only a step, but it is toward an object that the leaders of Democratic thought and legislation have clearly in mind. The important question is not so much the length of the step as the direction of it. Judged by the executive message of December last, by the Mills bill, by the debates in Congress, and by the St. Louis platform, the Democratic Party will, if supported by the country, place the tariff laws upon a purely revenue basis. This is practical free trade—free-trade in the English sense. . . . Those who teach that the import duty upon foreign goods sold in our market is paid by the consumer, and that the price of the domestic competing article is enhanced to the amount of the duty on the imported article—that every millions of dollars collected for customs duties represents many millions more which do not reach the treasury, but are paid by our citizens as the increased cost of domestic productions resulting from the tariff laws—may not intend to discredit in the minds of others our system of levying duties on competing foreign products, but it is clearly already discredited in their own. We cannot doubt, without impugning their integrity, that, if free to act upon their convictions, they would so revise our laws as to lay the burden of the customs revenue upon articles that are not produced in this country, and to place upon the free list all competing foreign products. I do not stop to refute this theory as to the effect of our tariff duties. Those who advance it are students of maxims and not of the markets. . . . The surplus now in the treasury should be used in the purchase of bonds. The law authorizes this use of it, and, if it is not needed for current or deficiency appropriations, the people, and not the banks in which it has been deposited, should have the advantage of its use by stopping interest upon the public debt. . . . The law regulating appointments to the classified civil service received my support in the Senate, in the belief that it opened the way to a much needed reform. 1 still think so, and therefore cordially approve the clear and forcible expression of the convention upon this subject. The law should have the aid of a friendly interpretation, and be faithfully and vigorously enforced. All appointments under it should be absolutely free from partisan considerations and influence." The election resulted in Mr. Harrison's favor, who received 233 votes in the Electoral college, against 108 for Grover Cleveland. The above engraving is a view of his home in Indianapolis. His life has been written by General Lewis Wallace (Philadelphia, 1888).—His wife, Caroline Lavinia Scott, born in Oxford, Ohio, 1 October, 1832, is the daughter of John W. Scott, who was a professor in Miami University at the time of her birth, and afterward became president of the seminary in Oxford. She was graduated at the seminary in 1852, the same year that General Harrison took his degree at the university, and was married to him on 20 October, 1853. She is a musician, and is also devoted to painting, besides which she is a diligent reader, giving part of her time to literary clubs, of several of which she is a member. Mrs. Harrison is a manager of the orphan asylum in Indianapolis and a member of the Presbyterian church in that city, and until her removal to Washington taught a class in Sunday-school. They have two children. The son, Russell, was graduated at Lafayette in 1877 as a mining engineer, and, in addition to other engineering work, has been connected with the U. S. Mints at New Orleans and Helena as assayer. He is now a resident of Montana, where he has a cattle-ranch, and is also engaged in journalism. The daughter, Mary, married Robert J. McKee, a merchant of Indianapolis. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 685-687.


HASKELL, James Richards, inventor, born in Geneva, New York, 17 September, 1825. He was educated at Richfield (Ohio) Academy, and at the preparatory department of Western Reserve College. He was assistant postmaster of Cleveland. Ohio, in 1849-'53, and then engaged unsuccessfully in business in New York. In 1854 he began a series of experiments with steel breech-loading rifled cannon and breech-loading small-arms, manufacturing twenty-five of the former, which were purchased by the Mexican government, and were the first of the description that were made in the United States. In 1855 he began experimenting with multi-charge guns in association with Azel S. Lyman, who first conceived the idea of applying successive charges of powder to accelerate the velocity of a projectile. In 1885 Congress appropriated funds in order to test these guns, but the Bureau of Ordnance opposed such action. Mr. Haskell's experiments have cost more than $300,000, and the system is now completed, so that the power of these guns is more than doubled, and at the same time the maximum pressure used is less than that in other guns. In 1862, with Rafael Rafael, he invented and constructed a machine gun for very rapid firing, but, notwithstanding a favorable report on it by a board of army officers, the authorities refused to adopt it. Mr. Haskell is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and has written several pamphlets on national armament and on ordnance problems. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 687.


JACKSON, Richard Henry, soldier, born in Ireland, 14 July, 1830. He was educated in Dublin, came to this country in early life. He enlisted in the U. S. Army in 1851, and became 1st sergeant in the 4th U.S. Artillery. After serving in Florida and the west, he passed his examination for a 2d lieutenancy, receiving his commission, 13 September, 1859. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant. 14 May, 1861, commanded a company at Fort Pickens, Florida, during its bombardments, and in the capture of Pensacola, and was made captain, 20 February, 1862. He afterward served as assistant inspector-general, and was also acting chief of artillery on Morris and Folly Islands during the operations against Fort Sumter, and then chief of artillery of the 10th and 25th Corps, Army of the James. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 1 January, 1865, for services in the campaign of 1864. He commanded the 2d Division of the 25th Corps in the operations that preceded Lee's surrender. He was commissioned full brigadier-general of volunteers, 19 May, 1865, and brevet major-general on 24 November. General Jackson also received during the war the regular army brevets of major for Drury's Bluff, lieutenant-colonel for Newmarket Heights, and colonel and brigadier-general for services in the war. Since the war General Jackson has served in various posts, ne was promoted major 1 July, 1880, and is now (1889) in command of Fort Schuyler, New Jersey. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 689.


JENKINS, Micah, soldier, born on Edisto Island, South Carolina, in 1836; died in the Wilderness, Virginia, 6 May, 1864. He was graduated at South Carolina Military Institute in 1854, and established a private military school at Yorkville, South Carolina, in 1855. He was elected colonel of the 5th South Carolina Regiment at the opening of the Civil War and reorganized it at the end of its year's enlistment as Jenkins's Palmetto Sharp-Shooters. He led a brigade in the seven days' battles around Richmond, and, after Gaines's Mills and Frazer's Farm, brought out his sharp-shooters, originally numbering more than 1,000, with but 125 men, his personal aide having been shot at his side, and his hat and clothing pierced by seventeen bullets. He was promoted to brigadier-general, and was present at the second battle of Bull Run, where he was severely wounded and where two of his colonels and his adjutant-general were killed. In the spring of 1863 he led a corps of observation on the Blackwater, near Richmond and Petersburg. In September following he went to Georgia with Longstreet, but was too late for the battle of Chickamauga. He then commanded Horn's division and accompanied Longstreet to Tennessee. He moved thence in the spring to Virginia, where he met his death, from his own men by mistake at night, on the second day of Grant's advance through the Wilderness. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 690.


JOHNSTON, James Steptoe, P. E. bishop, born in Church Hill, Jefferson County, Mississippi, 9 June, 1843. He was educated at the University of Virginia, left that institution to join the Confederate Army, and fought through the Civil War, becoming a lieutenant in General James E. B. Stuart's cavalry. He was admitted to the bar in 1868, but received holy orders in the following year, taking charge of St. James' church at Port Gibson. Mississippi, till 1876, and then for four years of the church of the Ascension, in Mount Sterling, Kentucky, after which he became rector of Trinity Parish, Mobile, Alabama. On 28 October, 1887, he was elected to the office of missioning bishop of western Texas, and on 6 January, 1888, he was consecrated in Mobile. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 690.


JONES, Patrick Henry, lawyer, born in Westmeath, Ireland, 20 November, 1830. He came to this country in 1840, attended the common schools, worked on his father's farm in Cattaraugus County, New York, and then read law at Ellicottville. He was admitted to the bar in May, 1856, and practised at that place till the opening of the Civil War, when he entered the 37th New York Regiment as 2d lieutenant, 7 June, 1861. He was promoted to adjutant and then major of that regiment, and was made colonel of the 154th New York Regiment on 8 October, 1862. He was wounded and taken prisoner at Chancellorsville, and after his exchange in October, 1863, served in the west and in the Atlanta Campaign, and on 6 June, 1864, was assigned command of a brigade, at whose head he continued until the close of the war. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, 4 December, 1864. On 27 June, 1865, Jones resigned and returned to the practice of his profession at Ellicottville. In 1865 he was elected clerk of the court of appeals of the state, and at the close of his three years term he moved to New York City. On 1 April, 1869, he was appointed Postmaster of New York, and he served as such during the first presidential term of General Grant, after which he resigned and resumed the practice of law in that city. In 1874 he was elected Register of New York, and, after serving his term of three years, returned to his profession, in the practice of which he is still engaged. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 690.


JONES, Roger, soldier, born in Washington, D. C, 25 February, 1831. He is a son of General Roger Jones (vol. iii., p. 470). He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1851. Jones served on the Texas frontier and in New Mexico, and at the beginning of the Civil War was on duty at Harper's Ferry, where he destroyed the arsenal with 20,000 stand of arms, when it was seized by Virginia state troops on 18 April, 1861—for which act, done in the face of the enemy, he received the thanks of the government. He was appointed captain and assistant quartermaster on 22 April, and as such served in the office of the quartermaster-general of the Army of the Potomac. On 12 November he was made a major on the staff and assigned to special duty as assistant inspector-general. He was attached to General John Pope's staff for two months in 1862, when he was relieved, and was awaiting orders and on miscellaneous duty till December, 1865. From 1866 till 1876 he served as inspector-general of the Division of the Pacific. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 13 June, 1867, assigned to duty in the inspector-general's office at Washington on 15 January, 1877, became a colonel on 5 February, 1885.  He was transferred as inspector-general of the Division of the Atlantic on Governor's Island, and in August, 1888, was made brigadier-general and inspector-general of the army. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 690.


JONES, Sibyl, Quaker preacher, born in Brunswick, Maine, in 1808; died near Augusta, Maine, 4 December, 1873. Her early life was spent in Augusta, and for eight years she taught in public schools. Her maiden name was Jones, and in 1833 she married Eli Jones. During 1845-6 she visited, with her husband, all the yearly meetings of Friends in the United States, and made three journeys to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. They visited Liberia in 1851, Ireland in 1852, and subsequently Norway, Sweden, and the continent of Europe, returning to this country in 1854. During the Civil War she preached to nearly 30,000 soldiers in hospitals, and in 1867 she embarked on her last missionary voyage, visiting Europe, Egypt, and Syria, and presenting Christianity from the Quaker standpoint to Mohammedan women. Her travels in the East are set forth in "Eastern Sketches " by Ellen Clare Miller, her companion (Edinburgh, 1872). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 691.


KAVANAUGH, Benjamin Taylor, clergyman, born in Jefferson County, 28 April, 1805; died in Boonsborough, Kentucky, July, 1888. He entered the ministry, and from 1839 till 1842 had charge of the Indian mission at the head of Mississippi River. He afterward studied medicine and practised in St. Louis, where he also held a chair in the medical department of the University of Missouri. In 1857 he resumed his ministerial duties, and during the Civil War served as chaplain and assistant surgeon in the Confederate Army. After the war he was professor of intellectual and moral science in Soule University for some time, but in 1881 returned to Kentucky. He has published "Electricity the Motor Power of the Solar System" (New York, 1886), and had read for publication "The Great Central Valley of North America " and " Notes of a Western Rambler." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 691.


KINZIE, John Harris, pioneer, born in Sandwich. Canada, 7 July, 1803; died on the Pittsburg and Fort Wayne Railroad. 21 June, 1805. He is the son of John Kinzie (vol. iii., p. 552). moved with his father to Chicago, Illinois, in 1803, and in 1816 settled in Detroit, Michigan. He became a clerk in the employ of the American fur Company in 1818, was proficient in many Indian languages, and in 1829 was government agent for all the Northwestern Indians. He returned to Chicago in 1834, was first president of the village, register of public lands in 1841, and receiver of public money in 1849. He was made paymaster in the U. S. Army in 1861, and in 1865 was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. Colonel Kinzie was the first president of the Chicago Historical Society, and built the first Episcopal church in that city.—His wife, Juliette Augusta, author, born in Middletown, Connecticut, 11 September, 1800; died in Amagansett, Long Island, New York, 15 September, 1870, was the daughter of Arthur W. Magill. She married Mr. Kinzie in 1830, accompanied him to Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, and subsequently to Chicago. She was the author of "Wau-bun, or the Early Day in the Northwest," a history of Chicago (New York, 1856), and two posthumous novels, entitled "Walter Ogilby" (Philadelphia, 1869) and " Mark Logan" (1876). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 691.


LAWRENCE, Charles Brush, jurist, born in Vergennes. Vermont, 17 December, 1820; died in Decatur, Alabama, 19 April, 1883. He was the son of Judge Viele Lawrence, of Vermont, and, after studying for two years at Middlebury. was graduated in 1841 at Union. He studied law with Alphonso Taft in Cincinnati, Ohio, and entered on practice in St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequently he moved to Quincy, Illinois, where he formed a partnership with Archibald Williams. In 1859 he was elected judge of the 10th circuit, and in 1864 was chosen to the Supreme Court of Illinois, where he was chief justice for three years. Retiring from the bench in 1873, he practised law in Chicago until his death and was president of the bar. President Grant made him a member of the Louisiana Commission, and the bench and bar of Illinois urged his appointment to the U. S. Supreme Court. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Union in 1876. Chief-Justice Fuller said of him: "Learning, culture, and literary excellence he possessed, united with a sweetness of character which colored all his utterances and all his life. The qualities which made him eminent as a lawyer would have raised him to the highest rank in any walk of life. His works follow him and will perpetuate his memory, not as a ghost to haunt, but as a guest to cheer." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 692.


LE DUC, William Gates, soldier, born in Wilkesville, Gallia County, Ohio, 29 March. 1823. He was graduated at Kenyon College in 1848, admitted to the bar in 1849, and settled in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was active in inducing emigration to Minnesota, prepared and obtained the first charter for a railroad in the territory, and organized the Wabash Bridge Company to build the first bridge over Mississippi River. He settled in Hastings, Minnesota, in 1850, and was the first in the territory to make and ship spring wheat-flour, which subsequently became one of the chief products of the state. He entered the National Army in 1861 as a captain, became lieutenant-colonel and chief quartermaster, served with the Army of the Potomac till the Gettysburg Campaign, and subsequently in the west. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers in 1865. He then returned to Minnesota, engaged in railroad enterprises, and was appointed Commissioner of Agriculture by President Hayes. During his occupation of this office he established a tea farm in South Carolina, successfully experimented in producing sugar from sorghum canes and beets, and founded what has since been enlarged as the bureau of animal industry, and a division of forestry. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 692.


LINCOLN, James Sullivan, artist, born in Taunton, Massachusetts, 13 May, 1811; died in Providence, Rhode Island, 19 January, 1887. At the age of fourteen he entered the service of an engraver in Providence, and afterward was admitted to a painter's studio. His early work consisted of engravings, miniatures, and landscapes; but from 1837 he devoted himself to portrait-painting, in which he was very successful. He was the first president of the Providence Art Club. Among his numerous portraits are those of Samuel Slater (1836); Professor William H. Goddard (1837); Levi Lincoln, Attorney-General of Massachusetts (1860), and his son. Governor Levi Lincoln (1877); General Ambrose E. Burnside (1867): Colonel Robert G. Shaw, in Memorial hall, Cambridge (1882); Senator Henry B. Anthony (1883); and fourteen governors of Rhode Island, in the statehouse at Providence. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 693.


LITTLEJOHN, De Witt Clinton, legislator, born in Bridgewater, New York, 7 February, 1818. He received a good education, entered a commercial career, and also engaged in the manufacture of flour. He was president of the village of Oswego, and after it became a city was twice elected its mayor. He has been frequently a member of the general assembly, and was its speaker in 1853-7. During the early part of the Civil War he served in the National Army, and on 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1863-5 he was a member of Congress, elected as a Republican. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 693.


McCLELLAN, Ely, physician, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 23 August, 1834. He is the son of Samuel McClellan (vol. iv., p. 85). He studied at the University of Pennsylvania and at Williams, and was graduated at Jefferson Medical College in 1856. Dr. McClellan entered the National Army as a surgeon in 1861, and has since remained in the service. Among his writings are "Obstetrical Procedures among the Aborigines of North America" (Louisville, Kentucky, 1873); "Fibroid Tumors of the Uterus " (1874); " Cholera Hygiene " (1874); "Common Carriers, or the Porters of Disease " (1874); "A History of the Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States " (Washington, 1875); "Battey's Operation" (Louisville, 1875); "A Note of Warning: Lessons to be Learned from Cholera Facts of the Past Year, and from Recent Cholera Literature" (1876); "On the Relation of Health Boards and other Sanitary Organizations with Civic Authorities" (Atlanta, Georgia, 1876); and "A Review of Von Pettenkofer's Outbreak of Cholera among Convicts " (Louisville, 1877). Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 693.


McKINLEY, William, legislator, born in Niles, Trumbull County, Ohio, 29 January. 1844. He was educated at Poland (Ohio) Academy, enlisted in the 23d Ohio Volunteers in May, 1861, and rose to be captain and brevet-major. At the close of the war he began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1867, and settled at Canton, Ohio, where he has since resided. From 1869 till 1871 he was prosecuting attorney of Stark County, and since October, 1877, he has been in Congress. In June, 1888, being a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Chicago, Illinois, he was made chairman of the platform committee, and is credited with having made the draft of the resolutions that were adopted. In Congress he is an earnest advocate of a protective tariff. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 693.


MAYALL, Thomas Jefferson, inventor, born in North Berwick, Maine, 10 August, 1826; died in Reading, Massachusetts, 18 February, 1888. He obtained employment in a paper-mill in Roxbury, and soon began inventing, especially making improvements in machinery in the factory, and attracting the attention of his employers by devising the first rubber belt that was ever used in this country. This was followed by a model of the first cylinder printing-machine that was ever made, from which has grown the present industry of wall-paper printing, and calico printing, which previous to that invention was done on blocks. The machine made 1,000 rolls of paper a day, printed in two colors. His other inventions include a method of producing satin-faced paper, a method of vulcanizing rubber (1841), an automatic battery, a revolving cannon, bomb-shells with sharpened edges to bore through the armor of ships, a coffee-hulling machine, which he introduced into Brazil, and self-acting drawbridges for railroads. At the time of his death he was at work on an electric elevated railroad, an electric-cable railroad, and a pneumatic elevated railroad. His revolving cannon was introduced in several countries of Europe. By means of machinery, operated by steam, this gun is loaded and fired forty times a minute, with only one man in attendance, the loading, firing, and swabbing going on at the same time. He took out 200 patents in this country and 70 in England. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 693-694.


MITCHELL, John Grant, soldier, born in Piqua, Ohio, 6 November, 1838. He was graduated at Kenyon College in 1859. He was chosen 1st lieutenant in the 3d Ohio Volunteers in 1861, and became colonel of the 113th Ohio, in March, 1863. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 January, 1865, and brevetted major-general of volunteers, to date from 13 March, for special gallantry in the battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, 17 March, 1865. General Mitchell resigned on 3 July, 1865, and entered on the practice of law in Columbus, Ohio. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 694.


PEABODY, Charles Augustus, jurist, born in Sandwich, New Hampshire, 10 July, 1814. He was educated privately, studied law in Baltimore, Maryland, and at Harvard law-school. He settled in New York City in 1839, and has since resided there. He was a member of the convention that organized the Republican Party in his state in 1855, was chosen a justice of the Supreme Court in the same year, served till the end of 1857, and in 1858 became commissioner of quarantine. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln judge of the U. S. Provisional Court of Louisiana, holding office till 1865, "with authority to hear, try, and determine all causes, civil and criminal, including causes in law, equity, revenue, and admiralty, . . . his judgment to be final and conclusive." He was also sole judge of another court of unlimited criminal jurisdiction during a part of that time. In 1863 he became chief justice of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, and in 1865 he was appointed U. S. Attorney for the eastern district of Louisiana, but declined that post, and resumed practice in New York City. Judge Peabody is one of the vice-presidents of the Association for the Reform and Codification of the laws of nations, and has usually attended its meetings in Europe. He was appointed by the U. S. government in 1885 a delegate in its behalf to the International Congress of Commercial law convoked by the king of the Belgians, that met in Antwerp, and held a similar appointment from the New York state chamber of commerce. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 695-696.


PENROSE, William Henry, soldier, born in Madison Barracks, Sackett's Harbor, New York, 10 March, 1832. His father, Captain James W. Penrose, was an officer of the regular army. The son took an irregular two-years course in Dickinson College and became a civil and mechanical engineer. In April, 1861. he was appointed 2d lieutenant in the 3d U.S. Infantry, and, after his promotion to 1st lieutenant in May, served with the Army of the Potomac till the close of the Civil War. He became colonel of the 15th New Jersey Regiment in April, 1863, and thereafter had command of Philip Kearny's 1st New Jersey brigade, in the Sixth Corps. At times he had charge of a division, and on 27 June, 1865, he was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers. During the war he won the brevets in the regular army, including that of brigadier-general. He has since had command of various posts, and on 31 May, 1883, he became major of the 12th U.S. Infantry, and lieutenant-colonel of the 16th U.S. Infantry on 22 August, 1888. General Penrose has invented several mechanical devices and a set of infantry equipments which was recommended by a board of officers. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 696.


PHELPS, George May, inventor, born in Watervliet, New York, 19 March, 1820; died in Brooklyn, New York, 18 May, 1888. He early found employment in the shop of his uncle, Jonas H. Phelps, a maker of surveying and astronomical instruments in Troy. In 1850 he had established himself in business, making various kinds of light machinery, and models. Soon afterward Mr. Phelps was chosen to manufacture the type-printing telegraph of Royal E. House; and when, a few years later, the American Telegraph Company was formed to operate the printing system of David E. Hughes, Mr. Phelps became the superintendent of its factory. Several important modifications of this machine were devised by him, and by gradual adaptation it became the well-known "combination printer." His most valuable invention was the motor-printer, which is now in use on the lines of the Western Union Telegraph Company. The machinery and apparatus made by Mr. Phelps were noticeable for symmetry and gracefulness, expressing an innate sense of fitness and proportion, which was the most striking characteristic of his talent as an inventor and constructor. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 696.


PIERCE, Winslow Smith, pioneer, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 3 May, 1819; died in Brooklyn, New York, 29 July, 1888. He was educated at Dartmouth and the Harvard Medical School, settled in Illinois. Pierce was a professor in Rock Island Medical College for several years. He moved to California in 1849, and was state comptroller in 1849-'53. Dr. Pierce was one of the originators of the first line of steamships between the Isthmus of Panama and San Francisco. He declined the nomination of the Democratic Party for U.S. Senator in California, and settled in Indiana in 1860.  He devoted himself largely to the coal and iron industries, and laid out and at one time owned a large part of Indianapolis. He left in manuscript a complete collection of material for a book entitled "Reminiscences of Public Men from 1828 till 1888." Both his wives were sisters of Thomas A. Hendricks. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 696.


POTTER, Joseph Adams, soldier, born in Potter's Hollow, New York, 12 June, 1816; died in Painesville, Ohio, 21 April, 1888. He entered the U. S. service as a civil engineer in 1835 and was engaged in building public works and making surveys of the great lakes until the beginning of the Civil War. In 1861 he was ordered to Detroit, and was appointed, on 27 September, 1st lieutenant in the 15th U. S. Infantry. He was soon transferred to the quartermaster's department, with the rank of captain, and sent to Illinois, where he was engaged in fitting out troops and in building Camp Douglass at Chicago and Camp Butler at Springfield. He disbursed millions of dollars, purchasing large amounts of supplies and great numbers of cavalry horses. Subsequently he had charge of the quartermaster's departments at various posts until 1874, when he became chief quartermaster of the Department of the Gulf, with headquarters at New Orleans. On 21 April, 1879, he was retired. He received the brevets from major to brigadier-general in the U. S. Army on 13 March. 1865. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 686.


POTTS, Benjamin Franklin, soldier, born in I Carroll County, Ohio, 29 January, 1836; died in Helena, Montana, 17 June, 1887. He was educated at Westminster College. New Wilmington, Pennsylvania, and admitted to the bar in 1859. He became captain in the 42d Ohio Regiment in 1861.  He served in the Shenandoah valley, was commissioned colonel in 1862, participated in the Vicksburg Campaign, and was then promoted to the command of a brigade and served under General William T. Sherman. On 5 January, 1865, he became brigadier-general of volunteers. He then returned to the practice of law, was elected state senator of Ohio, and was governor of Montana in 1870-'83. He was in the legislature in 1884, after which he occupied no public office. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, pp. 696-687.


ROBINSON, James Sidney, soldier, born in Franklin township, Richland County, Ohio. 14 October, 1827. He was educated in the common schools, edited a newspaper in Kenton, Ohio, and was clerk of the Ohio Legislature in 1856-'7. He entered the National Army in 1861 as lieutenant in the 4th Ohio Regiment, became major of the 82d Ohio Infantry, and rose to brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 January, 1865. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865. He became commissioner of railroads and telegraphs in Ohio in 1879. Robinson was a member of Congress in 1881-'5, having been chosen as a Republican, and since 1884 has been Secretary of State of Ohio. He was chairman of the Ohio Republican executive committee in 1877-'9. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 698.


ROCKWOOD, George Gardner, photographer, born in Troy, New York, 12 April, 1832. He was educated at the Ralston Spa Institute. He became a reporter on the Troy daily " Times," and at twenty years of age was managing editor of the Troy daily "Post." He became interested in photography in 1855, was the first to make the carte de visite photograph in this country, introduced many of the chief inventions in the art, and constantly contributed to the press both upon scientific and technical subjects. Mr. Rockwood is the author of the scientific hoax, " Brain Pictures," which appeared in a New York paper in 1887. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 698.


ROGERS, Moses, pioneer steam navigator, born in New London, Connecticut, in September, 1780; died in Cheraw, South Carolina, 15 September, 1822. He was associated with Robert Fulton in his experiments, in 1868 commanded the "Clermont," and in June. 1869. with Robert L. Stevens, had charge of the “Phoenix" in her voyage from New York to Philadelphia, which was the first trip that was ever made on the ocean by a steam vessel. Subsequently he commanded the first steamer that went from Charleston to Savannah. In 1818, he was employed by Scarborough and Isaacs to purchase a hull in which he was to have built an engine in order to make a trial-trip across the Atlantic. This vessel was christened " Savannah," and he was made her captain and engineer. She left Savannah, Georgia, on 28 March, 1819, and went by way of New York to Liverpool, where she arrived on 18 June, thus being the first steam vessel to cross the ocean. After his return Captain Rogers built and commanded the " Pee Dee." plying between Georgetown, South Carolina, and Cheraw, South Carolina, until his death. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 698.


STEUART, George H.,  soldier, born in Baltimore. Maryland, 24 August, 1828. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1848, became 2d lieutenant in the 2d U.S. Dragoons, 11 November, 1849, 1st lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Cavalry, 3 March, 1855, and captain, 20 December, 1855. He resigned in April, 1861, and on 10 June. 1861, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Maryland (Confederate) Regiment. On 21 July, 1861, he was promoted its colonel, and on 18 March, 1862, he became brigadier-general. In Stonewall Jackson's advance on General Nathaniel P. Banks, in May, 1862, he led the cavalry, and he afterward had charge of an infantry brigade. He was badly wounded at Cross Keys, 8 June, 1862, and his brigade suffered severely in the attack on Culp's Hill, at Gettysburg. He defended the "bloody angle" at the battle of the Wilderness against Hancock's corps, and was taken prisoner, but exchanged in the winter of 1864-'5. Since the war he has resided in Baltimore. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 699.


STURGIS, Russell, merchant, born in Boston, Massachusetts, 3 August, 1831. His father was a member of the firm of Russell and Company, Canton, China. The son was educated at Harvard, engaged in the China trade, and was U. S. consul at Canton, but returned to Boston, and became a merchant in that city. In 1862-'3 he served as captain and major in the 45th Massachusetts Regiment. He has been actively associated with the Young Men's Christian since 1858, as president of the Boston association, chairman of the state committee, and member of the international committee, and he has published numerous religious tracts. Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 699.


THORNTON, Jessy Quinn, jurist, born near Point Pleasant, Mason to West Virginia, 24 August, 1810; died in Salem, Oregon, 5 February, 1888. In his infancy his parents moved to Champaign County, Ohio. The son studied three years in London, read law in Staunton, Virginia, and was admitted to the bar in 1833. He afterward attended law lectures at the University of Virginia. In 1835 he opened an office in Palmyra, Missouri, in 1836 edited a paper in the interest of Martin Van Buren, and in 1841 moved to Quincy, Illinois. In 1846 he emigrated to Oregon, and early in 1847 was appointed chief justice of the provisional government. In the autumn of the same year he resigned and went to Washington, where he exerted his influence in forwarding the organization of the territorial government, and in incorporating the principal of the " Wilmot Proviso" in the act that prohibited the extension of slavery into the territory. He was the author of the provision in the statutes at large that gives to the cause of public education the 16th and 36th sections of public lands in each township. In 1864-'5 he served in the legislature. At the time of the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy, at Alton, in 1837, he commented freely on the occurrence in his paper, and a pro-slavery mob surrounded his building, but, after threatening death to the first man that should enter the office unbidden, he made a speech announcing his position on the slavery question and defending the right of free speech so clearly as to mollify his hearers. He published "Oregon and California in 1848" (2 vols., New York, 1849), and "History of the Provisional Government of Oregon " in the "Proceedings of the Oregon Pioneer Association " for 1875 and in the "History of the Willamette Valley." Appletons’ Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1888, Vol. VI, p. 700.